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Li J, Xu CQ, Song LY, Guo ZJ, Zhang LD, Tang HC, Wang JC, Song SW, Liu JW, Zhong YH, Chi BJ, Zhu XY, Zheng HL. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveal the differential tolerance mechanisms to low and high salinity in the roots of facultative halophyte Avicennia marina. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae082. [PMID: 38976033 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Mangroves perform a crucial ecological role along the tropical and subtropical coastal intertidal zone where salinity fluctuation occurs frequently. However, the differential responses of mangrove plant at the combined transcriptome and metabolome level to variable salinity are not well documented. In this study, we used Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., a pioneer species of mangrove wetlands and one of the most salt-tolerant mangroves, to investigate the differential salt tolerance mechanisms under low and high salinity using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that HAK8 was up-regulated and transported K+ into the roots under low salinity. However, under high salinity, AKT1 and NHX2 were strongly induced, which indicated the transport of K+ and Na+ compartmentalization to maintain ion homeostasis. In addition, A. marina tolerates low salinity by up-regulating ABA signaling pathway and accumulating more mannitol, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids' and L-ascorbic acid in the roots. Under high salinity, A. marina undergoes a more drastic metabolic network rearrangement in the roots, such as more L-ascorbic acid and oxiglutatione were up-regulated, while carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids were down-regulated in the roots, and, finally, glycolysis and TCA cycle were promoted to provide more energy to improve salt tolerance. Our findings suggest that the major salt tolerance traits in A. marina can be attributed to complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms, and show significant differences between low and high salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chao-Qun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ling-Yu Song
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ze-Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lu-Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- Houji Laboratory in Shanxi Province, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, China
| | - Han-Chen Tang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Shi-Wei Song
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Jing-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - You-Hui Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Bing-Jie Chi
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xue-Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of MOE, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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2
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Harris FM, Mou Z. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Systemic Signaling. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:308-327. [PMID: 37665354 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0104-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular damage inflicted by wounding, pathogen infection, and herbivory releases a variety of host-derived metabolites, degraded structural components, and peptides into the extracellular space that act as alarm signals when perceived by adjacent cells. These so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) function through plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors to regulate wound and immune responses. In plants, DAMPs act as elicitors themselves, often inducing immune outputs such as calcium influx, reactive oxygen species generation, defense gene expression, and phytohormone signaling. Consequently, DAMP perception results in a priming effect that enhances resistance against subsequent pathogen infections. Alongside their established function in local tissues, recent evidence supports a critical role of DAMP signaling in generation and/or amplification of mobile signals that induce systemic immune priming. Here, we summarize the identity, signaling, and synergy of proposed and established plant DAMPs, with a focus on those with published roles in systemic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Zhonglin Mou
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110700, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Ali S, Tyagi A, Park S, Bae H. Understanding the mechanobiology of phytoacoustics through molecular Lens: Mechanisms and future perspectives. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00398-3. [PMID: 38101748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How plants emit, perceive, and respond to sound vibrations (SVs) is a long-standing question in the field of plant sensory biology. In recent years, there have been numerous studies on how SVs affect plant morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits related to growth and adaptive responses. For instance, under drought SVs navigate plant roots towards water, activate their defence responses against stressors, and increase nectar sugar in response to pollinator SVs. Also, plants emit SVs during stresses which are informative in terms of ecological and adaptive perspective. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the SV perception and emission in plants remain largely unknown. Therefore, deciphering the complexity of plant-SV interactions and identifying bonafide receptors and signaling players will be game changers overcoming the roadblocks in phytoacoustics. AIM OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent developments in phytoacoustics. We primarily focuss on SV signal perception and transduction with current challenges and future perspectives. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Timeline breakthroughs in phytoacoustics have constantly shaped our understanding and belief that plants may emit and respond to SVs like other species. However, unlike other plant mechanostimuli, little is known about SV perception and signal transduction. Here, we provide an update on phytoacoustics and its ecological importance. Next, we discuss the role of cell wall receptor-like kinases, mechanosensitive channels, intracellular organelle signaling, and other key players involved in plant-SV receptive pathways that connect them. We also highlight the role of calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormones, and other emerging signaling molecules in SV signal transduction. Further, we discuss the importance of molecular, biophysical, computational, and live cell imaging tools for decoding the molecular complexity of acoustic signaling in plants. Finally, we summarised the role of SV priming in plants and discuss how SVs could modulate plant defense and growth trade-offs during other stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suvin Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Li X, Zhu T, Wang X, Zhu M. Genome-wide identification of glutamate receptor-like gene family in soybean. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21655. [PMID: 38027661 PMCID: PMC10651524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like genes (GLRs) are essential in the growth and development of plants and many physiological and biochemical processes; however, related information in soybean is lacking. In this study, 105 GLRs, including 67 Glycine soja and 38 Glycine max GLRs, were identified and divided into two clades (Clades II and III) according to their phylogenetic relationships. GLR members in the same branch had a relatively conservative motif composition and genetic structure. Furthermore, the soybean GLR family mainly experienced purification selection during evolution. Cis-acting element analysis, gene ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomic annotations indicated the complexity of the gene regulation and functional diversity of the soybean GLR. Moreover, transcriptome data analysis showed that these GLRs had different expression profiles in different tissues, and Clade III members had higher and more common expression patterns. Additionally, the expression profiles under jasmonic acid treatment and salt stress indicate that the GLR participated in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway and plays a role in salt treatment. This study provides information for a comprehensive understanding of the soybean GLR family and a reference for further functional research and genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, China
| | - Tianhao Zhu
- College of Mathematical Sciences, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuying Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, China
| | - Miao Zhu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, China
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Krzeszowiec W, Lewandowska A, Lyczakowski JJ, Bebko K, Scholz SS, Gabryś H. Two types of GLR channels cooperate differently in light and dark growth of Arabidopsis seedlings. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:358. [PMID: 37442951 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLutamate Receptor-like (GLR) channels are multimeric, ionotropic, ligand-gated plant transmembrane receptors. They are homologous to mammalian glutamate receptors, iGLuRs, which are critical to neuronal function. GLRs have been reported several times to play a role in photomorphogenesis. However, to date, no study has looked at the mechanism of their involvement in this process. Here we focused on examining the impact of GLRs on the regulation of early seedling growth in blue light, red light, and in the dark. RESULTS Wild type and six photoreceptor mutant seedlings were grown on media supplemented with known iGLuR/GLR channel antagonists: MK-801, which non-competitively blocks NMDA channels in mammalian cells, and CNQX, known for competitive blocking of AMPA channels in mammalian cells. The lengths of hypocotyls and roots were measured in seedlings of phyA, phyB, phot1, phot2, cry1, and cry2 mutants after 7 days of in vitro culture. Changes in growth parameters, both in light and in darkness upon application of chemical antagonists, show that both types of GLR channels, NMDA-like and AMPA-like, are involved in the regulation of seedling growth irrespective of light conditions. Analysis of seedling growth of photoreceptor mutants indicates that the channels are influenced by signaling from phot1, phot2, and cry1. To extend our analysis, we also evaluated the elicitation of a calcium wave, which is likely to be partially driven by GLRs, in Arabidopsis seedlings. The changes in cellobiose-induced calcium waves observed after applying GLR inhibitors suggest that both types of channels likely cooperate in shaping Arabidopsis seedling growth and development. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides the first experimental evidence that two types of GLR channels function in plants: NMDA-like and AMPA-like. We also demonstrate that the channels are involved in seedling growth and development, at least partially through modulation of calcium signaling, but they are unlikely to play a major role in photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Krzeszowiec
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Lewandowska
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Jan Jakub Lyczakowski
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Kateryna Bebko
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
| | - Sandra S Scholz
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków, 30-387, Poland
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Naz R, Khan A, Alghamdi BS, Ashraf GM, Alghanmi M, Ahmad A, Bashir SS, Haq QMR. An Insight into Animal Glutamate Receptors Homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana and Their Potential Applications-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192580. [PMID: 36235446 PMCID: PMC9572488 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Most excitatory impulses received by neurons are mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These receptors are located at the apex and play an important role in memory, neuronal development, and synaptic plasticity. These receptors are ligand-dependent ion channels that allow a wide range of cations to pass through. Glutamate, a neurotransmitter, activates three central ionotropic receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA), -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA), and kainic acid (KA). According to the available research, excessive glutamate release causes neuronal cell death and promotes neurodegenerative disorders. Arabidopsis thaliana contains 20 glutamate receptor genes (AtGluR) comparable to the human ionotropic glutamate (iGluRs) receptor. Many studies have proved that AtGL-rec genes are involved in a number of plant growth and physiological activities, such as in the germination of seeds, roots, abiotic and biotic stress, and cell signaling, which clarify the place of these genes in plant biology. In spite of these, the iGluRs, Arabidopsis glutamate receptors (AtGluR), is associated with the ligand binding activity, which confirms the evolutionary relationship between animal and plant glutamate receptors. Along with the above activities, the impact of mammalian agonists and antagonists on Arabidopsis suggests a correlation between plant and animal glutamate receptors. In addition, these glutamate receptors (plant/animal) are being utilized for the early detection of neurogenerative diseases using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach. However, a number of scientific laboratories and institutes are consistently working on glutamate receptors with different aspects. Currently, we are also focusing on Arabidopsis glutamate receptors. The current review is focused on updating knowledge on AtGluR genes, their evolution, functions, and expression, and as well as in comparison with iGluRs. Furthermore, a high throughput approach based on FRET nanosensors developed for understanding neurotransmitter signaling in animals and plants via glutamate receptors has been discussed. The updated information will aid in the future comprehension of the complex molecular dynamics of glutamate receptors and the exploration of new facts in plant/animal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruphi Naz
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maimonah Alghanmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Yu B, Wu Q, Li X, Zeng R, Min Q, Huang J. GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-like gene OsGLR3.4 is required for plant growth and systemic wound signaling in rice (Oryza sativa). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1238-1256. [PMID: 34767648 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the physiological roles of glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) in Arabidopsis; however, the functions of GLRs in rice remain largely unknown. Here, we show that knockout of OsGLR3.4 in rice leads to brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated growth defects and reduced BR sensitivity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient transactivation assays indicated that OsGLR3.4 is the downstream target of OsBZR1. Further, agonist profile assays showed that multiple amino acids can trigger transient Ca2+ influx in an OsGLR3.4-dependent manner, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is a Ca2+ -permeable channel. Meanwhile, the study of internode cells demonstrated that OsGLR3.4-mediated Ca2+ flux is required for actin filament organization and vesicle trafficking. Following root injury, the triggering of both slow wave potentials (SWPs) in leaves and the jasmonic acid (JA) response are impaired in osglr3.4 mutants, indicating that OsGLR3.4 is required for root-to-shoot systemic wound signaling in rice. Brassinosteroid treatment enhanced SWPs and OsJAZ8 expression in root-wounded plants, suggesting that BR signaling synergistically regulates the OsGLR3.4-mediated systemic wound response. In summary, this article describes a mechanism of OsGLR3.4-mediated cell elongation and long-distance systemic wound signaling in plants and provides new insights into the contribution of GLRs to plant growth and responses to mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongfeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Min
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
| | - Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, China
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Wang PH, Lee CE, Lin YS, Lee MH, Chen PY, Chang HC, Chang IF. The Glutamate Receptor-Like Protein GLR3.7 Interacts With 14-3-3ω and Participates in Salt Stress Response in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1169. [PMID: 31632419 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01169/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated cation channels that mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a family of 20 glutamate receptor-like proteins (GLRs) shares similarities to animal iGluRs in sequence and predicted secondary structure. However, the function of GLRs in plants is little known. In the present study, a serine site (Ser-860) of AtGLR3.7 phosphorylated by a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) was identified and confirmed by an in vitro kinase assay. Using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation and quartz crystal microbalance analyses, the physical interaction between AtGLR3.7 and the 14-3-3ω protein was confirmed. The mutation of Ser-860 to alanine abolished this interaction, indicating that Ser-860 is the 14-3-3ω binding site of AtGLR3.7. Compared with wild type, seed germination of the glr3.7-2 mutant was more sensitive to salt stress. However, the primary root growth of GLR3.7-S860A overexpression lines was less sensitive to salt stress than that of the wild-type line. In addition, the increase of cytosolic calcium ion concentration by salt stress was significantly lower in the glr3.7-2 mutant line than in the wild-type line. Moreover, association of 14-3-3 proteins to microsomal fractions was less in GLR3.7-S860A overexpression lines than in GLR3.7 overexpression line under 150 mM NaCl salt stress condition. Overall, our results indicated that GLR3.7 is involved in salt stress response in A. thaliana by affecting calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsun Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sin Lin
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Lapeikaite I, Dragunaite U, Pupkis V, Ruksenas O, Kisnieriene V. Asparagine alters action potential parameters in single plant cell. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:511-519. [PMID: 30291442 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effect of amino acid L-asparagine on electrical signalling of single Nitellopsis obtusa (Characeaen) cell was investigated using glass-microelectrode technique in current-clamp and voltage-clamp modes. Cell exposure for 30 min to 0.1 mM and 1 mM of asparagine resulted in changes of electrically stimulated action potential (AP) parameters in comparison to standard conditions. Results indicate that asparagine acts in dose-dependent manner: increases AP amplitude by hyperpolarizing AP threshold potential (Eth), prolongs action potential repolarization, increases maximum Cl- efflux amplitude along with the increase of activation and inactivation durations. Presented findings provide new aspects of exogenous amino acids' effect on plants' electrical signalling with emphasis on separate single plant cell excitability and AP characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Lapeikaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ugne Dragunaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilmantas Pupkis
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Kisnieriene
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Ave. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
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10
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Wang L, Stacey G, Leblanc-Fournier N, Legué V, Moulia B, Davies JM. Early Extracellular ATP Signaling in Arabidopsis Root Epidermis: A Multi-Conductance Process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1064. [PMID: 31552068 PMCID: PMC6737080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is an important extracellular signaling agent, operating in growth regulation, stomatal conductance, and wound response. With the first receptor for extracellular ATP now identified in plants (P2K1/DORN1) and a plasma membrane NADPH oxidase revealed as its target, the search continues for the components of the signaling cascades they command. The Arabidopsis root elongation zone epidermal plasma membrane has recently been shown to contain cation transport pathways (channel conductances) that operate downstream of P2K1 and could contribute to extracellular ATP (eATP) signaling. Here, patch clamp electrophysiology has been used to delineate two further conductances from the root elongation zone epidermal plasma membrane that respond to eATP, including one that would permit chloride transport. This perspective addresses how these conductances compare to those previously characterized in roots and how they might operate together to enable early events in eATP signaling, including elevation of cytosolic-free calcium as a second messenger. The role of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could arise from eATP's activation of NADPH oxidases is considered in a qualitative model that also considers the regulation of plasma membrane potential by the concerted action of the various cation and anion conductances. The molecular identities of the channel conductances in eATP signaling remain enigmatic but may yet be found in the multigene families of glutamate receptor-like channels, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, annexins, and aluminum-activated malate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Valérie Legué
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Julia M. Davies,
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Michmizos D, Hilioti Z. A roadmap towards a functional paradigm for learning & memory in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 232:209-215. [PMID: 30537608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the acquisition, processing and storage of empirical information can result in the modification of their behavior according to the nature of the stimulus, and yet this area of research remained relatively understudied until recently. As the body of evidence supporting the inclusion of plants among the higher organisms demonstrating the adaptations to accomplish these tasks keeps increasing, the resistance by traditional botanists and agricultural scientists, who were at first cautious in allowing the application of animal models onto plant physiology and development, subsides. However, the debate retains much of its heat, a good part of it originating from the controversial use of nervous system terms to describe plant processes. By focusing on the latest findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the well established processes of Learning and Memory, recognizing what has been accomplished and what remains to be explored, and without seeking to bootstrap neuronal characteristics where none are to be found, a roadmap guiding towards a comprehensive paradigm for Learning and Memory in plants begins to emerge. Meanwhile the applications of the new field of Plant Gnosophysiology look as promising as ever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Michmizos
- Dept. of Agriculture, Crop Production & Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokos st, Volos, Magnesia, 384 46, Greece.
| | - Zoe Hilioti
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research & Technology (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
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Wang PH, Lee CE, Lin YS, Lee MH, Chen PY, Chang HC, Chang IF. The Glutamate Receptor-Like Protein GLR3.7 Interacts With 14-3-3ω and Participates in Salt Stress Response in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1169. [PMID: 31632419 PMCID: PMC6779109 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated cation channels that mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a family of 20 glutamate receptor-like proteins (GLRs) shares similarities to animal iGluRs in sequence and predicted secondary structure. However, the function of GLRs in plants is little known. In the present study, a serine site (Ser-860) of AtGLR3.7 phosphorylated by a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) was identified and confirmed by an in vitro kinase assay. Using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation and quartz crystal microbalance analyses, the physical interaction between AtGLR3.7 and the 14-3-3ω protein was confirmed. The mutation of Ser-860 to alanine abolished this interaction, indicating that Ser-860 is the 14-3-3ω binding site of AtGLR3.7. Compared with wild type, seed germination of the glr3.7-2 mutant was more sensitive to salt stress. However, the primary root growth of GLR3.7-S860A overexpression lines was less sensitive to salt stress than that of the wild-type line. In addition, the increase of cytosolic calcium ion concentration by salt stress was significantly lower in the glr3.7-2 mutant line than in the wild-type line. Moreover, association of 14-3-3 proteins to microsomal fractions was less in GLR3.7-S860A overexpression lines than in GLR3.7 overexpression line under 150 mM NaCl salt stress condition. Overall, our results indicated that GLR3.7 is involved in salt stress response in A. thaliana by affecting calcium signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsun Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-En Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sin Lin
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Man-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ing-Feng Chang,
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Demidchik V, Shabala S, Isayenkov S, Cuin TA, Pottosin I. Calcium transport across plant membranes: mechanisms and functions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:49-69. [PMID: 29916203 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 49 I. Introduction 49 II. Physiological and structural characteristics of plant Ca2+ -permeable ion channels 50 III. Ca2+ extrusion systems 61 IV. Concluding remarks 64 Acknowledgements 64 References 64 SUMMARY: Calcium is an essential structural, metabolic and signalling element. The physiological functions of Ca2+ are enabled by its orchestrated transport across cell membranes, mediated by Ca2+ -permeable ion channels, Ca2+ -ATPases and Ca2+ /H+ exchangers. Bioinformatics analysis has not determined any Ca2+ -selective filters in plant ion channels, but electrophysiological tests do reveal Ca2+ conductances in plant membranes. The biophysical characteristics of plant Ca2+ conductances have been studied in detail and were recently complemented by molecular genetic approaches. Plant Ca2+ conductances are mediated by several families of ion channels, including cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), ionotropic glutamate receptors, two-pore channel 1 (TPC1), annexins and several types of mechanosensitive channels. Key Ca2+ -mediated reactions (e.g. sensing of temperature, gravity, touch and hormones, and cell elongation and guard cell closure) have now been associated with the activities of specific subunits from these families. Structural studies have demonstrated a unique selectivity filter in TPC1, which is passable for hydrated divalent cations. The hypothesis of a ROS-Ca2+ hub is discussed, linking Ca2+ transport to ROS generation. CNGC inactivation by cytosolic Ca2+ , leading to the termination of Ca2+ signals, is now mechanistically explained. The structure-function relationships of Ca2+ -ATPases and Ca2+ /H+ exchangers, and their regulation and physiological roles are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, 4 Independence Avenue, Minsk, 220030, Belarus
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Professora Popova Street, St Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Stanislav Isayenkov
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 2a Osipovskogo Street, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine
| | - Tracey A Cuin
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Avenida 25 de julio 965, Colima, 28045, Mexico
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De Vriese K, Costa A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Pharmacological Strategies for Manipulating Plant Ca 2+ Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1506. [PMID: 29783646 PMCID: PMC5983822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium is one of the most pleiotropic second messengers in all living organisms. However, signalling specificity is encoded via spatio-temporally regulated signatures that act with surgical precision to elicit highly specific cellular responses. How this is brought about remains a big challenge in the plant field, in part due to a lack of specific tools to manipulate/interrogate the plant Ca2+ toolkit. In many cases, researchers resort to tools that were optimized in animal cells. However, the obviously large evolutionary distance between plants and animals implies that there is a good chance observed effects may not be specific to the intended plant target. Here, we provide an overview of pharmacological strategies that are commonly used to activate or inhibit plant Ca2+ signalling. We focus on highlighting modes of action where possible, and warn for potential pitfalls. Together, this review aims at guiding plant researchers through the Ca2+ pharmacology swamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
- Instititute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Korea.
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15
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Wudick MM, Michard E, Oliveira Nunes C, Feijó JA. Comparing Plant and Animal Glutamate Receptors: Common Traits but Different Fates? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4976335. [PMID: 29684179 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated channels whose evolution is intimately linked to the one of the nervous system, where the agonist glutamate and co-agonists glycine/D-serine act as neuro-transmitters or -modulators. While iGluRs are specialized in neuronal communication, plant glutamate receptor-like (GLR) homologues have evolved many plant-specific physiological functions, such as sperm signaling in moss, pollen tube growth, root meristem proliferation, innate immune and wound responses. GLRs have been associated with Ca2+ signaling by directly channeling its extracellular influx into the cytosol. Nevertheless, very limited information on functional properties of GLRs is available, and we mostly rely on structure/function data obtained for animal iGluRs to interpret experimental results obtained for plant GLRs. Yet, a deeper characterization and better understanding of plant GLRs is progressively unveiling original and different mode of functions when compared to their mammalian counterparts. Here, we review the function of plant GLRs comparing their predicted structure and physiological roles to the well-documented ones of iGluRs. We conclude that interpreting GLR function based on comparison to their animal counterparts calls for caution, especially when presuming physiological roles and mode of action for plant GLRs from comparison to iGluRs in peripheral, non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Wudick
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
| | - Erwan Michard
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
| | | | - José A Feijó
- University of Maryland Dept. of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, MD, U.S.A
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16
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Keisham M, Mukherjee S, Bhatla SC. Mechanisms of Sodium Transport in Plants-Progresses and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E647. [PMID: 29495332 PMCID: PMC5877508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of sodium (Na⁺) influx, effective compartmentalization, and efflux in higher plants is crucial to manipulate Na⁺ accumulation and assure the maintenance of low Na⁺ concentration in the cytosol and, hence, plant tolerance to salt stress. Na⁺ influx across the plasma membrane in the roots occur mainly via nonselective cation channels (NSCCs). Na⁺ is compartmentalized into vacuoles by Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers (NHXs). Na⁺ efflux from the plant roots is mediated by the activity of Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters catalyzed by the salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1) protein. In animals, ouabain (OU)-sensitive Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase (a P-type ATPase) mediates sodium efflux. The evolution of P-type ATPases in higher plants does not exclude the possibility of sodium efflux mechanisms similar to the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase-dependent mechanisms characteristic of animal cells. Using novel fluorescence imaging and spectrofluorometric methodologies, an OU-sensitive sodium efflux system has recently been reported to be physiologically active in roots. This review summarizes and analyzes the current knowledge on Na⁺ influx, compartmentalization, and efflux in higher plants in response to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Keisham
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal 742213, India.
| | - Satish C Bhatla
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Chen J, Jing Y, Zhang X, Li L, Wang P, Zhang S, Zhou H, Wu J. Evolutionary and Expression Analysis Provides Evidence for the Plant Glutamate-like Receptors Family is Involved in Woody Growth-related Function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32013. [PMID: 27554066 PMCID: PMC4995503 DOI: 10.1038/srep32013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-like receptors (GLRs) is a highly conserved family of ligand-gated ion channels, which have been associated with various physiological and developmental processes. Here, we investigated the evolutionary pattern of GLRs in plants. We observed that tandem duplications occupied the largest proportion of the plant GLR gene family expansion. Based on a phylogenetic tree, we suggested a new subfamily, GLR4, which is widespread in angiosperm but absence on Brassicales. Meanwhile, because GLR1 and GLR2 subfamilies were potential sister clades, we combined them into the GLR1&2 subfamily. A comparative analysis of plant GLR subfamilies revealed that selective forces shaped the GLR1&2 repertoires in the stems of eudicotyledons with distinct functional preferences. Moreover, GLR1&2 formed a species-specific highwoody-expanded subfamily, with preferential expression in the cambial-enriched and shoot apical meristem fractions of the highwood species. Together, these findings lay the foundation for evolutionary analysis of plant GLRs over the entire plant timescale and identified unique targets for manipulating the woody-growth behaviours of plant GLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Chen
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yinghui Jing
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Leiting Li
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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18
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Wagner S, De Bortoli S, Schwarzländer M, Szabò I. Regulation of mitochondrial calcium in plants versus animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3809-29. [PMID: 27001920 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ca(2+) acts as an important cellular second messenger in eukaryotes. In both plants and animals, a wide variety of environmental and developmental stimuli trigger Ca(2+) transients of a specific signature that can modulate gene expression and metabolism. In animals, mitochondrial energy metabolism has long been considered a hotspot of Ca(2+) regulation, with a range of pathophysiology linked to altered Ca(2+) control. Recently, several molecular players involved in mitochondrial Ca(2+) signalling have been identified, including those of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter. Despite strong evidence for sophisticated Ca(2+) regulation in plant mitochondria, the picture has remained much less clear. This is currently changing aided by live imaging and genetic approaches which allow dissection of subcellular Ca(2+) dynamics and identification of the proteins involved. We provide an update on our current understanding in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) and signalling by comparing work in plants and animals. The significance of mitochondrial Ca(2+) control is discussed in the light of the specific metabolic and energetic needs of plant and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sara De Bortoli
- Department of Biology and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Plant Energy Biology Lab, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Le Deunff E, Lecourt J. Non-specificity of ethylene inhibitors: 'double-edged' tools to find out new targets involved in the root morphogenetic programme. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:353-61. [PMID: 26434926 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, genetic and pharmacological approaches have been used to explore ethylene biosynthesis and perception in order to study the role of ethylene and ethylene/auxin interaction in root architecture development. However, recent findings with pharmacological approaches highlight the non-specificity of commonly used inhibitors. This suggests that caution is required for interpreting these studies and that the use of pharmacological agents is a 'double-edged' tool. On one hand, non-specific effects make interpretation difficult unless other experiments, such as with different mutants or with multiple diversely acting chemicals, are conducted. On the other hand, the non-specificity of inhibitors opens up the possibility of uncovering some ligands or modulators of new receptors such as plant glutamate-like receptors and importance of some metabolic hubs in carbon and nitrogen metabolism such as the pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis involved in the regulation of the root morphogenetic programme. Identification of such targets is a critical issue to improve the efficiency of absorption of macronutrients in relation to root the morphogenetic programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Le Deunff
- Normandie Université, UMR EVA, F-14032, Caen cedex, France
- INRA, UMR 950, Écophysiologie Végétale & Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, INRA F-14032 Caen cedex, France
| | - J Lecourt
- East Malling Research, East Malling, Kent, UK
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20
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Carraretto L, Checchetto V, De Bortoli S, Formentin E, Costa A, Szabó I, Teardo E. Calcium Flux across Plant Mitochondrial Membranes: Possible Molecular Players. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:354. [PMID: 27065186 PMCID: PMC4814809 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants, being sessile organisms, have evolved the ability to integrate external stimuli into metabolic and developmental signals. A wide variety of signals, including abiotic, biotic, and developmental stimuli, were observed to evoke specific spatio-temporal Ca(2+) transients which are further transduced by Ca(2+) sensor proteins into a transcriptional and metabolic response. Most of the research on Ca(2+) signaling in plants has been focused on the transport mechanisms for Ca(2+) across the plasma- and the vacuolar membranes as well as on the components involved in decoding of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signals, but how intracellular organelles such as mitochondria are involved in the process of Ca(2+) signaling is just emerging. The combination of the molecular players and the elicitors of Ca(2+) signaling in mitochondria together with newly generated detection systems for measuring organellar Ca(2+) concentrations in plants has started to provide fruitful grounds for further discoveries. In the present review we give an updated overview of the currently identified/hypothesized pathways, such as voltage-dependent anion channels, homologs of the mammalian mitochondrial uniporter (MCU), LETM1, a plant glutamate receptor family member, adenine nucleotide/phosphate carriers and the permeability transition pore (PTP), that may contribute to the transport of Ca(2+) across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes in plants. We briefly discuss the relevance of the mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis for ensuring optimal bioenergetic performance of this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Checchetto
- Department of Biology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
| | | | - Elide Formentin
- Department of Biology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of FerraraFerrara, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of MilanMilan, Italy
- CNR, Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicercheMilan, Italy
| | - Ildikó Szabó
- Department of Biology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeurosciencesPadova, Italy
| | - Enrico Teardo
- Department of Biology, University of PadovaPadova, Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeurosciencesPadova, Italy
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Singh SK, Chien CT, Chang IF. The Arabidopsis glutamate receptor-like gene GLR3.6 controls root development by repressing the Kip-related protein gene KRP4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1853-1869. [PMID: 26773810 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, 20 genes encode putative glutamate receptor-like proteins (AtGLRs). However, the functions of most genes are unknown. In this study, our results revealed that loss of function of AtGLR3.6 (atglr3.6-1) leads to reduced primary root growth and fewer lateral roots, whereas AtGLR3.6 overexpression induced both primary and lateral root growth. The glr3.6-1 mutant exhibited a smaller root meristem size compared with the wild type, indicating that AtGLR3.6 controls root meristem size. In addition, atglr3.6-1 roots show a decreased mitotic activity accounting for the reduced root meristem size. Furthermore, expression of a gene encoding a cell cycle inhibitor, the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor Kip-related protein 4 (KRP4), was significantly up-regulated in the mutant and down-regulated in AtGLR3.6-overexpressing roots, suggesting a role for KRP4 in AtGLR3.6-mediated root meristem maintenance. Importantly, the atglr3.6-1 mutant recovered most of its root growth when KRP4 expression is down-regulated, whereas elevated KRP4 expression in AtGLR3.6-overexpressing plants phenocopied the wild-type root growth, implying an underlying relationship between AtGLR3.6 and KRP4 genes. Cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation is reduced in atglr3.6-1 roots, suggesting impaired calcium signaling. Moreover, calcium treatment reduced the level of KRP4 and hence induced root growth. Collectively, we reveal that AtGLR3.6 is required for primary and lateral root development, and KRP4 functions as a downstream signaling element in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Singh
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Te Chien
- Division of Silviculture, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, 53 Nan-Hai Road, Taipei 10066, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Feng Chang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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22
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Houmani H, J Corpas F. Differential responses to salt-induced oxidative stress in three phylogenetically related plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana (glycophyte), Thellungiella salsuginea and Cakile maritima (halophytes). Involvement of ROS and NO in the control of K+/Na+ homeostasis. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2016.3.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Weiland M, Mancuso S, Baluska F. Signalling via glutamate and GLRs in Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 43:1-25. [PMID: 32480438 DOI: 10.1071/fp15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (L. Heynh.) contains 20 coding sequences for homologues of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors. These glutamate receptor-like receptors act as sensors and mediators of a multitude of exogenous as well as endogenous signals and are found in all analysed plant species. Their molecular structure clearly indicates a function as integral membrane proteins with a ligand-gated ion channel activity. Altered gene expressions and the occurrence of mRNA splice variants confer a high flexibility on the gene as well as on the RNA level. An individual glutamate receptor of A. thaliana is able to bind two different ligands (most probable amino acids and their derivatives), whereas a functional receptor complex is likely to consist of four single proteins. These features enable an immense number of sensitivities against various local and temporal stimuli. This review encompasses the last 15 years of research concerning glutamate signalling and glutamate receptors in plants. It is aimed at summarising their major characteristics and involvements to obtain a broader and farer reaching perspective of these fundamental components of plant signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Weiland
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science, University of Florence, Viale delle Idee 30, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Frantisek Baluska
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Teardo E, Carraretto L, De Bortoli S, Costa A, Behera S, Wagner R, Lo Schiavo F, Formentin E, Szabo I. Alternative splicing-mediated targeting of the Arabidopsis GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR3.5 to mitochondria affects organelle morphology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:216-27. [PMID: 25367859 PMCID: PMC4280996 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of 20 genes encoding for putative ionotropic glutamate receptors in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome, there has been considerable interest in uncovering their physiological functions. For many of these receptors, neither their channel formation and/or physiological roles nor their localization within the plant cells is known. Here, we provide, to our knowledge, new information about in vivo protein localization and give insight into the biological roles of the so-far uncharacterized Arabidopsis GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR3.5 (AtGLR3.5), a member of subfamily 3 of plant glutamate receptors. Using the pGREAT vector designed for the expression of fusion proteins in plants, we show that a splicing variant of AtGLR3.5 targets the inner mitochondrial membrane, while the other variant localizes to chloroplasts. Mitochondria of knockout or silenced plants showed a strikingly altered ultrastructure, lack of cristae, and swelling. Furthermore, using a genetically encoded mitochondria-targeted calcium probe, we measured a slightly reduced mitochondrial calcium uptake capacity in the knockout mutant. These observations indicate a functional expression of AtGLR3.5 in this organelle. Furthermore, AtGLR3.5-less mutant plants undergo anticipated senescence. Our data thus represent, to our knowledge, the first evidence of splicing-regulated organellar targeting of a plant ion channel and identify the first cation channel in plant mitochondria from a molecular point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Teardo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
| | - Luca Carraretto
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
| | - Sara De Bortoli
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
| | - Smrutisanjita Behera
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
| | - Richard Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
| | - Fiorella Lo Schiavo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
| | - Elide Formentin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy (E.T., L.C., S.D.B., F.L.S., E.F., I.S.);Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy (A.C., S.B.); andBiophysics, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrueck, 49069 Osnabrueck, Germany (R.W.)
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25
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Abstract
Potassium is a macronutrient that is crucial for healthy plant growth. Potassium availability, however, is often limited in agricultural fields and thus crop yields and quality are reduced. Therefore, improving the efficiency of potassium uptake and transport, as well as its utilization, in plants is important for agricultural sustainability. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in potassium uptake and transport in plants, and the molecular response of plants to different levels of potassium availability. Based on this information, four strategies for improving potassium use efficiency in plants are proposed; 1) increased root volume, 2) increasing efficiency of potassium uptake from the soil and translocation in planta, 3) increasing mobility of potassium in soil, and 4) molecular breeding new varieties with greater potassium efficiency through marker assisted selection which will require identification and utilization of potassium associated quantitative trait loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoung Shin
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045,
Japan
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Deinlein U, Stephan AB, Horie T, Luo W, Xu G, Schroeder JI. Plant salt-tolerance mechanisms. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:371-9. [PMID: 24630845 PMCID: PMC4041829 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 783] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Crop performance is severely affected by high salt concentrations in soils. To engineer more salt-tolerant plants it is crucial to unravel the key components of the plant salt-tolerance network. Here we review our understanding of the core salt-tolerance mechanisms in plants. Recent studies have shown that stress sensing and signaling components can play important roles in regulating the plant salinity stress response. We also review key Na+ transport and detoxification pathways and the impact of epigenetic chromatin modifications on salinity tolerance. In addition, we discuss the progress that has been made towards engineering salt tolerance in crops, including marker-assisted selection and gene stacking techniques. We also identify key open questions that remain to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Deinlein
- Division of Biological Sciences, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Aaron B Stephan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Tomoaki Horie
- Division of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Wei Luo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Julian I Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Food and Fuel for the 21st Century Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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27
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Pottosin I, Dobrovinskaya O. Non-selective cation channels in plasma and vacuolar membranes and their contribution to K+ transport. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:732-42. [PMID: 24560436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Both in vacuolar and plasma membranes, in addition to truly K(+)-selective channels there is a variety of non-selective channels, which conduct K(+) and other ions with little preference. Many non-selective channels in the plasma membrane are active at depolarized potentials, thus, contributing to K(+) efflux rather than to K(+) uptake. They may play important roles in xylem loading or contribute to a K(+) leak, induced by salt or oxidative stress. Here, three currents, expressed in root cells, are considered: voltage-insensitive cation current, non-selective outwardly rectifying current, and low-selective conductance, activated by reactive oxygen species. The latter two do not only poorly discriminate between different cations (like K(+)vs Na(+)), but also conduct anions. Such solute channels may mediate massive electroneutral transport of salts and might be involved in osmotic adjustment or volume decrease, associated with cell death. In the tonoplast two major currents are mediated by SV (slow) and FV (fast) vacuolar channels, respectively, which are virtually impermeable for anions. SV channels conduct mono- and divalent cations indiscriminately and are activated by high cytosolic Ca(2+) and depolarized voltages. FV channels are inhibited by micromolar cytosolic Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and polyamines, and conduct a variety of monovalent cations, including K(+). Strikingly, both SV and FV channels sense the K(+) content of vacuoles, which modulates their voltage dependence, and in case of SV, also alleviates channel's inhibition by luminal Ca(2+). Therefore, SV and FV channels may operate as K(+)-sensing valves, controlling K(+) distribution between the vacuole and the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pottosin
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio 965, Villa de San Sebastián, 28045 Colima, Mexico.
| | - Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio 965, Villa de San Sebastián, 28045 Colima, Mexico
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28
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Lu G, Wang X, Liu J, Yu K, Gao Y, Liu H, Wang C, Wang W, Wang G, Liu M, Mao G, Li B, Qin J, Xia M, Zhou J, Liu J, Jiang S, Mo H, Cui J, Nagasawa N, Sivasankar S, Albertsen MC, Sakai H, Mazur BJ, Lassner MW, Broglie RM. Application of T-DNA activation tagging to identify glutamate receptor-like genes that enhance drought tolerance in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:617-31. [PMID: 24682459 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A high-quality rice activation tagging population has been developed and screened for drought-tolerant lines using various water stress assays. One drought-tolerant line activated two rice glutamate receptor-like genes. Transgenic overexpression of the rice glutamate receptor-like genes conferred drought tolerance to rice and Arabidopsis. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a multi-billion dollar crop grown in more than one hundred countries, as well as a useful functional genetic tool for trait discovery. We have developed a population of more than 200,000 activation-tagged rice lines for use in forward genetic screens to identify genes that improve drought tolerance and other traits that improve yield and agronomic productivity. The population has an expected coverage of more than 90 % of rice genes. About 80 % of the lines have a single T-DNA insertion locus and this molecular feature simplifies gene identification. One of the lines identified in our screens, AH01486, exhibits improved drought tolerance. The AH01486 T-DNA locus is located in a region with two glutamate receptor-like genes. Constitutive overexpression of either glutamate receptor-like gene significantly enhances the drought tolerance of rice and Arabidopsis, thus revealing a novel function of this important gene family in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Lu
- Beijing Kaituo DNA Biotech Research Center, Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China,
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29
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Hermans C, Conn SJ, Chen J, Xiao Q, Verbruggen N. An update on magnesium homeostasis mechanisms in plants. Metallomics 2014; 5:1170-83. [PMID: 23420558 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, nearly two-thirds of the population do not consume the recommended amount of magnesium (Mg) in their diet. Furthermore, low Mg status (hypomagnesaemia) is known to contribute to a number of human chronic disease conditions. Because the principal dietary Mg source is of plant origin, agronomic and genetic biofortification strategies are aimed at improving nutritional Mg content in food crops to overcome this mineral deficiency in humans. This update incorporates the contributions of annotated permeases involved in Mg uptake, storage and recycling with a schematic model of Mg movement at the organ and cellular levels in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, approaches using mutagenesis or natural ionomic variation to identify loci involved in Mg homeostasis in roots, leaves and seeds will be summarised. A brief overview will be presented on how Arabidopsis research can help to develop strategies for biofortification of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hermans
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine CP 242, Bd du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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30
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Adams E, Shin R. Transport, signaling, and homeostasis of potassium and sodium in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:231-49. [PMID: 24393374 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K⁺) is an essential macronutrient in plants and a lack of K⁺ significantly reduces the potential for plant growth and development. By contrast, sodium (Na⁺), while beneficial to some extent, at high concentrations it disturbs and inhibits various physiological processes and plant growth. Due to their chemical similarities, some functions of K⁺ can be undertaken by Na⁺ but K⁺ homeostasis is severely affected by salt stress, on the other hand. Recent advances have highlighted the fascinating regulatory mechanisms of K⁺ and Na⁺ transport and signaling in plants. This review summarizes three major topics: (i) the transport mechanisms of K⁺ and Na⁺ from the soil to the shoot and to the cellular compartments; (ii) the mechanisms through which plants sense and respond to K⁺ and Na⁺ availability; and (iii) the components involved in maintenance of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis in plants under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Adams
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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31
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Abstract
As a signalling molecule, glutamate is best known for its role as a fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system, a role that requires the activity of a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). The unexpected discovery in 1998 that Arabidopsis thaliana L. possesses a family of iGluR-related (GLR) genes laid the foundations for an assessment of glutamate's potential role as a signalling molecule in plants that is still in progress. Recent advances in elucidating the function of Arabidopsis GLR receptors has revealed similarities with iGluRs in their channel properties, but marked differences in their ligand specificities. The ability of plant GLR receptors to act as amino-acid-gated Ca(2+) channels with a broad agonist profile, combined with their expression throughout the plant, makes them strong candidates for a multiplicity of amino acid signalling roles. Although root growth is inhibited in the presence of a number of amino acids, only glutamate elicits a specific sequence of changes in growth, root tip morphology, and root branching. The recent finding that the MEKK1 gene is a positive regulator of glutamate sensitivity at the root tip has provided genetic evidence for the existence in plants of a glutamate signalling pathway analogous to those found in animals. This short review will discuss the most recent advances in understanding glutamate signalling in roots, considering them in the context of previous work in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Forde
- Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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32
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Swarbreck SM, Colaço R, Davies JM. Plant calcium-permeable channels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:514-22. [PMID: 23860348 PMCID: PMC3793033 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and modeling breakthroughs will help establish the genetic identities of plant calcium channels.
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33
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Steinhorst L, Kudla J. Calcium and reactive oxygen species rule the waves of signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:471-85. [PMID: 23898042 PMCID: PMC3793029 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium signaling and reactive oxygen species signaling are directly connected, and both contribute to cell-to-cell signal propagation in plants.
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34
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Tapken D, Anschütz U, Liu LH, Huelsken T, Seebohm G, Becker D, Hollmann M. A plant homolog of animal glutamate receptors is an ion channel gated by multiple hydrophobic amino acids. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra47. [PMID: 23757024 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated cation channels that mediate neurotransmission in animal nervous systems. Homologous proteins in plants have been implicated in root development, ion transport, and several metabolic and signaling pathways. AtGLR3.4, a plant iGluR homolog from Arabidopsis thaliana, has ion channel activity and is gated by asparagine, serine, and glycine. Using heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes, we found that another Arabidopsis iGluR homolog, AtGLR1.4, functioned as a ligand-gated, nonselective, Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel that responded to an even broader range of amino acids, none of which are agonists of animal iGluRs. Seven of the 20 standard amino acids--mainly hydrophobic ones--acted as agonists, with methionine being most effective and most potent. Nine amino acids were antagonists, and four, including glutamate and glycine, had no effect on channel activity. We constructed a model of this previously uncharacterized ligand specificity and used knockout mutants to show that AtGLR1.4 accounts for methionine-induced membrane depolarization in Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tapken
- Department of Biochemistry I-Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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35
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Vincill ED, Clarin AE, Molenda JN, Spalding EP. Interacting glutamate receptor-like proteins in Phloem regulate lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1304-13. [PMID: 23590882 PMCID: PMC3663269 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular, genetic, and electrophysiological evidence indicates that at least one of the plant Glu receptor-like molecules, GLR3.4, functions as an amino acid-gated Ca²⁺channel at the plasma membrane. The aspect of plant physiology, growth, or development to which GLR3.4 contributes is an open question. Protein localization studies performed here provide important information. In roots, GLR3.4 and the related GLR3.2 protein were present primarily in the phloem, especially in the vicinity of the sieve plates. GLR3.3 was expressed in most cells of the growing primary root but was not enriched in the phloem, including the sieve plate area. GLR3.2 and GLR3.4 physically interacted with each other better than with themselves as evidenced by a biophotonic assay performed in human embryonic kidney cells and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells. GLR3.3 interacted poorly with itself or the other two GLRs. Mutations in GLR3.2, GLR3.4, or GLR3.2 and GLR3.4 caused the same and equally severe phenotype, namely, a large overproduction and aberrant placement of lateral root primordia. Loss of GLR3.3 did not affect lateral root primordia. These results support the hypothesis that apoplastic amino acids acting through heteromeric GLR3.2/GLR3.4 channels affect lateral root development via Ca²⁺ signaling in the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Vincill
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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36
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Abstract
Since the first recordings of single potassium channel activities in the plasma membrane of guard cells more than 25 years ago, patch-clamp studies discovered a variety of ion channels in all cell types and plant species under inspection. Their properties differed in a cell type- and cell membrane-dependent manner. Guard cells, for which the existence of plant potassium channels was initially documented, advanced to a versatile model system for studying plant ion channel structure, function, and physiology. Interestingly, one of the first identified potassium-channel genes encoding the Shaker-type channel KAT1 was shown to be highly expressed in guard cells. KAT1-type channels from Arabidopsis thaliana and its homologs from other species were found to encode the K+-selective inward rectifiers that had already been recorded in early patch-clamp studies with guard cells. Within the genome era, additional Arabidopsis Shaker-type channels appeared. All nine members of the Arabidopsis Shaker family are localized at the plasma membrane, where they either operate as inward rectifiers, outward rectifiers, weak voltage-dependent channels, or electrically silent, but modulatory subunits. The vacuole membrane, in contrast, harbors a set of two-pore K+ channels. Just very recently, two plant anion channel families of the SLAC/SLAH and ALMT/QUAC type were identified. SLAC1/SLAH3 and QUAC1 are expressed in guard cells and mediate Slow- and Rapid-type anion currents, respectively, that are involved in volume and turgor regulation. Anion channels in guard cells and other plant cells are key targets within often complex signaling networks. Here, the present knowledge is reviewed for the plant ion channel biology. Special emphasis is drawn to the molecular mechanisms of channel regulation, in the context of model systems and in the light of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- University of Wuerzburg, Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Wuerzburg, Germany; and King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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37
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The salt-responsive transcriptome of Populus simonii × Populus nigra via DGE. Gene 2012; 504:203-12. [PMID: 22634611 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the dynamic transcriptome of poplar (Populus simonii × Populus nigra) was investigated under salt stress using Solexa/illumine digital gene expression (DGE) technique. A total of 5453, 2372, and 1770 genes were shown to be differentially expressed after exposure to NaCl for 3 days, 6 days and 9 days, respectively. Differential expression patterns throughout salt stress were identified for 572 genes. Gene ontology classification analysis of these differentially expressed genes revealed that numerous genes mapped to "transporter activity" and "response to stress". The dynamic transcriptome expression profiles of poplar under salt stress obtained in this study may provide useful insights for further analysis of the mechanism of high salinity tolerance in plants. Furthermore, these differentially expressed genes under salt stress may allow identification of potential genes as suitable targets for biotechnological manipulation with the aim of improving poplar salt tolerance.
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38
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Vincill ED, Bieck AM, Spalding EP. Ca(2+) conduction by an amino acid-gated ion channel related to glutamate receptors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:40-6. [PMID: 22447719 PMCID: PMC3375973 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.197509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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39
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Ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR)-like channels mediate MAMP-induced calcium influx in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J 2012; 440:355-65. [PMID: 21848515 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Binding of specific microbial epitopes [MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns)] to PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) and subsequent receptor kinase activation are key steps in plant innate immunity. One of the earliest detectable events after MAMP perception is a rapid and transient rise in cytosolic Ca2+ levels. In plants, knowledge about the signalling events leading to Ca2+ influx and on the molecular identity of the channels involved is scarce. We used a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana line stably expressing the luminescent aequorin Ca2+ biosensor to monitor pharmacological interference with Ca2+ signatures following treatment with the bacterial peptide MAMPs flg22 and elf18, and the fungal carbohydrate MAMP chitin. Using a comprehensive set of compounds known to impede Ca2+-transport processes in plants and animals we found strong evidence for a prominent role of amino acid-controlled Ca2+ fluxes, probably through iGluR (ionotropic glutamate receptor)-like channels. Interference with amino acid-mediated Ca2+ fluxes modulates MAMP-triggered MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) activity and affects MAMP-induced accumulation of defence gene transcripts. We conclude that the initiation of innate immune responses upon flg22, elf18 and chitin recognition involves apoplastic Ca2+ influx via iGluR-like channels.
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40
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41
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Price MB, Jelesko J, Okumoto S. Glutamate receptor homologs in plants: functions and evolutionary origins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:235. [PMID: 23115559 PMCID: PMC3483616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant glutamate-like receptor homologs (GLRs) are homologs of mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) which were discovered more than 10 years ago, and are hypothesized to be potential amino acid sensors in plants. Although initial progress on this gene family has been hampered by gene redundancy and technical issues such as gene toxicity; genetic, pharmacological, and electrophysiological approaches are starting to uncover the functions of this protein family. In parallel, there has been tremendous progress in elucidating the structure of animal glutamate receptors (iGluRs), which in turn will help understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant GLR functions. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the plant GLRs. Emerging evidence implicates plant GLRs in various biological processes in and beyond N sensing, and implies that there is some overlap in the signaling mechanisms of amino acids between plants and animals. Phylogenetic analysis using iGluRs from metazoans, plants, and bacteria showed that the plant GLRs are no more closely related to metazoan iGluRs as they are to bacterial iGluRs, indicating the separation of plant, other eukaryotic, and bacterial GLRs might have happened as early on as the last universal common ancestor. Structural similarities and differences with animal iGluRs, and the implication thereof, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Beth Price
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John Jelesko
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- *Correspondence: Sakiko Okumoto, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, 549 Latham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA. e-mail:
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Spalding EP, Harper JF. The ins and outs of cellular Ca(2+) transport. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 14:715-20. [PMID: 21865080 PMCID: PMC3230696 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signals that participate in nearly all aspects of plant growth and development encode information as binary switches or information-rich signatures. They are the result of influx (thermodynamically passive) and efflux (thermodynamically active) activities mediated by membrane transport proteins. On the influx side, confirming the molecular identities of Ca(2+)-permeable channels is still a major research topic. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and glutamate receptor-like channels are candidates well supported by evidence. On the efflux side, CAX antiporters and P-type ATPase pumps are the principal molecular entities. Both of these active transporters load Ca(2+) into specific compartments and have the potential to reduce the magnitude and duration of a Ca(2+) transient. Recent studies indicate calmodulin-activated Ca(2+) pumps in endomembrane systems can dampen the magnitude and duration of a Ca(2+) transient that could otherwise grow into a Ca(2+) cell death signature. An important challenge following molecular characterization of the influx and efflux pathways is to understand how they are coordinately regulated to produce a Ca(2+) switch or encode specific information into a Ca(2+) signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar P. Spalding
- Edgar P. Spalding, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Botany, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, phone: +1-608-265-5294, fax +1-608-262-7509
| | - Jeffrey F. Harper
- Jeffrey F. Harper, University of Nevada, Reno, Biochemistry Department MS-330, 220 Howard Building, Reno, NV 89557, USA, phone: +1-775-784-1349, fax: +1-775-784-1286
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43
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Aouini A, Matsukura C, Ezura H, Asamizu E. Characterisation of 13 glutamate receptor-like genes encoded in the tomato genome by structure, phylogeny and expression profiles. Gene 2011; 493:36-43. [PMID: 22143033 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptor-like genes (GLRs) are intimately associated with plant development, defence responses and signalling pathways. Structural and expression analyses of SlGLRs were performed to better characterise their roles in fruit development and metabolism. Utilising recently released tomato genomic sequence data, 15 GLRs were identified in the tomato genome (SlGLRs). Thirteen of these genes were represented by full-length sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the SlGLRs and the AtGLRs indicates the occurrence of a tomato-specific clade (Clade I) that may have diverged prior to the evolving of other clades. Among the Clade II genes, five (SlGLR2.1, SlGLR2.2, SlGLR2.3, SlGLR2.4, and SlGLR2.5) were located proximally on chromosome 6, indicating possible gene duplication events. The expression level of four of these genes was low in all analysed samples. However, SlGLR2.2 expression level was notably higher, indicating that this gene may be functionally important. The results of this study may provide clues to the functions of the SlGLRs and enable future detailed characterisations of each gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Aouini
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305–8572 Japan
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44
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Abstract
Calcium signal transduction is a central mechanism by which plants sense and respond to endogenous and environmental stimuli. Cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation is achieved via two cellular pathways, Ca(2+) influx through Ca(2+) channels in the plasma membrane and Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Because of the significance of Ca(2+) channels in cellular signaling, interaction with the environment and developmental processes in plants, a great deal of effort has been invested in recent years with regard to these important membrane proteins. Because of limited space, in this review we focus on recent findings giving insight into both the molecular identity and physiological function of channels that have been suggested to be responsible for the elevation in cytosolic Ca(2+) level, including cyclic nucleotide gated channels, glutamate receptor homologs, two-pore channels and mechanosensitive Ca(2+) -permeable channels. We provide an overview of the regulation of these Ca(2+) channels and their physiological roles and discuss remaining questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Jammes
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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45
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Teardo E, Formentin E, Segalla A, Giacometti GM, Marin O, Zanetti M, Lo Schiavo F, Zoratti M, Szabò I. Dual localization of plant glutamate receptor AtGLR3.4 to plastids and plasmamembrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1807:359-67. [PMID: 21110940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioinformatic approaches have allowed the identification in Arabidopsis thaliana of twenty genes encoding for homologues of animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGLRs). Some of these putative receptor proteins, grouped into three subfamilies, have been located to the plasmamembrane, but their possible location in organelles has not been investigated so far. In the present work we provide multiple evidence for the plastid localization of a glutamate receptor, AtGLR3.4, in Arabidopsis and tobacco. Biochemical analysis was performed using an antibody shown to specifically recognize both the native protein in Arabidopsis and the recombinant AtGLR3.4 fused to YFP expressed in tobacco. Western blots indicate the presence of AtGLR3.4 in both the plasmamembrane and in chloroplasts. In agreement, in transformed Arabidopsis cultured cells as well as in agroinfiltrated tobacco leaves, AtGLR3.4::YFP is detected both at the plasmamembrane and at the plastid level by confocal microscopy. The photosynthetic phenotype of mutant plants lacking AtGLR3.4 was also investigated. These results identify for the first time a dual localization of a glutamate receptor, revealing its presence in plastids and chloroplasts and opening the way to functional studies.
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Wu J, Wang S, Gu Y, Zhang S, Publicover SJ, Franklin-Tong VE. Self-incompatibility in Papaver rhoeas activates nonspecific cation conductance permeable to Ca2+ and K+. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:963-73. [PMID: 21177472 PMCID: PMC3032480 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.161927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular responses rely on signaling. In plant cells, cytosolic free calcium is a major second messenger, and ion channels play a key role in mediating physiological responses. Self-incompatibility (SI) is an important genetically controlled mechanism to prevent self-fertilization. It uses interaction of matching S-determinants from the pistil and pollen to allow "self" recognition, which triggers rejection of incompatible pollen. In Papaver rhoeas, the S-determinants are PrsS and PrpS. PrsS is a small novel cysteine-rich protein; PrpS is a small novel transmembrane protein. Interaction of PrsS with incompatible pollen stimulates S-specific increases in cytosolic free calcium and alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in programmed cell death in incompatible but not compatible pollen. Here, we have used whole-cell patch clamping of pollen protoplasts to show that PrsS stimulates SI-specific activation of pollen grain plasma membrane conductance in incompatible but not compatible pollen grain protoplasts. The SI-activated conductance does not require voltage activation, but it is voltage sensitive. It is permeable to divalent cations (Ba(2+) ≥ Ca(2+) > Mg(2+)) and the monovalent ions K(+) and NH(4)(+) and is enhanced at voltages negative to -100 mV. The Ca(2+) conductance is blocked by La(3+) but not by verapamil; the K(+) currents are tetraethylammonium chloride insensitive and do not require Ca(2+). We propose that the SI-stimulated conductance may represent a nonspecific cation channel or possibly two conductances, permeable to monovalent and divalent cations. Our data provide insights into signal-response coupling involving a biologically important response. PrsS provides a rare example of a protein triggering alterations in ion channel activity.
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Abstract
Sodium (Na) toxicity is one of the most formidable challenges for crop production world-wide. Nevertheless, despite decades of intensive research, the pathways of Na(+) entry into the roots of plants under high salinity are still not definitively known. Here, we review critically the current paradigms in this field. In particular, we explore the evidence supporting the role of nonselective cation channels, potassium transporters, and transporters from the HKT family in primary sodium influx into plant roots, and their possible roles elsewhere. We furthermore discuss the evidence for the roles of transporters from the NHX and SOS families in intracellular Na(+) partitioning and removal from the cytosol of root cells. We also review the literature on the physiology of Na(+) fluxes and cytosolic Na(+) concentrations in roots and invite critical interpretation of seminal published data in these areas. The main focus of the review is Na(+) transport in glycophytes, but reference is made to literature on halophytes where it is essential to the analysis.
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Terhag J, Gottschling K, Hollmann M. The Transmembrane Domain C of AMPA Receptors is Critically Involved in Receptor Function and Modulation. Front Mol Neurosci 2010; 3:117. [PMID: 21206529 PMCID: PMC3009476 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2010.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors are major players in synaptic transmission and are critically involved in many cognitive events. Although receptors of different subfamilies serve different functions, they all show a conserved domain topology. For most of these domains, structure–function relationships have been established and are well understood. However, up to date the role of the transmembrane domain C in receptor function has been investigated only poorly. We have constructed a series of receptor chimeras and point mutants designed to shed light on the structural and/or functional importance of this domain. We here present evidence that the role of transmembrane domain C exceeds that of a mere scaffolding domain and that several amino acid residues located within the domain are crucial for receptor gating and desensitization. Furthermore, our data suggest that the domain may be involved in receptor interaction with transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Terhag
- Department of Biochemistry I - Receptor Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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Dietrich P, Anschütz U, Kugler A, Becker D. Physiology and biophysics of plant ligand-gated ion channels. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12 Suppl 1:80-93. [PMID: 20712623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00362.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules and metabolites often act as intra- or extracellular messengers in signal transduction pathways. Ligand-gated ion channels provide a mean to transduce those biochemical signals at the membrane into electrical events and ion fluxes. In plants, cyclic nucleotides and glutamate represent intra- and extracellular signalling ligands, respectively. While the former have been shown to regulate voltage-dependent ion channels and are supposed to activate cyclic nucleotide gated (CNG) channels, the latter are perceived by ionotropic glutamate receptors (GLRs). This review summarises our current knowledge about CNG channels and glutamate receptors in plants and their proposed roles in plant development and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dietrich
- Department of Biology, Erlangen University, Erlangen, Germany.
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Verret F, Wheeler G, Taylor AR, Farnham G, Brownlee C. Calcium channels in photosynthetic eukaryotes: implications for evolution of calcium-based signalling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 187:23-43. [PMID: 20456068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Much of our current knowledge on the mechanisms by which Ca(2+) signals are generated in photosynthetic eukaryotes comes from studies of a relatively small number of model species, particularly green plants and algae, revealing some common features and notable differences between 'plant' and 'animal' systems. Physiological studies from a broad range of algal cell types have revealed the occurrence of animal-like signalling properties, including fast action potentials and fast propagating cytosolic Ca(2+) waves. Genomic studies are beginning to reveal the widespread occurrence of conserved channel types likely to be involved in Ca(2+) signalling. However, certain widespread 'ancient' channel types appear to have been lost by certain groups, such as the embryophytes. More recent channel gene loss is also evident from comparisons of more closely related algal species. The underlying processes that have given rise to the current distributions of Ca(2+) channel types include widespread retention of ancient Ca(2+) channel genes, horizontal gene transfer (including symbiotic gene transfer and acquisition of bacterial genes), gene loss and gene expansion within taxa. The assessment of the roles of Ca(2+) channel genes in diverse physiological, developmental and life history processes represents a major challenge for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Verret
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Glen Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Alison R Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Garry Farnham
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
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