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Rajagopal D, MacLeod E, Corogeanu D, Vessillier S. Immune-related adverse events of antibody-based biological medicines in cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18470. [PMID: 38963257 PMCID: PMC11223167 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies (Abs) are an integral modality for the treatment of multiple tumour malignancies. Since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of rituximab as the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) for cancer treatment, several mAbs and antibody (Ab)-based therapies have been approved for the treatment of solid tumour malignancies and other cancers. These Abs function by either blocking oncogenic pathways or angiogenesis, modulating immune response, or by delivering a conjugated drug. The use of Ab-based therapy in cancer patients who could benefit from the treatment, however, is still limited by associated toxicity profiles which may stem from biological features and processes related to target binding, alongside biochemical and/or biophysical characteristics of the therapeutic Ab. A significant immune-related adverse event (irAE) associated with Ab-based therapies is cytokine release syndrome (CRS), characterized by the development of fever, rash and even marked, life-threatening hypotension, and acute inflammation with secondary to systemic uncontrolled increase in a range of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we review irAEs associated with specific classes of approved, Ab-based novel cancer immunotherapeutics, namely immune checkpoint (IC)-targeting Abs, bispecific Abs (BsAbs) and Ab-drug-conjugates (ADCs), highlighting the significance of harmonization in preclinical assay development for safety assessment of Ab-based biotherapeutics as an approach to support and refine clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajagopal
- Immunotherapy, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Science, Research, and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)HertfordshireUK
| | - Elliot MacLeod
- Immunotherapy, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Science, Research, and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)HertfordshireUK
- Present address:
Gilead Sciences, Winchester HouseOxfordUK
| | - Diana Corogeanu
- Immunotherapy, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Science, Research, and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)HertfordshireUK
- Present address:
East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Conquest HospitalEast SussexUK
| | - Sandrine Vessillier
- Immunotherapy, Biotherapeutics and Advanced Therapies Division, Science, Research, and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)HertfordshireUK
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Zhang Y, Wen X, OuYang Y, Hu Y, Fang X, Zhang J, Yuan Y. Severe cytokine release syndrome induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients - A case report and review of the literature. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24380. [PMID: 38293388 PMCID: PMC10826737 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) can be induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Although the incidence of CRS is low, it is often underreported. Here, we report two severe CRS cases and summarize and review 51 patients with ICI-induced CRS to explore the possible contributing factors to the disease prognosis and provide assistance for therapy. Our analysis found that the population with ICI-induced CRS consists mainly of male patients with an average age of 61.74 years. The primary malignant tumor type was lung cancer, and the clinical stage of most patients was stage IV. Notably, patients who experience a longer time to CRS onset, higher IL-6 levels, and lower platelet counts may be more likely to develop severe CRS. Cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and coagulation toxicities are more common in higher-grade CRS and may serve as markers for patient experiencing ICU admission, oxygen supplementation, hypotension, high-dose vasopressors usage, and intubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Wen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
| | - Yaqi OuYang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
| | - Xiangzhi Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
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Kyun ML, Park T, Jung H, Kim I, Kwon JI, Jeong SY, Choi M, Park D, Lee YB, Moon KS. Development of an In Vitro Model for Inflammation Mediated Renal Toxicity Using 3D Renal Tubules and Co-Cultured Human Immune Cells. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2023; 20:1173-1190. [PMID: 37843784 PMCID: PMC10645777 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-023-00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of various infectious diseases and the toxic effects of hyperinflammation by biotherapeutics have highlighted the need for in vitro preclinical models mimicking the human immune system. In vitro models studying the relationship between hyperinflammation and acute renal injury mainly rely on 2D culture systems, which have shown limitations in recapitulating kidney function. Herein, we developed an in vitro kidney toxicity model by co-culturing 3D engineered kidney proximal tubules cells (RPTEC/TERT1) with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS RPTEC/TERT1 were sandwich cultured to form 3D renal tubules for 16 days. The tubules were then co-cultured with PBMC using transwell (0.4 μm pores) for 24 h. Hyperinflammation of PBMC was induced during co-culture using polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to investigate the effects of the induced hyperinflammation on the renal tubules. RESULTS Encapsulated RPTEC/TERT1 cells in Matrigel exhibited elevated renal function markers compared to 2D culture. The coexistence of PBMC and polyI:C induced a strong inflammatory response in the kidney cells. This hyperinflammation significantly reduced primary cilia formation and upregulated kidney injury markers along the 3D tubules. Similarly, treating co-cultured PBMC with LPS to induce hyperinflammation resulted in comparable inflammatory responses and potential kidney injury. CONCLUSION The model demonstrated similar changes in kidney injury markers following polyI:C and LPS treatment, indicating its suitability for detecting immune-associated kidney damage resulting from infections and biopharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Lang Kyun
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tamina Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Jung
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-In Kwon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjin Choi
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Rahman M, Mahady Dip T, Padhye R, Houshyar S. Review on electrically conductive smart nerve guide conduit for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1916-1950. [PMID: 37555548 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
At present, peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are one of the leading causes of substantial impairment around the globe. Complete recovery of nerve function after an injury is challenging. Currently, autologous nerve grafts are being used as a treatment; however, this has several downsides, for example, donor site morbidity, shortage of donor sites, loss of sensation, inflammation, and neuroma development. The most promising alternative is the development of a nerve guide conduit (NGC) to direct the restoration and renewal of neuronal axons from the proximal to the distal end to facilitate nerve regeneration and maximize sensory and functional recovery. Alternatively, the response of nerve cells to electrical stimulation (ES) has a substantial regenerative effect. The incorporation of electrically conductive biomaterials in the fabrication of smart NGCs facilitates the function of ES throughout the active proliferation state. This article overviews the potency of the various categories of electroactive smart biomaterials, including conductive and piezoelectric nanomaterials, piezoelectric polymers, and organic conductive polymers that researchers have employed latterly to fabricate smart NGCs and their potentiality in future clinical application. It also summarizes a comprehensive analysis of the recent research and advancements in the application of ES in the field of NGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafijur Rahman
- Center for Materials Innovation and Future Fashion (CMIFF), School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Brunswick, Australia
- Department of Dyes and Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Mahady Dip
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Yarn Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajiv Padhye
- Center for Materials Innovation and Future Fashion (CMIFF), School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Brunswick, Australia
| | - Shadi Houshyar
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gokemeijer J, Wen Y, Jawa V, Mitra-Kaushik S, Chung S, Goggins A, Kumar S, Lamberth K, Liao K, Lill J, Phung Q, Walsh R, Roberts BJ, Swanson M, Singh I, Tourdot S, Kroenke MA, Rup B, Goletz TJ, Gupta S, Malherbe L, Pattijn S. Survey Outcome on Immunogenicity Risk Assessment Tools for Biotherapeutics: an Insight into Consensus on Methods, Application, and Utility in Drug Development. AAPS J 2023; 25:55. [PMID: 37266912 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A survey conducted by the Therapeutic Product Immunogenicity (TPI) community within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) posed questions to the participants on their immunogenicity risk assessment strategies prior to clinical development. The survey was conducted in 2 phases spanning 5 years, and queried information about in silico algorithms and in vitro assay formats for immunogenicity risk assessments and how the data were used to inform early developability effort in discovery, chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC), and non-clinical stages of development. The key findings representing the trends from a majority of the participants included the use of high throughput in silico algorithms, human immune cell-based assays, and proteomics based outputs, as well as specialized assays when therapeutic mechanism of action could impact risk assessment. Additional insights into the CMC-related risks could also be gathered with the same tools to inform future process development and de-risk critical quality attributes with uncertain and unknown risks. The use of the outputs beyond supporting early development activities was also noted with participants utilizing the risk assessments to drive their clinical strategy and streamline bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Gokemeijer
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02143, USA.
| | - Yi Wen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 08540, USA
| | | | - Shan Chung
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Alan Goggins
- Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Seema Kumar
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, (A Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Billerica, Massachusetts, 01826, USA
| | | | - Karen Liao
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, 19486, USA
| | - Jennie Lill
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Qui Phung
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, USA
| | - Robin Walsh
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
| | | | - Michael Swanson
- Janssen R&D LLC., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
| | | | - Sophie Tourdot
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
| | - Mark A Kroenke
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, California, 91320, USA
| | - Bonita Rup
- Bonnie Rup Consulting, LLC, 42 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02116, USA
| | | | | | - Laurent Malherbe
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285, USA
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Yang J, Jiao J, Draheim KM, Yang G, Yang H, Yao LC, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Rajagopal D, Vessillier S, Maier CC, Mohanan S, Cai D, Cheng M, Brehm MA, Keck JG. Simultaneous evaluation of treatment efficacy and toxicity for bispecific T-cell engager therapeutics in a humanized mouse model. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22995. [PMID: 37219526 PMCID: PMC10242584 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300040r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Immuno-oncology (IO)-based therapies such as checkpoint inhibitors, bi-specific antibodies, and CAR-T-cell therapies have shown significant success in the treatment of several cancer indications. However, these therapies can result in the development of severe adverse events, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Currently, there is a paucity of in vivo models that can evaluate dose-response relationships for both tumor control and CRS-related safety issues. We tested an in vivo PBMC humanized mouse model to assess both treatment efficacy against specific tumors and the concurrent cytokine release profiles for individual human donors after treatment with a CD19xCD3 bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE). Using this model, we evaluated tumor burden, T-cell activation, and cytokine release in response to bispecific T-cell-engaging antibody in humanized mice generated with different PBMC donors. The results show that PBMC engrafted NOD-scid Il2rgnull mice lacking expression of mouse MHC class I and II (NSG-MHC-DKO mice) and implanted with a tumor xenograft predict both efficacy for tumor control by CD19xCD3 BiTE and stimulated cytokine release. Moreover, our findings indicate that this PBMC-engrafted model captures variability among donors for tumor control and cytokine release following treatment. Tumor control and cytokine release were reproducible for the same PBMC donor in separate experiments. The PBMC humanized mouse model described here is a sensitive and reproducible platform that identifies specific patient/cancer/therapy combinations for treatment efficacy and development of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yang
- The Jackson Laboratory; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jing Jiao
- The Jackson Laboratory; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dale L. Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School; Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Deepa Rajagopal
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Division; Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Sandrine Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Biotherapeutics Division; Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Curtis C. Maier
- Non Clinical Safety, GlaxoSmithKline plc; Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Sunish Mohanan
- NonClinical Safety and Pathobiology, Gilead Sciences Inc’ Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A. Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School; Worcester, MA, USA
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Shah D, Soper B, Shopland L. Cytokine release syndrome and cancer immunotherapies - historical challenges and promising futures. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190379. [PMID: 37304291 PMCID: PMC10248525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer immunotherapy involves reinvigorating the patient's own immune system to fight against cancer. While novel approaches like Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells, bispecific T cell engagers, and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising efficacy, Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) is a serious adverse effect and remains a major concern. CRS is a phenomenon of immune hyperactivation that results in excessive cytokine secretion, and if left unchecked, it may lead to multi-organ failure and death. Here we review the pathophysiology of CRS, its occurrence and management in the context of cancer immunotherapy, and the screening approaches that can be used to assess CRS and de-risk drug discovery earlier in the clinical setting with more predictive pre-clinical data. Furthermore, the review also sheds light on the potential immunotherapeutic approaches that can be used to overcome CRS associated with T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Shah
- In vivo Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Brian Soper
- Technical Information Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Lindsay Shopland
- In vivo Services, The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, CA, United States
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8
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Jain R, Subramanian J, Rathore AS. A review of therapeutic failures in late-stage clinical trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:389-399. [PMID: 36542800 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2161366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The process of drug approval involves extensive and expensive preclinical and clinical examination. Most drugs entering late-stage clinical trials get terminated for a variety of reasons including inability to achieve the primary endpoints or intolerable adverse effects. Only one-tenth of the drugs that enter clinical trials progress to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory submission. AREAS COVERED This review offers insight into some of the attributes that may be responsible for a drug's failure in late-stage trials. Information from multiple open sources including PubMed articles published between 1989 and 2019, recent articles from authentic websites like www.ClinicalTrials.gov, www.fda.gov, and pharmaceutical news articles for the years between 2017 and 2021 were accumulated and summarized. Further, a few drug candidates that reached the phase III clinical trials but were discontinued at later stages have been presented as case studies. EXPERT OPINION Ineluctable failures were observed due to insufficient knowledge about the mechanism of action where the disease progression stages are unclear. Other reasons were choice of patient population, late-stage treatment, and dosage. Adhering to the guidelines and recommendations provided by the regulatory authorities and learning from past failures, considerably reduce failure rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, New Delhi, India
| | - Janakiraman Subramanian
- Division of Oncology, Saint Luke's Cancer Institute/University of Missouri, 64111, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 110016, New Delhi, India
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Liu J, Allo B, Winnik MA. Development of Multiplexed Bead-Based Immunoassays for Profiling Soluble Cytokines and CD163 Using Mass Cytometry. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:629-640. [PMID: 36573076 PMCID: PMC9783081 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bead-based immunoassays are multiparametric analysis allowing for the simultaneous quantification of a large number of biomarkers within a single sample. Mass cytometry is an emerging cytometric technique that offers a high multiplexing capacity in a high-throughput setting but has not yet been applied to bead-based assays. In this study, we developed a multiplex bead-based immunoassay of cytokines and CD163 designed for mass cytometry (MC). A set of 11 types of lanthanide-encoded microbeads were synthesized by two-stage dispersion polymerization as classifier candidates for the assay. These beads were then decorated with different Abs on the surface to capture the target cytokines in solution. Gold nanoparticles were employed as reporters to identify the binding of target cytokines on the classifier surface. As a proof-of-concept study, we first developed four-plex and nine-plex assays of mixtures of cytokines in standard solutions. The MC signal intensities of these immunoassays were responsive to the concentration differences in the standard solutions with high detection sensitivities at low analyte concentrations. Finally, we examined a sample of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the nine-plex assay, comparing an unstimulated sample with a sample stimulated to promote cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyi Liu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Bedilu Allo
- Fluidigm
Canada (now Standard BioTools Canada), 1380 Rodick Road, Markham, Ontario L3R 4G5, Canada
| | - Mitchell A. Winnik
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Alam M, Choudhury R, Lamers RJ. An adaptable in vitro cytokine release assay (CRA): Susceptibility to cytokine storm in COVID-19 as a model. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:239-243. [PMCID: PMC9682056 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Translational in vitro models such as cytokine release assay (CRA) are essential to assess the susceptibility to cytokine storm or CRS in a non-interventional manner in a human in vitro laboratory setting. Such models are also helpful to unravel disease mechanisms, to study the effects of new therapeutics and vaccines thereon and to diagnose or monitor diseases. Such assay will be important in predicting, planning and preparing for hospital intensive care units that are needed during the course of a pandemic. We present a CRA that can be adapted for assessing acute cytokine release risk against viral antigens, and potentially be used for cytokine storm simulation in viral infection outbreaks. We have used SARS-CoV-2 antigens and COVID-19 as a model. The assay can be challenged by changed or mutated forms of a virus in follow on waves of the epidemic and it can easily be modified for other future pandemics. We show that the membrane protein of SARS-CoV-2 is playing a major role in cytokine release (CR), mainly that of IL-6, IFNγ, TNFα and IL-8, that may be associated with COVID-19. These results are in agreement with recent clinical findings and new vaccine designs.
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Chandler M, Jain S, Halman J, Hong E, Dobrovolskaia MA, Zakharov AV, Afonin KA. Artificial Immune Cell, AI-cell, a New Tool to Predict Interferon Production by Peripheral Blood Monocytes in Response to Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204941. [PMID: 36216772 PMCID: PMC9671856 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid nanoparticles, or NANPs, rationally designed to communicate with the human immune system, can offer innovative therapeutic strategies to overcome the limitations of traditional nucleic acid therapies. Each set of NANPs is unique in their architectural parameters and physicochemical properties, which together with the type of delivery vehicles determine the kind and the magnitude of their immune response. Currently, there are no predictive tools that would reliably guide the design of NANPs to the desired immunological outcome, a step crucial for the success of personalized therapies. Through a systematic approach investigating physicochemical and immunological profiles of a comprehensive panel of various NANPs, the research team developes and experimentally validates a computational model based on the transformer architecture able to predict the immune activities of NANPs. It is anticipated that the freely accessible computational tool that is called an "artificial immune cell," or AI-cell, will aid in addressing the current critical public health challenges related to safety criteria of nucleic acid therapies in a timely manner and promote the development of novel biomedical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Chandler
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Sankalp Jain
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Justin Halman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Enping Hong
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alexey V. Zakharov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kirill A. Afonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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12
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Maurer MF, Lewis KE, Kuijper JL, Ardourel D, Gudgeon CJ, Chandrasekaran S, Mudri SL, Kleist KN, Navas C, Wolfson MF, Rixon MW, Swanson R, Dillon SR, Levin SD, Kimbung YR, Akutsu M, Logan DT, Walse B, Swiderek KM, Peng SL. The engineered CD80 variant fusion therapeutic davoceticept combines checkpoint antagonism with conditional CD28 costimulation for anti-tumor immunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1790. [PMID: 35379805 PMCID: PMC8980021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDespite the recent clinical success of T cell checkpoint inhibition targeting the CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways, many patients either fail to achieve objective responses or they develop resistance to therapy. In some cases, poor responses to checkpoint blockade have been linked to suboptimal CD28 costimulation and the inability to generate and maintain a productive adaptive anti-tumor immune response. To address this, here we utilize directed evolution to engineer a CD80 IgV domain with increased PD-L1 affinity and fuse this to an immunoglobulin Fc domain, creating a therapeutic (ALPN-202, davoceticept) capable of providing CD28 costimulation in a PD-L1-dependent fashion while also antagonizing PD-1 - PD-L1 and CTLA-4–CD80/CD86 interactions. We demonstrate that by combining CD28 costimulation and dual checkpoint inhibition, ALPN-202 enhances T cell activation and anti-tumor efficacy in cell-based assays and mouse tumor models more potently than checkpoint blockade alone and thus has the potential to generate potent, clinically meaningful anti-tumor immunity in humans.
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13
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Kang YG, Kim J, Lee K, Choe JY, Dua P, Lee DK. Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I-Mediated Innate Immune Stimulation by Chemically Synthesized Long Double-Stranded RNAs Is Structure and Sequence Dependent. Nucleic Acid Ther 2022; 32:321-332. [PMID: 35263174 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2021.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) longer than 30 bp have not been considered desirable RNA interference (RNAi) triggering structures in mammalian cells as they nonspecifically activate innate immune response. However, in earlier studies, not only dsRNA length but also 5'-triphosphate moiety produced by in vitro transcription might have affected the stimulation of innate immune system. Herein, using chemically synthesized long dsRNAs without 5'-triphosphate, we elucidated direct relationship between length of dsRNAs and innate immune stimulation. First, we found that blunt-ended, chemically synthesized 38/40-60 bp-long dsRNAs induced retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-mediated innate immune response, which was suppressed by the introduction of the 2-nt 3' overhang structure. Surprisingly, we discovered that RIG-I activation by these long dsRNAs is also sequence dependent, and the sequence composition at dsRNA termini is important for RIG-I activation. In addition, we identified that long dsRNAs over 38 bp could elicit single- or dual-target gene silencing in a Dicer-independent manner. Taken together, our findings may serve as guidelines to develop an immunostimulatory RNAi trigger to exploit host's innate immune system, as well as a specific dual-gene targeting RNAi therapeutics platform without nonspecific innate immune stimulation by RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gyu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Jaejin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jeong Yong Choe
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Pooja Dua
- OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea.,OliX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suwon, Korea
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14
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Madsen NH, Gad M, Larsen J. Development of a flow cytometry-based potency assay for prediction of cytokine storms induced by biosimilar monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2022; 502:113231. [PMID: 35122772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is an undesired immune reaction that may cause dangerous side effects after the administration of novel biological therapies. In vitro cytokine release assays (CRA) are used for preclinical safety assessment prior to first-in-man dose administration of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A variety of CRA platforms has been developed where the analysis of secreted cytokines is performed. Analysis of T cell activation markers is not performed routinely in CRA platforms and few studies have described intracellular cytokine levels after stimulation with therapeutic mAbs. In the present study, we performed a CRA using intracellular cytokine staining and assessment of extracellular T cell activation markers by flow cytometry. We used commercially available reference mAbs for the stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found that stimulation using solid phase (SP) dry coating with two different CD28 antibodies and muromonab-CD3 increased the percentage of IFN-ɣ + CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as of CD3-CD56+ NK cells compared to stimulation with antibodies in aqueous phase (AP). Expression of the T cell activation markers CD25 and CD69 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was also increased upon SP muromonab-CD3 stimulation. Using multiplex cytokine assessment, we showed that stimulation in AP using ANC28.1, CD28.2 and muromonab-CD3 led to an increase of IFN-ɣ, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and IL-2 secretion. Stimulation of PBMCs preincubated at high-density culture led to an increase in IFN-ɣ production but not in the expression of activation markers compared to low-density culture. Our findings demonstrated that flow cytometry analyses for assessing relevant T cell and NK cell markers may be used as a supplement to multiplex cytokine analysis in CRAs. The approach may be a valuable addition that enables a more precise description of the mechanisms leading to CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Gad
- Bioneer A/S, Kogle Allé 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Bioneer A/S, Kogle Allé 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.
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15
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Ito S, Miwa K, Hattori C, Aida T, Tsuchiya Y, Mori K. Highly sensitive in vitro cytokine release assay incorporating high-density preculture. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 18:136-143. [PMID: 34644231 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2021.1984617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory effects of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) through binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on immune cells are a likely cause of cytokine release syndrome. However, it is difficult to detect the potential risk of FcγR-dependent cytokine release associated with mAb in the current standard cytokine release assays (CRA), including the air-drying solid-phase method using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). To increase the sensitivity to detect FcγR-dependent cytokine release due to mAb, a high-density preculture (HDC) method was incorporated into the air-drying solid-phase CRA. Here, PBMC were exposed to panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, or alemtuzumab at 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 μg/well for 24 or 48 hr under both non-HDC and HDC conditions. T-cell agonists (anti-CD3 mAb, anti-CD28 super-agonist [SA] mAb) were used as reference mAb. Panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, or alemtuzumab induced cytokine release under both non-HDC and HDC conditions, and cytokine release caused by alemtuzumab was more pronounced under HDC conditions. To investigate FcγR involvement in cytokine release associated with panitumumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, and alemtuzumab, CRA of these four mAb were conducted with anti-FcγRI, -FcγRII, or -FcγRIII F(ab')2 fragments. The results showed cytokine release caused by trastuzumab, rituximab, and alemtuzumab was significantly suppressed by anti-FcγRIII F(ab')2 pretreatment, and slightly reduced by anti-FcγRI or anti-FcγRII pretreatment, indicating these mAb induced FcγR (especially FcγRIII)-dependent cytokine release from PBMC. Cytokine release caused by panitumumab was slightly suppressed by anti-FcγRIII F(ab')2 pretreatment. Anti-CD3 mAb and anti-CD28 SA mAb also induced significant release of cytokines under HDC conditions compared with that under non-HDC conditions. In conclusion, CRA incorporating HDC into the air-drying solid-phase method using human PBMC could sensitively capture the FcγR-dependent cytokine release potential of mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Ito
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miwa
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Hattori
- Oncology Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Aida
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tsuchiya
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Transrational Research, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co, Ltd, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Cosenza M, Sacchi S, Pozzi S. Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated with T-Cell-Based Therapies for Hematological Malignancies: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147652. [PMID: 34299273 PMCID: PMC8305850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are a broad group of small regulatory proteins with many biological functions involved in regulating the hematopoietic and immune systems. However, in pathological conditions, hyperactivation of the cytokine network constitutes the fundamental event in cytokine release syndrome (CRS). During the last few decades, the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and T-cell therapies has rapidly evolved, and CRS can be a serious adverse event related to these treatments. CRS is a set of toxic adverse events that can be observed during infection or following the administration of antibodies for therapeutic purposes and, more recently, during T-cell-engaging therapies. CRS is triggered by on-target effects induced by binding of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells or bispecific antibody to its antigen and by subsequent activation of bystander immune and non-immune cells. CRS is associated with high circulating concentrations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, colony-stimulating factors, and transforming growth factors. Recently, considerable developments have been achieved with regard to preventing and controlling CRS, but it remains an unmet clinical need. This review comprehensively summarizes the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of CRS caused by T-cell-engaging therapies utilized in the treatment of hematological malignancies.
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17
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La-Beck NM, Islam MR, Markiewski MM. Nanoparticle-Induced Complement Activation: Implications for Cancer Nanomedicine. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603039. [PMID: 33488603 PMCID: PMC7819852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based anticancer medications were first approved for cancer treatment almost 2 decades ago. Patients benefit from these approaches because of the targeted-drug delivery and reduced toxicity, however, like other therapies, adverse reactions often limit their use. These reactions are linked to the interactions of nanoparticles with the immune system, including the activation of complement. This activation can cause well-characterized acute inflammatory reactions mediated by complement effectors. However, the long-term implications of chronic complement activation on the efficacy of drugs carried by nanoparticles remain obscured. The recent discovery of protumor roles of complement raises the possibility that nanoparticle-induced complement activation may actually reduce antitumor efficacy of drugs carried by nanoparticles. We discuss here the initial evidence supporting this notion. Better understanding of the complex interactions between nanoparticles, complement, and the tumor microenvironment appears to be critical for development of nanoparticle-based anticancer therapies that are safer and more efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh M La-Beck
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Md Rakibul Islam
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
| | - Maciej M Markiewski
- Department of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, TX, United States
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18
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Eltahir M, Fletcher E, Dynesius L, Jarblad JL, Lord M, Laurén I, Zekarias M, Yu X, Cragg MS, Hammarström C, Levedahl KH, Höglund M, Ullenhag G, Mattsson M, Mangsbo SM. Profiling of donor-specific immune effector signatures in response to rituximab in a human whole blood loop assay using blood from CLL patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107226. [PMID: 33316742 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rituximab is widely used in the treatment of haematological malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the most common leukaemia in adults. However, some patients, especially those with high tumour burden, develop cytokine release syndrome (CRS). It is likely that more patients will develop therapy-linked CRS in the future due to the implementation of other immunotherapies, such as CAR T-cell, for many malignancies. Current methods for CRS risk assessment are limited, hence there is a need to develop new methods. To better recapitulate an in vivo setting, we implemented a unique human whole blood "loop" system to study patient-specific immune responses to rituximab in blood derived from CLL patients. Upon rituximab infusion, both complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) profiles were evident in CLL patient blood, coincident with CLL cell depletion. Whereas B cell depletion is induced in healthy persons in the blood loop, only patients display B cell depletion coupled with CRS. With the exception of one donor who lacked NK cells, all other five patients displayed variable B cell depletion along with CRS profile. Additionally, inhibition of CDC or ADCC via either inhibitors or antibody Fc modification resulted in skewing of the immune killing mechanism consistent with published literature. Herein we have shown that the human whole blood loop model can be applied using blood from a specific indication to build a disease-specific CRS and immune activation profiling ex vivo system. Other therapeutic antibodies used for other indications may benefit from antibody characterization in a similar setting.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Antirheumatic Agents
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Blood Cell Count
- Complement Activation
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology
- Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology
- Cytokines/blood
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukocyte Count
- Male
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eltahir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - M Lord
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Laurén
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Zekarias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - X Yu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | | | - K H Levedahl
- Department of Haematology, Uppsala University Hospital; Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - M Höglund
- Department of Haematology, Uppsala University Hospital
| | - G Ullenhag
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Mattsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Haematology, Uppsala University Hospital
| | - S M Mangsbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Stančič B, Qvarfordt B, Berglund MM, Brenden N, Sydow Bäckman M, Fransson M, Nordling S, Magnusson PU. The blood endothelial cell chamber - An innovative system to study immune responses in drug development. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107237. [PMID: 33310662 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The risk for adverse immune-mediated reactions, associated with the administration of certain immunotherapeutic agents, should be mitigated early. Infusion reactions to monoclonal antibodies and other biopharmaceuticals, known as cytokine release syndrome, can arise from the release of cytokines via the drug target cell, as well as the recruitment of immune effector cells. While several in vitro cytokine release assays have been proposed up to date, many of them lack important blood components, required for this response to occur. The blood endothelial cell chamber model is an in vitro assay, composed of freshly drawn human whole blood and cultured human primary endothelial cells. Herein, its potential to study the compatibility of immunotherapeutics with the human immune system was studied by evaluating three commercially available monoclonal antibodies and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. We demonstrate that the anti-CD28 antibody TGN1412 displayed an adaptive cytokine release profile and a distinct IL-2 response, accompanied with increased CD3+ cell recruitment. Alemtuzumab exhibited a clear cytokine response with a mixed adaptive/innate source (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-6). Its immunosuppressive nature is observed in depleted CD3+ cells. Cetuximab, associated with low infusion reactions, showed a very low or absent stimulatory effect on proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, bacterial endotoxin demonstrated a clear innate cytokine response, defined by TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β release, accompanied with a strong recruitment of CD14+CD16+ cells. Therefore, the blood endothelial cell chamber model is presented as a valuable in vitro tool to investigate therapeutic monoclonal antibodies with respect to cytokine release and vascular immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina Stančič
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bodil Qvarfordt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Nina Brenden
- Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 112 76 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Moa Fransson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nordling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, 751 85, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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20
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Vessillier S, Fort M, O'Donnell L, Hinton H, Nadwodny K, Piccotti J, Rigsby P, Staflin K, Stebbings R, Mekala D, Willingham A, Wolf B. Development of the first reference antibody panel for qualification and validation of cytokine release assay platforms - Report of an international collaborative study. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100042. [PMID: 33458650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb) carry an inherent risk of undesired immune reactions. One such risk is cytokine release syndrome (CRS), a rapid systemic inflammatory response characterized by the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune cells. It is crucial for patient safety to correctly identify potential risk of CRS prior to first-in-human dose administration. For this purpose, a variety of in vitro cytokine release assays (CRA) are routinely used as part of the preclinical safety assessment of novel therapeutic mAbs. One of the challenges for the development and comparison of CRA performance is the lack of availability of standard positive and negative control mAbs for use in assay qualification. To address this issue, the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) developed a reference panel of lyophilised mAbs known to induce CRS in the clinic: human anti-CD52, mouse anti-CD3 and human superagonistic (SA) anti-CD28 mAb manufactured according to the respective published sequences of Campath-1H® (alemtuzumab, IgG1) , Orthoclone OKT-3® (muromonab, IgG2a) and TGN1412 (theralizumab, IgG4), as well as three isotype matched negative controls (human IgG1, mouse IgG2a and human IgG4, respectively). The relative capacity of these control mAbs to stimulate the release of IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6 in vitro was evaluated in eleven laboratories in an international collaborative study mediated through the HESI Immuno-safety Technical Committee Cytokine Release Assay Working Group. Participants tested the NIBSC mAbs in a variety of CRA platforms established at each institution. This paper presents the results from the centralised cytokine quantification on all the plasma/supernatants corresponding to the stimulation of immune cells in the different CRA platforms by a single concentration of each mAb. Each positive control mAb induced significant cytokine release in most of the tested CRA platforms. There was a high inter-laboratory variability in the levels of cytokines produced, but similar patterns of response were observed across laboratories that replicated the cytokine release patterns previously published for the respective clinical therapeutic mAbs. Therefore, the positive and negative mAbs are suitable as a reference panel for the qualification and validation of CRAs, comparison of different CRA platforms (e.g. solid vs aqueous phase), and intra- and inter-laboratory comparison of CRA performance. Thus, the use of this panel of positive and negative control mAbs will increase the confidence in the robustness of a CRA platform to identify a potential CRS risk for novel immunomodulatory therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Vessillier
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Madeline Fort
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco CA 94080, USA
| | - Lynn O'Donnell
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Heather Hinton
- Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland. Pharmaceutical Sciences Switzerland
| | - Kimberly Nadwodny
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Joseph Piccotti
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Peter Rigsby
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Karin Staflin
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Oncology Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Divya Mekala
- Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Aarron Willingham
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 213 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Babette Wolf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
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21
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Afonin KA. Use of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to define immunological properties of nucleic acid nanoparticles. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:3678-3698. [PMID: 33097923 PMCID: PMC7875514 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This protocol assesses proinflammatory properties of nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) using a validated preclinical model, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), that is highly predictive of cytokine responses. The experimental procedure details the preparation of pyrogen-free NANPs, isolation of PBMCs from freshly collected human blood, and analysis of characteristic biomarkers (type I and III interferons) produced by PBMCs transfected with NANPs. Although representative NANPs with high and low immunostimulatory potential are used as standards throughout the procedure, this protocol can be adapted to any NANPs or therapeutic nucleic acids, irrespective of whether they are carrier based or carrier free; additional cytokine biomarkers can also be included. We test several commercial platforms and controls broadly accessible to the research community to quantify all biomarkers in either single- or multiplex format. The continuous execution of this protocol takes <48 h; when immediate analysis is not feasible, single-use aliquots of the supernatants can be frozen and stored (-20 °C; 12 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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22
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Ye C, Yang H, Cheng M, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Brehm MA, Keck JG. A rapid, sensitive, and reproducible in vivo PBMC humanized murine model for determining therapeutic-related cytokine release syndrome. FASEB J 2020; 34:12963-12975. [PMID: 32772418 PMCID: PMC7436391 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001203r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a powerful treatment strategy being applied to cancer, autoimmune diseases, allergies, and transplantation. Although therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated significant clinical efficacy, there is also the potential for severe adverse events, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS). CRS is characterized by the rapid production of inflammatory cytokines following delivery of therapy, with symptoms ranging from mild fever to life‐threating pathology and multi‐organ failure. Overall there is a paucity of models to reliably and accurately predict the induction of CRS by immune therapeutics. Here, we describe the development of a humanized mouse model based on the NOD‐scid IL2rgnull (NSG) mouse to study CRS in vivo. PBMC‐engrafted NSG, NSG‐MHC‐DKO, and NSG‐SGM3 mice were used to study cytokine release in response to treatment with mAb immunotherapies. Our data show that therapeutic‐stimulated cytokine release in these PBMC‐based NSG models captures the variation in cytokine release between individual donors, is drug dependent, occurs in the absence of acute xeno‐GVHD, highlighting the specificity of the assay, and shows a robust response following treatment with a TGN1412 analog, a CD28 superagonist. Overall our results demonstrate that PBMC‐engrafted NSG models are rapid, sensitive, and reproducible platforms to screen novel therapeutics for CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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23
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Gaspar M, Pravin J, Rodrigues L, Uhlenbroich S, Everett KL, Wollerton F, Morrow M, Tuna M, Brewis N. CD137/OX40 Bispecific Antibody Induces Potent Antitumor Activity that Is Dependent on Target Coengagement. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:781-793. [PMID: 32273279 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the success of immune checkpoint blockade therapy against cancer, agonistic antibodies targeting T-cell costimulatory pathways are in clinical trials. The TNF superfamily of receptors (TNFRSF) members CD137 and OX40 are costimulatory receptors that stimulate T-cell proliferation and activation upon interaction with their cognate ligands. Activating CD137 and OX40 with agonistic mAbs stimulates the immune system due to their broad expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells and has antitumor effects in preclinical models. Most TNFRSF agonist antibodies require crosslinking via Fcγ receptors (FcγR), which can limit their clinical activity. FS120 mAb2, a dual agonist bispecific antibody targeting CD137 and OX40, activated both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in an FcγR-independent mechanism, dependent on concurrent binding. A mouse surrogate version of the bispecific antibody displayed antitumor activity in syngeneic tumor models, independent of T regulatory cell depletion and of FcγR interaction, but associated with peripheral T-cell activation and proliferation. When compared with a crosslink-independent CD137 agonist mAb, the FS120 surrogate induced lower liver T-cell infiltration. These data support initiation of clinical development of FS120, a first-in-class dual agonist bispecific antibody for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Pravin
- F-star Therapeutics Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neil Brewis
- F-star Therapeutics Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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24
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Thaventhiran T, Wong W, Alghanem AF, Alhumeed N, Aljasir MA, Ramsey S, Sethu S, Yeang HXA, Chadwick AE, Cross M, Webb SD, Djouhri L, Ball C, Stebbings R, Sathish JG. CD28 Superagonistic Activation of T Cells Induces a Tumor Cell-Like Metabolic Program. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2019; 38:60-69. [PMID: 31009338 PMCID: PMC6634261 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD28 superagonist (CD28SA), a therapeutic immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody triggered rapid and exaggerated activation of CD4+ effector memory T cells (TEMs) in humans with unwanted serious adverse effects. It is well known that distinct metabolic programs determine the fate and responses of immune cells. In this study, we show that human CD4+ TEMs stimulated with CD28SA adopt a metabolic program similar to those of tumor cells with enhanced glucose utilization, lipid biosynthesis, and proliferation in hypoxic conditions. Identification of metabolic profiles underlying hyperactive T cell activation would provide a platform to test safety of immunostimulatory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilipan Thaventhiran
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Wong
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad F Alghanem
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Naif Alhumeed
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad A Aljasir
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simeon Ramsey
- 2 Inflammation and Remodeling, Pfizer Research Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Han Xian Aw Yeang
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Cross
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steven D Webb
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- 3 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christina Ball
- 4 National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stebbings
- 4 National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jean G Sathish
- 1 Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science and Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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25
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Yan H, Semple KM, Gonzaléz CM, Howard KE. Bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) immune humanized mice as a model to predict cytokine release syndrome. Transl Res 2019; 210:43-56. [PMID: 31082370 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication that can be associated with biological drug products. In vitro assays or in vivo tests using nonhuman primates may fail to predict CRS due to species differences and the complexity of immune system. Therefore, model species that have human-specific immune components may improve the ability to identify CRS and enhance product safety. In this study we used bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice to test muromonab (OKT3), an anti-CD3 antibody with a black box warning for CRS. Initially, we completed pilot and dose escalation studies with muromonab and showed that when the dose was increased sufficiently, BLT-humanized mice experienced serious adverse outcomes including moribundity. Full studies compared muromonab treatment with adalimumab, saline, and a group pretreated with methylprednisolone prior to muromonab. We evaluated immune cell activation using flow cytometry and cytokine expression using a custom 10-plex cytokine assay to assess levels of human TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL12/23p40, and GM-CSF. Muromonab treated mice had significant increases in all cytokines tested with T-cell depletion and T-cell activation noted. Adalimumab (active) and saline (inactive) control groups did not demonstrate cytokine expression changes or alterations in T-cell numbers or activation. Further, pretreatment with methylprednisolone blunted or abrogated cytokine increases. This study demonstrates that BLT-humanized mice are capable of experiencing CRS, and could be used to screen biologics for this adverse event to enhance patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangyi Yan
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Immunology and Hematology Devices, Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kenrick M Semple
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Gastroenterology and Inborn Errors Products, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carlos M Gonzaléz
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland; Division of Drug Quality I, Office of Compliance, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kristina E Howard
- Division of Applied Regulatory Sciences, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland.
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26
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Dudek S, Weißmüller S, Anzaghe M, Miller L, Sterr S, Hoffmann K, Hengel H, Waibler Z. Human Fcγ receptors compete for TGN1412 binding that determines the antibody's effector function. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1117-1126. [PMID: 31002172 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The first-in-human clinical trial of the CD28-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) TGN1412 resulted in a life-threatening cytokine release syndrome. Although TGN1412 was designed as IgG4, known for weak Fc:Fcγ receptor (FcγR) interactions, these interactions contributed to TGN1412-induced T-cell activation. Using cell lines (TFs) expressing human FcγRI, -IIa, -IIb, or -III, we show that TGN1412 and TGN1412 as IgG1 and IgG2 are bound by FcγRs as it can be deduced from literature. However, upon coculture of TGN1412-decorated T cells with TFs or human primary blood cells, we observed that binding capacities by FcγRs do not correlate with the strength of the mediated effector function. FcγRIIa and FcγRIIb, showing no or very minor binding to TGN1412, mediated strongest T cell proliferation, while high-affinity FcγRI, exhibiting strong TGN1412 binding, mediated hardly any T-cell proliferation. These findings are of biological relevance because we show that FcγRI binds TGN1412, thus prevents binding to FcγRIIa or FcγRIIb, and consequently disables T-cell proliferation. In line with this, FcγRI- FcγRII+ but not FcγRI+ FcγRII+ monocytes mediate TGN1412-induced T-cell proliferation. Collectively, by using TGN1412 as example, our results indicate that binding of monomeric IgG subclasses does not predict the FcγR-mediated effector function, which has major implications for the design of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dudek
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Weißmüller
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Martina Anzaghe
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Lilija Miller
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Sarah Sterr
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Katja Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zoe Waibler
- Product Testing of Immunological Biopharmaceuticals, Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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27
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Hong E, Halman JR, Shah A, Cedrone E, Truong N, Afonin KA, Dobrovolskaia MA. Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Recognition of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles (NANPs) in Human Primary Blood Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:E1094. [PMID: 30897721 PMCID: PMC6470694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infusion reactions (IRs) create a translational hurdle for many novel therapeutics, including those utilizing nanotechnology. Nucleic acid nanoparticles (NANPs) are a novel class of therapeutics prepared by rational design of relatively short oligonucleotides to self-assemble into various programmable geometric shapes. While cytokine storm, a common type of IR, has halted clinical development of several therapeutic oligonucleotides, NANP technologies hold tremendous potential to bring these reactions under control by tuning the particle's physicochemical properties to the desired type and magnitude of the immune response. Recently, we reported the very first comprehensive study of the structure⁻activity relationship between NANPs' shape, size, composition, and their immunorecognition in human cells, and identified the phagolysosomal pathway as the major route for the NANPs' uptake and subsequent immunostimulation. Here, we explore the molecular mechanism of NANPs' recognition by primary immune cells, and particularly the contributing role of the Toll-like receptors. Our current study expands the understanding of the immune recognition of engineered nucleic acid-based therapeutics and contributes to the improvement of the nanomedicine safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enping Hong
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by The National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Justin R Halman
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Ankit Shah
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by The National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Edward Cedrone
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by The National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Nguyen Truong
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Sponsored by The National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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28
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Ke W, Hong E, Saito RF, Rangel MC, Wang J, Viard M, Richardson M, Khisamutdinov EF, Panigaj M, Dokholyan NV, Chammas R, Dobrovolskaia MA, Afonin KA. RNA-DNA fibers and polygons with controlled immunorecognition activate RNAi, FRET and transcriptional regulation of NF-κB in human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:1350-1361. [PMID: 30517685 PMCID: PMC6379676 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based assemblies that interact with each other and further communicate with the cellular machinery in a controlled manner represent a new class of reconfigurable materials that can overcome limitations of traditional biochemical approaches and improve the potential therapeutic utility of nucleic acids. This notion enables the development of novel biocompatible 'smart' devices and biosensors with precisely controlled physicochemical and biological properties. We extend this novel concept by designing RNA-DNA fibers and polygons that are able to cooperate in different human cell lines and that have defined immunostimulatory properties confirmed by ex vivo experiments. The mutual intracellular interaction of constructs results in the release of a large number of different siRNAs while giving a fluorescent response and activating NF-κB decoy DNA oligonucleotides. This work expands the possibilities of nucleic acid technologies by (i) introducing very simple design principles and assembly protocols; (ii) potentially allowing for a simultaneous release of various siRNAs together with functional DNA sequences and (iii) providing controlled rates of reassociation, stabilities in human blood serum, and immunorecognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Ke
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Enping Hong
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab., Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Renata F Saito
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Mathias Viard
- Basic Science Program, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Melina Richardson
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | | | - Martin Panigaj
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikolay V Dokholyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Roger Chammas
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab., Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kirill A Afonin
- Nanoscale Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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29
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Johnson DE. Biotherapeutics: Challenges and Opportunities for Predictive Toxicology of Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3685. [PMID: 30469350 PMCID: PMC6274697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are a rapidly growing portion of the total pharmaceutical market accounting for almost one-half of recent new drug approvals. A major portion of these approvals each year are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). During development, non-clinical pharmacology and toxicology testing of mAbs differs from that done with chemical entities since these biotherapeutics are derived from a biological source and therefore the animal models must share the same epitopes (targets) as humans to elicit a pharmacological response. Mechanisms of toxicity of mAbs are both pharmacological and non-pharmacological in nature; however, standard in silico predictive toxicological methods used in research and development of chemical entities currently do not apply to these biotherapeutics. Challenges and potential opportunities exist for new methodologies to provide a more predictive program to assess and monitor potential adverse drug reactions of mAbs for specific patients before and during clinical trials and after market approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Johnson
- Morgan Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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30
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Alakhras NS, Qiu J, Rocha GV, Witcher DR, Koester A, You J, Schaer DA, Holmgaard RB, Driscoll K, Willy JA, Malherbe LP. FcγRIIIa-dependent IFN-γ release in whole blood assay is predictive of therapeutic IgG1 antibodies safety. MAbs 2018; 10:913-921. [PMID: 29953319 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1474996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory monoclonal IgG1 antibodies developed for cancer and autoimmune disease have an inherent risk of systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro cytokine release assays are currently used to predict cytokine release syndrome (CRS) risk, but the validation of these preclinical tools suffers from the limited number of characterized CRS-inducing IgG1 antibodies and the poor understanding of the mechanisms regulating cytokine release. Here, we incubated human whole blood from naïve healthy volunteers with four monoclonal IgG1 antibodies with different proven or predicted capacity to elicit CRS in clinic and measured cytokine release using a multiplex assay. We found that, in contrast to anti-CD52 antibodies (Campath-1H homolog) that elicited high level of multiple inflammatory cytokines from human blood cells in vitro, other IgG1 antibodies with CRS-inducing potential consistently induced release of a single tested cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, with a smaller magnitude than Campath. IFN-γ expression was observed as early as 2-4 h after incubation, mediated by natural killer cells, and dependent upon tumor necrosis factor and FcγRIII. Importantly, the magnitude of the IFN-γ response elicited by IgG1 antibodies with CRS-inducing potential was determined by donor FcγRIIIa-V158F polymorphism. Overall, our results highlight the importance of FcγRIIIa-dependent IFN-γ release in preclinical cytokine release assay for the prediction of CRS risk associated with therapeutic IgG1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S Alakhras
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jiabin Qiu
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Guilherme V Rocha
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Derrick R Witcher
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Anja Koester
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jinsam You
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - David A Schaer
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Rikke B Holmgaard
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Kyla Driscoll
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Willy
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Laurent P Malherbe
- a Lilly Research Laboratories , A Division of Eli Lilly and Company , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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31
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Toxicological and pharmacological assessment of AGEN1884, a novel human IgG1 anti-CTLA-4 antibody. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191926. [PMID: 29617360 PMCID: PMC5884502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 and CD28 exemplify a co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory signaling axis that dynamically sculpts the interaction of antigen-specific T cells with antigen-presenting cells. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies enhance tumor-specific immunity through a variety of mechanisms including: blockade of CD80 or CD86 binding to CTLA-4, repressing regulatory T cell function and selective elimination of intratumoral regulatory T cells via an Fcγ receptor-dependent mechanism. AGEN1884 is a novel IgG1 antibody targeting CTLA-4. It potently enhanced antigen-specific T cell responsiveness that could be potentiated in combination with other immunomodulatory antibodies. AGEN1884 was well-tolerated in non-human primates and enhanced vaccine-mediated antigen-specific immunity. AGEN1884 combined effectively with PD-1 blockade to elicit a T cell proliferative response in the periphery. Interestingly, an IgG2 variant of AGEN1884 revealed distinct functional differences that may have implications for optimal dosing regimens in patients. Taken together, the pharmacological properties of AGEN1884 support its clinical investigation as a single therapeutic and combination agent.
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32
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Schubert MS, Cedrone E, Neun B, Behlke MA, Dobrovolskaia MA. Chemical Modification of CRISPR gRNAs Eliminate type I Interferon Responses in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. JOURNAL OF CYTOKINE BIOLOGY 2018; 3:121. [PMID: 30225466 PMCID: PMC6138052 DOI: 10.4172/2576-3881.1000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CRISPR/Cas9 is currently the primary tool used for genome editing in mammalian cells. To cleave and alter genomic DNA, both the Cas9 nuclease and a guide RNA (gRNA) must be present in the nucleus. One preferred method of introducing these reagents is direct transfection of a recombinant Cas9 protein complexed with a synthetic gRNA as a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex. It is well established from prior work in RNA interference that synthetic RNAs can induce a type I interferon (IFN) response that can limit the application of such methods both in vitro and in vivo. While the immunological properties of short siRNAs are well understood, little is known about the immune recognition of longer CRISPR gRNAs. The objective of our in vitro study was to investigate how the composition of the gRNA influences its recognition by human immune cells. METHODS The study was performed in vitro in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The PBMCs from healthy donor volunteers were treated with gRNA for 24 h, and the levels of type I IFNs in culture supernatants were measured by a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent chemiluminescent assay. Prior to the analysis in PBMCs, the physicochemical parameters and functionality of all nucleic acid constructs were confirmed by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing assessment in HEK293-Cas9 cells, respectively. RESULTS We found that unmodified synthetic CRISPR gRNAs triggered a strong IFN response in PBMC cultures in vitro that could be prevented with chemical modification. Likewise, in vitro-transcribed single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) also triggered a strong IFN response that could only be partially suppressed by phosphatase removal of the 5'-triphosphate group. However, the process by which the gRNA is prepared (i.e., chemically synthesized as a two-part crRNA:tracrRNA complex or in vitro-transcribed as an sgRNA) does not directly influence the immune response to an unmodified gRNA. When experiments were performed in the HEK293 cells, only in vitro-transcribed sgRNA containing 5'-triphosphate induced IFN secretion. CONCLUSION The results of our structure-activity relationship study, therefore, suggest that chemical modifications commonly used to reduce the immunostimulation of traditional RNA therapeutics can also be used as effective tools to eliminate undesirable IFN responses to gRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie S. Schubert
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., 1710 Commercial Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Edward Cedrone
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barry Neun
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mark A. Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., 1710 Commercial Park, Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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33
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Abstract
Assessment of the potential for a test article to have adverse effects on immune function can be difficult in clinical trials due to a relative lack of useful endpoints. It is therefore common to use a weight of evidence approach with nonclinical studies to indicate if there is a cause for concern that the test article has immunotoxic potential. The most commonly used follow-up assay for immunosuppression is the T-dependent antibody response (TDAR). However, final selection of an assay (or assays) to evaluate potential human immunotoxicity depends on the type of findings in nonclinical studies. For example, signs of unintended immunostimulation or immunomodulation may be assessed using specialized assays using human cells. Other factors should also be considered, such as pharmacology of the test article, potential structural similarities with known immunomodulatory agents, and/or pharmacokinetic/drug disposition findings consistent with accumulation of test article/metabolite in immune system tissues. Although evaluation of the potential for a test article to have adverse effects on immune function can be a complex task, established nonclinical models and some clinical endpoints can be useful to determine the safety of products intended for use as human therapeutics.
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34
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Iwata Y, Harada A, Hara T, Kubo C, Inoue T, Tabo M, Ploix C, Manigold T, Hinton H, Mishima M. Is an in vitro whole blood cytokine assay useful to detect the potential risk of severe infusion reaction of monoclonal antibody pharmaceuticals? J Toxicol Sci 2017; 41:523-31. [PMID: 27432238 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
After the life-threatening cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurred in the clinical study of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody (mAb) TGN1412, in vitro cytokine release assays using human blood cells have been proposed for non-clinical evaluation of the potential risk of CRS. Two basic assay formats are frequently used: human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with immobilized mAbs, and whole blood with aqueous mAbs. However, the suitability of the whole blood cytokine assay (WBCA) has been questioned, because an unrealistically large sample size would be required to detect the potential risk of CRS induced by TGN1412, which has low sensitivity. We performed a WBCA using peripheral blood obtained from 68 healthy volunteers to compare two high risk mAbs, the TGN1412 analogue anti-CD28 superagonistic mAb (CD28SA) and the FcγR-mediated alemutuzumab, with a low risk mAb, panitumumab. Based on the cytokine measurements in this study, the sample size required to detect a statistically significant increase in cytokines with 90% power and 5% significance was determined to be n = 9 for CD28SA and n = 5 for alemtuzumab. The most sensitive marker was IL-8. The results suggest that WBCA is a practical test design that can warn of the potential risk of FcγR-mediated alemtuzumab and T-cell activating CD28SA but, because there was apparently a lower response to CD28SA, it cannot be used as a risk-ranking tool. WBCA is suggested to be a helpful tool for identifying potential FcγR-mediated hazards, but further mechanistic understanding of the response to CD28SA is necessary before applying it to T cell-stimulating mAbs.
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In vitro assays supporting the safety assessment of immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:296-308. [PMID: 28263892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) licensed for human use or in clinical development for cancer and autoimmune disease directly interact with the immune system. These immunomodulatory mAbs have an inherent risk of adverse immune-mediated drug reactions, including infusion reactions, cytokine storms, immunosuppression and autoimmunity. A thorough understanding of the potential for immunotoxicity of a mAb is required to support administration to humans. This review will highlight the key role of in vitro assays in defining the immunopharmacology, immunotoxicity and immunogenicity of mAbs. A wide range of in vitro tests with multiple formats of different complexity can be utilized to characterize i) the antibody-binding domains of the mAb, such as on-target binding and downstream pharmacological effects (e.g. immunosuppression, immune activation, cytokine release) in both humans and animal species used for toxicology studies and off-target binding; ii) Fc-dependent effects such as Fc-mediated cellular activation (e.g. of leukocytes, platelets) and cytokine release, complement activation; and iii) product-related factors (sequence, physical-chemical properties and impurities) that can impact both pharmacological activity and immunogenicity potential of a mAb. These assays can be crucial to the selection of mAbs with an optimum balance of safety and efficacy, in defining whether a mAb is a high risk molecule, and together with animal data, can inform human safe starting doses and escalation schemes.
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Takakura M, Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A. Development of cell-based assay for predictively evaluating the FcγR-mediated human immune cell activation by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 485:189-194. [PMID: 28196745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have important roles in treatments for various cancers and inflammatory diseases. Their highly target specificities provide controlled safety profiles. However, therapeutic mAbs commonly pose a risk of the induction of the release of cytokines, which may result in adverse events including infusion reaction and cytokine release syndrome. Several mechanisms are involved in the cytokine releases induced by therapeutic mAbs, and the activation of immune effector cells via Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) is one of the putative mechanisms for most IgG-subclass mAbs. The relationship between cytokine releases and mAbs' Fc functions is not fully understood. Here we developed a simple reporter cell-based assay for estimating the FcγR-mediated activation of human immune effector cells by mAbs. Our use of the cell-based assay to compare Fc-engineered mAbs with different FcγR-activation profiles revealed that the releases of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) induced by the mAbs were elevated by treatment with Fc-engineered mAbs with higher FcγR-activation properties. Our results also suggested the involvement of monocytic effector cells in the activation of hPBMCs as sources of released cytokines and chemokines, which may lead to the immune cell-mediated adverse events. Our new reporter cell assay is a promising tool for evaluating and predicting the activation of human immune cells by novel Fc-engineered mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Takakura
- AMED, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Anchordoquy TJ, Barenholz Y, Boraschi D, Chorny M, Decuzzi P, Dobrovolskaia MA, Farhangrazi ZS, Farrell D, Gabizon A, Ghandehari H, Godin B, La-Beck NM, Ljubimova J, Moghimi SM, Pagliaro L, Park JH, Peer D, Ruoslahti E, Serkova NJ, Simberg D. Mechanisms and Barriers in Cancer Nanomedicine: Addressing Challenges, Looking for Solutions. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12-18. [PMID: 28068099 PMCID: PMC5542883 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has recently been made in the synthesis and characterization of engineered nanoparticles for imaging and treatment of cancers, resulting in several promising candidates in clinical trials. Despite these advances, clinical applications of nanoparticle-based therapeutic/imaging agents remain limited by biological, immunological, and translational barriers. In order to overcome the existing status quo in drug delivery, there is a need for open and frank discussion in the nanomedicine community on what is needed to make qualitative leaps toward translation. In this Nano Focus, we present the main discussion topics and conclusions from a recent workshop: "Mechanisms and Barriers in Nanomedicine". The focus of this informal meeting was on biological, toxicological, immunological, and translational aspects of nanomedicine and approaches to move the field forward productively. We believe that these topics reflect the most important issues in cancer nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Anchordoquy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Yechezkel Barenholz
- Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michael Chorny
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Z. Shadi Farhangrazi
- Biotrends International, Denver Technological Center, Greenwood Village, Colorado 80111, United States
- University College, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, United States
| | - Dorothy Farrell
- Office of Cancer Nanotechnology Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Alberto Gabizon
- Oncology Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and Hebrew University-School of Medicine, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- Departments of Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ninh M. La-Beck
- Departments of Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Abilene, Texas 79601, United States
| | - Julia Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and of Biomedical Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - S. Moein Moghimi
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Queen’s Campus, Stockton-On-Tees TS17 6BH, United Kingdom
| | - Len Pagliaro
- Siva Therapeutics Inc., Austin, Texas 78759, United States
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dan Peer
- Departments of Cell Research and Immunology and of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Natalie J. Serkova
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Radiation Oncology, Radiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Kubota A, Hasegawa H, Tadokoro H, Hirose M, Kobara Y, Yamada-Inagawa T, Takemura G, Kobayashi Y, Takano H. Deletion of CD28 Co-stimulatory Signals Exacerbates Left Ventricular Remodeling and Increases Cardiac Rupture After Myocardial Infarction. Circ J 2016; 80:1971-9. [PMID: 27396441 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory responses, especially by CD4(+)T cells activated by dendritic cells, are known to be important in the pathophysiology of cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI). Although co-stimulatory signals through B7 (CD80/86) and CD28 are necessary for CD4(+)T cell activation and survival, the roles of these signals in cardiac repair after MI are still unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 (Control) mice and CD28 knockout (CD28KO) mice were subjected to left coronary artery permanent ligation. The ratio of death by cardiac rupture within 5 days after MI was significantly higher in CD28KO mice compared with Control mice. Although there were no significant differences in the infarct size between the 2 groups, left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters were significantly increased, and fractional shortening was significantly decreased in CD28KO mice compared with Control mice. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the extent of extracellular collagen fiber was significantly decreased in CD28KO mice compared with Control mice. The number of α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts was significantly decreased, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β were significantly increased in CD28KO mice compared with Control mice. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of CD28 co-stimulatory signals exacerbates left ventricular remodeling and increases cardiac rupture after MI through prolongation of the inflammatory period and reduction of collagen fiber in the infarct scars. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1971-1979).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kubota
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
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Cytokine release: A workshop proceedings on the state-of-the-science, current challenges and future directions. Cytokine 2016; 85:101-8. [PMID: 27309676 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In October 2013, the International Life Sciences Institute - Health and Environmental Sciences Institute Immunotoxicology Technical Committee (ILSI-HESI ITC) held a one-day workshop entitled, "Workshop on Cytokine Release: State-of-the-Science, Current Challenges and Future Directions". The workshop brought together scientists from pharmaceutical, academic, health authority, and contract research organizations to discuss novel approaches and current challenges for the use of in vitro cytokine release assays (CRAs) for the identification of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) potential of novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Topics presented encompassed a regulatory perspective on cytokine release and assessment, case studies regarding the translatability of preclinical cytokine data to the clinic, and the latest state of the science of CRAs, including comparisons between mAb therapeutics within one platform and across several assay platforms, a novel physiological assay platform, and assay optimization approaches such as determination of FcR expression profiles and use of statistical tests. The data and approaches presented confirmed that multiple CRA platforms are in use for identification of CRS potential and that the choice of a particular CRA platform is highly dependent on the availability of resources for individual laboratories (e.g. positive and negative controls, number of human blood donors), the assay through-put required, and the mechanism-of-action of the therapeutic candidate to be tested. Workshop participants agreed that more data on the predictive performance of CRA platforms is needed, and current efforts to compare in vitro assay results with clinical cytokine assessments were discussed. In summary, many laboratories continue to focus research efforts on the improvement of the translatability of current CRA platforms as well explore novel approaches which may lead to more accurate, and potentially patient-specific, CRS prediction in the future.
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Dobrovolskaia MA. Pre-clinical immunotoxicity studies of nanotechnology-formulated drugs: Challenges, considerations and strategy. J Control Release 2015; 220:571-83. [PMID: 26348388 PMCID: PMC4688153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assorted challenges in physicochemical characterization, sterilization, depyrogenation, and in the assessment of pharmacology, safety, and efficacy profiles accompany pre-clinical development of nanotechnology-formulated drugs. Some of these challenges are not unique to nanotechnology and are common in the development of other pharmaceutical products. However, nanoparticle-formulated drugs are biochemically sophisticated, which causes their translation into the clinic to be particularly complex. An understanding of both the immune compatibility of nanoformulations and their effects on hematological parameters is now recognized as an important step in the (pre)clinical development of nanomedicines. An evaluation of nanoparticle immunotoxicity is usually performed as a part of a traditional toxicological assessment; however, it often requires additional in vitro and in vivo specialized immuno- and hematotoxicity tests. Herein, I review literature examples and share the experience with the NCI Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory assay cascade used in the early (discovery-level) phase of pre-clinical development to summarize common challenges in the immunotoxicological assessment of nanomaterials, highlight considerations and discuss solutions to overcome problems that commonly slow or halt the translation of nanoparticle-formulated drugs toward clinical trials. Special attention will be paid to the grand-challenge related to detection, quantification and removal of endotoxin from nanoformulations, and practical considerations related to this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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