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Kishi T. Clarification of hypertension mechanisms provided by the research of central circulatory regulation. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1908-1916. [PMID: 37277436 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sympathoexcitation, under the regulatory control of the brain, plays a pivotal role in the etiology of hypertension. Within the brainstem, significant structures involved in the modulation of sympathetic nerve activity include the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and paraventricular nucleus (paraventricular). The RVLM, in particular, is recognized as the vasomotor center. Over the past five decades, fundamental investigations on central circulatory regulation have underscored the involvement of nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin system, and brain inflammation in regulating the sympathetic nervous system. Notably, numerous significant findings have come to light through chronic experiments conducted in conscious subjects employing radio-telemetry systems, gene transfer techniques, and knockout methodologies. Our research has centered on elucidating the role of NO and angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor-induced oxidative stress within the RVLM and NTS in regulating the sympathetic nervous system. Additionally, we have observed that various orally administered AT1 receptor blockers effectively induce sympathoinhibition by reducing oxidative stress via blockade of the AT1 receptor in the RVLM of hypertensive rats. Recent advances have witnessed the development of several clinical interventions targeting brain mechanisms. Nonetheless, Future and further basic and clinical research are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kishi
- Department of Graduate School of Medicine (Cardiology), International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Japan.
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2
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Cheng L, Correia MLDG. More Evidence Links Microglia and Neuroinflammation With Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:787-789. [PMID: 35815792 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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3
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Tate W, Walker M, Sweetman E, Helliwell A, Peppercorn K, Edgar C, Blair A, Chatterjee A. Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation in ME/CFS and Long COVID to Sustain Disease and Promote Relapses. Front Neurol 2022; 13:877772. [PMID: 35693009 PMCID: PMC9174654 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.877772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disease now well-documented as having arisen commonly from a viral infection, but also from other external stressors, like exposure to agricultural chemicals, other types of infection, surgery, or other severe stress events. Research has shown these events produce a systemic molecular inflammatory response and chronic immune activation and dysregulation. What has been more difficult to establish is the hierarchy of the physiological responses that give rise to the myriad of symptoms that ME/CFS patients experience, and why they do not resolve and are generally life-long. The severity of the symptoms frequently fluctuates through relapse recovery periods, with brain-centered symptoms of neuroinflammation, loss of homeostatic control, "brain fog" affecting cognitive ability, lack of refreshing sleep, and poor response to even small stresses. How these brain effects develop with ME/CFS from the initiating external effector, whether virus or other cause, is poorly understood and that is what our paper aims to address. We propose the hypothesis that following the initial stressor event, the subsequent systemic pathology moves to the brain via neurovascular pathways or through a dysfunctional blood-brain barrier (BBB), resulting in chronic neuroinflammation and leading to a sustained illness with chronic relapse recovery cycles. Signaling through recognized pathways from the brain back to body physiology is likely part of the process by which the illness cycle in the peripheral system is sustained and why healing does not occur. By contrast, Long COVID (Post-COVID-19 condition) is a very recent ME/CFS-like illness arising from the single pandemic virus, SARS-CoV-2. We believe the ME/CFS-like ongoing effects of Long COVID are arising by very similar mechanisms involving neuroinflammation, but likely with some unique signaling, resulting from the pathology of the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. The fact that there are very similar symptoms in both ongoing diseases, despite the diversity in the nature of the initial stressors, supports the concept of a similar dysfunctional CNS component common to both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Tate
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Max Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Eiren Sweetman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Amber Helliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katie Peppercorn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christina Edgar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anna Blair
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Wang M, Pan W, Xu Y, Zhang J, Wan J, Jiang H. Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3083-3094. [PMID: 35642214 PMCID: PMC9148574 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s350109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). In the CNS, microglia play an important role in the monitoring and intervention of synaptic and neuron-level activities. Interventions targeting microglia have been shown to improve the prognosis of various neurological diseases. Recently, studies have observed the activation of microglia in different cardiovascular diseases. In addition, different approaches that regulate the activity of microglia have been shown to modulate the incidence and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The change in autonomic nervous system activity after neuroinflammation may be a potential intermediate link between microglia and cardiovascular diseases. Here, in this review, we will discuss recent updates on the regulatory role of microglia in hypertension, myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. We propose that microglia serve as neuroimmune modulators and potential targets for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hong Jiang; Jun Wan, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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Han TH, Lee HW, Kang EA, Song MS, Lee SY, Ryu PD. Microglial activation induced by LPS mediates excitation of neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34814975 PMCID: PMC8728541 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are known to be activated in the hypothalamic para-ventricular nucleus (PVN) of rats with cardiovascular diseases. However, the exact role of microglial activation in the plasticity of presympathetic PVN neurons associated with the modulation of sympathetic outflow remains poorly investigated. In this study, we analyzed the direct link between microglial activation and spontaneous firing rate along with the underlying synaptic mechanisms in PVN neurons projecting to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Systemic injection of LPS induced microglial activation in the PVN, increased the frequency of spontaneous firing activity of PVN-RVLM neurons, reduced GABAergic inputs into these neurons, and increased plasma NE levels and heart rate. Systemic minocycline injection blocked all the observed LPS-induced effects. Our results indicate that LPS increases the firing rate and decreases GABAergic transmission in PVN-RVLM neurons associated with sympathetic outflow and the alteration is largely attributed to the activation of microglia. Our findings provide some insights into the role of microglial activation in regulating the activity of PVN-RVLM neurons associated with modulation of sympathetic outflow in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hee Han
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heow Won Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun A Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Seok Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - So Yeong Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Pan Dong Ryu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Coatl-Cuaya H, Tendilla-Beltrán H, de Jesús-Vásquez LM, Garcés-Ramírez L, Gómez-Villalobos MDJ, Flores G. Losartan enhances cognitive and structural neuroplasticity impairments in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 120:102061. [PMID: 34952137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a risk factor for vascular dementia, which is the second most prevalent type of dementia, just behind Alzheimer's disease. This highlights the brain vulnerability due to hypertension, which may increase with aging. Thus, studying how hypertension affects neural cells and behavior, as well as the effects of antihypertensives on these alterations, it's important to understand the hypertension consequences in the brain. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has been useful for the study of hypertension alterations in diverse organs, including the brain. Thus, we studied the losartan effects on cognitive and structural neuroplasticity impairments in SHR of 10 months of age. In the first instance, we evaluated the losartan effects on exploratory behavior and novel object recognition test (NORT) in the SHR. Then, we assessed the density and morphology of dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) layers 3 and 5, and CA1 of the dorsal Hp (dHp). Our results indicate that in SHR, losartan treatment (2 months, 15 mg/Kg/day) reduces high blood pressure to age-matched vehicle-treated Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat levels. Moreover, losartan improved long-term memory in SHR compared with age-matched vehicle-treated WKY rats, without affecting the locomotor and anxiety behaviors. The behavioral improvement of the SHR can be associated with the increase in the number of dendritic spines and the mushroom spine population in the PFC and the dHp. In conclusion, losartan enhances cognitive impairments by controlling the high blood pressure and improving neuroplasticity in animals with chronic hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Coatl-Cuaya
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico
| | - Hiram Tendilla-Beltrán
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico; Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Linda Garcés-Ramírez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Gonzalo Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, Mexico.
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Bhusal A, Rahman MH, Suk K. Hypothalamic inflammation in metabolic disorders and aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:32. [PMID: 34910246 PMCID: PMC11071926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a critical brain region for the regulation of energy homeostasis. Over the years, studies on energy metabolism primarily focused on the neuronal component of the hypothalamus. Studies have recently uncovered the vital role of glial cells as an additional player in energy balance regulation. However, their inflammatory activation under metabolic stress condition contributes to various metabolic diseases. The recruitment of monocytes and macrophages in the hypothalamus helps sustain such inflammation and worsens the disease state. Neurons were found to actively participate in hypothalamic inflammatory response by transmitting signals to the surrounding non-neuronal cells. This activation of different cell types in the hypothalamus leads to chronic, low-grade inflammation, impairing energy balance and contributing to defective feeding habits, thermogenesis, and insulin and leptin signaling, eventually leading to metabolic disorders (i.e., diabetes, obesity, and hypertension). The hypothalamus is also responsible for the causation of systemic aging under metabolic stress. A better understanding of the multiple factors contributing to hypothalamic inflammation, the role of the different hypothalamic cells, and their crosstalks may help identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the role of glial cells in establishing a cause-effect relationship between hypothalamic inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases. We also cover the role of other cell types and discuss the possibilities and challenges of targeting hypothalamic inflammation as a valid therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Yen PSY, Liu YC, Chu CH, Chen SL. Upregulation of Glutamatergic Receptors in Hippocampus and Locomotor Hyperactivity in Aged Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2205-2217. [PMID: 33954807 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have indicated that chronic hypertension may facilitate the progression of abnormal behavior, such as emotional irritability, hyperactivity, and attention impairment. However, the mechanism of how chronic hypertension affects the brain and neuronal function remains unclear. In this study, 58-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats were used. Their locomotor activity and neuronal function were assessed by the open field test, novel object, and Y maze recognition test. Moreover brain tissues were analyzed. We found that the aged SHR exhibited significant locomotor hyperactivity when compared to the WKY rats. However, there was no significant difference in novel object and novel arm recognition between aged SHR and the WKY rats. In the analysis of synaptic membrane protein, the expression of glutamatergic receptors, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor receptors subunits 2B (GluN2B) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor 1 (GluA1) in the hippocampus of SHR were significantly higher than those of WKY rats. In addition, in the synaptic membrane of SHR's hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a down-regulation of astrocytes was found, though the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) remained constant. Moreover, a down-regulation of microglia in the hippocampus and mPFC was seen in the SHR brain. Long-term exposure to high blood pressure causes upregulation of glutamate receptors. The upregulation of glutamatergic receptors in hippocampus may contribute to the hyper-locomotor activity of aged rodents and may as a therapeutic target in hypertension-induced irritability and hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Szu-Ying Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital (NCKU), NCKU, 100 Shiquan 1st Rd, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, NCKU, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Lan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, College of Medicine, KMU Hospital & MSc Program in Tropical Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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9
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Yang T, Chakraborty S, Mandal J, Mei X, Joe B. Microbiota and Metabolites as Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Regulation. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1731-1757. [PMID: 33792901 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of microbes has rapidly expanded in recent years due to a surge in our understanding that humans host a plethora of commensal microbes, which reside in their bodies and depending upon their composition, contribute to either normal physiology or pathophysiology. This article provides a general foundation for learning about host-commensal microbial interactions as an emerging area of research. The article is divided into two sections. The first section is dedicated to introducing commensal microbiota and its known effects on the host. The second section is on metabolites, which are biochemicals that the host and the microbes use for bi-directional communication with each other. Together, the sections review what is known about how microbes interact with the host to impact cardiovascular physiology, especially blood pressure regulation. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1731-1757, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Saroj Chakraborty
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Juthika Mandal
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Xue Mei
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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10
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Hirooka Y. Sympathetic Activation in Hypertension: Importance of the Central Nervous System. Am J Hypertens 2020; 33:914-926. [PMID: 32374869 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The central nervous system (CNS) organizes the sympathetic outflow and various inputs from the periphery. The brain renin-angiotensin system has been studied in various regions involved in controlling sympathetic outflow. Recent progress in cardiovascular research, particularly in vascular biology and neuroscience, as well as in traditional physiological approaches, has advanced the field of the neural control of hypertension in which the CNS plays a vital role. Cardiovascular research relating to hypertension has focused on the roles of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunity, and the network among various organs, including the heart, kidney, spleen, gut, and vasculature. The CNS mechanisms are similarly networked with these factors and are widely studied in neuroscience. In this review, I describe the development of the conceptual flow of this network in the field of hypertension on the basis of several important original research articles and discuss potential future breakthroughs leading to clinical precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hirooka
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa City, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hypertension and Heart Failure Center, Takagi Hospital, Okawa City, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Donertas Ayaz B, Zubcevic J. Gut microbiota and neuroinflammation in pathogenesis of hypertension: A potential role for hydrogen sulfide. Pharmacol Res 2020; 153:104677. [PMID: 32023431 PMCID: PMC7056572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and gut dysbiosis are hallmarks of hypertension (HTN). Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important freely diffusing molecule that modulates the function of neural, cardiovascular and immune systems, and circulating levels of H2S are reduced in animals and humans with HTN. While most research to date has focused on H₂S produced endogenously by the host, H2S is also produced by the gut bacteria and may affect the host homeostasis. Here, we review an association between neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis in HTN, with special emphasis on a potential role of H2S in this interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Donertas Ayaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Eskisehir Osmangazi, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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12
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Segiet A, Smykiewicz P, Kwiatkowski P, Żera T. Tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 10 in blood pressure regulation in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Cytokine 2019; 113:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Cohen EM, Mohammed S, Kavurma M, Nedoboy PE, Cartland S, Farnham MM, Pilowsky PM. Microglia in the RVLM of SHR have reduced P2Y12R and CX3CR1 expression, shorter processes, and lower cell density. Auton Neurosci 2019; 216:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Mi Y, Wu Q, Yuan W, Chen F, Du D. Role of microglia M1/M2 polarisation in the paraventricular nucleus: New insight into the development of stress-induced hypertension in rats. Auton Neurosci 2018; 213:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Cohen EM, Farnham MMJ, Kakall Z, Kim SJ, Nedoboy PE, Pilowsky PM. Glia and central cardiorespiratory pathology. Auton Neurosci 2018; 214:24-34. [PMID: 30172674 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiration and blood pressure are primarily controlled by somatic and autonomic motor neurones, respectively. Central cardiorespiratory control is critical in moment-to-moment survival, but it also has a role in the development and maintenance of chronic pathological conditions such as hypertension. The glial cells of the brain are non-neuronal cells with metabolic, immune, and developmental functions. Recent evidence shows that glia play an active role in supporting and regulating the neuronal circuitry which drives the cardiorespiratory system. Here we will review the activities of two key types of glial cell, microglia and astrocytes, in assisting normal central cardiorespiratory control and in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Myfanwy Cohen
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Melissa M J Farnham
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zohra Kakall
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Seung Jae Kim
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Polina E Nedoboy
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul M Pilowsky
- The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Wang L, Mu Z, Lin X, Geng J, Xiao TQ, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Guan Y, Yang GY. Simultaneous Imaging of Cerebrovascular Structure and Function in Hypertensive Rats Using Synchrotron Radiation Angiography. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:359. [PMID: 29163140 PMCID: PMC5673661 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension has a profound influence on the structure and function of blood vessels. Cerebral vessels undergo both structural and functional changes in hypertensive animals. However, dynamic changes of cerebrovasculature and the factors involved in this process are largely unknown. In this study, we explored the dynamic changes of vascular structure in hypertensive rats using novel synchrotron radiation angiography. Twenty-four spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 24 Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats underwent synchrotron radiation (SR) angiography. Each group had 8 animals. We studied the cerebral vascular changes in SHR over a time period of 3–12-month and performed quantitative analysis. No vascular morphology differences between SHR and SD rats were observed in the early stage of hypertension. The number of twisted blood vessels in the front brain significantly increased at the 9- and 12-month observation time-points in the SHR compared to the SD rats (p < 0.01). The vessel density of the cortex and the striatum in SHR was consistently higher than that in SD rats at time points of 3-, 9-, and 12-month (p < 0.001). Vascular elasticity decreased both in SHR and SD rats with aging. There were statistically significant differences in the relative vascular elasticity of extracranial/intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery and anterior cerebral artery between SHR and SD rats at 12-month (p < 0.01). We concluded that the dynamic vascular alterations detected by SR angiography provided novel imaging data for the study of hypertension in vivo. The longer the course of hypertension was, the more obvious the vascular differences between the SHR and the SD rats became.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihao Mu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieli Geng
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ti Qiao Xiao
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjing Guan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Pons H, Johnson RJ. Role of the Immune System in Hypertension. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1127-1164. [PMID: 28566539 PMCID: PMC6151499 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure is present in more than one billion adults worldwide and is the most important modifiable risk factor of death resulting from cardiovascular disease. While many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension, a role of the immune system has been firmly established by a large number of investigations from many laboratories around the world. Immunosuppressive drugs and inhibition of individual cytokines prevent or ameliorate experimental hypertension, and studies in genetically-modified mouse strains have demonstrated that lymphocytes are necessary participants in the development of hypertension and in hypertensive organ injury. Furthermore, immune reactivity may be the driving force of hypertension in autoimmune diseases. Infiltration of immune cells, oxidative stress, and stimulation of the intrarenal angiotensin system are induced by activation of the innate and adaptive immunity. High blood pressure results from the combined effects of inflammation-induced impairment in the pressure natriuresis relationship, dysfunctional vascular relaxation, and overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Imbalances between proinflammatory effector responses and anti-inflammatory responses of regulatory T cells to a large extent determine the severity of inflammation. Experimental and human studies have uncovered autoantigens (isoketal-modified proteins and heat shock protein 70) of potential clinical relevance. Further investigations on the immune reactivity in hypertension may result in the identification of new strategies for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Hector Pons
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Richard J Johnson
- Renal Service, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia, and Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela; and Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Anschutz Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Ogundele OM, Lee CC, Francis J. Age-dependent alterations to paraventricular nucleus insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor as a possible link between sympathoexcitation and inflammation. J Neurochem 2016; 139:706-721. [PMID: 27626839 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Modifications to neural circuits of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) have been implicated in sympathoexcitation and systemic cardiovascular dysfunction. However, to date, the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression on PVN pathophysiology is unknown. Using confocal immunofluorescence quantification and electrophysiological recordings from acute PVN slices, we investigated the mechanism through which age-dependent IGF-1R depletion contributes to the progression of inflammation and sympathoexcitation in the PVN of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Four and twenty weeks old SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used for this study. Our data showed that angiotensin I/II and pro-inflammatory high mobility box group protein 1 (HMGB1) exhibited increased expression in the PVN of SHR versus WKY at 4 weeks (p < 0.01), and were even more highly expressed with age in SHR (p < 0.001). This correlated with a significant decrease in IGF-1R expression, with age, in the PVN of SHR when compared with WKY (p < 0.001) and were accompanied by related changes in astrocytes and microglia. In subsequent analyses, we found an age-dependent change in the expression of proteins associated with IGF-1R signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses and synaptic function in the PVN. MAPK/ErK was more highly expressed in the PVN of SHR by the fourth week (p < 0.001; vs. WKY), while expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (p < 0.001) and calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II alpha (CamKIIα; p < 0.001) were significantly decreased by the 4th and 20th week, respectively. Age-dependent changes in MAPK/ErK expression in the PVN correlated with an increase in the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter (p < 0.001 vs. WKY), while decreased levels of CamKIIα was associated with a decreased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (p < 0.001) by the 20th week. In addition, reduced labeling for ϒ-aminobutyric acid in the PVN of SHR (p < 0.001) correlated with a decrease in neuronal nitric oxide synthase labeling (p < 0.001) when compared with the WKY by the 20th week. Electrophysiological recordings from neurons in acute slice preparations of the PVN of 4 weeks old SHR revealed spontaneous post-synaptic currents of higher frequency when compared with neurons from WKY PNV slices of the same age (p < 0.001; n = 14 cells). This also correlated with an increase in PSD-95 in the PVN of SHR when compared with the WKY (p < 0.001). Overall, we found an age-dependent reduction of IGF-1R, and related altered expression of associated downstream signaling molecules that may represent a link between the concurrent progression of synaptic dysfunction and inflammation in the PVN of SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan M Ogundele
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Charles C Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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