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Maccallini C, Budriesi R, De Filippis B, Amoroso R. Advancements in the Research of New Modulators of Nitric Oxide Synthases Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8486. [PMID: 39126054 PMCID: PMC11313090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been defined as the "miracle molecule" due to its essential pleiotropic role in living systems. Besides its implications in physiologic functions, it is also involved in the development of several disease states, and understanding this ambivalence is crucial for medicinal chemists to develop therapeutic strategies that regulate NO production without compromising its beneficial functions in cell physiology. Although nitric oxide synthase (NOS), i.e., the enzyme deputed to the NO biosynthesis, is a well-recognized druggable target to regulate NO bioavailability, some issues have emerged during the past decades, limiting the progress of NOS modulators in clinical trials. In the present review, we discuss the most promising advancements in the research of small molecules that are able to regulate NOS activity with improved pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles, providing an updated framework of this research field that could be useful for the design and development of new NOS modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maccallini
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.D.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Barbara De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.D.F.); (R.A.)
| | - Rosa Amoroso
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (B.D.F.); (R.A.)
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2
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Sharma VK, Manoli K, Ma X. Reactivity of nitrogen species with inorganic and organic compounds in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134911. [PMID: 35561761 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many studies on the reactive nitrogen species (RNS, ●NO2, ●NO and ●NH2) with pollutants in water have been performed to understand the abatement of inorganic and organic compounds by these species, and the mechanisms of the formation of oxidative transformation products, especially nitrogenous oxidized byproducts. In this review, approaches to generate RNS in aqueous solution is first presented, followed by a summary of their reactivity with a wide range of compounds. The second-order rate constants (k, M-1 s-1) for the reactivity of ●NO2 and ●NO with a wide range of inorganic radical and nonradical species were correlated with thermodynamic one-electron oxidation potentials (E0). The positive correlation between log(k) versus E0 suggests one-electron transfer reactions. The Hammett-type correlations were developed for the reactions of ●NO2 and ●NH2 with organic compounds, using the unsubstituted benzene as a reference molecule (i.e., Σσo,p,m = 0) to calculate Σσo,p,m = σo + σp + σm for each organic molecule. Linear negative correlations of log(k) with Σσo,p,m were obtained for both ●NO2 and ●NH2, suggesting electrophilic substitution mechanism. The correlations presented herein may assist in eliminating organic micropollutants in water treatment and reuse processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Kyriakos Manoli
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Zachery Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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3
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The Evolution of Nitric Oxide Function: From Reactivity in the Prebiotic Earth to Examples of Biological Roles and Therapeutic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071222. [PMID: 35883712 PMCID: PMC9311577 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide was once considered to be of marginal interest to the biological sciences and medicine; however, there is now wide recognition, but not yet a comprehensive understanding, of its functions and effects. NO is a reactive, toxic free radical with numerous biological targets, especially metal ions. However, NO and its reaction products also play key roles as reductant and oxidant in biological redox processes, in signal transduction, immunity and infection, as well as other roles. Consequently, it can be sensed, metabolized and modified in biological systems. Here, we present a brief overview of the chemistry and biology of NO—in particular, its origins in geological time and in contemporary biology, its toxic consequences and its critical biological functions. Given that NO, with its intrinsic reactivity, appeared in the early Earth’s atmosphere before the evolution of complex lifeforms, we speculate that the potential for toxicity preceded biological function. To examine this hypothesis, we consider the nature of non-biological and biological targets of NO, the evolution of biological mechanisms for NO detoxification, and how living organisms generate this multifunctional gas.
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Lapina T, Statinov V, Puzanskiy R, Ermilova E. Arginine-Dependent Nitric Oxide Generation and S-Nitrosation in the Non-Photosynthetic Unicellular Alga Polytomella parva. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050949. [PMID: 35624813 PMCID: PMC9138000 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a key signaling molecule in higher plants, regulating many physiological processes. Several photosynthetic algae from different lineages are also known to produce NO. However, it remains unclear whether this messenger is produced by non-photosynthetic algae. Among these organisms, the colorless alga Polytomella parva is a special case, as it has lost not only its plastid genome, but also nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase. Up to now, the question of whether NO synthesis occurs in the absence of functional nitrate reductase (NR) and the assimilation of nitrates/nitrites in P. parva has not been elucidated. Using spectrofluorometric assays and confocal microscopy with NO-sensitive fluorescence dye, we demonstrate L-arginine-dependent NO synthesis by P. parva cells. Based on a pharmacological approach, we propose the existence of arginine-dependent NO synthase-like activity in this non-photosynthetic alga. GC-MS analysis provides primary evidence that P. parva synthesizes putrescine, which is not an NO source in this alga. Moreover, the generated NO causes the S-nitrosation of protein cysteine thiol groups. Together, our data argue for NR-independent NO synthesis and its active role in S-nitrosation as an essential post-translational modification in P. parva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lapina
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Vladislav Statinov
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Roman Puzanskiy
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.)
- Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Ermilova
- Biological Faculty, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (T.L.); (V.S.); (R.P.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Zhang M, Wang F, Ding W, Xu Z, Li X, Tian D, Zhang Y, Tang J. Synthesis of sorbicillinoid analogues with anti-inflammation activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 54:116589. [PMID: 34971877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory effects of sorbicillinoids isolated from marine fungi. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of new sorbicillinoid analogues and assessed their anti-inflammatory activities. Our results reveal that side chain substitution with (E)-2-butenoyl, (E)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-propenoyl, and (E)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenoyl significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of the derivatives on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible NO synthesis (iNOS) expression stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in mouse macrophage. Further chemical derivatization shows that the monomethylresorcinol skeleton worked better than the dimethylresorcinol skeleton in inhibiting LPS-induced inflammatory response in cultured cells. Among the 29 synthesized sorbicillinoid analogues, compounds 4b and 12b exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activities, holding the promise of being developed into lead compounds that can be explored as potent anti-inflammation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenjuan Ding
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaosan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Danmei Tian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jinshan Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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6
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Lehnert N, Kim E, Dong HT, Harland JB, Hunt AP, Manickas EC, Oakley KM, Pham J, Reed GC, Alfaro VS. The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14682-14905. [PMID: 34902255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in biology. Metal coordination chemistry, especially with iron, is at the heart of many biological transformations involving NO. A series of heme proteins, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitrophorins, are responsible for the biosynthesis, sensing, and transport of NO. Alternatively, NO can be generated from nitrite by heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductases (NIRs). The NO-bearing small molecules such as nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) can serve as an alternative vehicle for NO storage and transport. Once NO is formed, the rich reaction chemistry of NO leads to a wide variety of biological activities including reduction of NO by heme or non-heme iron-containing NO reductases and protein post-translational modifications by DNICs. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of metal sites in biology with NO and the mechanisms of these transformations has come from the elucidation of the geometric and electronic structures and chemical reactivity of synthetic model systems, in synergy with biochemical and biophysical studies on the relevant proteins themselves. This review focuses on recent advancements from studies on proteins and model complexes that not only have improved our understanding of the biological roles of NO but also have provided foundations for biomedical research and for bio-inspired catalyst design in energy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B Harland
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Manickas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kady M Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Garrett C Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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7
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Wang M, Zhang X, Qi M, Guo D, Wang Y, Gao H. New cassane- and norcassane-type diterpenoids from the seed kernels of Caesalpinia sinensis and their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104978. [PMID: 34171412 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The first investigation of phytochemistry on the seed kernels of Caesalpinia sinensis led to the isolation and characterization of six new compounds including three tricyclic-type cassane diterpenoids (1--3) and three norcassane-type diterpenoids (4-6), together with three know compounds (7-9). Compounds 1-9 represented the first discovery of cassane-type diterpenoids from C. sinensis. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment and ECD calculation. The characters for compounds 4 and 5 possessing the 15,16-degradative cassane skeleton were observed, which was extremely rare structural type in the genus Caesalpinia. The anti-inflammatory activities of all isolates were evaluated via examining their inhibitory effects against NO production in LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 cells. The results demonstrated that compound 1 exhibited the most significantly inhibitory efficacy with inhibition rate 67.3% at 10 μM. The iNOS enzyme activity assay further revealed that compound 1 showed potent NO inhibitory effect by reducing the enzymatic activity of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Mingfei Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Dandan Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yannian Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Astier J, Rossi J, Chatelain P, Klinguer A, Besson-Bard A, Rosnoblet C, Jeandroz S, Nicolas-Francès V, Wendehenne D. Nitric oxide production and signalling in algae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:781-792. [PMID: 32910824 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) was the first identified gaseous messenger and is now well established as a major ubiquitous signalling molecule. The rapid development of our understanding of NO biology in embryophytes came with the partial characterization of the pathways underlying its production and with the decrypting of signalling networks mediating its effects. Notably, the identification of proteins regulated by NO through nitrosation greatly enhanced our perception of NO functions. In comparison, the role of NO in algae has been less investigated. Yet, studies in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have produced key insights into NO production through the identification of NO-forming nitrite reductase and of S-nitrosated proteins. More intriguingly, in contrast to embryophytes, a few algal species possess a conserved nitric oxide synthase, the main enzyme catalysing NO synthesis in metazoans. This latter finding paves the way for a deeper characterization of novel members of the NO synthase family. Nevertheless, the typical NO-cyclic GMP signalling module transducing NO effects in metazoans is not conserved in algae, nor in embryophytes, highlighting a divergent acquisition of NO signalling between the green and the animal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Astier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jordan Rossi
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline Chatelain
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Agnès Klinguer
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Angélique Besson-Bard
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Claire Rosnoblet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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9
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Preethi D, Anishetty S, Gautam P. Molecular dynamics study of in silico mutations in the auto-inhibitory loop of human endothelial nitric oxide synthase FMN sub-domain. J Mol Model 2021; 27:63. [PMID: 33527205 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structural flexibility of the peptide linker connecting two domains is essential for the functioning of multi-domain complex. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms contain the oxygenase and the reductase domains connected by calmodulin binding linker (CBL) region. Additionally, the endothelial NOS (eNOS) isoform contain an auto-inhibitory loop (AI) in the FMN reductase sub-domain which represses the inter-domain electron transfer process. Binding of Ca2+-Calmodulin complex on the CBL region relieves the AI loop repression and facilitates electron transfer from FMN in the reductase domain to the heme in the oxygenase domain. Few experimental studies have reported that in vitro mutation of Serine-615 (S615D) and Serine-633 (S633D) in the FMN reductase sub-domain to aspartic acid increased NO production and increased Ca2+ sensitivity. To understand the role of AI loop in eNOS repression and activation in serine mutants (S615D and S633D), we modelled the FMN reductase sub-domain of human eNOS protein with and without the CBL region. Molecular dynamics simulations performed indicated that the mutant protein AI loop structure was stabilized by salt bridge formed between D615 and R602. It was also found that mutation increased the flexibility of C-terminal residues of eNOS CBL region. The hinge-like movement of the AI loop allowed rotation of the FMN sub-domain clockwise which may favour electron-transfer in the mutant protein. This study provides insight on mutation (S615D and S633D) induced changes in AI loop and increased flexibility of CBL region which may lead to the protein activation and may also facilitate Calmodulin binding at physiological Ca2+ concentration. Graphical Abstract Mutation of amino acid residues contribute to structural changes at molecular level leading to alteration in protein dynamics and its function. Serine-615 and Serine-633 in the auto-inhibitory loop of human eNOS reductase model was mutated to aspartic acid in silico and molecular dynamics simulations of the protein showed that steric hindrance due to mutation altered the auto-inhibitory loop rearrangement and the FMN sub-domain movement favouring electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Preethi
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 025, India
| | - Sharmila Anishetty
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 025, India.
| | - P Gautam
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 025, India. .,AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 044, India.
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Nasuno R, Yoshikawa Y, Takagi H. The analytical method to identify the nitrogen source for nitric oxide synthesis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 85:211-214. [DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule synthesized from various nitrogen sources. An analytical method to identify a nitrogen source for NO generation was developed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in combination with stable isotope labeling. Our method successfully detected the 15N-labeled NO-containing compound generated from 15N-labeled substrate nitrite in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nasuno
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
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11
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Soldatova AV, Spiro TG. Alternative modes of O 2 activation in P450 and NOS enzymes are clarified by DFT modeling and resonance Raman spectroscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 207:111054. [PMID: 32217351 PMCID: PMC7247924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functions of heme proteins are modulated by hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) directed at the heme-bound ligands by protein residues. When the gaseous ligands CO, NO, or O2 are bound, their activity is strongly influenced by H-bonds to their atoms. These H-bonds produce characteristic changes in the vibrational frequencies of the heme adduct, which can be monitored by resonance Raman spectroscopy and interpreted with density functional theory (DFT) computations. When the protein employs a cysteinate proximal ligand, bound O2 becomes particularly reactive, the course of the reaction being controlled by H-bonding and proton delivery. In this work, DFT modeling is used to examine the effects of H-bonding to either the terminal (Ot) or proximate (Op) atom of methylthiolate-Fe(II)porphine-O2, as well as to the thiolate S atom. H-bonds to Op produce a positive linear correlation between ν(Fe - O) and ν(O - O), because they increase the sp2 character of Op, weakening both the Fe - O and O - O bonds. H-bonds to Ot produce a negative correlation, because they increase Fe backbonding, strengthening the Fe - O but weakening the O - O bond. Available experimental data accommodate well to the computed pattern. In particular, this correspondence supports the interpretation of cytochrome P450 data by Kincaid and Sligar [M. Gregory, P.J. Mak, S.G. Sligar, J.R. Kincaid, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 125 (2013) 5450-5453], involving steering between hydroxylation and lyase reaction channels by differential H-bonds. Similar channeling between the first and second steps of the nitric oxide synthase reaction is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Soldatova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Thomas G Spiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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12
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Bahadoran Z, Carlström M, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Nitric oxide: To be or not to be an endocrine hormone? Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13443. [PMID: 31944587 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive gasotransmitter, is critical for a number of cellular processes and has multiple biological functions. Due to its limited lifetime and diffusion distance, NO has been mainly believed to act in autocrine/paracrine fashion. The increasingly recognized effects of pharmacologically delivered and endogenous NO at a distant site have changed the conventional wisdom and introduced NO as an endocrine signalling molecule. The notion is greatly supported by the detection of a number of NO adducts and their circulatory cycles, which in turn contribute to the transport and delivery of NO bioactivity, remote from the sites of its synthesis. The existence of endocrine sites of synthesis, negative feedback regulation of biosynthesis, integrated storage and transport systems, having an exclusive receptor, that is, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and organized circadian rhythmicity make NO something beyond a simple autocrine/paracrine signalling molecule that could qualify for being an endocrine signalling molecule. Here, we discuss hormonal features of NO from the classical endocrine point of view and review available knowledge supporting NO as a true endocrine hormone. This new insight can provide a new framework within which to reinterpret NO biology and its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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13
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Lehnert N, Fujisawa K, Camarena S, Dong HT, White CJ. Activation of Non-Heme Iron-Nitrosyl Complexes: Turning Up the Heat. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kiyoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Chemistry, Ibaraki University, Mito 310-8512, Japan
| | - Stephanie Camarena
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Hai T. Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Corey J. White
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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14
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Astier J, Mounier A, Santolini J, Jeandroz S, Wendehenne D. The evolution of nitric oxide signalling diverges between animal and green lineages. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4355-4364. [PMID: 30820534 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signalling molecule with widespread distribution in prokaryotes and eukaryotes where it is involved in countless physiological processes. While the mechanisms governing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and signalling are well established in animals, the situation is less clear in the green lineage. Recent investigations have shown that NO synthase, the major enzymatic source for NO in animals, is absent in land plants but present in a limited number of algae. The first detailed analysis highlighted that these new NO synthases are functional but display specific structural features and probably original catalytic activities. Completing this picture, analyses were undertaken in order to investigate whether major components of the prototypic NO/cyclic GMP signalling cascades mediating many physiological effects of NO in animals were also present in plants. Only a few homologues of soluble guanylate cyclases, cGMP-dependent protein kinases, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, and cGMP-regulated phosphodiesterases were identified in some algal species and their presence did not correlate with that of NO synthases. In contrast, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, a critical regulator of S-nitrosothiols, was recurrently found. Overall, these findings highlight that plants do not mediate NO signalling through the classical NO/cGMP signalling module and support the concept that S-nitrosation is a ubiquitous NO-dependent signalling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Astier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Mounier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Santolini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Jeandroz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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15
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Xiang J, Su QQ, Luo LJ, Lau TC. Synthesis and reactivity of an osmium(iii) aminoguanidine complex. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:11404-11410. [PMID: 31282913 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biological activities of aminoguanidine (GNH2) and its derivatives have been extensively studied due to their properties as radical scavengers and antioxidants. Some of their biological activities may result from their binding to various metals present in biological systems. However, the reactivity of coordinated aminoguanidines has not been investigated. We report herein the synthesis, structure and reactivity of a novel osmium(iii) complex bearing the parent aminoguanidine, mer-[Os{NHC(NH2)(NHNH2)}(L)(CN)3]- (OsGNH2, HL = 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole). The antioxidant properties of OsGNH2 have been investigated by reactions with various oxidants, including O2, H2O2, m-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) and Ce(iv). Various osmium products are produced, which depend on the type of oxidant used. OsGNH2 is readily oxidized by O2 or H2O2 under ambient conditions to afford an osmium(iii) formamidine complex, [OsIII(NH2C[double bond, length as m-dash]NH)(L)(CN)3]- (OsFA, FA = formamidine). With m-CPBA, the nitrosyl complex, mer-[Os(NO)(L)(CN)3]- (OsNO), is formed instead. On the other hand, the nitrido complex mer-[Os(N)(L)(CN)3]- (OsN) is produced when the one-electron oxidant (NH4)2[CeIV(NO3)6] (Ce(iv)) is employed. The molecular structures of OsGNH2 and OsFA have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The oxidation of OsGNH2 to OsFA by O2 or H2O2 is proposed to go through initial dehydrogenation to give a diazoamidine intermediate. In the oxidation by m-CPBA and Ce(iv), it is proposed that the initially formed OsFA is further oxidized to OsNO and OsN, respectively, via osmium(iii) hydrogen cyanamido and osmium(iv) cyanoimido intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Qian-Qian Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Juan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China.
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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16
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Santolini J, Wootton SA, Jackson AA, Feelisch M. The Redox architecture of physiological function. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 9:34-47. [PMID: 31417975 PMCID: PMC6686734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of organisms to accommodate variations in metabolic need and environmental conditions is essential for their survival. However, an explanation is lacking as to how the necessary accommodations in response to these challenges are organized and coordinated from (sub)cellular to higher-level physiological functions, especially in mammals. We propose that the chemistry that enables coordination and synchronization of these processes dates to the origins of Life. We offer a conceptual framework based upon the nature of electron exchange (Redox) processes that co-evolved with biological complexification, giving rise to a multi-layered system in which intra/intercellular and inter-organ exchange processes essential to sensing and adaptation stay fully synchronized. Our analysis explains why Redox is both the lingua franca and the mechanism that enable integration by connecting the various elements of regulatory processes. We here define these interactions across levels of organization as the 'Redox Interactome'. This framework provides novel insight into the chemical and biological basis of Redox signalling and may explain the recent convergence of metabolism, bioenergetics, and inflammation as well as the relationship between Redox stress and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Santolini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stephen A Wootton
- Human Nutrition, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alan A Jackson
- Human Nutrition, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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17
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Bignon E, Rizza S, Filomeni G, Papaleo E. Use of Computational Biochemistry for Elucidating Molecular Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide Synthase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:415-429. [PMID: 30996821 PMCID: PMC6451115 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential signaling molecule in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. It is endogenously synthesized by NO synthase (NOS) as the product of L-arginine oxidation to L-citrulline, requiring NADPH, molecular oxygen, and a pterin cofactor. Two NOS isoforms are constitutively present in cells, nNOS and eNOS, and a third is inducible (iNOS). Despite their biological relevance, the details of their complex structural features and reactivity mechanisms are still unclear. In this review, we summarized the contribution of computational biochemistry to research on NOS molecular mechanisms. We described in detail its use in studying aspects of structure, dynamics and reactivity. We also focus on the numerous outstanding questions in the field that could benefit from more extensive computational investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Bignon
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Group, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Group, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Translational Disease Systems Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Jensen AW, Mohanty DK, Dilling WL. The growing relevance of biological ene reactions. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:686-691. [PMID: 30709643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ene reaction involves the addition of an 'ene' to an 'enophile.' The retro-ene reaction is the reverse of the ene reaction. In recent years various biological molecules have been found to form covalent intermediates (ene-adducts) that might be the result of an ene reactions. Such adducts have been characterized or implicated for dihydropyridines and pyridininum cofactors derived from vitamin B3, such as the reduced and oxidized forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH/NAD); flavin cofactors derived from vitamin B2, such as flavin adenine dinucleotide, FAD, and flavin mononucleotide, FMN; vitamin C; the oxime intermediate of nitric oxide synthase; tyrosine; and other biomolecules. Given the ubiquitous nature of these cofactors, it might be speculated that the formation of ene-adducts is a more common principle in biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton W Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA.
| | - Dillip K Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA.
| | - Wendell L Dilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA.
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19
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A gentle introduction to gasotransmitters with special reference to nitric oxide: biological and chemical implications. REV INORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gaseous molecules of major impact in biology. Despite their toxicity, these molecules have profound effects on mammalian physiology and major implications in therapeutics. At tiny concentrations in human biology, they play key signaling and regulatory functions and hence are now labeled as “gasotransmitters.” In this literature survey, an introduction to gasotransmitters in relevance with NO, CO and H2S has been primarily focused. A special attention has been given to the conjoint physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of NO in this work. In addition to the aforementioned elements of the investigation being reported, this report gives a detailed account of some of the recent advancements covering the NO release from both the nitro as well as nitroso compounds. The importance of the metallic center on the eve of producing the reduction center on NO and to develop photolabile properties have been elaborated within the effect of a few examples of metallic centers. Also, theoretical investigations that have been reported in the recent past and some other current theories pertaining to NO chemistry have been enlightened in this review. From the overall study, it is eminent that a number of facts are yet to be explored in context with NO for deeper mechanistic insights, model design for these molecules, other key roles and the search to find the best fit formalism in theoretical chemistry.
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20
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Olsbu IK, Zoppellaro G, Andersson KK, Boucher JL, Hersleth HP. Importance of Val567 on heme environment and substrate recognition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1553-1566. [PMID: 30186754 PMCID: PMC6120233 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) produced by mammalian nitric oxide synthases (mNOSs) is an important mediator in a variety of physiological functions. Crystal structures of mNOSs have shown strong conservation of the active‐site residue Val567 (numbering for rat neuronal NOS, nNOS). NOS‐like proteins have been identified in several bacterial pathogens, and these display striking sequence identity to the oxygenase domain of mNOS (NOSoxy), with the exception of a Val to Ile mutation at the active site. Preliminary studies have highlighted the importance of this Val residue in NO‐binding, substrate recognition, and oxidation in mNOSs. To further elucidate the role of this valine in substrate and substrate analogue recognition, we generated five Val567 mutants of the oxygenase domain of the neuronal NOS (nNOSoxy) and used UV‐visible and EPR spectroscopy to investigate the effects of these mutations on the heme distal environment, the stability of the heme‐FeII‐CO complexes, and the binding of a series of substrate analogues. Our results are consistent with Val567 playing an important role in preserving the integrity of the active site for substrate binding, stability of heme‐bound gaseous ligands, and potential NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger K Olsbu
- Department of Biosciences Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Oslo Norway
| | - Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials Department of Physical Chemistry Faculty of Science Palacky University in Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - K Kristoffer Andersson
- Department of Biosciences Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Oslo Norway
| | | | - Hans-Petter Hersleth
- Department of Biosciences Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Oslo Norway.,Department of Chemistry Section for Chemical Life Sciences University of Oslo Norway
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21
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Jensen AW, Flotka D, Xu T, Pullizzi AE, Dilling WL, Doverspike JC, Meyerhoff ME, Mohanty DK. The reaction of oximes with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione to produce nitric oxide – Model compounds for nitric oxide synthase. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Shamovsky I, Belfield G, Lewis R, Narjes F, Ripa L, Tyrchan C, Öberg L, Sjö P. Theoretical studies of the second step of the nitric oxide synthase reaction: Electron tunneling prevents uncoupling. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 181:28-40. [PMID: 29407906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO·) is a messenger molecule with diverse physiological roles including host defense, neurotransmission and vascular function. The synthesis of NO· from l-arginine is catalyzed by NO-synthases and occurs in two steps through the intermediary Nω-hydroxy-l-arginine (NHA). In both steps the P450-like reaction cycle is coupled with the redox cycle of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B). The mechanism of the second step is studied by Density Functional Theory calculations to ascertain the canonical sequence of proton and electron transfer (PT and ET) events. The proposed mechanism is controlled by the interplay of two electron donors, H4B and NHA. Consistent with experimental data, the catalytic cycle proceeds through the ferric-hydroperoxide complex (Cpd 0) and the following aqua-ferriheme resting state, and involves interim partial oxidation of H4B. The mechanism starts with formation of Cpd 0 from the ferrous-dioxy reactant complex by PT from the C-ring heme propionate coupled with hole transfer to H4B through the highest occupied π-orbital of NHA as a bridge. This enables PT from NHA+· to the proximal oxygen leading to the shallow ferriheme-H2O2 oxidant. Subsequent Fenton-like peroxide bond cleavage triggered by ET from the NHA-derived iminoxy-radical leads to the protonated Cpd II diradicaloid singlet stabilized by spin delocalization in H4B, and the closed-shell coordination complex of HO- with iminoxy-cation. The complex is converted to the transient C-adduct, which releases intended products upon PT to the ferriheme-HO- complex coupled with ET to the H4B+·. Deferred ET from the substrate or undue ET from/to the cofactor leads to side products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shamovsky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IMED RIA, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Graham Belfield
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IMED RIA, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Richard Lewis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IMED RIA, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Frank Narjes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IMED RIA, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lena Ripa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IMED RIA, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Tyrchan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IMED RIA, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lisa Öberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IMED RIA, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Sjö
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, IMED RIA, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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23
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Tsutsui Y, Kobayashi K, Takeuchi F, Tsubaki M, Kozawa T. Reaction Intermediates of Nitric Oxide Synthase from Deinococcus radiodurans as Revealed by Pulse Radiolysis: Evidence for Intramolecular Electron Transfer from Biopterin to Fe II-O 2 Complex. Biochemistry 2018; 57:1611-1619. [PMID: 29320163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a cytochrome P450-type mono-oxygenase that catalyzes the oxidation of l-arginine (Arg) to nitric oxide (NO) through a reaction intermediate N-hydroxy-l-arginine (NHA). The mechanism underlying the reaction catalyzed by NOS from Deinococcus radiodurans was investigated using pulse radiolysis. Radiolytically generated hydrated electrons reduced the heme iron of NOS within 2 μs. Subsequently, ferrous heme reacted with O2 to form a ferrous-dioxygen intermediate with a second-order rate constant of 2.8 × 108 M-1 s-1. In the tetrahydrofolate (H4F)-bound enzyme, the ferrous-dioxygen intermediate was found to decay an another intermediate with a first-order rate constant of 2.2 × 103 s-1. The spectrum of the intermediate featured an absorption maximum at 440 nm and an absorption minimum at 390 nm. In the absence of H4F, this step did not proceed, suggesting that H4F was reduced with the ferrous-dioxygen intermediate to form a second intermediate. The intermediate further converted to the original ferric form with a first-order rate constant of 4 s-1. A similar intermediate could be detected after pulse radiolysis in the presence of NHA, although the intermediate decayed more slowly (0.5 s-1). These data suggested that a common catalytically active intermediate involved in the substrate oxidation of both Arg and NHA may be formed during catalysis. In addition, we investigated the solvent isotope effects on the kinetics of the intermediate after pulse radiolysis. Our experiments revealed dramatic kinetic solvent isotope effects on the conversion of the intermediate to the ferric form, of 10.5 and 2.5 for Arg and NHA, respectively, whereas the faster phases were not affected. These data suggest that the proton transfer in DrNOS is the rate-limiting reaction of the intermediate with the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tsutsui
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Fusako Takeuchi
- Institute for Promotion of Higher Education , Kobe University , 1-2-1 Tsurukabuto , Nada-ku, Kobe , Hyogo 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Motonari Tsubaki
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry , Kobe University , 1-1 Rokkodai-cho , Nada-ku, Kobe , Hyogo 657-8501 , Japan
| | - Takahiro Kozawa
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research , Osaka University , Mihogaoka 8-1 , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
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24
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Hutfless EH, Chaudhari SS, Thomas VC. Emerging Roles of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Bacterial Physiology. Adv Microb Physiol 2018; 72:147-191. [PMID: 29778214 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent inhibitor of diverse cellular processes in bacteria. Therefore, it was surprising to discover that several bacterial species, primarily Gram-positive organisms, harboured a gene encoding nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Recent attempts to characterize bacterial NOS (bNOS) have resulted in the discovery of structural features that may allow it to function as a NO dioxygenase and produce nitrate in addition to NO. Consistent with this characterization, investigations into the biological function of bNOS have also emphasized a role for NOS-dependent nitrate and nitrite production in aerobic and microaerobic respiration. In this review, we aim to compare, contrast, and summarize the structure, biochemistry, and biological role of bNOS with mammalian NOS and discuss how recent advances in our understanding of bNOS have enabled efforts at designing inhibitors against it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vinai C Thomas
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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25
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Weisslocker-Schaetzel M, André F, Touazi N, Foresi N, Lembrouk M, Dorlet P, Frelet-Barrand A, Lamattina L, Santolini J. The NOS-like protein from the microalgae Ostreococcus tauri is a genuine and ultrafast NO-producing enzyme. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 265:100-111. [PMID: 29223331 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The exponential increase of genomes' sequencing has revealed the presence of NO-Synthases (NOS) throughout the tree of life, uncovering an extraordinary diversity of genetic structure and biological functions. Although NO has been shown to be a crucial mediator in plant physiology, NOS sequences seem present solely in green algae genomes, with a first identification in the picoplankton species Ostreococcus tauri. There is no rationale so far to account for the presence of NOS in this early-diverging branch of the green lineage and its absence in land plants. To address the biological function of algae NOS, we cloned, expressed and characterized the NOS oxygenase domain from Ostreococcus tauri (OtNOSoxy). We launched a phylogenetic and structural analysis of algae NOS, and achieved a 3D model of OtNOSoxy by homology modeling. We used a combination of various spectroscopies to characterize the structural and electronic fingerprints of some OtNOSoxy reaction intermediates. The analysis of OtNOSoxy catalytic activity and kinetic efficiency was achieved by stoichiometric stopped-flow. Our results highlight the conserved and particular features of OtNOSoxy structure that might explain its ultrafast NO-producing capacity. This integrative Structure-Catalysis-Function approach could be extended to the whole NOS superfamily and used for predicting potential biological activity for any new NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Weisslocker-Schaetzel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - François André
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Nabila Touazi
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Noelia Foresi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Mehdi Lembrouk
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Pierre Dorlet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Annie Frelet-Barrand
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina, Argentina
| | - Jérôme Santolini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France.
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26
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Linciano P, Ammazzalorso A, De Filippis B, Fantacuzzi M, Giampietro L, Maccallini C, Amoroso R. Geometric Isomerism of an Acetamidino Derivative Determined by NMR Investigations. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; via G. Campi 287 41125 Modena Italy
| | | | - Barbara De Filippis
- Department of Pharmacy; University “G. d'Annunzio”; via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Marialuigia Fantacuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy; University “G. d'Annunzio”; via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Letizia Giampietro
- Department of Pharmacy; University “G. d'Annunzio”; via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Cristina Maccallini
- Department of Pharmacy; University “G. d'Annunzio”; via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
| | - Rosa Amoroso
- Department of Pharmacy; University “G. d'Annunzio”; via dei Vestini 31 66100 Chieti Italy
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27
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Weisslocker-Schaetzel M, Lembrouk M, Santolini J, Dorlet P. Revisiting the Val/Ile Mutation in Mammalian and Bacterial Nitric Oxide Synthases: A Spectroscopic and Kinetic Study. Biochemistry 2017; 56:748-756. [PMID: 28074650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is produced in mammals by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms at a catalytic site comprising a heme associated with a biopterin cofactor. Through genome sequencing, proteins that are highly homologous to the oxygenase domain of NOSs have been identified, in particular in bacteria. The active site is highly conserved except for a valine residue in the distal pocket that is replaced with an isoleucine in bacteria. This switch was previously reported to influence the kinetics of the reaction. We have used the V346I mutant of the mouse inducible NOS (iNOS) as well as the I224V mutant of the NOS from Bacillus subtilis (bsNOS) to study their spectroscopic signatures in solution and look for potential structural differences compared to their respective wild types. Both mutants seem destabilized in the absence of substrate and cofactor. When both substrate and cofactor are present, small differences can be detected with Nω-hydroxy-l-arginine compared to arginine, which is likely due to the differences in the hydrogen bonding network of the distal pocket. Stopped-flow experiments evidence significant changes in the kinetics of the reaction due to the mutation as was already known. We found these effects particularly marked for iNOS. On the basis of these results, we performed rapid freeze-quench experiments to trap the biopterin radical and found the same results that we had obtained for the wild types. Despite differences in kinetics, a radical could be trapped in both steps for the iNOS mutant but only for the first step in the mutant of bsNOS. This strengthens the hypothesis that mammalian and bacterial NOSs may have a different mechanism during the second catalytic step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Weisslocker-Schaetzel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mehdi Lembrouk
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Santolini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Pierre Dorlet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Xiang J, Wang Q, Yiu SM, Lau TC. Dual Pathways in the Oxidation of an Osmium(III) Guanidine Complex. Formation of Osmium(VI) Nitrido and Osmium Nitrosyl Complex. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2022-2028. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- College
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Qian Wang
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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29
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McQuarters AB, Speelman AL, Chen L, Elmore BO, Fan W, Feng C, Lehnert N. Exploring second coordination sphere effects in nitric oxide synthase. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 21:997-1008. [PMID: 27686338 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Second coordination sphere (SCS) effects in proteins are modulated by active site residues and include hydrogen bonding, electrostatic/dipole interactions, steric interactions, and π-stacking of aromatic residues. In Cyt P450s, extended H-bonding networks are located around the proximal cysteinate ligand of the heme, referred to as the 'Cys pocket'. These hydrogen bonding networks are generally believed to regulate the Fe-S interaction. Previous work identified the S(Cys) → Fe σ CT transition in the high-spin (hs) ferric form of Cyt P450cam and corresponding Cys pocket mutants by low-temperature (LT) MCD spectroscopy [Biochemistry 50:1053, 2011]. In this work, we have investigated the effect of the hydrogen bond from W409 to the axial Cys ligand of the heme in the hs ferric state (with H4B and L-Arg bound) of rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase oxygenase construct (nNOSoxy) using MCD spectroscopy. For this purpose, wt enzyme and W409 mutants were investigated where the H-bonding network with the axial Cys ligand is perturbed. Overall, the results are similar to Cyt P450cam and show the intense S(Cys) → Fe σ CT band in the LT MCD spectrum at about 27,800 cm-1, indicating that this feature is a hallmark of {heme-thiolate} active sites. The discovery of this MCD feature could constitute a new approach to classify {heme-thiolate} sites in hs ferric proteins. Finally, the W409 mutants show that the hydrogen bond from this group only has a small effect on the Fe-S(Cys) bond strength, at least in the hs ferric form of the protein studied here. Low-temperature MCD spectroscopy is used to investigate the effect of the hydrogen bond from W409 to the axial Cys ligand of the heme in neuronal nitric oxide synthase. The intense S(Cys) → Fe σ-CT band is monitored to identify changes in the Fe-S(Cys) bond in wild-type protein and W409 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B McQuarters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Amy L Speelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Li Chen
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Bradley O Elmore
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Weihong Fan
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Changjian Feng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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30
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Nitric oxide synthase in plants: Where do we stand? Nitric Oxide 2016; 63:30-38. [PMID: 27658319 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past twenty years, nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important player in various plant physiological processes. Although many advances in the understanding of NO functions have been made, the question of how NO is produced in plants is still challenging. It is now generally accepted that the endogenous production of NO is mainly accomplished through the reduction of nitrite via both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms which remain to be fully characterized. Furthermore, experimental arguments in favour of the existence of plant nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like enzymes have been reported. However, recent investigations revealed that land plants do not possess animal NOS-like enzymes while few algal species do. Phylogenetic and structural analyses reveals interesting features specific to algal NOS-like proteins.
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31
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Regulatory mechanism of the flavoprotein Tah18-dependent nitric oxide synthesis and cell death in yeast. Nitric Oxide 2016; 57:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Brunel A, Lang J, Couture M, Boucher JL, Dorlet P, Santolini J. Oxygen activation in NO synthases: evidence for a direct role of the substrate. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:386-97. [PMID: 27419044 PMCID: PMC4856417 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and the other reactive nitrogen species (RNOS) play crucial patho‐physiological roles at the interface of oxidative stress and signalling processes. In mammals, the NO synthases (NOSs) are the source of these reactive nitrogen species, and so to understand the precise biological role of RNOS and NO requires elucidation of the molecular functioning of NOS. Oxygen activation, which is at the core of NOS catalysis, involves a sophisticated sequence of electron and proton transfers. While electron transfer in NOS has received much attention, the proton transfer processes has been scarcely investigated. Here, we report an original approach that combines fast‐kinetic techniques coupled to resonance Raman spectroscopy with the use of synthetic analogues of NOS substrate. We characterise FeII‐O2 reaction intermediates in the presence of L‐arginine (Arg), alkyl‐ and aryl‐guanidines. The presence of new reaction intermediates, such as ferric haem‐peroxide, that was formerly postulated, was tracked by analysing the oxygen activation reaction at different times and with different excitation wavelengths. Our results suggest that Arg is not a proton donor, but indirectly intervenes in oxygen activation mechanism by modulating the distal H‐bond network and, in particular, by tuning the position and the role of the distal water molecule. This report supports a catalytic model with two proton transfers in step 1 (Arg hydroxylation) but only one proton transfer in step 2 (Nω‐hydroxy‐L‐arginine oxidation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Albane Brunel
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jérôme Lang
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, and PROTEO Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Manon Couture
- Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, and PROTEO Pavillon Charles-Eugène Marchand Université Laval Québec Canada
| | | | - Pierre Dorlet
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jérôme Santolini
- Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
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Jeandroz S, Wipf D, Stuehr DJ, Lamattina L, Melkonian M, Tian Z, Zhu Y, Carpenter EJ, Wong GKS, Wendehenne D. Occurrence, structure, and evolution of nitric oxide synthase–like proteins in the plant kingdom. Sci Signal 2016; 9:re2. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Astashkin AV, Chen L, Elmore BO, Kunwar D, Miao Y, Li H, Poulos TL, Roman LJ, Feng C. Probing the Hydrogen Bonding of the Ferrous-NO Heme Center of nNOS by Pulsed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6641-9. [PMID: 26035438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of L-arginine (L-Arg) to nitric oxide (NO) by NO synthase (NOS) takes place at the heme active site. It is of current interest to study structures of the heme species that activates O2 and transforms the substrate. The NOS ferrous-NO complex is a close mimic of the obligatory ferric (hydro)peroxo intermediate in NOS catalysis. In this work, pulsed electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy was used to probe the hydrogen bonding of the NO ligand in the ferrous-NO heme center of neuronal NOS (nNOS) without a substrate and with L-Arg or N-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) substrates. Unexpectedly, no H-bonding interaction connecting the NO ligand to the active site water molecule or the Arg substrate was detected, in contrast to the results obtained by X-ray crystallography for the Arg-bound nNOS heme domain [Li et al. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 11, 753-768]. The nearby exchangeable proton in both the no-substrate and Arg-containing nNOS samples is located outside the H-bonding range and, on the basis of the obtained structural constraints, can belong to the active site water (or OH). On the contrary, in the NOHA-bound sample, the nearby exchangeable hydrogen forms an H-bond with the NO ligand (on the basis of its distance from the NO ligand and a nonzero isotropic hfi constant), but it does not belong to the active site water molecule because the water oxygen atom (detected by (17)O ENDOR) is too far. This hydrogen should therefore come from the NOHA substrate, which is in agreement with the X-ray crystallography work [Li et al. Biochemistry 2009, 48, 10246-10254]. The nearby nonexchangeable hydrogen atom assigned as H(ε) of Phe584 was detected in all three samples. This hydrogen atom may have a stabilizing effect on the NO ligand and probably determines its position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Astashkin
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Li Chen
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Bradley O Elmore
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Deepak Kunwar
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Yubin Miao
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Huiying Li
- §Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Thomas L Poulos
- §Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Linda J Roman
- ∥Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Changjian Feng
- ‡College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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Maccallini C, Montagnani M, Paciotti R, Ammazzalorso A, De Filippis B, Di Matteo M, Di Silvestre S, Fantacuzzi M, Giampietro L, Potenza MA, Re N, Pandolfi A, Amoroso R. Selective Acetamidine-Based Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Docking, and Biological Studies. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:635-40. [PMID: 26101565 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-[(3-Aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine derivatives were synthesized and in vitro evaluated as inhibitors of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Because of the high potency of action and the excellent selectivity over the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), compound 10 was ex vivo evaluated on isolated and perfused resistance arteries. The results confirm that compound 10 selectively inhibits the iNOS, without affecting the endothelial isoform. The outcome of the docking studies showed that the hydrophobic interaction is the driving force of the binding process, especially for iNOS, where the binding pocket is characterized by a significant lipophilic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maccallini
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Paciotti
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Barbara De Filippis
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Matteo
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Di Silvestre
- Department
of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University “G.
d’Annunzio” Aging Research Center, “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Giampietro
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria A. Potenza
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Re
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Assunta Pandolfi
- Department
of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University “G.
d’Annunzio” Aging Research Center, “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Rosa Amoroso
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Chieti “G. d’Annunzio”, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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36
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Maccallini C, Di Matteo M, Ammazzalorso A, D'Angelo A, De Filippis B, Di Silvestre S, Fantacuzzi M, Giampietro L, Pandolfi A, Amoroso R. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection to screen nitric oxide synthases inhibitors. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1380-5. [PMID: 24687974 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors are potential drug candidates due to the critical role of an excessive production of nitric oxide in a range of diseases. At present, the radiometric detection of L-[(3)H]-citrulline produced from L-[(3)H]-arginine during the enzymatic reaction is one of the most accepted methods to assess the in vitro activity of NOS inhibitors. Here we report a fast, easy, and cheap reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection, based on the precolumn derivatization of L-citrulline with o-phthaldialdehyde/N-acetyl cysteine, for the in vitro screening of NOS inhibitors. To evaluate enzyme inhibition by the developed method, N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine, a potent and selective inhibitor of inducible NOS, was used as a test compound. The half maximal inhibitory concentration obtained was comparable to that derived by the well-established radiometric assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maccallini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
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37
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Edin NJ, Sandvik JA, Vollan HS, Reger K, Görlach A, Pettersen EO. The role of nitric oxide radicals in removal of hyper-radiosensitivity by priming irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:1015-28. [PMID: 23685670 PMCID: PMC3823782 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a mechanism in which low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) is permanently removed, induced by low-dose-rate (LDR) (0.2-0.3 Gy/h for 1 h) but not by high-dose-rate priming (0.3 Gy at 40 Gy/h) was investigated. One HRS-negative cell line (NHIK 3025) and two HRS-positive cell lines (T-47D, T98G) were used. The effects of different pretreatments on HRS were investigated using the colony assay. Cell-based ELISA was used to measure nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels, and microarray analysis to compare gene expression in primed and unprimed cells. The data show how permanent removal of HRS, previously found to be induced by LDR priming irradiation, can also be induced by addition of nitric oxide (NO)-donor DEANO combined with either high-dose-rate priming or exposure to prolonged cycling hypoxia followed by reoxygenation, a treatment not involving radiation. The removal of HRS appears not to involve DNA damage induced during priming irradiation as it was also induced by LDR irradiation of cell-conditioned medium without cells present. The permanent removal of HRS in LDR-primed cells was reversed by treatment with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor 1400W. Furthermore, 1400W could also induce HRS in an HRS-negative cell line. The data suggest that LDR irradiation for 1 h, but not 15 min, activates iNOS, and also that sustained iNOS activation is necessary for the permanent removal of HRS by LDR priming. The data indicate that nitric oxide production is involved in the regulatory processes determining cellular responses to low-dose-rate irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jeppesen Edin
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, University Hospital, University of Oslo, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author. Department of Physics, Biophysics Group, PB 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Tel: +47-22-85-54-92; Fax: +47-228-556-71;
| | | | - Hilde Synnøve Vollan
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Katharina Reger
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center Munich, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
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Feng C, Chen L, Li W, Elmore BO, Fan W, Sun X. Dissecting regulation mechanism of the FMN to heme interdomain electron transfer in nitric oxide synthases. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 130:130-40. [PMID: 24084585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a flavo-hemoprotein, is responsible for biosynthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in mammals. Three NOS isoforms, iNOS, eNOS and nNOS (inducible, endothelial, and neuronal NOS), achieve their biological functions by tight control of interdomain electron transfer (IET) process through interdomain interactions. In particular, the FMN-heme IET is essential in coupling electron transfer in the reductase domain with NO synthesis in the heme domain by delivery of electrons required for O2 activation at the catalytic heme site. Emerging evidence indicates that calmodulin (CaM) activates NO synthesis in eNOS and nNOS by a conformational change of the FMN domain from its shielded electron-accepting (input) state to a new electron-donating (output) state, and that CaM is also required for proper alignment of the FMN and heme domains in the three NOS isoforms. In the absence of a structure of full-length NOS, an integrated approach of spectroscopic, rapid kinetic and mutagenesis methods is required to unravel regulation mechanism of the FMN-heme IET process. This is to investigate the roles of the FMN domain motions and the docking between the primary functional FMN and heme domains in regulating NOS activity. The recent developments in this area that are driven by the combined approach are the focuses of this review. A better understanding of the roles of interdomain FMN/heme interactions and CaM binding may serve as a basis for the rational design of new selective modulators of the NOS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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39
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Santolini J, Maréchal A, Boussac A, Dorlet P. EPR characterisation of the ferrous nitrosyl complex formed within the oxygenase domain of NO synthase. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1852-7. [PMID: 23943262 PMCID: PMC4159581 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is produced in mammals by a class of enzymes called NO synthases (NOSs). It plays a central role in cellular signalling but also has deleterious effects, as it leads to the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. NO forms a relatively stable adduct with ferrous haem proteins, which, in the case of NOS, is also a key catalytic intermediate. Despite extensive studies on the ferrous nitrosyl complex of other haem proteins (in particular myoglobin), little characterisation has been performed in the case of NOS. We report here a temperature-dependent EPR study of the ferrous nitrosyl complex of the inducible mammalian NOS and the bacterial NOS-like protein from Bacillus subtilis. The results show that the overall behaviours are similar to those observed for other haem proteins, but with distinct ratios between axial and rhombic forms in the case of the two NOS proteins. The distal environment appears to control the existence of the axial form and the evolution of the rhombic form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Santolini
- CNRS, UMR 8221, CEA/iBiTec-S/SB2SM, Bât. 532, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex (France).
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Jansen Labby K, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Methylated N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine analogues as mechanistic probes for the second step of the nitric oxide synthase-catalyzed reaction. Biochemistry 2013; 52:3062-73. [PMID: 23586781 DOI: 10.1021/bi301571v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline through the intermediate N(ω)-hydroxy-L-arginine (NHA), producing nitric oxide, an important mammalian signaling molecule. Several disease states are associated with improper regulation of nitric oxide production, making NOS a therapeutic target. The first step of the NOS reaction has been well-characterized and is presumed to proceed through a compound I heme species, analogous to the cytochrome P450 mechanism. The second step, however, is enzymatically unprecedented and is thought to occur via a ferric peroxo heme species. To gain insight into the details of this unique second step, we report here the synthesis of NHA analogues bearing guanidinium methyl or ethyl substitutions and their investigation as either inhibitors of or alternate substrates for NOS. Radiolabeling studies reveal that N(ω)-methoxy-L-arginine, an alternative NOS substrate, produces citrulline, nitric oxide, and methanol. On the basis of these results, we propose a mechanism for the second step of NOS catalysis in which a methylated nitric oxide species is released and is further metabolized by NOS. Crystal structures of our NHA analogues bound to nNOS have been determined, revealing the presence of an active site water molecule only in the presence of singly methylated analogues. Bulkier analogues displace this active site water molecule; a different mechanism is proposed in the absence of the water molecule. Our results provide new insights into the steric and stereochemical tolerance of the NOS active site and substrate capabilities of NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Jansen Labby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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Tejero J, Stuehr D. Tetrahydrobiopterin in nitric oxide synthase. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:358-65. [PMID: 23441062 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is a critical enzyme for the production of the messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. NOS enzymes require tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor for NO synthesis. Besides being one of the few enzymes to use this cofactor, the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in NOS catalytic mechanism is different from other enzymes: during the catalytic cycle of NOS, tetrahydrobiopterin forms a radical species that is again reduced, thus effectively regenerating after each NO synthesis cycle. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about the role of tetrahydrobiopterin in the structure, function, and catalytic mechanism of NOS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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42
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Cline MR, Chavez TA, Toscano JP. Oxidation of N-hydroxy-l-arginine by hypochlorous acid to form nitroxyl (HNO). J Inorg Biochem 2013; 118:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Iyanagi T, Xia C, Kim JJP. NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase: prototypic member of the diflavin reductase family. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 528:72-89. [PMID: 22982532 PMCID: PMC3606592 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), two members of the diflavin oxidoreductase family, are multi-domain enzymes containing distinct FAD and FMN domains connected by a flexible hinge. FAD accepts a hydride ion from NADPH, and reduced FAD donates electrons to FMN, which in turn transfers electrons to the heme center of cytochrome P450 or NOS oxygenase domain. Structural analysis of CYPOR, the prototype of this enzyme family, has revealed the exact nature of the domain arrangement and the role of residues involved in cofactor binding. Recent structural and biophysical studies of CYPOR have shown that the two flavin domains undergo large domain movements during catalysis. NOS isoforms contain additional regulatory elements within the reductase domain that control electron transfer through Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin (CaM) binding. The recent crystal structure of an iNOS Ca(2+)/CaM-FMN construct, containing the FMN domain in complex with Ca(2+)/CaM, provided structural information on the linkage between the reductase and oxgenase domains of NOS, making it possible to model the holo iNOS structure. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the dynamics of domain movements during CYPOR catalysis and the role of the NOS diflavin reductase domain in the regulation of NOS isozyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iyanagi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Life Science, The Himeji Institute of Technology, University of Hyogo, Japan
| | - Chuanwu Xia
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jung-Ja P. Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
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Stefani HA, Gueogjan K, Manarin F, Farsky SH, Zukerman-Schpector J, Caracelli I, Pizano Rodrigues SR, Muscará MN, Teixeira SA, Santin JR, Machado ID, Bolonheis SM, Curi R, Vinolo MA. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of 3-(triazolyl)-coumarin derivatives: Effect on inducible nitric oxide synthase. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:117-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Brunel A, Santolini J, Dorlet P. Electron paramagnetic resonance characterization of tetrahydrobiopterin radical formation in bacterial nitric oxide synthase compared to mammalian nitric oxide synthase. Biophys J 2012; 103:109-17. [PMID: 22828337 PMCID: PMC3388219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
H(4)B is an essential catalytic cofactor of the mNOSs. It acts as an electron donor and activates the ferrous heme-oxygen complex intermediate during Arg oxidation (first step) and NOHA oxidation (second step) leading to nitric oxide and citrulline as final products. However, its role as a proton donor is still debated. Furthermore, its exact involvement has never been explored for other NOSs such as NOS-like proteins from bacteria. This article proposes a comparative study of the role of H(4)B between iNOS and bsNOS. In this work, we have used freeze-quench to stop the arginine and NOHA oxidation reactions and trap reaction intermediates. We have characterized these intermediates using multifrequency electron paramagnetic resonance. For the first time, to our knowledge, we report a radical formation for a nonmammalian NOS. The results indicate that bsNOS, like iNOS, has the capacity to generate a pterin radical during Arg oxidation. Our current electron paramagnetic resonance data suggest that this radical is protonated indicating that H(4)B may not transfer any proton. In the 2nd step, the radical trapped for iNOS is also suggested to be protonated as in the 1st step, whereas it was not possible to trap a radical for the bsNOS 2nd step. Our data highlight potential differences for the catalytic mechanism of NOHA oxidation between mammalian and bacterial NOSs.
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Key Words
- arg, l-arginine
- epr, electron paramagnetic resonance
- feiino, ferrous heme-nitrosyl complex
- feiio2, ferrous heme-oxygen complex
- feiiino, ferric heme-nitrosyl complex
- h4b, (6r)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l-biopterin
- hs-5c, high-spin hexacoordinated iron
- no, nitric oxide
- noha, nω-hydroxy-l-arginine
- nos, nitric oxide synthase
- nosoxy, oxygenase domain of nos
- bacnos, bacterial nos-like proteins
- enos, endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- mnos, mammalian nitric oxide synthase
- nnos, neuronal nitric oxide synthase
- bsnos, nos–like protein isolated from bacillus subtilis
- cpet, concerted proton electron transfer
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Dorlet
- CNRS, Laboratoire Stress Oxydant et Détoxication, Gif-sur-Yvette, France and CEA, iBiTec-S, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Astashkin AV, Elmore BO, Chen L, Fan W, Guillemette JG, Feng C. Pulsed ENDOR determination of the arginine location in the ferrous-NO form of neuronal NOS. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6731-9. [PMID: 22667467 DOI: 10.1021/jp302319c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are enzymes responsible for oxidation of L-arginine (L-Arg) to nitric oxide (NO). Mechanisms of reactions at the catalytic heme site are not well understood, and it is of current interest to study structures of the heme species that activates O(2) and transforms the substrate. The NOS ferrous-NO complex is a close mimic of the obligatory ferric (hydro)peroxo intermediate in NOS catalysis. In this work, pulsed electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) was used to probe the position of the l-Arg substrate at the NO(•)-coordinated ferrous heme center(s) in the oxygenase domain of rat neuronal NOS (nNOS). The analysis of (2)H and (15)N ENDOR spectra of samples containing d(7)- or guanidino-(15)N(2) labeled L-Arg has resulted in distance estimates for the nearby guanidino nitrogen and the nearby proton (deuteron) at C(δ). The L-Arg position was found to be noticeably different from that in the X-ray crystal structure of nNOS ferrous-NO complex [Li et al. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem.2006, 11, 753-768], with the nearby guanidino nitrogen being ~0.5 Å closer to, and the nearby H(δ) about 1 Å further from, the NO ligand than in the X-ray structure. The difference might be related to the structural constraints imposed on the protein by the crystal. Importantly, in spite of its closer position, the guanidino nitrogen does not form a hydrogen bond with the NO ligand, as evidenced by the absence of significant isotropic hfi constant for N(g1). This is consistent with the previous reports that it is not the L-Arg substrate itself that would most likely serve as a direct proton donor to the diatomic ligands (NO and O(2)) bound to the heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Astashkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Bernad S, Brunel A, Dorlet P, Sicard-Roselli C, Santolini J. A novel cryo-reduction method to investigate the molecular mechanism of nitric oxide synthases. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:5595-603. [PMID: 22530945 DOI: 10.1021/jp300749b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are hemoproteins responsible for the biosynthesis of NO in mammals. They catalyze two successive oxidation reactions. The mechanism of oxygen activation is based on the transfer of two electrons and two protons. Despite structural analogies with cytochromes P450, the molecular mechanism of NOS remains yet to be elucidated. Because of extremely high reaction rates, conventional kinetics methods failed to trap and characterize the major reaction intermediates. Cryo-reduction methods offer a possibility to circumvent this technological lock, by triggering oxygen activation at cryogenic temperatures by using water radiolysis. However, this method is not adapted to the NOS mechanism because of the high instability of the initial Fe(II)O2 complex (extremely fast autoxidation and/or reaction with the cofactor H4B). This imposed a protocol with a stable Fe(II)O2 complex (observed only for one NOS-like protein) and that excludes any redox role for H4B. A relevant approach to the NOS mechanism would use H4B to provide the (second) electron involved in oxygen activation; water radiolysis would thus provide the first electron (heme reduction). In this context, we report here an investigation of the first electron transfer by this alternative approach, i.e., the reduction of native NOS by water radiolysis. We combined EPR and resonance Raman spectroscopies to analyze NOS reduction for a combination of different substrates, cofactor, and oxygen concentrations, and for different NOS isoforms. Our results show that cryo-reduction of native NOS is achieved for all conditions that are relevant to the investigation of the NOS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bernad
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR 8000, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Oxygen activation in neuronal NO synthase: resolving the consecutive mono-oxygenation steps. Biochem J 2012; 443:505-14. [PMID: 22300432 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The vital signalling molecule NO is produced by mammalian NOS (nitric oxide synthase) enzymes in two steps. L-arginine is converted into NOHA (Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine), which is converted into NO and citrulline. Both steps are thought to proceed via similar mechanisms in which the cofactor BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin) activates dioxygen at the haem site by electron transfer. The subsequent events are poorly understood due to the lack of stable intermediates. By analogy with cytochrome P450, a haem-iron oxo species may be formed, or direct reaction between a haem-peroxy intermediate and substrate may occur. The two steps may also occur via different mechanisms. In the present paper we analyse the two reaction steps using the G586S mutant of nNOS (neuronal NOS), which introduces an additional hydrogen bond in the active site and provides an additional proton source. In the mutant enzyme, BH4 activates dioxygen as in the wild-type enzyme, but an interesting intermediate haem species is then observed. This may be a stabilized form of the active oxygenating species. The mutant is able to perform step 2 (reaction with NOHA), but not step 1 (with L-arginine) indicating that the extra hydrogen bond enables it to discriminate between the two mono-oxygenation steps. This implies that the two steps follow different chemical mechanisms.
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Feng C. Mechanism of Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulation: Electron Transfer and Interdomain Interactions. Coord Chem Rev 2012; 256:393-411. [PMID: 22523434 PMCID: PMC3328867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a flavo-hemoprotein, tightly regulates nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and thereby its dual biological activities as a key signaling molecule for vasodilatation and neurotransmission at low concentrations, and also as a defensive cytotoxin at higher concentrations. Three NOS isoforms, iNOS, eNOS and nNOS (inducible, endothelial, and neuronal NOS), achieve their key biological functions by tight regulation of interdomain electron transfer (IET) process via interdomain interactions. In particular, the FMN-heme IET is essential in coupling electron transfer in the reductase domain with NO synthesis in the heme domain by delivery of electrons required for O(2) activation at the catalytic heme site. Compelling evidence indicates that calmodulin (CaM) activates NO synthesis in eNOS and nNOS through a conformational change of the FMN domain from its shielded electron-accepting (input) state to a new electron-donating (output) state, and that CaM is also required for proper alignment of the domains. Another exciting recent development in NOS enzymology is the discovery of importance of the the FMN domain motions in modulating reactivity and structure of the catalytic heme active site (in addition to the primary role of controlling the IET processes). In the absence of a structure of full-length NOS, an integrated approach of spectroscopic (e.g. pulsed EPR, MCD, resonance Raman), rapid kinetics (laser flash photolysis and stopped flow) and mutagenesis methods is critical to unravel the molecular details of the interdomain FMN/heme interactions. This is to investigate the roles of dynamic conformational changes of the FMN domain and the docking between the primary functional FMN and heme domains in regulating NOS activity. The recent developments in understanding of mechanisms of the NOS regulation that are driven by the combined approach are the focuses of this review. An improved understanding of the role of interdomain FMN/heme interaction and CaM binding may serve as the basis for the design of new selective inhibitors of NOS isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 (USA) , Tel: 505-925-4326
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50
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Salard-Arnaud I, Stuehr D, Boucher JL, Mansuy D. Spectroscopic, catalytic and binding properties of Bacillus subtilis NO synthase-like protein: comparison with other bacterial and mammalian NO synthases. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 106:164-71. [PMID: 22119809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing has shown the presence of genes coding for NO-synthase (NOS)-like proteins in bacteria. The roles and properties of these proteins remain unclear. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to characterize the recombinant NOS-like protein from Bacillus subtilis (bsNOS) in its ferric and ferrous states in the presence of various Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-heme-ligands and of a series of L-arginine (L-arg) analogs. BsNOS exhibited several spectroscopic and binding properties in common with Bacillus anthracis NOS (baNOS) that were clearly different from those of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-free mammalian NOS oxygenase domains (mNOS(oxys)) and of Staphylococcus aureus NOS (saNOS). Interestingly, bsNOS and baNOS that do not contain H4B exhibited properties much closer to those of H4B-containing mNOS(oxys). Moreover, bsNOS was found to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of L-arginine into L-citrulline by H(2)O(2), whereas H4B-free mNOS(oxys) exhibited low activities for this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Salard-Arnaud
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 8601 CNRS, Paris, France
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