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Colombo JS, Varisco M. Infestation of Lithodes santolla by Eremitione tuberculata: spatial and temporal variations in parasite prevalence and effect on host growth. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 158:185-193. [PMID: 38869094 DOI: 10.3354/dao03792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The southern king crab (SKC) Lithodes santolla is a crustacean parasitised by the bopyrid Eremitione tuberculata. This study aimed to analyse spatial and temporal variations in E. tuberculata prevalence in the juvenile SKC population of San Jorge Gulf (SJG) and adjacent waters (Argentine Patagonia), and evaluate the effects of the parasite on SKC juveniles to improve our understanding of its impact as a disease on SKC health condition. Moult increment and body weight were compared between parasitised and unparasitised individuals. The prevalence of E. tuberculata in SKC juveniles varied both spatially and temporally. In the south of SJG, the prevalence was 54.5% (n = 11). Temporal prevalence analysis revealed values lower than 17.4% in mid SJG during May and September 2015. No significant differences were observed in E. tuberculata prevalence between sexes or among seasons. Eremitione tuberculata had a negative effect on SKC growth (lower body dry mass, moult increment and relative increment rate) in parasitised individuals. We hypothesised that the higher prevalence of E. tuberculata in the south SJG could be attributed to the retention of parasite larvae and the presence of the frontal system in this part of the gulf. The temporal variations could reflect host mortality. Our results suggest that bopyrid infestation may have a more important role than previously believed in the dynamics of the SKC population in mid-Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Soledad Colombo
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Crustáceos y Pesquerías, Instituto de Desarrollo Costero, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut 9000, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario para la Investigación y Desarrollo Productivo y Social de la cuenca del Golfo San Jorge (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - UNPSJB), Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut 9000, Argentina
| | - Martín Varisco
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Crustáceos y Pesquerías, Instituto de Desarrollo Costero, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut 9000, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario para la Investigación y Desarrollo Productivo y Social de la cuenca del Golfo San Jorge (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - UNPSJB), Comodoro Rivadavia, Chubut 9000, Argentina
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Martin S, Cheslett D, Collins E, Georgieva S, Connor IO, Swords F, Dwyer KO. Variation in Paramarteilia canceri infections in velvet crab Necora puber. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2024; 157:61-72. [PMID: 38421008 DOI: 10.3354/dao03772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable management of crustacean populations requires an understanding of the range of factors affecting different crustacean species. Recently, a high prevalence of a paramyxid parasite, Paramarteilia canceri, was reported in velvet crabs Necora puber in Ireland. Similar parasites have been known to cause mass mortalities in bivalves and, as velvet crabs are an important commercial species, these parasite infections are cause for concern. The main objective of this study was to examine variation in P. canceri infections in relation to host biology and season over a 2 yr period. In addition, we tested a range of host tissues and organs to gain more information on the host-parasite interaction. The parasite was present in all tissues and organs investigated, including the gonad and eggs of a berried female. Parasite prevalence was highest in the cuticular epithelium and hepatopancreas. Both annual and seasonal variation was found in parasite prevalence and parasite load. No difference was found in parasite prevalence or parasite load with either crab size or crab sex. Granulomas as a response to infection were significantly more abundant in infected velvet crab individuals. The results of this study provide important information on the host-parasite interaction between P. canceri and the velvet crab and highlight the importance of including parasite monitoring in the management of crustacean fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Martin
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | | | | | - Simona Georgieva
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 28644 Cheongju, South Korea
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ian O Connor
- Natural Resources and the Environment, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
| | - Fiona Swords
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Katie O Dwyer
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Atlantic Technological University, Old Dublin Road, Galway H91 T8NW, Ireland
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Ghukasyan E, Asatryan V, Melkonyan H, Badalyan N, Shahnazaryan G, Gabrielyan B. The state of the population of narrow-clawed crayfish in Lake Sevan (Armenia) under multiple stress conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1278. [PMID: 37801148 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The narrow-clawed crayfish is a crayfish species that was accidentally introduced into the ecosystem of Lake Sevan in the 1980s. Soon it became one of the most preferred fisheries in the lake and an important link in the food chain by successfully replacing the endemic fish subspecies Sevan khramicarp (Capoeta sevangi, De Filippi, 1865) in the chain of detritivores. However, recently, the stock declines dramatically, associated with two main threats: the impact of burn-spot disease and an increase in fishing pressure on its population. To estimate the state of population under multiple stress conditions, we investigated the dynamics of stock, the size/age and sex structure, the fecundity, and the health status of the population. A comparative analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase activities and reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance contents) showed significant differences between healthy and infected individuals. Another indirect effect of the disease, which probably leads to a decrease in the stock, was an increase in the proportion of immature females. Also, we observed some decrease in the infection rate along with the decline in the density of crayfish. However, stock reduction and some changes in the population may also be caused by a strong bloom of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Ghukasyan
- Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthyology of SCZHE of NAS of RA, 7 P. Sevak Str., 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vardan Asatryan
- Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthyology of SCZHE of NAS of RA, 7 P. Sevak Str., 0014, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Hranush Melkonyan
- Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthyology of SCZHE of NAS of RA, 7 P. Sevak Str., 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Norik Badalyan
- Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthyology of SCZHE of NAS of RA, 7 P. Sevak Str., 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Gayane Shahnazaryan
- "Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center" SNCO, 46 Charenc Str., 0025, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Bardukh Gabrielyan
- Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthyology of SCZHE of NAS of RA, 7 P. Sevak Str., 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
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Chukwuka AV, Jerome FC, Hassan A, Ebonwu B, Adeogun AO. Redox-active metals and oxidative stress-mediated myopathies in Callinectes amnicola, blue crab populations from impacted sites of the Lagos Lagoon: inferences for adverse ecological outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:108565-108581. [PMID: 37752391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29912-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
While oxidative stress pathways are associated with a wide variety of tissue pathologies, its applications for evaluating and discerning ecological risks are limited. This study seeks to associate trends of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress to risks of muscle pathologies in blue crabs inhabiting regions of the Lagos Lagoon. Crab samples (n = 520) were selected from pollution-impacted sites of the lagoon at Iddo, Ajah, Okobaba, Makoko, and the mid-lagoon area (control site). Antioxidant enzyme capacity, i.e., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase, and lipid peroxidation were evaluated in the muscle tissue of the blue crabs. The study findings showed distinct patterns of metal uptake in muscle, with redox-active metals (Cu and Zn) and redox-inactive metals (Pb and Cd) exhibiting site-specific differences. Additionally, there were changes in antioxidant modulation, lipid peroxidation, and the presence of associated myopathies. Blue crabs from sites (Makoko and Ajah) with greater uptake of redox-active metals (Cu and Zn) in muscle tissue showed higher trends of lipid peroxidation and the most prevalence of severe regression-type myopathies. Sites with lower uptake of redox-active metals showed the predominance of circulatory-type myopathies. This study also provides evidence of severe necrosis and myositis associated with digenean parasite cysts in crab muscle. Pathological evidence of severe skeletal muscle deterioration in the presence of greater lipid peroxidation could have implications for motor-neuron activity and reduced force-generating capacity necessary for adaptive responses in the wild. We conclude that elevated uptake of redox metals could aggravate the onset of myopathies in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azubuike Victor Chukwuka
- Conservation Unit, Environmental Quality Control Department, National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria.
| | - Fisayo C Jerome
- Fisheries Resources Department, Marine Biology Section, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adesola Hassan
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Ebonwu
- Fisheries Resources Department, Aquaculture Section, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Aina O Adeogun
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Sasaki M, Woods C, Dam HG. Parasitism does not reduce thermal limits in the intermediate host of a bopyrid isopod. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103712. [PMID: 37714113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Parasitism has strong effects on community dynamics. Given the detrimental effects parasites have on host health, infection or infestation might be expected to reduce upper thermal limits, increasing the vulnerability of host species to future climate change. Copepods are integral components of aquatic food webs and biogeochemical cycles. They also serve as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of parasitic isopods in the family Bopyridae. As both copepods and isopod parasites play important roles in aquatic communities, it is important to understand how the interaction between parasite and host affects thermal limits in order to better predict how community dynamics may change in a warming climate. Here we examined the effect of infestation by larvae of a bopyrid isopod on the cosmopolitan copepod Acartia tonsa to test the hypothesis that infestation reduces thermal limits. To aid with this work, we developed an affordable, highly portable system for measuring critical thermal maxima of small ectotherms. We also used meta-analysis to summarize the effects of parasitism on critical thermal maxima in a wider range of taxa to help contextualize our findings. Contrary to both our hypothesis and the results of previous studies, we observed no reduction of thermal limits by parasitism in A. tonsa. These results suggest that life history of the host and parasite may interact to determine how parasite infestation affects environmental sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Sasaki
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA; Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
| | - Charles Woods
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Hans G Dam
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
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Walters EA, Bojko J, Crowley CE, Gandy RL, Martin CW, Shea CP, Bateman KS, Stentiford GD, Behringer DC. Salinity and temperature affect the symbiont profile and host condition of Florida USA blue crabs Callinectes sapidus. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107930. [PMID: 37148998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Subtropical Florida blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, exhibit differing life history traits compared to their temperate counterparts, likely influencing symbiont infection dynamics. Little information exists for Florida C. sapidus symbiont profiles, their distribution among various habitats, and influence on crab condition. Using histopathology, genomics, and transmission electron microscopy, we describe the first symbiont profiles for Florida C. sapidus occupying freshwater to marine habitats. Twelve symbiont groups were identified from 409 crabs including ciliophorans, digenean, microsporidian, Haplosporidia, Hematodinium sp., Nematoda, filamentous bacteria, gregarine, Callinectes sapidus nudivirus, Octolasmis sp., Cambarincola sp., and putative microcell. Overall, 78% of C. sapidus were documented with one or more symbiont groups demonstrating high infection rates in wild populations. Environmental variables water temperature and salinity explained 48% of the variation in symbiont groups among Florida habitats, and salinity was positively correlated with C. sapidus symbiont diversity. This suggests freshwater C. sapidus possess fewer symbionts and represent healthier individuals compared to saltwater populations. Crab condition was examined using the reflex action mortality predictor (RAMP) to determine if reflex impairment could be linked to symbiont prevalence. Symbionts were found positively correlated with crab condition, and impaired crabs were more likely to host symbionts, demonstrating symbiont inclusion may boost predictive ability of the RAMP application. The microsporidian symbiont group had a particularly strong effect on C. sapidus reflex response, and impairment was on average 1.57 times higher compared to all other symbiont groups. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering full symbiont profiles and their associations with a spatially and temporally variable environment to fully assess C. sapidus population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A Walters
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA.
| | - Jamie Bojko
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, DL1 1HG, United Kingdom; School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E Crowley
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - Ryan L Gandy
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - Charles W Martin
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, University of South Alabama, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Island, Alabama, 36528
| | - Colin P Shea
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - Kelly S Bateman
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), The Nothe, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Grant D Stentiford
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), The Nothe, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C Behringer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA; Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32653, USA
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Pascual C, Rodríguez-Canul R, Huchin-Mian JP, Mascaró M, Briones-Fourzán P, Lozano-Álvarez E, Sánchez A, Escalante K. Immune Response to Natural and Experimental Infection of Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PaV1) in Juveniles of Caribbean Spiny Lobster. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151951. [PMID: 35953940 PMCID: PMC9367466 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Experimental immunological challenges are widely used to corroborate the success of breeding programs for lines resistant to specific pathogens, to test the efficiency of new vaccines, and to improve immunity of cultured animals. The validation of experimental infection protocols is complex because it requires comparison with naturally infected organisms at different stages of the infection. The present study compares the immune response of lobsters under a natural process of viral infection (PaV1), versus the defense response of experimentally infected organisms. Innate immunity for infected lobsters was measured through cellular and plasmatic components. The results indicate that the immune response of organisms naturally or experimentally infected by PaV1 was similar, and provides the bases to corroborate that the immunological challenge was not exacerbated. Appropriate infection protocols can be useful for research aimed at increasing resistance to infectious diseases and reducing the use of antibiotics in aquaculture. Abstract Experimental infections have been used to better comprehend the immune system of organisms, and to probe for additives that generate greater resistance and help reduce antibiotic use in aquaculture. We compared the immune response of juveniles of the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, infected naturally with Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) versus organisms infected experimentally, to determine the analogy between both infectious processes. The immunological response was measured by hemagglutination activity, hemocyte count, and total phenoloxidase activity in plasma and hemocytes in 211 individuals that were either naturally infected (110), or had been injected with viral inoculum and followed for six months (101). The samples were classified into the following four groups according to the severity of the infection: 0, uninfected; 1, lightly; 2, moderately; and 3, severely infected), which was determined on the basis of PCR and histological criteria. A permutational MANOVA showed that both the origin (natural and experimental), and the severity of the infection contributed significantly to explain the variation in the immune response of lobsters. The lack of significance of the interaction term indicated that the immunological response changed with the severity of the infection in a similar way, regardless of its origin. The results of the present study suggest that the experimental viral infection of PaV1 produces a defense response similar to the natural pathways of contagion, and provides the bases to validate an immunological challenge protocol for the first time in crustaceans. The discussion includes the perspective of the conceptual models of immune response within an ecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pascual
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico; (M.M.); (A.S.); (K.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rossanna Rodríguez-Canul
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Mérida, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico;
| | - Juan Pablo Huchin-Mian
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico;
| | - Maite Mascaró
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico; (M.M.); (A.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Patricia Briones-Fourzán
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos 77580, Mexico; (P.B.-F.); (E.L.-Á.)
| | - Enrique Lozano-Álvarez
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos 77580, Mexico; (P.B.-F.); (E.L.-Á.)
| | - Ariadna Sánchez
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico; (M.M.); (A.S.); (K.E.)
| | - Karla Escalante
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo s/n, Sisal, Hunucmá 97356, Mexico; (M.M.); (A.S.); (K.E.)
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Yang J, Wang T, Lin G, Li M, Zhang Y, Mai K. The Assessment of Dietary Organic Zinc on Zinc Homeostasis, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, Glycolysis and Intestinal Microbiota in White Shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1492. [PMID: 36009211 PMCID: PMC9405169 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess dietary organic zinc on zinc homeostasis, antioxidant capacity, immune response, glycolysis and intestinal microbiota in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931). Six experimental diets were formulated: Control, zinc free; S120, 120 mg·kg-1 zinc from ZnSO4·7H2O added into control diet; O30, O60, O90 and O120, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg·kg-1 zinc from Zn-proteinate added into control diet, respectively. The results showed that organic zinc significantly promoted zinc content and gene expression of ZnT1, ZIP11 and MT in the hepatopancreas and enhanced antioxidant capacity and immunity (in terms of increased activities of T-SOD, Cu/Zn SOD, PO, LZM, decreased content of MDA, upregulated expressions of GST, G6PDH, ProPO, LZM and Hemo, and increased resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus). Organic zinc significantly upregulated GluT1 expression in the intestine, increased glucose content of plasma and GCK, PFK and PDH activities of hepatopancreas, and decreased pyruvate content of hepatopancreas. Organic zinc improved intestinal microbiota communities, increased the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria and decreased the abundance of potential pathogens. Inorganic zinc (S120) also had positive effects, but organic zinc (as low as O60) could achieve better effects. Overall, organic zinc had a higher bioavailability and was a more beneficial zinc resource than inorganic zinc in shrimp feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (T.W.); (K.M.)
| | - Tiantian Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (T.W.); (K.M.)
| | - Gang Lin
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Mingzhu Li
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China;
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (T.W.); (K.M.)
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (T.W.); (K.M.)
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De Baets K, Huntley JW, Scarponi D, Klompmaker AA, Skawina A. Phanerozoic parasitism and marine metazoan diversity: dilution versus amplification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200366. [PMID: 34538136 PMCID: PMC8450635 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that biodiversity mediates parasite prevalence. We have compiled the first global database on occurrences and prevalence of marine parasitism throughout the Phanerozoic and assess the relationship with biodiversity to test if there is support for amplification or dilution of parasitism at the macroevolutionary scale. Median prevalence values by era are 5% for the Paleozoic, 4% for the Mesozoic, and a significant increase to 10% for the Cenozoic. We calculated period-level shareholder quorum sub-sampled (SQS) estimates of mean sampled diversity, three-timer (3T) origination rates, and 3T extinction rates for the most abundant host clades in the Paleobiology Database to compare to both occurrences of parasitism and the more informative parasite prevalence values. Generalized linear models (GLMs) of parasite occurrences and SQS diversity measures support both the amplification (all taxa pooled, crinoids and blastoids, and molluscs) and dilution hypotheses (arthropods, cnidarians, and bivalves). GLMs of prevalence and SQS diversity measures support the amplification hypothesis (all taxa pooled and molluscs). Though likely scale-dependent, parasitism has increased through the Phanerozoic and clear patterns primarily support the amplification of parasitism with biodiversity in the history of life. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth De Baets
- GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Fachgruppe PaläoUmwelt, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loewenichstraße 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - John Warren Huntley
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, 101 Geological Sciences Building, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Daniele Scarponi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, University of Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 1, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Adiël A Klompmaker
- Department of Museum Research and Collections and Alabama Museum of Natural History, University of Alabama, Box 870340, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Aleksandra Skawina
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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Paller VG, Samudio JA, Patagnan KL, Santamaria L, Tolentino AK, Ligalig C, Posa GA, Amongo JM. Paragonimus westermani infection of freshwater crab Sundathelphusa philippina and melaniid snails in Cadacan River in Irosin, Sorsogon, Philippines. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:634-642. [PMID: 34475643 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paragonimiasis, the disease caused by Paragonimus westermani, is transmitted primarily by freshwater crabs Sundathelphusa philippina in the Philippines. Human infection has been recorded, but there is a dearth of published information on the extent of infection in animal reservoirs, particularly in crabs and snails. This study aimed to investigate the infection status and risk factors of P. westermani in freshwater crabs and melaniid snails collected in an endemic village along Cadacan River in Irosin, Sorsogon, where human cases of paragonimiasis were previously reported. A total of 246 freshwater crabs (118 females, 128 males) were dissected, and the gills, muscles, gonads, and viscera were examined for the presence of metacercariae; of which, 41.87% were found infected. The metacercariae were recovered from the gills (100%) and muscle tissues (7.3%) of infected crabs. Male crabs were more likely to be infected (49.22%) than female crabs (33.90%) (p < 0.05). Moreover, 70.87% of crabs showed low parasite intensity levels at ≤ 30 metacercariae/g tissue. A negative weak correlation was observed between parasite intensity and crab weight and carapace length, i.e., highly infected crabs were found to be smaller in size. Meanwhile, only 12% of the 150 melaniid snails collected were positive with cercariae with Tarebia granifera and Jagora asperata as the most infected species. Household survey conducted revealed that some knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the locals contribute to the sustained transmission of the parasite in this endemic area. These findings revealed that P. westermani is still prevalent among intermediate hosts and that some social and environmental factors contributed to the sustained parasite transmission in this endemic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vachel Gay Paller
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Banos, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Jasmin Ayyah Samudio
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Banos, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Kim Louisse Patagnan
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Lyle Santamaria
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Banos, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Alco Kenneth Tolentino
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Banos, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Clark Ligalig
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Banos, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Gabrielle Ann Posa
- School of Environmental Science and Management, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna Philippines
| | - Jan Marion Amongo
- Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Banos, 4031 Laguna Philippines
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11
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Li C, Li M, Huang Q. The parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium infects marine crustaceans. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:313-325. [PMID: 37073297 PMCID: PMC10077234 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-020-00061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hematodinium is a type of parasitic dinoflagellate that infects marine crustaceans globally. The parasite lives mainly in the hemolymph or hemocoels of affected hosts, and results in mortalities due to malfunction or loss of functions of major organs. In recent years, the parasite had developed into an emerging epidemic pathogen not only affecting wild populations of economically valuable marine crustaceans in western countries but also the sustainable yield of aquaculture of major crabs in China. The epidemics of the parasitic diseases expanded recently in the coastal waters of China, and caused frequent outbreaks in aquaculture of major crab species, especially Portunus trituberculatus and Scylla paramamosain. In addition, the pathogen infected two species of co-cultured shrimps and multiple cohabitating wild crabs, implying it is a significant threat to the sustainable culture of commercially valuable marine crustaceans. In particular, the polyculture system that is widely used along the coast of China may facilitate the spread and transmission of the pathogen. Thus, to provide a better understanding of the biological and ecological characteristics of the parasitic dinoflagellate and highlight important directions for future research, we have reviewed the current knowledge on the taxonomy, life cycle, pathogenesis, transmission and epidemiology of Hematodinium spp. Moreover, ecological countermeasures have been proposed for the prevention and control of the emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiwen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
- Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Meng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Qian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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12
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First detection of Hematodinium sp. In spiny king crab Paralithodes brevipes, and new geographic areas for the parasite in tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi, and red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 184:107651. [PMID: 34348127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A parasitic dinoflagellate of the genus Hematodinium was found off the Pacific coast of Kamchatka in three species of crabs: red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi, and spiny king crab Paralithodes brevipes. This is the first detection of Hematodinium in spiny king crab. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the pathogen found in P. brevipes, P. camtschaticus, and C bairdi from the Avacha and Kronotsky bays off the Pacific coast of Kamchatka was the same or very close to the Hematodinium sp., which infects many species of crustaceans in the Northern Hemisphere. The prevalence of infection was 0.2% for tanner crabs and 2.7% for red king crabs. Due to a limited sample size, we were unable to calculate the prevalence for spiny king crabs and female red king crabs. Both the macroscopic and microscopic signs of the pathology were similar in all diseased crabs. The differences in the micromorphology of the Hematodinium cells we found in the three crab species, including the presence or absence of trichocysts, the shape of the plasmodia, and the structure of pore complexes, are most likely related to the life cycle and the physiology of the parasite. The results of the genetic analysis showed that the pathogen found in P. brevipes, P. camtschaticus, and C. bairdi from the Avacha and Kronotsky bays of the Pacific coast of Kamchatka was the same or very close to the Hematodinium sp., which infects many species of crustaceans in the Northern Hemisphere.
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13
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Li M, Huang Q, Lv X, Song S, Li C. The parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium infects multiple crustaceans in the polyculture systems of Shandong Province, China. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 178:107523. [PMID: 33358749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic dinoflagellates of the Hematodinium genus have impacted wild and cultured stocks of commercial crustaceans worldwide. In the past decade, outbreaks of Hematodinium epizootics resulted in substantial mortalities in cultured Chinese swimming crabs Portunus trituberculatus in the polyculture ponds located in Shandong Peninsula, whereas the source and transmission of the parasite in the polyculture pond system remains to be determined. During April to December of 2018, 2034 crabs and 108 shrimps were collected from the polyculture pond systems in the highly endemic area of Hematodinium diseases in Qingdao, Shandong Province. Among those, 188 individuals of the 6 crab species were infected by the parasite, including 4 novel host species (Uca arcuate, Hemigrapsus penicillatus, Helice wuana and Macrophthalmus japonicas). No infection was identified in Penaeus monodon. Further phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Hematodinium isolate infecting the six crab hosts, together with other isolates reported from China, composed the genotype II of Hematodinium perezi. The parasite was more infectious to cultured Portunus trituberculatus and the dominant wild crab Helice tientsinensis dwelling in the waterways connecting to the polyculture ponds, even though it was found to be a host generalist pathogen. The prevalence of Hematodinium perezi infection in Helice tientsinensis was higher than that of other wild crabs and showed significant positive correlation with that of the cultured Portunus trituberculatus. The results indicated that the wild crabs, particularly Helice tientsinensis, were the important alternate hosts closely involved in transmission and spreading of the Hematodinium disease in the polyculture pond systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuqun Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiwen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Mclean EL, García-Quijano CG, Castro KM. Seeing the whole elephant - How lobstermen's local ecological knowledge can inform fisheries management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 273:111112. [PMID: 32771849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lobstermen in Southern New England come from a longstanding intergenerational fishing tradition. Their local ecological knowledge (LEK) on the American lobster, Homarus americanus can be an important source of information for management. This paper examines lobstermen's LEK as it relates to stock assessment and the overlap to science based ecological knowledge (SEK). Although in recent years, using vent-less trap assessments and conducting young of the year surveys, has set the stage for more cooperative research, in our opinion, lobstermen's LEK remains underutilized in fisheries management. There has been a steady decline in the lobster stocks over the years, raising concerns regarding fisheries management. For this reason, we turn to lobstermen's knowledge as an important source that could inform fisheries management. Using a semi-structured approach, the stakeholders' LEK and open discussions were recorded during three meetings where lobstermen participated with managers and scientists. LEK was transcribed and categorized and matched to the corresponding SEK described in the literature. Results generally found that the lobstermen's LEK corresponded with the best available SEK. LEK is compatible with an ecosystem view of the fishery that integrates the complexities of interacting systems. The lobstermen explained that they viewed their fishing grounds as "managed landscapes", areas used productively, maintained and protected by them. These results are a starting point to broaden the base of the knowledge used in fisheries management enabling us to see the whole picture. Topics of LEK and SEK convergence are promising common ground, while topics where lobstermen and managers' views differ, can serve as points of entry to enable research and cooperative management. Both can be the basis for cooperative hypothesis testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Mclean
- Department of Natural Resources, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Carlos G García-Quijano
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Castro
- Department of Fisheries, Animals and Veterinary Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
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15
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Zha H, Lewis G, Waite DW, Wu J, Chang K, Dong Y, Jeffs A. Bacterial communities associated with tail fan necrosis in spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5492258. [PMID: 31107952 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiny lobsters are among the most valuable seafood products, but their commercial value is greatly diminished by tail fan necrosis (TFN), an unsightly blackening and erosion of the posterior margins on the abdomen. The condition results from bacterial incursion following physical damage to the cuticle. In this current study, the bacterial communities on the cuticle of tail fans of wild spiny lobsters with and without TFN were examined using 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing to identify whether there is a group of bacteria associated with TFN. The bacterial communities in the affected cuticle had significantly less richness, diversity and evenness, but greater variability between samples than those in unaffected cuticle. There were 21 phylotypes closely associated with TFN, of which, those belonging to Aquimarina, Flavobacterium, Neptunomonas, Streptomyces, Flavobacteriaceae and Thiohalorhabdales were most important. The affected cuticle samples were clustered into two microbial colonization states, each characterized by distinct phylotypes that are closely associated with TFN, suggesting different phylotypes were associated with different microbial colonization states of TFN. These bacteria appear to develop their association through opportunistic pathways created by the provision of changes in the bacterial habitat associated with injury to the cuticle or compromised immunity subsequent to the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zha
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Gillian Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David W Waite
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jieyun Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Statistics, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yimin Dong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Jeffs
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Vogt G. Cytopathology and immune response in the hepatopancreas of decapod crustaceans. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 138:41-88. [PMID: 32103822 DOI: 10.3354/dao03443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The hepatopancreas of decapod crustaceans is used as an example to illustrate the range of cytopathologies, detoxification mechanisms, and immune responses that environmental toxicants and pathogens can induce in a single organ. The hepatopancreas is the central metabolic organ of decapods and consists of hundreds of blindly-ending tubules and intertubular spaces. The tubular epithelium contains 5 structurally and functionally different cell types, and the interstitium contains haemolymph, haemocytes, connective tissue, and fixed phagocytes. Some physiological conditions such as moulting and starvation cause marked but reversible ultrastructural alterations of the epithelial cells. Environmental toxicants induce either detoxification mechanisms or structural damage in cells, depending on toxicant and concentration. The hepatopancreas is also a main target organ for pathogens, mainly viruses, bacteria, and protists that enter the body via the digestive tract and gills and replicate in the hepatopancreatocytes. The cytopathologies caused by toxicants and pathogens affect single cell types specifically or, more often, several cell types simultaneously. Pathogenesis often begins in a certain cell organelle such as the nucleus, mitochondrion, or endoplasmic reticulum, spreads to other organelles, and ends with death of the infected cell. Fixed phagocytes in the interstitium capture and degrade pathogens that move from the infected tubules into the intertubular spaces or enter the hepatopancreas via circulation. Relatively few disease agents elicit the melanisation and encapsulation reaction that encloses infected tubules by a rigid melanised capsule and kills the entrapped pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Davies CE, Batista FM, Malkin SH, Thomas JE, Bryan CC, Crocombe P, Coates CJ, Rowley AF. Spatial and temporal disease dynamics of the parasite Hematodinium sp. in shore crabs, Carcinus maenas. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:472. [PMID: 31604479 PMCID: PMC6790014 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Hematodinium represent the causative agent of so-called bitter or pink crab disease in a broad range of shellfish taxa. Outbreaks of Hematodinium-associated disease can devastate local fishing and aquaculture efforts. The goal of our study was to examine the potential role of the common shore (green) crab Carcinus maenas as a reservoir for Hematodinium. Carcinus maenas is native to all shores of the UK and Ireland and the North East Atlantic but has been introduced to, and subsequently invaded waters of, the USA, South Africa and Australia. This species is notable for its capacity to harbour a range of micro- and macro-parasites, and therefore may act as a vector for disease transfer. Methods Over a 12-month period, we interrogated 1191 crabs across two distinct locations (intertidal pier, semi-closed dock) in Swansea Bay (Wales, UK) for the presence and severity of Hematodinium in the haemolymph, gills, hepatopancreas and surrounding waters (eDNA) using PCR-based methods, haemolymph preparations and histopathology. Results Overall, 13.6% were Hematodinium-positive via PCR and confirmed via tissue examination. Only a small difference was observed between locations with 14.4% and 12.8% infected crabs in the Dock and Pier, respectively. Binomial logistic regression models revealed seasonality (P < 0.002) and sex (P < 0.001) to be significant factors in Hematodinium detection with peak infection recorded in spring (March to May). Male crabs overall were more likely to be infected. Phylogenetic analyses of the partial ITS and 18S rRNA gene regions of Hematodinium amplified from crabs determined the causative agent to be the host generalist Hematodinium sp., which blights several valuable crustaceans in the UK alone, including edible crabs (Cancer pagurus) and langoustines (Nephrops norvegicus). Conclusions Shore crabs were infected with the host generalist parasite Hematodinium sp. in each location tested, thereby enabling the parasite to persist in an environment shared with commercially important shellfish.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Davies
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Frederico M Batista
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.,Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Weymouth, Dorset, UK
| | - Sophie H Malkin
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jessica E Thomas
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Charlotte C Bryan
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Peter Crocombe
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Christopher J Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Andrew F Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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18
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Rodríguez SM, Uribe JC, Estay SA, Palacios M, Pinochet R, Oyarzún S, Valdivia N. Widespread infection of Areospora rohanae in southern king crab ( Lithodes santolla) populations across south Chilean Patagonia. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190682. [PMID: 31824696 PMCID: PMC6837190 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cottage cheese disease is caused by microsporidian parasites that infect a wide range of animal populations. Despite its potential to affect economically important activities, the spatial patterns of prevalence of this disease are still not well understood. Here, we analyse the occurrence of the microsporidian Areospora rohanae in populations of the king crab Lithodes santolla over ca 800 km of the southeastern Pacific shore. In winter 2011, conical pots were deployed between 50 and 200 m depth to capture crabs of a wide range of sizes. The infection was widely distributed along the region, with a mean prevalence of 16%, and no significant association between prevalence and geographical location was detected. Males, females and ovigerous females showed similar prevalence values of 16.5 (13-18.9), 15 (9.2-15) and 16.7% (10-19%), respectively. These patterns of prevalence were consistent across crab body sizes, despite the ontogenetic and sex-dependent variations in feeding behaviour and bathymetric migrations previously reported for king crabs. This study provided the first report of the geographical distribution of A. rohanae infecting southern king crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J C Uribe
- Instituto de la Patagonia, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - S A Estay
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Palacios
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - R Pinochet
- Programa de Doctorado en Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - S Oyarzún
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - N Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia-Punta Arenas, Chile
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19
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The parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi infecting mudflat crabs, Helice tientsinensis, in polyculture system in China. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Li Y, Li X, Xu W, Han Z, Zhao Y, Dong J, Wei H, Chen Q. Comparative iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the Chinese grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sinensis) infected with the isopod parasite Tachaea chinensis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:415. [PMID: 31443734 PMCID: PMC6708196 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although parasitic isopods can negatively affect the reproduction and ingestion of several commercially important crustaceans, little is known regarding the mechanisms that underlie these effects. METHODS In the present study, the iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) approach was applied to identify differentially expressed proteins in the Chinese grass shrimp Palaemonetes sinensis infected with the parasitic isopod Tachaea chinensis. RESULTS On the basis of our analysis, we identified 1262 proteins from a total of 4292 peptides. There was a significant difference in the expression of 182 proteins between the control and infected groups, among which 69 were upregulated and 113 were downregulated after T. chinensis infection. The differentially expressed proteins revealed that parasitism may inhibit the immune response, thereby increasing host vulnerability to additional lethal infection. Furthermore, T. chinensis may secrete anticoagulants to inhibit hemolymph clotting. Moreover, the isopod parasite placed a heavy metabolic burden on the host, particularly with respect to glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to use the iTRAQ-based proteomic approach to analyze the effects of an isopod parasite on its host. The results we obtained using this approach will make a valuable contribution to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying isopod parasitism on crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Weibin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhibin Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hua Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Small HJ, Huchin-Mian JP, Reece KS, Pagenkopp Lohan KM, Butler MJ, Shields JD. Parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi prevalence in larval and juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus from coastal bays of Virginia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 134:215-222. [PMID: 31169127 DOI: 10.3354/dao03371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi infects the American blue crab Callinectes sapidus and other decapods along the Eastern seaboard and Gulf of Mexico coast of the USA. Large juvenile and adult blue crabs experience high mortality during seasonal outbreaks of H. perezi, but less is known about its presence in the early life history stages of this host. We determined the prevalence of H. perezi in megalopae and early benthic juvenile crabs from multiple locations along the Virginia portion of the Delmarva Peninsula. The DNA of H. perezi was not detected in any megalopae collected from several locations within the oceanic coastal bay complex in which H. perezi is found at high prevalence levels. However, prevalence levels were high in early benthic juveniles from 2 oceanic coastal embayments: South Bay and Cobb Bay. Prevalence levels were lower at locations within Chesapeake Bay, including Cherrystone Creek, Hungars Creek, and Pungoteague Creek. Sampling over different seasons and several consecutive years indicates that disease transmission occurs rapidly after megalopae settle in high-salinity bays along the Delmarva Peninsula during the late summer and fall. Infected juvenile crabs can overwinter with the parasite and, when subjected to increasing water temperatures in spring, infections progress rapidly, culminating in transmission to other crabs in late spring and early summer. In high-salinity embayments, H. perezi can reach high prevalence levels and may significantly affect recruitment of juvenile blue crabs into the adult fishery.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Small
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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A histological atlas for the Palinuridae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Achelata): A guide to parasite discovery and spotting the abnormal in spiny lobsters. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 163:21-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Li M, Wang J, Huang Q, Li C. Proteomic analysis highlights the immune responses of the hepatopancreas against Hematodinium infection in Portunus trituberculatus. J Proteomics 2019; 197:92-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li M, Huang Q, Wang J, Li C. Differential expression of microRNAs in Portunus trituberculatus in response to Hematodinium parasites. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:134-139. [PMID: 30195909 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Latest studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in defending against bacterial and viral infections in marine crustacean, whereas little is known regarding the immunological roles of crustacean miRNAs in response to parasitic infection. To further reveal the host-parasite interactions between the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium and its crustacean hosts, we applied the high-throughput sequencing technology to identify and characterize miRNAs in the Chinese swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus challenged with the Hematodinium parasite at a timescale of 16 days (d). A total of 168 miRNAs were identified and 51 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the hepatopancreas tissues of affected hosts. Eleven of the differentially expressed miRNAs were selected and verified by the quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), manifesting the consistency between the high throughout sequencing and qRT-PCR assays. Further analysis of the putative target genes indicated that various immune-related pathways (e.g. endocytosis, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, lysosome, ECM-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, antigen processing and presentation, focal adhesion, etc.) and signal transduction pathways (e.g. JAK-STAT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, etc.) were mediated by the differentially expressed miRNAs. The results presented fundamental knowledge on the immunological roles of crustacean miRNAs and contributed to the better understanding of hosts' miRNAs-mediated immunity against the parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Caiwen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Zha H, Jeffs A, Dong Y, Lewis G. Potential virulence factors of bacteria associated with tail fan necrosis in the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:817-828. [PMID: 29473647 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tail fan necrosis (TFN) is a common condition found in commercially exploited spiny lobsters that greatly diminishes their commercial value. Bacteria possessing proteolytic, chitinolytic and lipolytic capabilities were associated with TFN in spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii. In this study, 69 bacterial isolates exhibiting all the three enzymatic capabilities from the haemolymph and tail fans of J. edwardsii with and without TFN were further characterized and compared, including morphology, biofilm formation, antimicrobial activity, antimicrobial resistance, and production of siderophores, melanin and ammonia. The genomic patterns of the most common Vibrio crassostreae isolates were also compared between TFN-affected and unaffected lobsters. Biofilm formation was stronger in bacterial isolates from both haemolymph and tail fans of TFN-affected lobsters compared to those from the unaffected lobsters, while melanin production and siderophore production were stronger in the isolates from tail fans of lobsters with TFN. By contrast, the other characteristics of isolates were similar in lobsters with and without TFN. The Vib. crassostreae isolates from the affected lobsters had similar genomic patterns. Overall, the results indicate that in addition to proteolytic, chitinolytic and lipolytic activities, the bacteria associated with TFN commonly have enhanced activity of important virulence factors, including biofilm formation, melanin production and siderophore production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zha
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - A Jeffs
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Y Dong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G Lewis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Pathology of tail fan necrosis in the spiny lobster, Jasus edwardsii. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 154:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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A new host for Hematodinium infection among lithodid crabs from the Sea of Okhotsk. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 153:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Huchin-Mian JP, Small HJ, Shields JD. The influence of temperature and salinity on mortality of recently recruited blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, naturally infected with Hematodinium perezi (Dinoflagellata). J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 152:8-16. [PMID: 29355502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi is highly prevalent in juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, along the eastern seaboard of the USA. Although the parasite is known to kill adult crabs, the mortality rate of naturally infected juvenile crabs remains unknown. We analyzed the influence of temperature and salinity on the mortality of recently recruited blue crabs that were naturally infected with H. perezi. Over 492 juvenile crabs (infected, n = 282; uninfected controls, n = 210) were held individually in six-well plates and held at six temperatures (4, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) or three salinities (5, 15, and 30 psu) for a maximum of 90 days. Mortality of infected crabs was 10 times higher at elevated temperatures (25 and 30 °C) and salinity (30 psu) compared to uninfected control treatments. By contrast, infected crabs exposed to mild temperatures (10, 15, and 20 °C) showed a high survival (>80%), no different than uninfected control treatments. Infected crabs at the lowest temperature (4 °C) exhibited a high mortality, but the intensity of infection was lower than in the other temperature treatments. In addition, this study revealed the optimal temperature (25 °C) and salinity (30 psu) for H. perezi to progress in its life cycle leading to sporulation in juvenile crabs; 31.6% (19/60) of crabs held under these conditions released dinospores of H. perezi after 10 days. Crabs held at other temperatures did not release dinospores over the time course of the experiment. Infected crabs were capable of molting and in most cases molted at the same frequency as uninfected crabs serving as controls. The mortality observed in this study indicates that early benthic juveniles will experience significant mortality due to H. perezi with increasing ocean temperatures and that this mortality may be a significant factor in the recruitment of blue crabs to high salinity regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Huchin-Mian
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA
| | - Hamish J Small
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Shields
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O. Box 1346, 1375 Greate Road, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA.
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29
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Zha H, Lewis G, Alfaro A, Wang S, Dong Y, Grandiosa R, Jeffs A. Immune status of the spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii with tail fan necrosis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 126:229-238. [PMID: 29160220 DOI: 10.3354/dao03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tail fan necrosis (TFN), a disorder commonly found in some populations of commercially fished and cultured lobsters, is thought to be initiated by injuries caused by handling and containment. The unsightly appearance of affected lobster tails significantly lowers their commercial value. Knowledge about TFN is limited. In this study we describe the morphological features of TFN and apply 6 common methods for evaluating the immune status of wild-caught Australasian red spiny lobsters Jasus edwardsii with and without TFN. The disease was more frequent in uropods than in telsons of the tail fan, and more extensive on the ventral versus the dorsal surfaces of the tail fan. Missing appendages (i.e. antenna, pereiopod or pleopod) were significantly more common and greater in number for individual lobsters affected with TFN versus those without, possibly as a result of handling in the fishery or as an indirect effect of the disease. Two immune parameters, total haemocyte count and phenoloxidase activity in the haemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS), were significantly compromised in lobsters with TFN. No differences were found in the other immune parameters, i.e. haemocyte viability, haemolymph bacterial count and the protein content of haemolymph plasma and HLS. The results are consistent with injury sustained during prior capture and handling that initiates TFN in these natural caught lobsters. These results raise some potential concerns about the fitness of lobsters in natural populations that are affected by TFN, and some potential solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zha
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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Hoenig JM, Groner ML, Smith MW, Vogelbein WK, Taylor DM, Landers DF, Swenarton JT, Gauthier DT, Sadler P, Matsche MA, Haines AN, Small HJ, Pradel R, Choquet R, Shields JD. Impact of disease on the survival of three commercially fished species. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:2116-2127. [PMID: 28675580 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent increases in emergent infectious diseases have raised concerns about the sustainability of some marine species. The complexity and expense of studying diseases in marine systems often dictate that conservation and management decisions are made without quantitative data on population-level impacts of disease. Mark-recapture is a powerful, underutilized, tool for calculating impacts of disease on population size and structure, even in the absence of etiological information. We applied logistic regression models to mark-recapture data to obtain estimates of disease-associated mortality rates in three commercially important marine species: snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) in Newfoundland, Canada, that experience sporadic epizootics of bitter crab disease; striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Chesapeake Bay, USA, that experience chronic dermal and visceral mycobacteriosis; and American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the Southern New England stock, that experience chronic epizootic shell disease. All three diseases decreased survival of diseased hosts. Survival of diseased adult male crabs was 1% (0.003-0.022, 95% CI) that of uninfected crabs indicating nearly complete mortality of infected crabs in this life stage. Survival of moderately and severely diseased striped bass (which comprised 15% and 11% of the population, respectively) was 84% (70-100%, 95% CI), and 54% (42-68%, 95% CI) that of healthy striped bass. The disease-adjusted yearly natural mortality rate for striped bass was 0.29, nearly double the previously accepted value, which did not include disease. Survival of moderately and severely diseased lobsters was 30% (15-60%, 95% CI) that of healthy lobsters and survival of mildly diseased lobsters was 45% (27-75%, 95% CI) that of healthy lobsters. High disease mortality in ovigerous females may explain the poor recruitment and rapid declines observed in this population. Stock assessments should account for disease-related mortality when resource management options are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hoenig
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Maya L Groner
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Matthew W Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Wolfgang K Vogelbein
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - David M Taylor
- Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, P.O. Box 5667, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5X1, Canada
| | - Donald F Landers
- Millstone Power Station Environmental Laboratory, Dominion, Rope Ferry Road, Waterford, Connecticut, 06385, USA
| | - John T Swenarton
- Millstone Power Station Environmental Laboratory, Dominion, Rope Ferry Road, Waterford, Connecticut, 06385, USA
| | - David T Gauthier
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Philip Sadler
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Mark A Matsche
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Cooperative Oxford Laboratory, 904 South Morris Street, Oxford, Maryland, 21654, USA
| | - Ashley N Haines
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Hamish J Small
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
| | - Roger Pradel
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université P. Valéry, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Rémi Choquet
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université P. Valéry, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jeffrey D Shields
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062, USA
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Lai AG, Aboobaker AA. Comparative genomic analysis of innate immunity reveals novel and conserved components in crustacean food crop species. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:389. [PMID: 28521727 PMCID: PMC5437397 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing global demands for crustacean food crop species have driven large investments in aquaculture research worldwide. However, large-scale production is susceptible to pathogen-mediated destruction particularly in developing economies. Thus, a thorough understanding of the immune system components of food crop species is imperative for research to combat pathogens. RESULTS Through a comparative genomics approach utilising extant data from 55 species, we describe the innate immune system of the class Malacostraca, which includes all food crop species. We identify 7407 malacostracan genes from 39 gene families implicated in different aspects of host defence and demonstrate dynamic evolution of innate immunity components within this group. Malacostracans have achieved flexibility in recognising infectious agents through divergent evolution and expansion of pathogen recognition receptors genes. Antiviral RNAi, Toll and JAK-STAT signal transduction pathways have remained conserved within Malacostraca, although the Imd pathway appears to lack several key components. Immune effectors such as the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have unique evolutionary profiles, with many malacostracan AMPs not found in other arthropods. Lastly, we describe four putative novel immune gene families, potentially representing important evolutionary novelties of the malacostracan immune system. CONCLUSION Our analyses across the broader Malacostraca have allowed us to not only draw analogies with other arthropods but also to identify evolutionary novelties in immune modulation components and form strong hypotheses as to when key pathways have evolved or diverged. This will serve as a key resource for future immunology research in crustacean food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina G Lai
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
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Groner ML, Maynard J, Breyta R, Carnegie RB, Dobson A, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Garren M, Gulland FMD, Heron SF, Noble RT, Revie CW, Shields JD, Vanderstichel R, Weil E, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Harvell CD. Managing marine disease emergencies in an era of rapid change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:rstb.2015.0364. [PMID: 26880835 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious marine diseases can decimate populations and are increasing among some taxa due to global change and our increasing reliance on marine environments. Marine diseases become emergencies when significant ecological, economic or social impacts occur. We can prepare for and manage these emergencies through improved surveillance, and the development and iterative refinement of approaches to mitigate disease and its impacts. Improving surveillance requires fast, accurate diagnoses, forecasting disease risk and real-time monitoring of disease-promoting environmental conditions. Diversifying impact mitigation involves increasing host resilience to disease, reducing pathogen abundance and managing environmental factors that facilitate disease. Disease surveillance and mitigation can be adaptive if informed by research advances and catalysed by communication among observers, researchers and decision-makers using information-sharing platforms. Recent increases in the awareness of the threats posed by marine diseases may lead to policy frameworks that facilitate the responses and management that marine disease emergencies require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Groner
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Jeffrey Maynard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Laboratoire d'Excellence 'CORAIL' USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Rachel Breyta
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ryan B Carnegie
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Andy Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brett Froelich
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Melissa Garren
- Division of Science and Environmental Policy, California State University Monterey Bay, 100 Campus Center, Seaside, CA 93955, USA
| | | | - Scott F Heron
- NOAA Coral Reef Watch, NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, 5830 University Research Ct., E/RA3, College Park, MD 20740, USA Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - Rachel T Noble
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA
| | - Crawford W Revie
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Jeffrey D Shields
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Raphaël Vanderstichel
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Ernesto Weil
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00680, USA
| | - Sandy Wyllie-Echeverria
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St Thomas, VI 00802, USA
| | - C Drew Harvell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Baeza JA, Simpson L, Ambrosio LJ, Mora N, Guéron R, Childress MJ. Active parental care, reproductive performance, and a novel egg predator affecting reproductive investment in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus. BMC ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-016-0006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Li M, Wang J, Song S, Li C. Molecular characterization of a novel nitric oxide synthase gene from Portunus trituberculatus and the roles of NO/O2(-)- generating and antioxidant systems in host immune responses to Hematodinium. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:263-277. [PMID: 27033466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidences have established that the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) play important roles in host defense system by catalyzing the production of nitrogen oxide (NO) and superoxide anions (O2(-)), respectively. While, there are limited studies to explore the roles of NOS/NOX enzymes in crustacean immunity, and no studies as yet were attempted to elucidate their functions in host immune responses to parasites. In the present study, we cloned a full-length cDNA of NOS and two partial cDNA fragments of NOX and GPx from the economic valuable crab Portunus trituberculatus. The full-length cDNA of NOS was 4002 bp in length that encoded 1203 amino acids containing motifs of the NOS protein and conserved domains. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the NOS protein sequence was clustered together with those of crustacean species in the phylogenetic tree. All of the three novel genes showed high mRNA transcripts in the immune-related tissues (e.g. hemocytes, hepatopancreas) of P. trituberculatus. Striking fluctuation in the transcripts of the critical NO/O2(-)- generating/scavenging related genes (NOS, NOX, CuZnSOD, CAT, GPx) as well as in the enzymatic activities of NOS, NOX, SOD, CAT and GPx were observed in the hemocytes and hepatopancreas of P. trituberculatus post challenged with the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium, indicating that the NO/O2(-)- generating and the antioxidant systems played vital roles in the crustacean innate immunity against the parasitic intrusion. The results indicated a novel respect of the host-parasite interaction between the crab host and the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuqun Song
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Caiwen Li
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
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Ben-Horin T, Lafferty KD, Bidegain G, Lenihan HS. Fishing diseased abalone to promote yield and conservation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150211. [PMID: 26880843 PMCID: PMC4760141 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Past theoretical models suggest fishing disease-impacted stocks can reduce parasite transmission, but this is a good management strategy only when the exploitation required to reduce transmission does not overfish the stock. We applied this concept to a red abalone fishery so impacted by an infectious disease (withering syndrome) that stock densities plummeted and managers closed the fishery. In addition to the non-selective fishing strategy considered by past disease-fishing models, we modelled targeting (culling) infected individuals, which is plausible in red abalone because modern diagnostic tools can determine infection without harming landed abalone and the diagnostic cost is minor relative to the catch value. The non-selective abalone fishing required to eradicate parasites exceeded thresholds for abalone sustainability, but targeting infected abalone allowed the fishery to generate yield and reduce parasite prevalence while maintaining stock densities at or above the densities attainable if the population was closed to fishing. The effect was strong enough that stock and yield increased even when the catch was one-third uninfected abalone. These results could apply to other fisheries as the diagnostic costs decline relative to catch value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Ben-Horin
- College of the Environment and Life Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, Rutgers University, Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Gorka Bidegain
- Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS 39564, USA
| | - Hunter S Lenihan
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Noever C, Olson A, Glenner H. Two new cryptic and sympatric species of the king crab parasite Briarosaccus (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala) in the North Pacific. Zool J Linn Soc 2016; 176:3-14. [PMID: 26792948 PMCID: PMC4706646 DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Rhizocephalan barnacles have been reported to parasitize a wide range of king crab species (Lithodidae). So far all these parasites have been assigned to a single species, Briarosaccus callosus Boschma, 1930, which is assumed to have a global distribution. Here we investigate Briarosaccus specimens from three different king crab hosts from the fjord systems of Southeastern Alaska: Lithodes aequispinus Benedict, 1895, Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815), and Paralithodes platypus (Brandt, 1850). Using molecular markers and by morphological comparison we show that Briarosaccus specimens from these three commercial exploited king crabs are in fact morphologically distinct from B. callosus, and further represent two separate species which we describe. The two new species, Briarosaccus auratum n. sp. and B. regalis n. sp., are cryptic by morphological means and were identified as distinct species by the use of genetic markers (COI and 16S). They occur sympatrically, yet no overlap in king crab hosts occurs, with B. auratum n. sp. only found on L. aequispinus, and B. regalis n. sp. as parasite of the two Paralithodes hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Noever
- Marine Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrew Olson
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game Juneau, AK, USA
| | - Henrik Glenner
- Marine Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, University of BergenBergen, Norway; CMEC, Natural History Museum, University of CopenhagenDenmark
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Wang XW, Wang JX. Crustacean hemolymph microbiota: Endemic, tightly controlled, and utilization expectable. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:404-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Overwintering of the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium perezi in dredged blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) from Wachapreague Creek, Virginia. J Invertebr Pathol 2015; 130:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li M, Li C, Wang J, Song S. Molecular characterization and expression of a novel Toll gene from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:388-97. [PMID: 26190309 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tolls/Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important cell-surface receptors serving as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the Tolls/TLRs signaling pathway of innate immune responses. In the present study, we isolated and characterized a novel Toll gene (PtToll) from Portunus trituberculatus, and further investigated its expression in various tissues of crab hosts challenged with the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium. The full-length cDNA of PtToll was 3745 bp, with a 3012 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1003 amino acids. Conserved domains consist of 15 tandem leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a single-pass transmembrane segment (TM) and a cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1R (TIR) domain. The PtToll protein shared high similarity to other crustacean Tolls and was clustered with the crustacean Tolls in the phylogenetic tree. The PtToll gene was constitutively expressed in various tissues of P. trituberculatus, with the highest expression in hemocytes. After being challenged with the parasite, the transcripts of PtToll reacted immediately with significant alterations in all the tested tissues, and decreased consistently in most of the detected tissues (e.g., hemocytes, gill, heart, and muscle) within 24h. Then the transcripts of PtToll were significantly up-regulated in hemocytes and heart at 48 h, and in hepatopancreas at 48 and 96 h post the parasitic challenge. By 192 h post challenge, the transcriptional level of PtToll indicated a significant suppression or a decreasing trend. The fluctuations of PtToll gene expression suggested that PtToll was closely associated with intrusion of the Hematodinium parasites, and may possess a vital and systematic function in the innate immunity of P. trituberculatus against the parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caiwen Li
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuqun Song
- Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Li M, Li C, Wang J, Song S. Immune response and gene expression in hemocytes of Portunus trituberculatus inoculated with the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium. Mol Immunol 2015; 65:113-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Wood CL, Sandin SA, Zgliczynski B, Guerra AS, Micheli F. Fishing drives declines in fish parasite diversity and has variable effects on parasite abundance. Ecology 2014; 95:1929-46. [PMID: 25163125 DOI: 10.1890/13-1270.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity and ecological importance of parasites, relatively few studies have assessed their response to anthropogenic environmental change. Heuristic models have predicted both increases and decreases in parasite abundance in response to human disturbance, with empirical support for both. However, most studies focus on one or a few selected parasite species. Here, we assess the abundance of parasites of seven species of coral reef fishes collected from three fished and three unfished islands of the Line Islands archipelago in the central equatorial Pacific. Because we chose fish hosts that spanned different trophic levels, taxonomic groups, and body sizes, we were able to compare parasite responses across a broad cross section of the total parasite community in the presence and absence of fishing, a major human impact on marine ecosystems. We found that overall parasite species richness was substantially depressed on fished islands, but that the response of parasite abundance varied among parasite taxa: directly transmitted parasites were significantly more abundant on fished than on unfished islands, while the reverse was true for trophically transmitted parasites. This probably arises because trophically transmitted parasites require multiple host species, some of which are the top predators most sensitive to fishing impacts. The increase in directly transmitted parasites appeared to be due to fishing-driven compensatory increases in the abundance of their hosts. Together, these results provide support for the predictions of both heuristic models, and indicate that the direction of fishing's impact on parasite abundance is mediated by parasite traits, notably parasite transmission strategies.
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Small HJ, Meyer GR, Stentiford GD, Dunham JS, Bateman K, Shields JD. Ameson metacarcini sp. nov. (Microsporidia) infecting the muscles of Dungeness crabs Metacarcinus magister from British Columbia, Canada. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 110:213-225. [PMID: 25114045 DOI: 10.3354/dao02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Dungeness crab Metacarcinus magister supports a large and valuable fishery along the west coast of North America. Since 1998, Dungeness crabs exhibiting pink- to orange-colored joints and opaque white musculature have been sporadically observed in low prevalence from the Fraser River delta of British Columbia, Canada. We provide histological, ultrastructural, and molecular evidence that this condition is caused by a new microsporidian parasite. Crabs displaying gross symptoms were confirmed to have heavy infections of ovoid-shaped microsporidian spores (~1.8 × 1.4 µm in size) within muscle bundles of the skeletal musculature. The parasite apparently infected the outer periphery of each muscle bundle, and then proliferated into the muscle fibres near the centre of each infected bundle. Light infections were observed in heart tissues, and occasionally spores were observed within the fixed phagocytes lining the blood vessels of the hepatopancreas. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed multiple life stages of a monokaryotic microsporidian parasite within the sarcoplasm of muscle fibres. Molecular analysis of partial small subunit rRNA sequence data from the new species revealed an affinity to Ameson, a genus of Microsporidia infecting marine crustaceans. Based on morphological and molecular data, the new species is distinct from Nadelspora canceri, a related microsporidian that also infects the muscles of this host. At present, little is known about the distribution, seasonality, and transmission of A. metacarcini in M. magister.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish J Small
- Department of Environmental and Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, PO Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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Smith AL, Whitten MMA, Hirschle L, Pope EC, Wootton EC, Vogan CL, Rowley AF. Bacterial septicaemia in prerecruit edible crabs, Cancer pagurus L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:729-737. [PMID: 23962351 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile edible crabs, Cancer pagurus L., were surveyed from Mumbles Head and Oxwich Bay in South Wales, UK, and the number of heterotrophic bacteria and vibrios in the hemolymph was determined. The percentage of crabs with hemolymph containing bacteria was variable over the survey with higher numbers of animals affected in summer than in winter. Post-moult crabs contained significantly higher numbers of heterotrophic bacteria in the hemolymph than pre- and intermoult animals. Crabs with cuticular damage to the gills also had significantly higher numbers of bacteria in the hemolymph. Crabs were found to have a high prevalence of infection by the dinoflagellate, Hematodinium. Such animals had significantly fewer bacteria in the blood in comparison with Hematodinium-free animals. Of the 463 crabs surveyed, only 3 individuals had hemolymph containing 2000 + CFU mL(-1). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, two of these crabs contained a Vibrio pectenicida-like isolate, while the other had a mixed assemblage of vibrios. Although 59% of the crabs surveyed had culturable bacteria in the hemolymph, the majority only had small numbers (<2000 CFU mL(-1) ), suggesting that such infections may be of limited importance to the sustainability of the crab fishery in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Smith
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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Huchin-Mian JP, Rodríguez-Canul R, Briones-Fourzán P, Lozano-Álvarez E. Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) infection prevalence and risk factors in a Mexican lobster fishery employing casitas. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 107:87-97. [PMID: 24334351 DOI: 10.3354/dao02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In Bahía de la Ascensión in Mexico, the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus fishery is based on extensive use of artificial shelters (casitas) that can harbor both juveniles and adults of this highly gregarious species. There is concern that the use of casitas might increase contact transmission of Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1). However, a previous study found no evidence for lobster crowding within casitas influencing the prevalence of clinical PaV1 disease, although differences in clinical prevalence were noted between different bay environments. To investigate this more closely, 683 lobsters were sampled from casitas in 2 zones in this bay (Vigía Chico, a shallow low-vegetation zone, and Punta Allen, a deeper dense-vegetation zone) previously found to have the lowest and highest prevalence, respectively, of observed clinical signs. When hemolymph collected from these lobsters was tested by PCR, the prevalence of PaV1 infection was found to be significantly lower in Vigía Chico relative to Punta Allen irrespective of season or the size, sex, or presence of shell injuries on lobsters. Among 714 large commercial-catch lobsters collected throughout the bay, the prevalence of infection was low irrespective of year or sex. For all lobsters tested, the sensitivity (0.510) at which PaV1 infection was detected by observed clinical signs was about half that determined by PCR, but the specificity of clinical signs was absolute (1), indicating that a simple 2× correction factor can be used to accurately estimate PaV1 infection prevalence based on more easily conducted visual assessments of lobsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Huchin-Mian
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Unidad Mérida, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mérida, Yucatán 97310, Mexico
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Stentiford GD, Neil DM, Peeler EJ, Shields JD, Small HJ, Flegel TW, Vlak JM, Jones B, Morado F, Moss S, Lotz J, Bartholomay L, Behringer DC, Hauton C, Lightner DV. Disease will limit future food supply from the global crustacean fishery and aquaculture sectors. J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 110:141-57. [PMID: 22434002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seafood is a highly traded food commodity. Farmed and captured crustaceans contribute a significant proportion with annual production exceeding 10 M metric tonnes with first sale value of $40bn. The sector is dominated by farmed tropical marine shrimp, the fastest growing sector of the global aquaculture industry. It is significant in supporting rural livelihoods and alleviating poverty in producing nations within Asia and Latin America while forming an increasing contribution to aquatic food supply in more developed countries. Nations with marine borders often also support important marine fisheries for crustaceans that are regionally traded as live animals and commodity products. A general separation of net producing and net consuming nations for crustacean seafood has created a truly globalised food industry. Projections for increasing global demand for seafood in the face of level or declining fisheries requires continued expansion and intensification of aquaculture while ensuring best utilisation of captured stocks. Furthermore, continued pressure from consuming nations to ensure safe products for human consumption are being augmented by additional legislative requirements for animals (and their products) to be of low disease status. As a consequence, increasing emphasis is being placed on enforcement of regulations and better governance of the sector; currently this is a challenge in light of a fragmented industry and less stringent regulations associated with animal disease within producer nations. Current estimates predict that up to 40% of tropical shrimp production (>$3bn) is lost annually, mainly due to viral pathogens for which standard preventative measures (e.g. such as vaccination) are not feasible. In light of this problem, new approaches are urgently required to enhance yield by improving broodstock and larval sourcing, promoting best management practices by farmer outreach and supporting cutting-edge research that aims to harness the natural abilities of invertebrates to mitigate assault from pathogens (e.g. the use of RNA interference therapeutics). In terms of fisheries losses associated with disease, key issues are centred on mortality and quality degradation in the post-capture phase, largely due to poor grading and handling by fishers and the industry chain. Occurrence of disease in wild crustaceans is also widely reported, with some indications that climatic changes may be increasing susceptibility to important pathogens (e.g. the parasite Hematodinium). However, despite improvements in field and laboratory diagnostics, defining population-level effects of disease in these fisheries remains elusive. Coordination of disease specialists with fisheries scientists will be required to understand current and future impacts of existing and emergent diseases on wild stocks. Overall, the increasing demand for crustacean seafood in light of these issues signals a clear warning for the future sustainability of this global industry. The linking together of global experts in the culture, capture and trading of crustaceans with pathologists, epidemiologists, ecologists, therapeutics specialists and policy makers in the field of food security will allow these issues to be better identified and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Stentiford
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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