1
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Lin Y, Chen J, Xin S, Lin Y, Chen Y, Zhou X, Chen H, Li X. CYP24A1 affected macrophage polarization through degradation of vitamin D as a candidate biomarker for ovarian cancer prognosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112575. [PMID: 38963981 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a fatal gynecological malignancy with a poor prognosis in which mitochondria-related genes are involved deeply. In this study, we aim to screen mitochondria-related genes that play a role in OC prognosis and investigate its effects. Through single-cell sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis, including TCGA ovarian cancer data analysis, gene expression signature analysis (GES), immune infiltration analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), our findings revealed that CYP24A1 regulated macrophage polarization through vitamin D (VD) degradation and served as a target gene for the second malignant subtype of OC through bioinformatics analyses. For further validation, the expression and function of CYP24A1 in OC cells was investigated. And the expression of CYP24A1 was much higher in carcinoma than in paracancerous tissue, whereas the VD content decreased in the OC cell lines with CYP24A1 overexpression. Moreover, macrophages were polarized towards M1 after the intervention of VD-treated OC cell lines and inhibited the malignant phenotypes of OC. However, the effect could be reversed by overexpressing CYP24A1, resulting in the polarization of M2 macrophages, thereby promoting tumor progression, as verified by constructing xenograft models in vitro. In conclusion, our findings suggested that CYP24A1 induced M2 macrophage polarization through interaction with VD, thus promoting the malignant progression of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- YaoXiang Lin
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - JiongFei Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - SiJia Xin
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Lin
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - YongChao Chen
- Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China.
| | - XiangJuan Li
- Hangzhou Women's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310008, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Olszewska AM, Zmijewski MA. Genomic and non-genomic action of vitamin D on ion channels - Targeting mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2024; 77:101891. [PMID: 38692383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies revealed that mitochondria are not only a place of vitamin D3 metabolism but also direct or indirect targets of its activities. This review summarizes current knowledge on the regulation of ion channels from plasma and mitochondrial membranes by the active form of vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). 1,25(OH)2D3, is a naturally occurring hormone with pleiotropic activities; implicated in the modulation of cell differentiation, and proliferation and in the prevention of various diseases, including cancer. Many experimental data indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency induces ionic remodeling and 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates the activity of multiple ion channels. There are two main theories on how 1,25(OH)2D3 can modify the function of ion channels. First, describes the involvement of genomic pathways of response to 1,25(OH)2D3 in the regulation of the expression of the genes encoding channels, their auxiliary subunits, or additional regulators. Interestingly, intracellular ion channels, like mitochondrial, are encoded by the same genes as plasma membrane channels. Therefore, the comprehensive genomic regulation of the channels from these two different cellular compartments we analyzed using a bioinformatic approach. The second theory explores non-genomic pathways of vitamin D3 activities. It was shown, that 1,25(OH)2D3 indirectly regulates enzymes that impact ion channels, change membrane physical properties, or directly bind to channel proteins. In this article, the involvement of genomic and non-genomic pathways regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 in the modulation of the levels and activity of plasma membrane and mitochondrial ion channels was investigated by an extensive review of the literature and analysis of the transcriptomic data using bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Olszewska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1a Debinki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - M A Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1a Debinki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
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3
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Freeburg SH, Shwartz A, Kemény LV, Smith CJ, Weeks O, Miller BM, PenkoffLidbeck N, Fisher DE, Evason KJ, Goessling W. Hepatocyte vitamin D receptor functions as a nutrient sensor that regulates energy storage and tissue growth in zebrafish. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114393. [PMID: 38944835 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been implicated in fatty liver pathogenesis, but its role in the regulation of organismal energy usage remains unclear. Here, we illuminate the evolutionary function of VDR by demonstrating that zebrafish Vdr coordinates hepatic and organismal energy homeostasis through antagonistic regulation of nutrient storage and tissue growth. Hepatocyte-specific Vdr impairment increases hepatic lipid storage, partially through acsl4a induction, while simultaneously diminishing fatty acid oxidation and liver growth. Importantly, Vdr impairment exacerbates the starvation-induced hepatic storage of systemic fatty acids, indicating that loss of Vdr signaling elicits hepatocellular energy deficiency. Strikingly, hepatocyte Vdr impairment diminishes diet-induced systemic growth while increasing hepatic and visceral fat in adult fish, revealing that hepatic Vdr signaling is required for complete adaptation to food availability. These data establish hepatocyte Vdr as a regulator of organismal energy expenditure and define an evolutionary function for VDR as a transcriptional effector of environmental nutrient supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Freeburg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arkadi Shwartz
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lajos V Kemény
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; HCEMM-SU Translational Dermatology Research Group, Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest Hungary; Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest Hungary
| | - Colton J Smith
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olivia Weeks
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bess M Miller
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nadia PenkoffLidbeck
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kimberley J Evason
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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4
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Salmória LA, Ibelli AMG, Tavernari FC, Peixoto JO, Morés MAZ, Marcelino DEP, Pinto KDS, Coldebella A, Surek D, Kawski VL, Ledur MC. CYP24A1 and TRPC3 Gene Expression in Kidneys and Their Involvement in Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism in Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1407. [PMID: 38791624 PMCID: PMC11117318 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Ca and P homeostasis across the egg-laying cycle is a complex process involving absorption in the small intestine, reabsorption/excretion in the kidneys, and eggshell gland secretion. Diets with inadequate calcium and phosphorus can interfere with their absorption and digestibility, resulting in eggshell quality losses and reduced productive life, affecting egg production and welfare. A better understanding of gene expression profiles in the kidneys of laying hens during the late egg-laying period could clarify the renal role in mineral metabolism at this late stage. Therefore, the performance, egg quality and bone integrity-related traits, and expression profiles of kidney candidate genes were evaluated in 73-week-old laying hens receiving different Ca and P ratios in their diet: a high Ca/P ratio (HR, 22.43), a low ratio (LR, 6.71), and a medium ratio (MR, 11.43). The laying hens receiving the HR diet had improved egg production and eggshell quality traits compared to the other two groups. Humerus length was shorter in the HR than in the other groups. The CYP24A1 and TRPC3 genes were differentially expressed (p.adj ≤ 0.05) among the groups. Therefore, their expression profiles could be involved in calcium and phosphate transcellular transport in 73-week-old laying hens as a way to keep mineral absorption at adequate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Alves Salmória
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (L.A.S.); (J.O.P.)
| | - Adriana Mércia Guaratini Ibelli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (L.A.S.); (J.O.P.)
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Fernando Castro Tavernari
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste (CEO), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Jane Oliveira Peixoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava 85015-430, PR, Brazil; (L.A.S.); (J.O.P.)
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | | | | | | | - Arlei Coldebella
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Diego Surek
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Vicky Lilge Kawski
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
| | - Mônica Corrêa Ledur
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (F.C.T.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.C.); (D.S.); (V.L.K.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste (CEO), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
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5
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Abstract
It took several hundred million years of evolution, in order to develop the endocrine vitamin D signaling system, which is formed by a nuclear receptor, the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor), its ligand, the vitamin D3 metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and several metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins. Even within the nuclear receptor superfamily the affinity of VDR for 1,25(OH)2D3 is outstandingly high (KD = 0.1 nM). The activation of VDR by 1,25(OH)2D3 is the core mechanism of genomic signaling of vitamin D3, which results in the modulation of the epigenome at thousands of promoter and enhancer regions as well as finally in the activation or repression of hundreds of target gene transcription. In addition, rapid non-genomic actions of vitamin D are described, which are mechanistically far less understood. The main function of vitamin D is to keep the human body in homeostasis. This implies the control of calcium levels, which is essential for bone mineralization, as well as for pushing of innate immunity to react sufficiently strong to microbe infection and preventing overreactions of adaptive immunity, i.e., not to cause autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss whether genomic signaling is sufficient for explaining all physiological functions of vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-10748 Olsztyn, Poland; School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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6
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Li L, Tuckey RC. Inactivation of vitamin D2 metabolites by human CYP24A1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106368. [PMID: 37495192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D is found in two forms in humans, D3 produced in the skin and D2 solely from the diet. Both 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) are oxidised and inactivated by CYP24A1, a tightly regulated mitochondrial enzyme that controls serum levels of these secosteroids. The pathways of oxidation of 25(OH)D2 and 1,25(OH)2D2, particularly 25(OH)D2, by human CYP24A1 are not well characterized. The aim of this study was to further elucidate these pathways, and to compare the kinetics of metabolism of 25(OH)D2 and 1,25(OH)2D2 with their vitamin D3 counterparts. We used expressed and partially purified human CYP24A1 with substrates dissolved in the membrane of phospholipid vesicles, to mimic the inner mitochondrial membrane. We found that the major pathways for side chain oxidation of 25(OH)D2 and 1,25(OH)2D2 were identical and that predominant intermediates of 25(OH)D2 metabolism could be converted to the corresponding intermediates in the pathway of 1,25(OH)2D2 oxidation by 1α-hydroxylation by CYP27B1. The initial steps in the CYP24A1-mediated oxidation involved hydroxylation at the C24R position, and another unknown position where the alcohol was oxidised to an aldehyde. The 24R-hydroxylation was followed by hydroxylation at C26 or C28, or cleavage between C24 and C25 to produce the 24-oxo-25,26,27-trinor derivative. All of these products were further oxidised, with 24-oxo-25,26,27-trinor-1(OH)D2 giving a product tentatively identified as 24-oxo-25,26,27-trinor-1,28(OH)2D2. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of CYP24A1 for initial 25(OH)D2 hydroxylation was similar to that for 25(OH)D3, indicating that they have similar rates of inactivation at low substrate concentrations, supporting that vitamins D2 and D3 are equally effective in maintaining serum 25(OH)D concentrations. In contrast, the kcat/Km value for 1,25(OH)2D3 was almost double that for 1,25(OH)2D2 indicating a lower rate of inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D2 at a low substrate concentration, suggesting that it has increased metabolic stability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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7
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Patel D, Murray IA, Dong F, Annalora AJ, Gowda K, Coslo DM, Krzeminski J, Koo I, Hao F, Amin SG, Marcus CB, Patterson AD, Perdew GH. Induction of AHR Signaling in Response to the Indolimine Class of Microbial Stress Metabolites. Metabolites 2023; 13:985. [PMID: 37755265 PMCID: PMC10535990 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that plays an important role in gastrointestinal barrier function, tumorigenesis, and is an emerging drug target. The resident microbiota is capable of metabolizing tryptophan to metabolites that are AHR ligands (e.g., indole-3-acetate). Recently, a novel set of mutagenic tryptophan metabolites named indolimines have been identified that are produced by M. morganii in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we determined that indolimine-200, -214, and -248 are direct AHR ligands that can induce Cyp1a1 transcription and subsequent CYP1A1 enzymatic activity capable of metabolizing the carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene in microsomal assays. In addition, indolimines enhance IL6 expression in a colonic tumor cell line in combination with cytokine treatment. The concentration of indolimine-248 that induces AHR transcriptional activity failed to increase DNA damage. These observations reveal an additional aspect of how indolimines may alter colonic tumorigenesis beyond mutagenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhwani Patel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Iain A. Murray
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Fangcong Dong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew J. Annalora
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Denise M. Coslo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jacek Krzeminski
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Imhoi Koo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Fuhua Hao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shantu G. Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Craig B. Marcus
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gary H. Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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8
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Kumar A, Estrada DF. Structural basis of bidirectional allostery across the heme in a cytochrome P450 enzyme. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104977. [PMID: 37390989 PMCID: PMC10416055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are heme-containing enzymes that are present in all kingdoms of life and share a structurally homologous, globular protein fold. CYPs utilize structures distal to the heme to recognize and coordinate substrates, while the necessary interactions with redox partner proteins are mediated at the opposite, proximal surface. In the current study, we investigated the functional allostery across the heme for the bacterial enzyme CYP121A1, which utilizes a non-polar distal-to-distal dimer interface for specific binding of its dicyclotyrosine substrate. Fluorine-detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (19F-NMR) spectroscopy was combined with site-specific labeling of a distal surface residue (S171C of the FG-loop), one residue of the B-helix (N84C), and two proximal surface residues (T103C and T333C) with a thiol-reactive fluorine label. Adrenodoxin was used as a substitute redox protein and was found to promote a closed arrangement of the FG-loop, similar to the addition of substrate alone. Disruption of the protein-protein interface by mutagenesis of two CYP121 basic surface residues removed the allosteric effect. Moreover, 19F-NMR spectra of the proximal surface indicate that ligand-induced allostery modulates the environment at the C-helix but not the meander region of the enzyme. In light of the high degree of structural homology in this family of enzymes, we interpret the findings from this work to represent a conserved allosteric network in CYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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9
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Morgan EW, Dong F, Annalora AJ, Murray IA, Wolfe T, Erickson R, Gowda K, Amin SG, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM, Marcus CB, Walk ST, Patterson AD, Perdew GH. Contribution of Circulating Host and Microbial Tryptophan Metabolites Toward Ah Receptor Activation. Int J Tryptophan Res 2023; 16:11786469231182510. [PMID: 37441265 PMCID: PMC10334013 DOI: 10.1177/11786469231182510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor that plays an integral role in homeostatic maintenance by regulating cellular functions such as cellular differentiation, metabolism, barrier function, and immune response. An important but poorly understood class of AHR activators are compounds derived from host and bacterial metabolism of tryptophan. The commensal bacteria of the gut microbiome are major producers of tryptophan metabolites known to activate the AHR, while the host also produces AHR activators through tryptophan metabolism. We used targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling to determine the presence and metabolic source of these metabolites in the sera of conventional mice, germ-free mice, and humans. Surprisingly, sera concentrations of many tryptophan metabolites are comparable between germ-free and conventional mice. Therefore, many major AHR-activating tryptophan metabolites in mouse sera are produced by the host, despite their presence in feces and mouse cecal contents. Here we present an investigation of AHR activation using a complex mixture of tryptophan metabolites to examine the biological relevance of circulating tryptophan metabolites. AHR activation is rarely studied in the context of a mixture at relevant concentrations, as we present here. The AHR activation potentials of individual and pooled metabolites were explored using cell-based assays, while ligand binding competition assays and ligand docking simulations were used to assess the detected metabolites as AHR agonists. The physiological and biomedical relevance of the identified metabolites was investigated in the context of a cell-based model for rheumatoid arthritis. We present data that reframe AHR biology to include the presence of a mixture of ubiquitous tryptophan metabolites, improving our understanding of homeostatic AHR activity and models of AHR-linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan W Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Fangcong Dong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Andrew J Annalora
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - Iain A Murray
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Trenton Wolfe
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Reece Erickson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Shantu G Amin
- Department of Pharmacology Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
| | - Kristina S Petersen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Penny M Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Craig B Marcus
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - Seth T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Gary H Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and the Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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10
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Dong F, Annalora AJ, Murray IA, Tian Y, Marcus CB, Patterson AD, Perdew GH. Endogenous Tryptophan-Derived Ah Receptor Ligands are Dissociated from CYP1A1/1B1-Dependent Negative-Feedback. Int J Tryptophan Res 2023; 16:11786469231182508. [PMID: 37434789 PMCID: PMC10331327 DOI: 10.1177/11786469231182508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) exerts major roles in xenobiotic metabolism, and in immune and barrier tissue homeostasis. How AHR activity is regulated by the availability of endogenous ligands is poorly understood. Potent AHR ligands have been shown to exhibit a negative feedback loop through induction of CYP1A1, leading to metabolism of the ligand. Our recent study identified and quantified 6 tryptophan metabolites (eg, indole-3-propionic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid) in mouse and human serum, generated by the host and gut microbiome, that are present in sufficient concentrations to individually activate the AHR. Here, these metabolites are not significantly metabolized by CYP1A1/1B1 in an in vitro metabolism assay. In contrast, CYP1A1/1B metabolizes the potent endogenous AHR ligand 6-formylindolo[3,2b]carbazole. Furthermore, molecular modeling of these 6 AHR activating tryptophan metabolites within the active site of CYP1A1/1B1 reveal metabolically unfavorable docking profiles with regard to orientation with the catalytic heme center. In contrast, docking studies confirmed that 6-formylindolo[3,2b]carbazole would be a potent substrate. The lack of CYP1A1 expression in mice fails to influence serum levels of the tryptophan metabolites examined. In addition, marked induction of CYP1A1 by PCB126 exposure in mice failed to alter the serum concentrations of these tryptophan metabolites. These results suggest that certain circulating tryptophan metabolites are not susceptible to an AHR negative feedback loop and are likely important factors that mediate constitutive but low level systemic human AHR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcong Dong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Andrew J Annalora
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - Iain A Murray
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Craig B Marcus
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Gary H Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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11
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Duan J, Huang D, Liu C, Lv Y, Zhang L, Chang F, Zeng X, Li L, Wang W, Shao G. USP11-mediated LSH deubiquitination inhibits ferroptosis in colorectal cancer through epigenetic activation of CYP24A1. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:402. [PMID: 37414755 PMCID: PMC10326026 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation. Colorectal cancer (CRC) cells evade ferroptosis despite their requirement of substantial iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) to sustain active metabolism and extensive proliferation. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Herein, we report the role of lymphoid-specific helicase (LSH), a chromatin-remodeling protein, in suppressing erastin-induced ferroptosis in CRC cells. We demonstrate that erastin treatment leads to dose- and time-dependent downregulation of LSH in CRC cells, and depletion of LSH increases cell sensitivity to ferroptosis. Mechanistically, LSH interacts with and is stabilized by ubiquitin-specific protease 11 (USP11) via deubiquitination; this interaction was disrupted by erastin treatment, resulting in increased ubiquitination and LSH degradation. Moreover, we identified cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1) as a transcriptional target of LSH. LSH binds to the CYP24A1 promoter, promoting nucleosome eviction and reducing H3K27me3 occupancy, thus leading to transcription of CYP24A1. This cascade inhibits excessive intracellular Ca2+ influx, thereby reducing lipid peroxidation and ultimately conferring resistance to ferroptosis. Importantly, aberrant expression of USP11, LSH, and CYP24A1 is observed in CRC tissues and correlates with poor patient prognosis. Taken together, our study demonstrates the crucial role of the USP11/LSH/CYP24A1 signaling axis in inhibiting ferroptosis in CRC, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Duan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Daoyuan Huang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yangbo Lv
- Colorectal Department of Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, 324000, Quzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Program for Cancer and Cell Biology, Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology (Shandong University), 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Genze Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 100191, Beijing, China.
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12
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Dong F, Murray IA, Annalora A, Coslo D, Desai D, Gowda K, Yang J, Wang D, Koo I, Hao F, Amin SG, Patterson AD, Marcus C, Perdew GH. Complex chemical signals dictate Ah receptor activation through the gut-lung axis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23010. [PMID: 37272852 PMCID: PMC10264151 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300703r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates intestinal barrier homeostasis. Many AHR ligands are also CYP1A1/1B1 substrates, which can result in rapid clearance within the intestinal tract, limiting systemic exposure and subsequent AHR activation. This led us to the hypothesis that there are dietary substrates of CYP1A1/1B1 that functionally increase the half-life of potent AHR ligands. We examined the potential of urolithin A (UroA), a gut bacterial metabolite of ellagitannins, as a CYP1A1/1B1 substrate to enhance AHR activity in vivo. UroA is a competitive substrate for CYP1A1/1B1 in an in vitro competition assay. A broccoli-containing diet promotes the gastric formation of the potent hydrophobic AHR ligand and CYP1A1/1B1 substrate, 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ). In mice, dietary exposure to UroA in a 10% broccoli diet led to a coordinated increase in duodenal, cardiac, and pulmonary AHR activity, but no increase in activity in the liver. Thus, CYP1A1 dietary competitive substrates can lead to enhanced systemic AHR ligand distribution from the gut, likely through the lymphatic system, increasing AHR activation in key barrier tissues. Finally, this report will lead to a reassessment of the dynamics of distribution of other hydrophobic chemicals present in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangcong Dong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Iain A. Murray
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew Annalora
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Denise Coslo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033 USA
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033 USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Imhoi Koo
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Fuhua Hao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shantu G. Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033 USA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Craig Marcus
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Gary H. Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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13
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Shang S, He Z, Hou W, Chen X, Zhao X, Han H, Chen S, Yang S, Tai F. Molecular cloning, expression analysis and functional characterization of chicken cytochrome P450 27A1: A novel mitochondrial vitamin D 3 25-hydroxylase. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102747. [PMID: 37276702 PMCID: PMC10258509 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D3 is hydroxylated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) before exerting biological effects. The chicken CYP involved in vitamin D3 25-hydroxylation has yet to be cloned, and little is known about its functional characteristics, tissue distribution, and cellular expression. We identified a novel, full-length CYP27A1 gene cloned from chicken hepatocyte cDNA that encodes a putative protein of 518 amino acids. Swiss modeling revealed that chicken CYP27A1 has a classic open-fold form. Multisequence homology alignment determined that CYP27A1 contains conserved motifs for substrate recognition and binding. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis in 2-mo-old Partridge Shank broilers demonstrated that CYP27A1 mRNA levels were highest in the liver, followed by the thigh muscles, the breast muscles, and kidneys. The transcripts of CYP27A1 in breast muscles were significantly higher in males than in females. A subcellular localization analysis demonstrated that CYP27A1 was mainly expressed in the mitochondria. In vitro enzyme assays suggested that recombinant CYP27A1 hydroxylates vitamin D3 at the C-25 position to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3). The Km and Vmax values for CYP27A1-dependent vitamin D3 25-hydroxylation were estimated to be 4.929 μM and 0.389 mol min-1 mg-1 protein, respectively. In summary, these results suggest that CYP27A1 encodes a mitochondrial CYP that plays an important physiologic role in the 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 in chickens, providing novel insights into vitamin D3 metabolism in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China; Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Qinba State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment (Incubation), Hanzhong, China; Qinba Mountain Area Collaborative Innovation Center of Bioresources Comprehensive Development, China
| | - Z He
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - W Hou
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Chen
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - X Zhao
- Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, China
| | - H Han
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - S Chen
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - S Yang
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - F Tai
- Institute of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
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14
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Dong F, Murray IA, Annalora A, Coslo D, Desai D, Gowda K, Yang J, Wang D, Koo I, Hao F, Amin SG, Patterson AD, Marcus C, Perdew GH. Complex chemical signals dictate Ah receptor activation through the gut-lung axis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.22.529529. [PMID: 36865156 PMCID: PMC9980078 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates intestinal barrier homeostasis. Many AHR ligands are also CYP1A1/1B1 substrates, which can result in the rapid clearance within the intestinal tract, limiting AHR activation. This led us to the hypothesis that there are dietary substrates of CYP1A1/1B1 that increase the half-life of potent AHR ligands. We examined the potential of urolithin A (UroA) as a CYP1A1/1B1 substrate to enhance AHR activity in vivo. UroA is a competitive substrate for CYP1A1/1B1 in an in vitro competition assay. A broccoli-containing diet promotes the gastric formation of the potent hydrophobic AHR ligand and CYP1A1/1B1 substrate, 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ). Dietary exposure to UroA in a broccoli diet led to a coordinated increase in duodenal, cardiac, and pulmonary AHR activity, but no increase in activity in liver. Thus, CYP1A1 dietary competitive substrates can lead to intestinal "escape", likely through the lymphatic system, increasing AHR activation in key barrier tissues.
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15
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Morgan EW, Dong F, Annalora A, Murray IA, Wolfe T, Erickson R, Gowda K, Amin SG, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM, Marcus C, Walk ST, Patterson AD, Perdew GH. Contribution of circulating host and microbial tryptophan metabolites towards Ah receptor activation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.26.525691. [PMID: 36747842 PMCID: PMC9900944 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.26.525691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor that plays an integral role in homeostatic maintenance by regulating cellular functions such as cellular differentiation, metabolism, barrier function, and immune response. An important but poorly understood class of AHR activators are compounds derived from host and bacterial metabolism of tryptophan. The commensal bacteria of the gut microbiome are major producers of tryptophan metabolites known to activate the AHR, while the host also produces AHR activators through tryptophan metabolism. We used targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling to determine the presence and metabolic source of these metabolites in the sera of conventional mice, germ-free mice, and humans. Surprisingly, sera concentrations of many tryptophan metabolites are comparable between germ-free and conventional mice. Therefore, many major AHR-activating tryptophan metabolites in mouse sera are produced by the host, despite their presence in feces and mouse cecal contents. AHR activation is rarely studied in the context of a mixture at relevant concentrations, as we present here. The AHR activation potentials of individual and pooled metabolites were explored using cell-based assays, while ligand binding competition assays and ligand docking simulations were used to assess the detected metabolites as AHR agonists. The physiological and biomedical relevance of the identified metabolites was investigated in the context of cell-based models for cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. We present data here that reframe AHR biology to include the presence of ubiquitous tryptophan metabolites, improving our understanding of homeostatic AHR activity and models of AHR-linked diseases.
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16
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Milan KL, Jayasuriya R, Harithpriya K, Anuradha M, Sarada DVL, Siti Rahayu N, Ramkumar KM. Vitamin D resistant genes - promising therapeutic targets of chronic diseases. Food Funct 2022; 13:7984-7998. [PMID: 35856462 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00822j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is an essential vitamin indispensable for calcium and phosphate metabolism, and its deficiency has been implicated in several extra-skeletal pathologies, including cancer and chronic kidney disease. Synthesized endogenously in the layers of the skin by the action of UV-B radiation, the vitamin maintains the integrity of the bones, teeth, and muscles and is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immunity. The deficiency of Vit-D is increasing at an alarming rate, with nearly 32% of children and adults being either deficient or having insufficient levels. This has been attributed to Vit-D resistant genes that cause a reduction in circulatory Vit-D levels through a set of signaling pathways. CYP24A1, SMRT, and SNAIL are three genes responsible for Vit-D resistance as their activity either lowers the circulatory levels of Vit-D or reduces its availability in target tissues. The hydroxylase CYP24A1 inactivates analogs and prohormonal and/or hormonal forms of calcitriol. Elevation of the expression of CYP24A1 is the major cause of exacerbation of several diseases. CYP24A1 is rate-limiting, and its induction has been correlated with increased prognosis of diseases, while loss of function mutations cause hypersensitivity to Vit-D. The silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) and its corepressor are involved in the transcriptional repression of VDR-target genes. SNAIL1 (SNAIL), SNAIL2 (Slug), and SNAIL3 (Smuc) are involved in transcriptional repression and binding to histone deacetylases and methyltransferases in addition to recruiting polycomb repressive complexes to the target gene promoters. An inverse relationship between the levels of calcitriol and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is reported. Studies have demonstrated a strong association between Vit-D deficiency and chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, etc. Vit-D resistant genes associated with the aforementioned chronic diseases could serve as potential therapeutic targets. This review focuses on the basic structures and mechanisms of the repression of Vit-D regulated genes and highlights the role of Vit-D resistant genes in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunnath Lakshmanan Milan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ravichandran Jayasuriya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kannan Harithpriya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Murugesan Anuradha
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dronamraju V L Sarada
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Nadhiroh Siti Rahayu
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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17
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In Silico Prediction of the Metabolic Resistance of Vitamin D Analogs against CYP3A4 Metabolizing Enzyme. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147845. [PMID: 35887195 PMCID: PMC9322940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsomal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) hydroxylating enzymes both metabolize vitamin D and its analogs. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of the full-length native human CYP3A4 has been solved, but the respective structure of the main vitamin D hydroxylating CYP24A1 enzyme is unknown. The structures of recombinant CYP24A1 enzymes have been solved; however, from studies of the vitamin D receptor, the use of a truncated protein for docking studies of ligands led to incorrect results. As the structure of the native CYP3A4 protein is known, we performed rigid docking supported by molecular dynamic simulation using CYP3A4 to predict the metabolic conversion of analogs of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 (1,25D2). This is highly important to the design of novel vitamin D-based drug candidates of reasonable metabolic stability as CYP3A4 metabolizes ca. 50% of the drug substances. The use of the 3D structure data of human CYP3A4 has allowed us to explain the substantial differences in the metabolic conversion of the side-chain geometric analogs of 1,25D2. The calculated free enthalpy of the binding of an analog of 1,25D2 to CYP3A4 agreed with the experimentally observed conversion of the analog by CYP24A1. The metabolic conversion of an analog of 1,25D2 to the main vitamin D hydroxylating enzyme CYP24A1, of unknown 3D structure, can be explained by the binding strength of the analog to the known 3D structure of the CYP3A4 enzyme.
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18
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The α- and β-Subunit Boundary at the Stem of the Mushroom-Like α
3
β
3
-Type Oxygenase Component of Rieske Non-Heme Iron Oxygenases Is the Rieske-Type Ferredoxin-Binding Site. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0083522. [PMID: 35862661 PMCID: PMC9361823 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00835-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumene dioxygenase (CumDO) is an initial enzyme in the cumene degradation pathway of Pseudomonas fluorescens IP01 and is a Rieske non-heme iron oxygenase (RO) that comprises two electron transfer components (reductase [CumDO-R] and Rieske-type ferredoxin [CumDO-F]) and one catalytic component (α3β3-type oxygenase [CumDO-O]). Catalysis is triggered by electrons that are transferred from NAD(P)H to CumDO-O by CumDO-R and CumDO-F. To investigate the binding mode between CumDO-F and CumDO-O and to identify the key CumDO-O amino acid residues for binding, we simulated docking between the CumDO-O crystal structure and predicted model of CumDO-F and identified two potential binding sites: one is at the side-wise site and the other is at the top-wise site in mushroom-like CumDO-O. Then, we performed alanine mutagenesis of 16 surface amino acid residues at two potential binding sites. The results of reduction efficiency analyses using the purified components indicated that CumDO-F bound at the side-wise site of CumDO-O, and K117 of the α-subunit and R65 of the β-subunit were critical for the interaction. Moreover, these two positively charged residues are well conserved in α3β3-type oxygenase components of ROs whose electron donors are Rieske-type ferredoxins. Given that these residues were not conserved if the electron donors were different types of ferredoxins or reductases, the side-wise site of the mushroom-like structure is thought to be the common binding site between Rieske-type ferredoxin and α3β3-type oxygenase components in ROs. IMPORTANCE We clarified the critical amino acid residues of the oxygenase component (Oxy) of Rieske non-heme iron oxygenase (RO) for binding with Rieske-type ferredoxin (Fd). Our results showed that Rieske-type Fd-binding site is commonly located at the stem (side-wise site) of the mushroom-like α3β3 quaternary structure in many ROs. The resultant binding site was totally different from those reported at the top-wise site of the doughnut-like α3-type Oxy, although α3-type Oxys correspond to the cap (α3 subunit part) of the mushroom-like α3β3-type Oxys. Critical amino acid residues detected in this study were not conserved if the electron donors of Oxys were different types of Fds or reductases. Altogether, we can suggest that unique binding modes between Oxys and electron donors have evolved, depending on the nature of the electron donors, despite Oxy molecules having shared α3β3 quaternary structures.
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19
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Alshabrawy AK, Cui Y, Sylvester C, Yang D, Petito ES, Barratt KR, Sawyer RK, Heatlie JK, Polara R, Sykes MJ, Atkins GJ, Hickey SM, Wiese MD, Stringer AM, Liu Z, Anderson PH. Therapeutic Potential of a Novel Vitamin D3 Oxime Analogue, VD1-6, with CYP24A1 Enzyme Inhibitory Activity and Negligible Vitamin D Receptor Binding. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070960. [PMID: 35883516 PMCID: PMC9312876 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of vitamin D3 actions in humans occurs mainly through the Cytochrome P450 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) enzyme activity. CYP24A1 hydroxylates both 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3), which is the first step of vitamin D catabolism. An abnormal status of the upregulation of CYP24A1 occurs in many diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). CYP24A1 upregulation in CKD and diminished activation of vitamin D3 contribute to secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), progressive bone deterioration, and soft tissue and cardiovascular calcification. Previous studies have indicated that CYP24A1 inhibition may be an effective strategy to increase endogenous vitamin D activity and decrease SHPT. This study has designed and synthesized a novel C-24 O-methyloxime analogue of vitamin D3 (VD1-6) to have specific CYP24A1 inhibitory properties. VD1-6 did not bind to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in concentrations up to 10−7 M, assessed by a VDR binding assay. The absence of VDR binding by VD1-6 was confirmed in human embryonic kidney HEK293T cultures through the lack of CYP24A1 induction. However, in silico docking experiments demonstrated that VD1-6 was predicted to have superior binding to CYP24A1, when compared to that of 1,25(OH)2D3. The inhibition of CYP24A1 by VD1-6 was also evident by the synergistic potentiation of 1,25(OH)2D3-mediated transcription and reduced 1,25(OH)2D3 catabolism over 24 h. A further indication of CYP24A1 inhibition by VD1-6 was the reduced accumulation of the 24,25(OH)D3 , the first metabolite of 25(OH)D catabolism by CYP24A1. Our findings suggest the potent CYP24A1 inhibitory properties of VD1-6 and its potential for testing as an alternative therapeutic candidate for treating SHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K. Alshabrawy
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Yingjie Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Cyan Sylvester
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (D.Y.); (G.J.A.)
| | - Emilio S. Petito
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Kate R. Barratt
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Rebecca K. Sawyer
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Jessica K. Heatlie
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Ruhi Polara
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Matthew J. Sykes
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Gerald J. Atkins
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (D.Y.); (G.J.A.)
| | - Shane M. Hickey
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Michael D. Wiese
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Andrea M. Stringer
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Zhaopeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (Y.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Paul H. Anderson
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Health and Biomedical Innovation, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (A.K.A.); (C.S.); (E.S.P.); (K.R.B.); (R.K.S.); (J.K.H.); (R.P.); (M.J.S.); (S.M.H.); (M.D.W.); (A.M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Wang G, Xiao B, Deng J, Gong L, Li Y, Li J, Zhong Y. The Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in COVID-19 Pathogenesis and Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:791922. [PMID: 35185562 PMCID: PMC8847594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.791922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a new public health crisis threatening the world. Dysregulated immune responses are the most striking pathophysiological features of patients with severe COVID-19, which can result in multiple-organ failure and death. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) system is the most important drug metabolizing enzyme family, which plays a significant role in the metabolism of endogenous or exogenous substances. Endogenous CYPs participate in the biosynthesis or catabolism of endogenous substances, including steroids, vitamins, eicosanoids, and fatty acids, whilst xenobiotic CYPs are associated with the metabolism of environmental toxins, drugs, and carcinogens. CYP expression and activity are greatly affected by immune response. However, changes in CYP expression and/or function in COVID-19 and their impact on COVID-19 pathophysiology and the metabolism of therapeutic agents in COVID-19, remain unclear. In this analysis, we review current evidence predominantly in the following areas: firstly, the possible changes in CYP expression and/or function in COVID-19; secondly, the effects of CYPs on the metabolism of arachidonic acid, vitamins, and steroid hormones in COVID-19; and thirdly, the effects of CYPs on the metabolism of therapeutic COVID-19 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyi Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Linmei Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanjun Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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21
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Jay N, Duffy SR, Estrada DF. Characterization of a Cleavable Fusion of Human CYP24A1 with Adrenodoxin Reveals the Variable Role of Hydrophobics in Redox Partner Binding. Biochemistry 2022; 61:57-66. [PMID: 34979083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The improper maintenance of the bioactivated form of vitamin-D (1α,25(OH)2D) may result in vitamin-D insufficiency and therefore compromise the absorption of dietary calcium. A significant regulator of vitamin-D metabolism is the inactivating function of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1). In humans, CYP24A1 carries out hydroxylation of carbon-23 (C23) or carbon-24 (C24) of the 1α,25(OH)2D side chain, eventually resulting in production of either an antagonist of the vitamin-D receptor (C23 pathway) or calcitroic acid (C24 pathway). Despite its importance to human health, the human isoform (hCYP24A1) remains largely uncharacterized due in part to the difficulty in producing the enzyme using recombinant means. In this study, we utilize a cleavable fusion with the cognate redox partner, human Adx (hAdx), to stabilize hCYP24A1 during production. The subsequent cleavage and isolation of active hCYP24A1 allowed for an investigation of substrate and analog binding, enzymatic activity, and redox partner recognition. We demonstrate involvement of a nonpolar contact involving Leu-80 of hAdx and a nonconserved proximal surface of hCYP24A1. Interestingly, shortening the length of this residue (L80V) results in enhanced binding between the CYP-Adx complex and 1α,25(OH)2D yet unexpectedly results in decreased catalysis. The same mutation has a negligible effect on rat CYP24A1 (a C24-hydroxylase), indicating the presence of a species-specific requirement that may correlate with differences in regioselectivity of the reaction. Taken together, this work presents an example of production of a challenging human CYP as well as providing details regarding hydrophobic modulation of a CYP-Adx complex that is critical to human vitamin-D metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jay
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - Sean R Duffy
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
| | - D Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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22
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Tang PK, Geddes RF, Jepson RE, Elliott J. A feline-focused review of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders - Part 1: Physiology of calcium handling. Vet J 2021; 275:105719. [PMID: 34311095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral derangements are a common consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite the well-established role of phosphorus in the pathophysiology of CKD, the implications of calcium disturbances associated with CKD remain equivocal. Calcium plays an essential role in numerous physiological functions in the body and is a fundamental structural component of bone. An understanding of calcium metabolism is required to understand the potential adverse clinical implications and outcomes secondary to the (mal)adaptation of calcium-regulating hormones in CKD. The first part of this two-part review covers the physiology of calcium homeostasis (kidneys, intestines and bones) and details the intimate relationships between calcium-regulating hormones (parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, fibroblast growth factor 23, α-Klotho and calcitonin) and the role of the calcium-sensing receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-Kan Tang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Rebecca F Geddes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rosanne E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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23
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Dimitrov V, Barbier C, Ismailova A, Wang Y, Dmowski K, Salehi-Tabar R, Memari B, Groulx-Boivin E, White JH. Vitamin D-regulated Gene Expression Profiles: Species-specificity and Cell-specific Effects on Metabolism and Immunity. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqaa218. [PMID: 33249469 PMCID: PMC7751191 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has pleiotropic physiological actions including immune system regulation, in addition to its classical role in calcium homeostasis. Hormonal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) signals through the nuclear vitamin D receptor, and large-scale expression profiling has provided numerous insights into its diverse physiological roles. To obtain a comprehensive picture of vitamin D signaling, we analyzed raw data from 94 (80 human, 14 mouse) expression profiles of genes regulated by 1,25D or its analogs. This identified several thousand distinct genes directly or indirectly up- or downregulated in a highly cell-specific manner in human cells using a 1.5-fold cut-off. There was significant overlap of biological processes regulated in human and mouse but minimal intersection between genes regulated in each species. Disease ontology clustering confirmed roles for 1,25D in immune homeostasis in several human cell types, and analysis of canonical pathways revealed novel and cell-specific roles of vitamin D in innate immunity. This included cell-specific regulation of several components of Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-like (NOD-like) pattern recognition receptor signaling, and metabolic events controlling innate immune responses. Notably, 1,25D selectively enhanced catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in monocytic cells. BCAA levels regulate the major metabolic kinase mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), and pretreatment with 1,25D suppressed BCAA-dependent activation of mTOR signaling. Furthermore, ablation of BCAT1 expression in monocytic cells blocked 1,25D-induced increases in autophagy marker LAMP1. In conclusion, the data generated represents a powerful tool to further understand the diverse physiological roles of vitamin D signaling and provides multiple insights into mechanisms of innate immune regulation by 1,25D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassil Dimitrov
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Camille Barbier
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Aiten Ismailova
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Katy Dmowski
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | | | - Babak Memari
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
| | | | - John H White
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal QC, Canada
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24
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De Paolis E, Scaglione GL, De Bonis M, Minucci A, Capoluongo E. CYP24A1 and SLC34A1 genetic defects associated with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia: from genotype to phenotype. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:1650-1667. [PMID: 31188746 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the CYP24A1 gene, involved in vitamin D catabolism and in calcium homeostasis, are known to be the genetic drivers of both idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH) and adult renal stone disease. Recently, also defects in the SLC34A1 gene, encoding for the renal sodium-phosphate transporter NaPi-IIa, were associated with the disease. IIH typically affects infants and pediatric patients with a syndrome characterized by severe hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, suppressed parathyroid hormone level and nephrolithiasis. In SLC34A1 mutated carriers, hypophosphatemia is also a typical biochemical tract. IIH may also persist undiagnosed into adulthood, causing an increased risk of nephrocalcinosis and renal complication. To note, a clinical heterogeneity characterizes IIH manifestation, principally due to the controversial gene-dose effect and, to the strong influence of environmental factors. The present review is aimed to provide an overview of the current molecular findings on the IIH disorder, giving a comprehensive description of the association between genotype and biochemical and clinical phenotype of the affected patients. We also underline that patients may benefit from genetic testing into a targeted diagnostic and therapeutic workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Paolis
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Genomics, Teaching and Research Hospital "Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli" - IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Luca Scaglione
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, "Fondazione Giovanni Paolo II", Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Maria De Bonis
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Genomics, Teaching and Research Hospital "Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli" - IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Minucci
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Genomics, Teaching and Research Hospital "Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli" - IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Genomics, Teaching and Research Hospital "Fondazione Policlinico Agostino Gemelli" - IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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25
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Zmijewski MA, Carlberg C. Vitamin D receptor(s): In the nucleus but also at membranes? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:876-884. [PMID: 32654294 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genomic actions of the vitamin D are mediated via its biologically most potent metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) and the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). Activation of VDR by 1,25(OH)2 D3 leads to change in the expression of more 1000 genes in various human tissues. Based on (epi)genome, transcriptome and crystal structure data the molecular details of this nuclear vitamin D signalling pathway are well understood. Vitamin D is known for its role on calcium homeostasis and bone formation, but it also modulates energy metabolism, innate and adaptive immunity as well as cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The observation of rapid, non-genomic effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 at cellular membranes and in the cytosol initiated the question, whether there are alternative vitamin D-binding proteins in these cellular compartments. So far, the best candidate is the enzyme PDIA3 (protein disulphide isomerase family A member 3), which is found at various subcellular locations. Furthermore, also VDR seems to play a role in membrane-based responses to vitamin D. In this viewpoint, we will dispute whether these rapid, non-genomic pathways are a meaningful addition to the genome-wide effects of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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26
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Kumar A, Wilderman PR, Tu C, Shen S, Qu J, Estrada DF. Evidence of Allosteric Coupling between Substrate Binding and Adx Recognition in the Vitamin D Carbon-24 Hydroxylase CYP24A1. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1537-1548. [PMID: 32259445 PMCID: PMC7233526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic inactivation of 1,25(OH)2D3 requires molecular recognition between the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) and its cognate redox partner adrenodoxin (Adx). Recent evidence supports a model of CYP24A1 function in which substrate binding and Adx recognition are structurally linked. However, the details of this allosteric connection are not clear. In this study, we utilize chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and CYP24A1 functional assays to inform a working model of a CYP24A1-Adx complex. We report that differential cross-linking internal to CYP24A1 points toward an Adx-induced conformational change that perturbs the F and G helices, which are required for substrate binding. Moreover, the modeled complex suggests that a semiconserved nonpolar interaction at the interface may influence CYP24A1 regioselectivity. Taken together, these findings contribute to our understanding of Adx recognition in a critical vitamin D-inactivating enzyme and provide broader insight regarding the variability inherent in CYP-Adx interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo NY 14203
| | - P. Ross Wilderman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Chengjian Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 318 Pharmacy Building, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14214
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 318 Pharmacy Building, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14214
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 318 Pharmacy Building, University at Buffalo, Buffalo NY 14214
| | - D. Fernando Estrada
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine, University at Buffalo, 955 Main Street, Buffalo NY 14203
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27
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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28
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Nafie MS, Tantawy MA, Elmgeed GA. Screening of different drug design tools to predict the mode of action of steroidal derivatives as anti-cancer agents. Steroids 2019; 152:108485. [PMID: 31491446 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to discover and develop novel drugs against cancer. With the new era of bioinformatics, which integrates different aspects, drug development has been tremendously improved. Recently, extensive research was directed towards the rational modification of steroid molecules against different disease especially cancer. Moreover, heterocyclic steroid derivatives have shown a lot of different biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Molecular docking methods can be used to explore how the steroid derivatives conformations can adopt within the binding sites of specific macromolecular targets involved in cancer progression. We conducted this study to investigate the accuracy of different molecular docking calculations using different steroidal molecular targets, and to define the most accurate one to study the mode of action of steroid derivatives as potential anti-cancer drugs. Our results revealed that the Dock6, PLANTS, AutoDock, GLIDE (SP and XP), and GOLD (ASP, Chemscore, and PLP) software were able to maintain the binding mode of the co-crystallized ligands inside their proteins by achieving RMSD values lower than two. Moreover, molecular docking study revealed that compound 4, and 5 are promising steroidal derivatives as anti-cancer drugs. Further on, the cytotoxic activity of the selected steroidal derivatives were tested against leukemia cell line using MTT assay. The results revealed that compound 4, and 5 were potential cytotoxic agents against THP-1 cells (IC50s were 44.67 µM, and 46.77 µM, respectively), these results are in agreement with the molecular docking study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Nafie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Tantawy
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; Stem Cells Lab, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Gamal A Elmgeed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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29
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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30
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Qu R, Li X, Quan X, Xia L, Fang X, Li H, Zhou B. Polymorphism in CYP24A1 Is Associated with Lung Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Chinese Female Nonsmokers. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:243-249. [PMID: 30724597 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP24A1 plays important roles in antiproliferative effects, which have been proved in many human tumor cells. Polymorphisms in CYP24A1 may affect the risk of lung cancer, but the results remained inconclusive. To enhance the understanding of possible relationship between CYP24A1 polymorphism rs6068816 and lung cancer risks, we first carried out this case-control study among Chinese female nonsmokers, including 345 lung cancer patients and 351 noncancer controls. Our results revealed that individuals carrying CT and CC genotype were associated with decreasing lung cancer risk (adjusted odds ratios were 0.71 and 0.59, and 95% confidence intervals were 0.52-0.97 and 0.35-0.99, p-values were 0.031 and 0.048, respectively). Patients carrying allele-T showed lower hazard risks, especially in adenocarcinoma and advanced stage cancers. We also found that subjects with allele-T showed a relatively low risk of lung cancer when they were exposed to oil fume. But neither additive scale nor multiplicative scale revealed interactions between allele-T and environmental exposures, including oil fume, coal fuel fume, and passive smoking. Overall, these findings indicated that CYP24A1 polymorphism rs6068816 could be significantly associated with susceptibility of lung cancer in Chinese female nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyi Qu
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Li
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Quan
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Lingzi Xia
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xue Fang
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Hang Li
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Baosen Zhou
- 1 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China.,2 Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
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31
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Tuckey RC, Cheng CYS, Slominski AT. The serum vitamin D metabolome: What we know and what is still to discover. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:4-21. [PMID: 30205156 PMCID: PMC6342654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, referring to the two forms, D2 from the diet and D3 primarily derived from phototransformation in the skin, is a prohormone important in human health. The most hormonally active form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1α,25(OH)2D), formed from vitamin D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), is not only important for regulating calcium metabolism, but has many pleiotropic effects including regulation of the immune system and has anti-cancer properties. The major circulating form of vitamin D is 25(OH)D and both D2 and D3 forms are routinely measured by LC/MS/MS to assess vitamin D status, due to their relatively long half-lives and much higher concentrations compared to 1α,25(OH)2D. Inactivation of both 25(OH)D and 1α,25(OH)2D is catalyzed by CYP24A1 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 3-epimerase. Initial products from these enzymes acting on 25(OH)D3 are 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3, respectively, and both of these can also be measured routinely in some clinical laboratories to further document vitamin D status. With advances in LC/MS/MS and its increased availability, and with the help of studies with recombinant vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes, many other vitamin D metabolites have now been detected and in some cases quantitated, in human serum. CYP11A1 which catalyzes the first step in steroidogenesis, has been found to also act on vitamins D3 and D2 hydroxylating both at C20, but with some secondary metabolites produced by subsequent hydroxylations at other positions on the side chain. The major vitamin D3 metabolite, 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 (20S(OH)D3), shows biological activity, often similar to 1α,25(OH)2D3 but without calcemic effects. Using standards produced enzymatically by purified CYP11A1 and characterized by NMR, many of these new metabolites have been detected in human serum, with semi-quantitative measurement of 20S(OH)D3 indicating it is present at comparable concentrations to 24R,25(OH)2D3 and 3-epi-25(OH)D3. Recently, vitamin D-related hydroxylumisterols derived from lumisterol3, a previtamin D3 photoproduct, have also been measured in human serum and displayed biological activity in initial in vitro studies. With the current extensive knowledge on the reactions and pathways of metabolism of vitamin D, especially those catalyzed by CYP24A1, CYP27A1, CYP27B1, CYP3A4 and CYP11A1, it is likely that many other of the resulting hydroxyvitamin D metabolites will be measured in human serum in the future, some contributing to a more detailed understanding of vitamin D status in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Chloe Y S Cheng
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA; VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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Annalora AJ, Jozic M, Marcus CB, Iversen PL. Alternative splicing of the vitamin D receptor modulates target gene expression and promotes ligand-independent functions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 364:55-67. [PMID: 30552932 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing modulates gene function by creating splice variants with alternate functions or non-coding RNA activity. Naturally occurring variants of nuclear receptor (NR) genes with dominant negative or gain-of-function phenotypes have been documented, but their cellular roles, regulation, and responsiveness to environmental stress or disease remain unevaluated. Informed by observations that class I androgen and estrogen receptor variants display ligand-independent signaling in human cancer tissues, we questioned whether the function of class II NRs, like the vitamin D receptor (VDR), would also respond to alternative splicing regulation. Artificial VDR constructs lacking exon 3 (Dex3-VDR), encoding part of the DNA binding domain (DBD), and exon 8 (Dex8-VDR), encoding part of the ligand binding domain (LBD), were transiently transfected into DU-145 cells and stably-integrated into Caco-2 cells to study their effect on gene expression and cell viability. Changes in VDR promoter signaling were monitored by the expression of target genes (e.g. CYP24A1, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5). Ligand-independent VDR signaling was observed in variants lacking exon 8, and a significant loss of gene suppressor function was documented for variants lacking exon 3. The gain-of-function behavior of the Dex8-VDR variant was recapitulated in vitro using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) that induce the skipping of exon 8 in wild-type VDR. ASO targeting the splice acceptor site of exon 8 significantly stimulated ligand-independent VDR reporter activity and the induction of CYP24A1 above controls. These results demonstrate how alternative splicing can re-program NR gene function, highlighting novel mechanisms of toxicity and new opportunities for the use of splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSO) in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Annalora
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331; USA.
| | - Marija Jozic
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331; USA
| | - Craig B Marcus
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331; USA
| | - Patrick L Iversen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 Agriculture & Life Sciences Building, Corvallis, OR 97331; USA; LS Pharma, 884 Park St., Lebanon, OR 97355; USA
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Nagamani S, Muthusamy K. A theoretical insight to understand the molecular mechanism of dual target ligand CTA-018 in the chronic kidney disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203194. [PMID: 30286109 PMCID: PMC6171836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of the vitamin D in the bloodstream is regulated by cytochrome P450 enzyme 24-hydroxylase A1 (CYP24A1). Over expression of CYP24A1 enzyme is correlated with vitamin D deficiency and resistance to vitamin D therapy. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are commonly reported with the above said expression variations. This deregulation could be solved by ligands that act as a vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists and CYP24A1 antagonists. Posner et al., (2010) first time reported two new vitamin D analogues namely CTA-091 and CTA-018 to inhibit CYP24A1. The CTA-018 inhibited CYP24A1 with an IC50 27 ± 6 nM (10 times more potent than the ketoconazole (253 ± 20 nM)). CTA-018 induced VDR expression (15-fold lower than 1α,25(OH)2D3) and is under phase II clinical trial, whereas CTA-091 was not able to efficiently induce the VDR expression (>2000 nM). To explore the molecular mechanism, binding specificity of these two vitamin D analogues along with native ligand was extensively studied through in silico approaches. Through molecular dynamics simulations studies, we shown that the sulfonic group (O = S = O) in the side chain of CTA-018 plays an important role in the regulation of VDR agonistic activity. The electron lone pairs of the sulfonic group that interacted with His393 lead to be a factor for agonistic mechanism of VDR activity. Compared to azol-based compounds, CTA-018 binds the different sites in the CYP24A1 binding cavity and thus it could be a potent antagonistic for CYP24A1enzyme.
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Goodin DB, Chuo SW, Liou SH. Conformational Changes in Cytochrome P450cam and the Effector Role of Putidaredoxin. DIOXYGEN-DEPENDENT HEME ENZYMES 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788012911-00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 form an enormous family of over 20 000 enzyme variants found in all branches of life. They catalyze the O2 dependent monooxygenation of a wide range of substrates in reactions important to drug metabolism, biosynthesis and energy utilization. Understanding how they function is important for biomedical science and requires a full description of their notorious propensity for specificity and promiscuity. The bacterial P450cam is an unusual example, having the most well characterized chemical mechanism of all of the forms. It also undergoes an increasingly well characterized structural change upon substrate binding, which may be similar to to that displayed by some, but not all forms of P450. Finally, P450cam is one of the rare forms that have a strict requirement for a particular electron donor, putidaredoxin (pdx). Pdx provides the required electrons for enzyme turnover, but it also induces specific changes in the enzyme to allow enzyme turnover, long known as its effector role. This review summarizes recent crystallographic and double electron–electron resonance studies that have revealed the effects of substrate and pdx binding on the structure of P450cam. We describe an emerging idea for how pdx exerts its effector function by inducing a conformational change in the enzyme. This change then propagates to the active site to enable cleavage of the ferric–hydroperoxy bond during catalysis, and appears to provide a very elegant approach for P450cam to attain both high efficiency and protection from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Goodin
- University of California Davis, Department of Chemistry One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Shih-Wei Chuo
- University of California Davis, Department of Chemistry One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Shu-Hao Liou
- Research Group EPR Spectroscopy, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen 37077 Germany
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35
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Peng HM, Barlow C, Auchus RJ. Catalytic modulation of human cytochromes P450 17A1 and P450 11B2 by phospholipid. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:63-72. [PMID: 29548669 PMCID: PMC5992074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Unlike most of the drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s, microsomal P450 17A1 and mitochondrial P450 11B2 catalyze sequential multi-step reactions in steroid biosynthesis. The membrane phospholipid composition might be one parameter that modulates the efficiency and processivity of specific pathways. Here we systematically examined the effects of physiologically relevant phospholipids on the catalysis of purified P450 17A1, P450 11B2, and P450 11B1 in reconstituted assay systems. Both dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC, 18:1) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC, 12:0) were found to be very efficient in reconstituting 17-hydroxylase and 1720-lyase reactions of P450 17A1. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) specifically enhanced 1720-lyase activity up to 2.4-fold in the presence of phosphatidylcholine. On the other hand, P450 11B2-catalyzed production of aldosterone from 11-deoxycorticosterone was very low and from 18-hydroxycorticosterone nil, implying low processivity. DOPC or cardiolipin, which is exclusively located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, maximized aldosterone yield. In sharp contrast, reconstitution of homologous P450 11B1 with DOPC significantly decreased corticosterone formation without affecting the synthesis of 18-hydroxycorticosterone. The intrinsic fluorescence of P450 17A1 and 11B2 increased in the presence of DOPC, DLPC and PE. Acrylamide quenching studies showed that PE decreased solvent accessibility for tryptophan in P450 17A1, as did 20:4 PC or 18:2 PC for P450 11B2. A moderately positive correlation between the proportion of high-spin substrate-bound species and catalytic activity was only observed in the presence of phosphatidylcholines with low-temperature phase transition. These results demonstrate the potential for phospholipids to regulate the activity of steroidogenic P450 activities and thereby steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ming Peng
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Chase Barlow
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States.
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Jayaraj JM, Krishnasamy G, Lee JK, Muthusamy K. In silico identification and screening of CYP24A1 inhibitors: 3D QSAR pharmacophore mapping and molecular dynamics analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1700-1714. [PMID: 29658431 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1464958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a key signalling molecule that plays a vital role in the regulation of calcium phosphate homeostasis and bone remodelling. The circulating biologically active form of vitamin D is regulated by the catabolic mechanism of cytochrome P450 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) enzyme. The over-expression of CYP24A1 negatively regulates the vitamin D level, which is the causative agent of chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis and several types of cancers. In this study, we found three potential lead molecules adverse to CYP24A1 through structure-based, atom-based pharmacophore and e-pharmacophore-based screening methods. Analysis was done by bioinformatics methods and tools like binding affinity (binding free energy), chemical reactivity (DFT studies) and molecular dynamics simulation (protein-ligand stability). Combined computational investigation showed that the compounds NCI_95001, NCI_382818 and UNPD_141613 may have inhibitory effects against the CYP24A1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Marshal Jayaraj
- a Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamilnadu , India
| | - Gopinath Krishnasamy
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , Konkuk University , 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-Gu, Seoul , South Korea
| | - Jung-Kul Lee
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , Konkuk University , 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-Gu, Seoul , South Korea
| | - Karthikeyan Muthusamy
- a Department of Bioinformatics , Alagappa University , Karaikudi , Tamilnadu , India
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37
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Bowen AM, Johnson EOD, Mercuri F, Hoskins NJ, Qiao R, McCullagh JSO, Lovett JE, Bell SG, Zhou W, Timmel CR, Wong LL, Harmer JR. A Structural Model of a P450-Ferredoxin Complex from Orientation-Selective Double Electron-Electron Resonance Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2514-2527. [PMID: 29266939 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b11056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases catalyze the oxidation of chemically inert carbon-hydrogen bonds in diverse endogenous and exogenous organic compounds by atmospheric oxygen. This C-H bond oxy-functionalization activity has huge potential in biotechnological applications. Class I CYPs receive the two electrons required for oxygen activation from NAD(P)H via a ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin. The interaction of Class I CYPs with their cognate ferredoxin is specific. In order to reconstitute the activity of diverse CYPs, structural characterization of CYP-ferredoxin complexes is necessary, but little structural information is available. Here we report a structural model of such a complex (CYP199A2-HaPux) in frozen solution derived from distance and orientation restraints gathered by the EPR technique of orientation-selective double electron-electron resonance (os-DEER). The long-lived oscillations in the os-DEER spectra were well modeled by a single orientation of the CYP199A2-HaPux complex. The structure is different from the two known Class I CYP-Fdx structures: CYP11A1-Adx and CYP101A1-Pdx. At the protein interface, HaPux residues in the [Fe2S2] cluster-binding loop and the α3 helix and the C-terminus residue interact with CYP199A2 residues in the proximal loop and the C helix. These residue contacts are consistent with biochemical data on CYP199A2-ferredoxin binding and electron transfer. Electron-tunneling calculations indicate an efficient electron-transfer pathway from the [Fe2S2] cluster to the heme. This new structural model of a CYP-Fdx complex provides the basis for tailoring CYP enzymes for which the cognate ferredoxin is not known, to accept electrons from HaPux and display monooxygenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Bowen
- Centre for Applied Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Eachan O D Johnson
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Francesco Mercuri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola J Hoskins
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Ruihong Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - James S O McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Janet E Lovett
- Centre for Applied Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Stephen G Bell
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Weihong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Centre for Applied Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Luet Lok Wong
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Applied Electron Spin Resonance, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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38
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Estrada DF. The cytochrome P450 24A1 interaction with adrenodoxin relies on multiple recognition sites that vary among species. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4167-4179. [PMID: 29371396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial cytochromes P450 (P450s) are responsible for important metabolic reactions, including steps involved in steroid and vitamin D metabolism. The mitochondrial P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) is responsible for deactivation of the bioactive form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3. Its function relies on formation of a P450-redox partner complex with the ferredoxin and electron donor adrenodoxin (Adx). However, very little is known about how the Adx-CYP24A1 complex forms. In this study, we report the results of solution NMR in which we monitor isotopically labeled full-length Adx as it binds CYP24A1 in complex with the P450 inhibitor clotrimazole. The NMR titration data suggested a mode for P450-Adx interactions in which formation of the complex relies on contributions from multiple recognition sites on the Adx core domain, some of which have not previously been reported. To evaluate differences among CYP24A1-Adx complexes from different mammalian species and displaying distinct regioselectivity for 1,25(OH)2D3, all bound spectra were acquired in parallel for human (carbon-23 and -24 hydroxylase), rat (carbon-24 hydroxylase), and opossum (carbon-23 hydroxylase) CYP24A1 isoforms. Binding data from a series of single and double charge-neutralizing substitutions of Adx confirmed that species-specific CYP24A1 isoforms differ in binding to Adx, providing evidence that variations in redox partner interactions correlate with P450 regioselectivity. In summary, these findings reveal that CYP24A1-Adx interactions rely on several recognition sites and that variations in CYP24A1 isoforms modulate formation of the complex, thus providing insight into the variable and complex nature of mitochondrial P450-Adx interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fernando Estrada
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214
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Jones G, Kottler ML, Schlingmann KP. Genetic Diseases of Vitamin D Metabolizing Enzymes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:1095-1117. [PMID: 29080636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D metabolism involves 3 highly specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (25-hydroxylase, 1α-hydroxylase, and 24-hydroxylase) involved in the activation of vitamin D3 to the hormonal form, 1,25-(OH)2D3, and the inactivation of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to biliary excretory products. Mutations of the activating enzymes CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 cause lack of normal 1,25-(OH)2D3 synthesis and result in rickets whereas mutations of the inactivating enzyme CYP24A1 cause build-up of excess 1,25-(OH)2D3 and result in hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, and nephrocalcinosis. This article reviews the literature for 3 clinical conditions. Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management of vitamin D-dependent rickets and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Room 650, Botterell Hall, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Marie Laure Kottler
- Department of Genetics, University de Basse-Normandie, National Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism, Caen University Hospital, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen, France; Team 7450 BIOTARGEN, Caen-Normandy University, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France
| | - Karl Peter Schlingmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Waldeyerstr. 22, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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40
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Rochel N, Molnár F. Structural aspects of Vitamin D endocrinology. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:22-35. [PMID: 28257826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is the hormonally active form of vitamin D3. Its synthesis and its metabolites, their transport and elimination as well as action on transcriptional regulation involves the harmonic cooperation of diverse proteins with vitamin D binding capacities such as vitamin D binding protein (DBP), cytochrome P450 enzymes or the nuclear vitamin receptor (VDR). The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves its binding to VDR that functionally acts as a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor. The crystal structures of the most important proteins for vitamin D3, VDR, DBP, CYP2R1 and CYP24A1, have provided identification of mechanisms of actions of these proteins and those mediating VDR-regulated transcription. This review will present the structural information on recognition of the vitamin D3 and metabolites by CYP proteins and DBP as well as the structural basis of VDR activation by 1,25(OH)2D3 and metabolites. Additionally, we will describe, the implications of the VDR mutants associated with hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR) that display impaired function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964/Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- Institute of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Heath Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, Canthia 2036, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
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41
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Lohman BK, Stutz WE, Bolnick DI. Gene expression stasis and plasticity following migration into a foreign environment. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:4657-4670. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian K. Lohman
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - William E. Stutz
- Office of Institutional Research; Western Michigan University; Kalamazoo MI USA
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
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42
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Colotta F, Jansson B, Bonelli F. Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:78-97. [PMID: 28733125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) is a prohormone most noted for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in circulation, and thus of bone metabolism. Inflammatory and immune cells not only convert inactive VitD metabolites into calcitriol, the active form of VitD, but also express the nuclear receptor of VitD that modulates differentiation, activation and proliferation of these cells. In vitro, calcitriol upregulates different anti-inflammatory pathways and downregulates molecules that activate immune and inflammatory cells. Administration of VitD has beneficial effects in a number of experimental models of autoimmune disease. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that VitD insufficiency is frequently associated with immune disorders and infectious diseases, exacerbated by increasing evidence of suboptimal VitD status in populations worldwide. To date, however, most interventional studies in human inflammatory and immune diseases with VitD supplementation have proven to be inconclusive. One of the reasons could be that the main VitD metabolite measured in these studies was the 25-hydroxyVitD (25OHD) rather than its active form calcitriol. Although our knowledge of calcitriol as modulator of immune and inflammatory reactions has dramatically increased in the past decades, further in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of VitD in the control of immune and inflammatory conditions.
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43
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Johnson KM, Phan TTN, Albertolle ME, Guengerich FP. Human mitochondrial cytochrome P450 27C1 is localized in skin and preferentially desaturates trans-retinol to 3,4-dehydroretinol. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13672-13687. [PMID: 28701464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, zebrafish and human cytochrome P450 (P450) 27C1 enzymes have been shown to be retinoid 3,4-desaturases. The enzyme is unusual among mammalian P450s in that the predominant oxidation is a desaturation and in that hydroxylation represents only a minor pathway. We show by proteomic analysis that P450 27C1 is localized to human skin, with two proteins of different sizes present, one being a cleavage product of the full-length form. P450 27C1 oxidized all-trans-retinol to 3,4-dehydroretinol, 4-hydroxy (OH) retinol, and 3-OH retinol in a 100:3:2 ratio. Neither 3-OH nor 4-OH retinol was an intermediate in desaturation. No kinetic burst was observed in the steady state; neither the rate of substrate binding nor product release was rate-limiting. Ferric P450 27C1 reduction by adrenodoxin was 3-fold faster in the presence of the substrate and was ∼5-fold faster than the overall turnover. Kinetic isotope effects of 1.5-2.3 (on kcat/Km ) were observed with 3,3-, 4,4-, and 3,3,4,4-deuterated retinol. Deuteration at C-4 produced a 4-fold increase in 3-hydroxylation due to metabolic switching, with no observable effect on 4-hydroxylation. Deuteration at C-3 produced a strong kinetic isotope effect for 3-hydroxylation but not 4-hydroxylation. Analysis of the products of deuterated retinol showed a lack of scrambling of a putative allylic radical at C-3 and C-4. We conclude that the most likely catalytic mechanism begins with abstraction of a hydrogen atom from C-4 (or possibly C-3) initiating the desaturation pathway, followed by a sequential abstraction of a hydrogen atom or proton-coupled electron transfer. Adrenodoxin reduction and hydrogen abstraction both contribute to rate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Johnson
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Thanh T N Phan
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Matthew E Albertolle
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
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44
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Omura T, Gotoh O. Evolutionary origin of mitochondrial cytochrome P450. J Biochem 2017; 161:399-407. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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45
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Annalora AJ, Marcus CB, Iversen PL. Alternative Splicing in the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily Expands Protein Diversity to Augment Gene Function and Redirect Human Drug Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:375-389. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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46
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Miller WL. Genetic disorders of Vitamin D biosynthesis and degradation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:101-108. [PMID: 27060335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, an inactive secosteroid pro-hormone, is produced by the action of ultraviolet light on 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. The active hormone, 1,25(OH)2D is produced by sequential 25-hydroxylation in the liver, principally by CYP2R1, and 1α-hydroxylation in the kidney by CYP27B1. Mutations in CYP27B1 cause 1α-hydroxylase deficiency, also known as vitamin D dependent rickets type I or hereditary pseudo-vitamin D deficient rickets; very rare mutations in CYP2R1 can cause 25-hydroxylase deficiency. Both deficiencies cause hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, severe rickets in infancy, and low serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D; both disorders respond to hormonal replacement therapy with calcitriol. The inactivation of vitamin D is principally initiated by its 23- and 24-hydroxylation by CYP24A1. Mutations in CYP24A1 can cause both severe neonatal hypercalcemia and a less severe adult hypercalcemic syndrome. Other pathways of vitamin D metabolism are under investigation, notably its 20-hydroxylation by the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, CYP11A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, HSE 1634, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
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Abstract
Membrane proteins are crucial components of cellular membranes and are responsible for a variety of physiological functions. The advent of new tools and technologies for structural biology of membrane proteins has led to a significant increase in the number of structures deposited to the Protein Data Bank during the past decade. This new knowledge has expanded our fundamental understanding of their mechanism of function and contributed to the drug-design efforts. In this chapter we discuss current approaches for membrane protein expression, solubilization, crystallization, and data collection. Additionally, we describe the protein quality-control assays that are often instrumental as a guideline for a shorter path toward the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Ishchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Enrique E Abola
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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48
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El-Sherbeni AA, El-Kadi AOS. Microsomal cytochrome P450 as a target for drug discovery and repurposing. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 49:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1257021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. El-Sherbeni
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ayman O. S. El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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49
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Dendroctonus armandi (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) cytochrome P450s display tissue specificity and responses to host terpenoids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 201:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Johnson EO, Wong LL. Partial fusion of a cytochrome P450 system by carboxy-terminal attachment of putidaredoxin reductase to P450cam (CYP101A1). Catal Sci Technol 2016; 6:7549-7560. [PMID: 28944003 PMCID: PMC5609660 DOI: 10.1039/c6cy01042c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyze the insertion of oxygen into carbon-hydrogen bonds and have great potential for enzymatic synthesis. Application development of class I CYPs is hampered by their dependence on two redox partners (a ferredoxin and ferredoxin reductase), slowing catalysis compared to self-sufficient CYPs such as CYP102A1 (P450BM3). Previous attempts to address this have fused all three components in several permutations and geometries, with much reduced activity compared to the native system. We report here the new approach of fusing putidaredoxin reductase (PdR) to the carboxy-terminus of CYP101A1 (P450cam) via a linker peptide and reconstituting camphor hydroxylase activity with free putidaredoxin (Pdx). Initial purification of a P450cam-PdR fusion yielded 2.0% heme incorporation. Co-expression of E. coli ferrochelatase, lengthening the linker from 5 to 20 residues, and altering culture conditions for enzyme production furnished 85% heme content. Fusion co-expression with Pdx gave a functional system with comparable in vivo camphor oxidation activity as the native system. In vitro, the fused system's steady state NADH oxidation rate was two-fold faster than that of the native system. In contrast to the native system, NADH oxidation rates for the fusion enzyme showed non-hyperbolic dependence on Pdx concentration, suggesting a role for the PdR domain; these data were consistent with a kinetic model based on two-site binding of Pdx by P450cam-PdR and inactive dimer formation of the fusion. P450cam-PdR is the first example of a class I P450 fusion that exhibits significantly more favorable behavior than that of the native system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luet-Lok Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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