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Zheng Y, Cabassa-Hourton C, Eubel H, Chevreux G, Lignieres L, Crilat E, Braun HP, Lebreton S, Savouré A. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism protein complex detected in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf mitochondria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:917-934. [PMID: 37843921 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) and pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) dehydrogenase (P5CDH) catalyse the oxidation of proline into glutamate via the intermediates P5C and glutamate-semialdehyde (GSA), which spontaneously interconvert. P5C and GSA are also intermediates in the production of glutamate from ornithine and α-ketoglutarate catalysed by ornithine δ-aminotransferase (OAT). ProDH and P5CDH form a fused bifunctional PutA enzyme in Gram-negative bacteria and are associated in a bifunctional substrate-channelling complex in Thermus thermophilus; however, the physical proximity of ProDH and P5CDH in eukaryotes has not been described. Here, we report evidence of physical proximity and interactions between Arabidopsis ProDH, P5CDH, and OAT in the mitochondria of plants during dark-induced leaf senescence when all three enzymes are expressed. Pairwise interactions and localization of the three enzymes were investigated using bimolecular fluorescence complementation with confocal microscopy in tobacco and sub-mitochondrial fractionation in Arabidopsis. Evidence for a complex composed of ProDH, P5CDH, and OAT was revealed by co-migration of the proteins in native conditions upon gel electrophoresis. Co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of the P5C metabolism complex in Arabidopsis. Pull-down assays further demonstrated a direct interaction between ProDH1 and P5CDH. P5C metabolism complexes might channel P5C among the constituent enzymes and directly provide electrons to the respiratory electron chain via ProDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Cabassa-Hourton
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Holger Eubel
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
| | - Guillaume Chevreux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Lignieres
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Crilat
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandrine Lebreton
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Arnould Savouré
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRAE Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES), 75005 Paris, France
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Khan MT, Ahmed S, Sardar R, Shareef M, Abbasi A, Mohiuddin M, Ercisli S, Fiaz S, Marc RA, Attia K, Khan N, Golokhvast KS. Impression of foliar-applied folic acid on coriander ( Coriandrum sativum L.) to regulate aerial growth, biochemical activity, and essential oil profiling under drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005710. [PMID: 36340333 PMCID: PMC9633984 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the major environmental limitations in the crop production sector that has a great impact on food security worldwide. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is an herbaceous angiosperm of culinary significance and highly susceptible to rootzone dryness. Elucidating the drought-induced physio-chemical changes and the foliar-applied folic acid (FA; vitamin B9)-mediated stress tolerance mechanism of coriander has been found as a research hotspot under the progressing water scarcity challenges for agriculture. The significance of folic acid in ameliorating biochemical activities for the improved vegetative growth and performance of coriander under the mild stress (MS75), severe stress (SS50), and unstressed (US100) conditions was examined in this study during two consecutive seasons. The results revealed that the plants treated with 50 mM FA showed the highest plant fresh biomass, leaf fresh biomass, and shoot fresh biomass from bolting stage to seed filling stage under mild drought stress. In addition, total soluble sugars, total flavonoids content, and chlorophyll content showed significant results by the foliar application of FA, while total phenolic content showed non-significant results under MS75 and SS50. It was found that 50 mM of FA upregulated the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes in MS75 and SS50 plants compared with untreated FA plants. Thus, FA treatment improved the overall biological yield and economic yield regardless of water deficit conditions. FA-accompanied plants showed a decline in drought susceptibility index, while it improved the drought tolerance efficiency, indicating this variety to become stress tolerant. The optimum harvest index, essential oil (EO) percentage, and oil yield were found in MS75 followed by SS50 in FA-supplemented plants. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed a higher abundance of linalool as the major chemical constituent of EO, followed by α-terpeniol, terpinene, and p-Cymene in FA-treated SS50 plants. FA can be chosen as a shotgun tactic to improve drought tolerance in coriander by delimiting the drastic changes due to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tajammal Khan
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Sardar
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Asim Abbasi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohsar University, Murree, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mohiuddin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kohsar University, Murree, Pakistan
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Romina Alina Marc
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Kotb Attia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kiril S. Golokhvast
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Krasnoobsk, Russia
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Khan MT, Ahmed S, Shah AA. Regulatory role of folic acid in biomass production and physiological activities of Coriandrum sativum L. under irrigation regimes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 24:1025-1038. [PMID: 34705569 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1993785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Water deficiency represents the major cause that affects agricultural output globally. A water-saving strategy was introduced by using water deficit conditions and growth regulators. Foliar application of folic acid (FA) has been found suitable not only for drought stress alleviation in Coriandrum. sativum but also beneficial for improvement in growth and yield under water deficit circumstances. The current study examined the potential roles of FA under drought to improve C. sativum growth. The C. sativum variety was subjected to three levels of irrigation regimes (IR100, IR75, and IR50) with or without the foliar application of FA concentrations. The results showed that the application of 50 mM FA was very effective in improving the plant height, number of secondary branches, number of umbels, and leaf area index in comparison to FA water deficit treated plants alone under IR75 and IR50. Similarly, physiological and gaseous exchange parameters also upgraded that improved the economic yield (81 and 163%), fresh biomass (28 and 131%), dry biomass (63 and 66%), and harvest index (10 and 58%) of C. sativum plants under irrigation regimes IR75 and IR50 compared to their non-treated FA plants. All the observed growth parameters showed a positive correlation with each other vs. LAI except a weight of 1,000. Overall, this study indicated that foliar-applied 50 mM FA may be used as an alternate strategy to improve C. sativum performance in biomass production and can play a key part in solving difficulties caused by drought stress on plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tajammal Khan
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Division of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
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Chattopadhyay K, Chakraborty K, Samal P, Sarkar RK. Identification of QTLs for stagnant flooding tolerance in rice employing genotyping by sequencing of a RIL population derived from Swarna × Rashpanjor. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2893-2909. [PMID: 35035143 PMCID: PMC8720131 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In lowland rice ecosystems stagnant flooding or partial submergence has a significant negative impact on important yield attributing traits resulting in substantial grain yield reduction. Genetics of this stress is not yet studied intensively. Rashpanjor (IC 575321), a landrace from India, was identified and used as the tolerant donor for stagnant flooding and was crossed with high yielding variety Swarna to develop the RIL population for the present investigation. Yield and yield attributing traits of 180 F2:8 lines in rainfed non-stressed and stressed (stagnant flooding with 45 ± 5 cm standing water) conditions were recorded in the wet season of 2018 and stress susceptibility and tolerance indices of yield component traits were deduced. Homo-polymorphic high-quality SNPs between two parents derived from genotyping by sequencing were employed and 17 putative QTLs for plant height, shoot elongation, panicle number, grain weight, panicle length in control and stagnant flooding conditions were identified. Tolerance and susceptibility indexes for these traits were detected in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, and 12 with PVE ranging from 6.53 to 57.89%. Two major QTLs clusters were found for stress susceptibility index of grain and panicle weight on chromosome 1 and plant height in non-stress condition and stress tolerance index of elongation ability on chromosome 3. Putative functional genes present either in associated non-synonymous SNPs or inside the QTL regions were also predicted. Some of them were directly associated with ethylene biosynthesis and encoding auxin responsive factors for better adaptation under stagnant flooding and also coded for different transcription factors viz. NAC domain-binding protein, WRKY gene family, and MYB class known for ROS scavenging and production of metabolites to enhance tolerance to stagnant flooding. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01107-x.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koushik Chakraborty
- Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Prabhudatta Samal
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Ramani Kumar Sarkar
- Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
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Kosteletzkya pentacarpos: A Potential Halophyte Candidate for Phytoremediation in the Meta(loid)s Polluted Saline Soils. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112495. [PMID: 34834857 PMCID: PMC8624882 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (L.) Ledebour is a perennial facultative halophyte species from the Malvacea family that grows in coastal areas with high amounts of salt. The tolerance of K. pentacarpos to the high concentration of salt (0.5–1.5% salinity range of coastal saline land) has been widely studied for decades. Nowadays, with the dramatic development of the economy and urbanization, in addition to the salt, the accumulation of mate(loid)s in coastal soil is increasing, which is threatening the survival of halophyte species as well as the balance of wetland ecosystems. Recently, the capacity of K. pentacarpos to cope with either single heavy metal stress or a combination of multiple meta(loid) toxicities was studied. Hence, this review focused on summarizing the physiological and biochemical behaviors of K. pentacarpos that has been simultaneously exposed to the combination of several meta(loid) toxicities. How the salt accumulated by K. pentacarpos impacts the response to meta(loid) stress was discussed. We conclude that as a potential candidate for phytoremediation, K. pentacarpos was able to cope with various environmental constrains such as multiple meta(loid) stresses due to its relative tolerance to meta(loid) toxicity.
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Zulfiqar F, Akram NA, Ashraf M. Osmoprotection in plants under abiotic stresses: new insights into a classical phenomenon. PLANTA 2019; 251:3. [PMID: 31776765 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant osmoprotectants protect against abiotic stresses. Introgression of osmoprotectant genes into crop plants via genetic engineering is an important strategy in developing more productive plants. Plants employ adaptive mechanisms to survive various abiotic stresses. One mechanism, the osmoprotection system, utilizes various groups of low molecular weight compounds, collectively known as osmoprotectants, to mitigate the negative effect of abiotic stresses. Osmoprotectants may include amino acids, polyamines, quaternary ammonium compounds and sugars. These nontoxic compounds stabilize cellular structures and enzymes, act as metabolic signals, and scavenge reactive oxygen species produced under stressful conditions. The advent of recent drastic fluctuations in the global climate necessitates the development of plants better adapted to abiotic stresses. The introgression of genes related to osmoprotectant biosynthesis from one plant to another by genetic engineering is a unique strategy bypassing laborious conventional and classical breeding programs. Herein, we review recent literature related to osmoprotectants and transgenic plants engineered with specific osmoprotectant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Zulfiqar
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Nudrat Aisha Akram
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Liu C, Xue Z, Tang D, Shen Y, Shi W, Ren L, Du G, Li Y, Cheng Z. Ornithine δ-aminotransferase is critical for floret development and seed setting through mediating nitrogen reutilization in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:842-854. [PMID: 30144334 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient element that is essential for plant growth and development. Many genes have been reported to contribute to nitrogen absorption and transportation. However, genes involved in nitrogen reutilization are seldom reported. Ornithine δ-aminotransferase (δOAT) is the enzyme connecting arginine cycling and proline cycling. Here, we found that OsOAT, the homologue of δOAT in rice, is essential for nitrogen reutilization through mediating arginase activity. In the Osoat mutant, metabolic abnormality induced by nitrogen deficiency in floret causes malformed glumes, incapable glume opening and anther indehiscence. These defects in the mutant affect the pollination process and lead to a low seed setting rate as well as abnormal seed shape. Intriguingly, urea can rescue the phenotypes of the Osoat mutant. Therefore, OsOAT is crucial for nitrogen reutilization and plays a critical role in floret development and seed setting in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ding Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lijun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guijie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhukuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Montioli R, Zamparelli C, Borri Voltattorni C, Cellini B. Oligomeric State and Thermal Stability of Apo- and Holo- Human Ornithine δ-Aminotransferase. Protein J 2017; 36:174-185. [PMID: 28345116 PMCID: PMC5432616 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Human ornithine δ-aminotransferase (hOAT) (EC 2.6.1.13) is a mitochondrial pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferase whose deficit is associated with gyrate atrophy, a rare autosomal recessive disorder causing progressive blindness and chorioretinal degeneration. Here, both the apo- and holo-form of recombinant hOAT were characterized by means of spectroscopic, kinetic, chromatographic and computational techniques. The results indicate that apo and holo-hOAT (a) show a similar tertiary structure, even if apo displays a more pronounced exposure of hydrophobic patches, (b) exhibit a tetrameric structure with a tetramer-dimer equilibrium dissociation constant about fivefold higher for the apoform with respect to the holoform, and (c) have apparent Tm values of 46 and 67 °C, respectively. Moreover, unlike holo-hOAT, apo-hOAT is prone to unfolding and aggregation under physiological conditions. We also identified Arg217 as an important hot-spot at the dimer–dimer interface of hOAT and demonstrated that the artificial dimeric variant R217A exhibits spectroscopic properties, Tm values and catalytic features similar to those of the tetrameric species. This finding indicates that the catalytic unit of hOAT is the dimer. However, under physiological conditions the apo-tetramer is slightly less prone to unfolding and aggregation than the apo-dimer. The possible implications of the data for the intracellular stability and regulation of hOAT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Montioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences (Section of Biological Chemistry), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Carla Borri Voltattorni
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences (Section of Biological Chemistry), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Cellini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences (Section of Biological Chemistry), University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
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Banaei-Asl F, Farajzadeh D, Bandehagh A, Komatsu S. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of canola leaf inoculated with a plant growth-promoting bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, under salt stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1222-1236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Qamar A, Mysore KS, Senthil-Kumar M. Role of proline and pyrroline-5-carboxylate metabolism in plant defense against invading pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:503. [PMID: 26217357 PMCID: PMC4491715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) is an intermediate product of both proline biosynthesis and catabolism. Recent evidences indicate that proline-P5C metabolism is tightly regulated in plants, especially during pathogen infection and abiotic stress. However, role of P5C and its metabolism in plants has not yet been fully understood. Studies indicate that P5C synthesized in mitochondria has a role in both resistance (R)-gene-mediated and non-host resistance against invading pathogens. Proline dehydrogenase and delta-ornithine amino transferase-encoding genes, both involved in P5C synthesis in mitochondria are implicated in defense response of Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana against bacterial pathogens. Such defense response is proposed to involve salicylic acid-dependent pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypersensitive response (HR)-associated cell death. Recently HR, a form of programmed cell death (PCD), has been proposed to be induced by changes in mitochondrial P5C synthesis or the increase in P5C levels per se in plants inoculated with either a host pathogen carrying suitable avirulent (Avr) gene or a non-host pathogen. Consistently, A. thaliana mutant plants deficient in P5C catabolism showed HR like cell death when grown in external P5C or proline supplemented medium. Similarly, yeast and plant cells under oxidative stress were shown to increase ROS production and PCD due to increase in P5C levels. Similar mechanism has also been reported as one of the triggers for apoptosis in mammalian cells. This review critically analyzes results from various studies and enumerates the pathways for regulation of P5C levels in the plant cell, especially in mitochondria, during pathogen infection. Further, mechanisms regulating P5C- mediated defense responses, namely HR are outlined. This review also provides new insights into the differential role of proline-P5C metabolism in plants exposed to pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Qamar
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
| | | | - Muthappa Senthil-Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Muthappa Senthil-Kumar, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, P. O. Box 10531, New Delhi 110067, India,
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Rizzi YS, Monteoliva MI, Fabro G, Grosso CL, Laróvere LE, Alvarez ME. P5CDH affects the pathways contributing to Pro synthesis after ProDH activation by biotic and abiotic stress conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:572. [PMID: 26284090 PMCID: PMC4517450 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants facing adverse conditions usually alter proline (Pro) metabolism, generating changes that help restore the cellular homeostasis. These organisms synthesize Pro from glutamate (Glu) or ornithine (Orn) by two-step reactions that share Δ(1) pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) as intermediate. In the catabolic process, Pro is converted back to Glu using a different pathway that involves Pro dehydrogenase (ProDH), P5C dehydrogenase (P5CDH), and P5C as intermediate. Little is known about the coordination of the catabolic and biosynthetic routes under stress. To address this issue, we analyzed how P5CDH affects the activation of Pro synthesis, in Arabidopsis tissues that increase ProDH activity by transient exposure to exogenous Pro, or infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Wild-type (Col-0) and p5cdh mutant plants subjected to these treatments were used to monitor the Pro, Glu, and Orn levels, as well as the expression of genes from Pro metabolism. Col-0 and p5cdh tissues consecutively activated ProDH and Pro biosynthetic genes under both conditions. However, they manifested a different coordination between these routes. When external Pro supply was interrupted, wild-type leaves degraded Pro to basal levels at which point Pro synthesis, mainly via Glu, became activated. Under the same condition, p5cdh leaves sustained ProDH induction without reducing the Pro content but rather increasing it, apparently by stimulating the Orn pathway. In response to pathogen infection, both genotypes showed similar trends. While Col-0 plants seemed to induce both Pro biosynthetic routes, p5cdh mutant plants may primarily activate the Orn route. Our study contributes to the functional characterization of P5CDH in biotic and abiotic stress conditions, by revealing its capacity to modulate the fate of P5C, and prevalence of Orn or Glu as Pro precursors in tissues that initially consumed Pro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina S. Rizzi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariela I. Monteoliva
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina
| | - Georgina Fabro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina
| | - Carola L. Grosso
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas, Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad, Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura E. Laróvere
- Centro de Estudio de las Metabolopatías Congénitas, Hospital de Niños de la Santísima Trinidad, Cátedra de Clínica Pediátrica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina
| | - María E. Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: María E. Alvarez, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
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Pratelli R, Pilot G. Regulation of amino acid metabolic enzymes and transporters in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5535-56. [PMID: 25114014 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids play several critical roles in plants, from providing the building blocks of proteins to being essential metabolites interacting with many branches of metabolism. They are also important molecules that shuttle organic nitrogen through the plant. Because of this central role in nitrogen metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, degradation, and transport are tightly regulated to meet demand in response to nitrogen and carbon availability. While much is known about the feedback regulation of the branched biosynthesis pathways by the amino acids themselves, the regulation mechanisms at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and protein levels remain to be identified. This review focuses mainly on the current state of our understanding of the regulation of the enzymes and transporters at the transcript level. Current results describing the effect of transcription factors and protein modifications lead to a fragmental picture that hints at multiple, complex levels of regulation that control and coordinate transport and enzyme activities. It also appears that amino acid metabolism, amino acid transport, and stress signal integration can influence each other in a so-far unpredictable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réjane Pratelli
- Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Guillaume Pilot
- Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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Hayat S, Hayat Q, Alyemeni MN, Wani AS, Pichtel J, Ahmad A. Role of proline under changing environments: a review. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1456-66. [PMID: 22951402 PMCID: PMC3548871 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 971] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to stressful conditions, plants accumulate an array of metabolites, particularly amino acids. Amino acids have traditionally been considered as precursors to and constituents of proteins, and play an important role in plant metabolism and development. A large body of data suggests a positive correlation between proline accumulation and plant stress. Proline, an amino acid, plays a highly beneficial role in plants exposed to various stress conditions. Besides acting as an excellent osmolyte, proline plays three major roles during stress, i.e., as a metal chelator, an antioxidative defense molecule and a signaling molecule. Review of the literature indicates that a stressful environment results in an overproduction of proline in plants which in turn imparts stress tolerance by maintaining cell turgor or osmotic balance; stabilizing membranes thereby preventing electrolyte leakage; and bringing concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within normal ranges, thus preventing oxidative burst in plants. Reports indicate enhanced stress tolerance when proline is supplied exogenously at low concentrations. However, some reports indicate toxic effects of proline when supplied exogenously at higher concentrations. In this article, we review and discuss the effects of exogenous proline on plants exposed to various abiotic stresses. Numerous examples of successful application of exogenous proline to improve stress tolerance are presented. The roles played by exogenous proline under varying environments have been critically examined and reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Hayat
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Stránská J, Tylichová M, Kopecný D, Snégaroff J, Sebela M. Biochemical characterization of pea ornithine-delta-aminotransferase: substrate specificity and inhibition by di- and polyamines. Biochimie 2010; 92:940-8. [PMID: 20381578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine-delta-aminotransferase (OAT, EC 2.6.1.13) catalyzes the transamination of L-ornithine to L-glutamate-gamma-semialdehyde. The physiological role of OAT in plants is not yet well understood. It is probably related to arginine catabolism resulting in glutamate but the enzyme has also been associated with stress-induced proline biosynthesis. We investigated the enzyme from pea (PsOAT) to assess whether diamines and polyamines may serve as substrates or they show inhibitory properties. First, a cDNA coding for PsOAT was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to obtain a recombinant protein with a C-terminal 6xHis tag. Recombinant PsOAT was purified under native conditions by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and its molecular and kinetic properties were characterized. Protein identity was confirmed by peptide mass fingerprinting after proteolytic digestion. The purified PsOAT existed as a monomer of 50 kDa and showed typical spectral properties of enzymes containing pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as a prosthetic group. The cofactor content of PsOAT was estimated to be 0.9 mol per mol of the monomer by a spectrophotometric analysis with phenylhydrazine. L-Ornithine was the best substrate (K(m)=15 mM) but PsOAT also slowly converted N(alpha)-acetyl-L-ornithine. In these reactions, 2-oxoglutarate was the exclusive amino group acceptor (K(m)=2mM). The enzyme had a basic optimal pH of 8.8 and displayed relatively high temperature optimum. Diamines and polyamines were not accepted as substrates. On the other hand, putrescine, spermidine and others represented weak non-competitive inhibitors. A model of the molecular structure of PsOAT was obtained using the crystal structure of human OAT as a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Stránská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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A Cry1Ac toxin variant generated by directed evolution has enhanced toxicity against Lepidopteran insects. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:358-65. [PMID: 20669019 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cry1Ac insecticidal crystal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have become an important natural biological agent for the control of lepidopteran insects. In this study, a cry1Ac toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis 4.0718 was modified by using error-prone PCR, staggered extension process (StEP) shuffling combined with Red/ET homologous recombination to investigate the insecticidal activity of delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac. A Cry1Ac toxin variant (designated as T524N) screened by insect bioassay showed increased insecticidal activity against Spodoptera exigua larvae while its original insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera larvae was still retained. The mutant toxin T524N had one amino acid substitution at position 524 relative to the original Cry1Ac toxin, and it can accumulate within the acrystalliferous strain Cry-B and form more but a little smaller bipyramidal crystals than the original Cry1Ac toxin. Analysis of theoretical molecular models of mutant and original Cry1Ac proteins indicated that the mutation T524N located in the loop linking β16-β17 of domain III in Cry1Ac toxin happens in the fourth conserved block which is an arginine-rich region to form a highly hydrophobic surface involving interaction with receptor molecules. This study showed for the first time that single mutation T524N played an essential role in the insecticidal activity. This finding provides the biological evidence of the structural function of domain III in insecticidal activity of the Cry1Ac toxin, which probably leads to a deep understanding between the interaction of toxic proteins and receptor macromolecules.
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Docking and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies for sulfonyl hydrazides as inhibitors of cytosolic human branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase. Mol Divers 2009; 13:493-500. [PMID: 19350404 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-009-9140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have performed the docking of sulfonyl hydrazides complexed with cytosolic branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCATc) to study the orientations and preferred active conformations of these inhibitors. The study was conducted on a selected set of 20 compounds with variation in structure and activity. In addition, the predicted inhibitor concentration (IC(50)) of the sulfonyl hydrazides as BCAT inhibitors were obtained by a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method using three-dimensional (3D) vectors. We found that three-dimensional molecule representation of structures based on electron diffraction (3D-MoRSE) scheme contains the most relevant information related to the studied activity. The statistical parameters [cross-validate correlation coefficient (Q(2) = 0.796) and fitted correlation coefficient (R(2) = 0.899)] validated the quality of the 3D-MoRSE predictive model for 16 compounds. Additionally, this model adequately predicted four compounds that were not included in the training set.
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Stránská J, Kopecný D, Tylichová M, Snégaroff J, Sebela M. Ornithine delta-aminotransferase: An enzyme implicated in salt tolerance in higher plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:929-35. [PMID: 19513195 PMCID: PMC2633738 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with biochemical and physiological aspects of plant ornithine d-aminotransferase (OAT, EC 2.6.1.13). OAT is a mitochondrial enzyme containing pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as a cofactor, which catalyzes the conversion of L-ornithine to L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde using 2-oxoglutarate as a terminal amino group acceptor. It has been described in humans, animals, insects, plants and microorganisms. Based on the crystal structure of human OAT, both substrate binding and reaction mechanism of the enzyme are well understood. OAT shows a large structural and mechanistic similarity to other enzymes from the subgroup III of aminotransferases, which transfer an amino group from a carbon atom that does not carry a carboxyl function. In plants, the enzyme has been implicated in proline biosynthesis and accumulation (via pyrroline-5-carboxylate), which represents a way to regulate cellular osmolarity in response to osmotic stress. However, the exact metabolic pathway involving OAT remains a subject of controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Stránská
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
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Verbruggen N, Hermans C. Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids 2008; 35:753-759. [PMID: 18379856 DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2616-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proline (Pro) accumulation is a common physiological response in many plants in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Controversy has surrounded the possible role(s) of proline accumulation. In this review, knowledge on the regulation of Pro metabolism during development and stress, results of genetic manipulation of Pro metabolism and current debate on Pro toxicity in plants are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Verbruggen
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et de Génétique moléculaire des Plantes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine-CP242, Bd du Triomphe, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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Cañas RA, Villalobos DP, Díaz-Moreno SM, Cánovas FM, Cantón FR. Molecular and functional analyses support a role of Ornithine-{delta}-aminotransferase in the provision of glutamate for glutamine biosynthesis during pine germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 148:77-88. [PMID: 18621980 PMCID: PMC2528089 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.122853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the molecular characterization and functional analysis of a gene (PsdeltaOAT) from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) encoding Orn-delta-aminotransferase (delta-OAT; EC 2.6.1.13), an enzyme of arginine metabolism. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative N-terminal signal peptide for mitochondrial targeting. The polypeptide is similar to other delta-OATs from plants, yeast, and mammals and encoded by a single-copy gene in pine. PsdeltaOAT encodes a functional delta-OAT as determined by expression of the recombinant protein in Escherichia coli and analysis of the active enzyme. The expression of PsdeltaOAT was undetectable in the embryo, but highly induced at early stages of germination and seedling development in all different organs. Transcript levels decreased in later developmental stages, although an increase was observed in lignified stems of 90-d-old plants. An increase of delta-OAT activity was observed in germinating embryos and seedlings and appears to mirror the observed alterations in PsdeltaOAT transcript levels. Similar expression patterns were also observed for genes encoding arginase and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Transcripts of PsdeltaOAT and the arginase gene were found widely distributed in different cell types of pine organs. Consistent with these results a metabolic pathway is proposed for the nitrogen flow from the megagametophyte to the developing seedling, which is also supported by the relative abundance of free amino acids in embryos and seedlings. Taken together, our data support that delta-OAT plays an important role in this process providing glutamate for glutamine biosynthesis during early pine growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071-Málaga, Spain
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Funck D, Stadelhofer B, Koch W. Ornithine-delta-aminotransferase is essential for arginine catabolism but not for proline biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:40. [PMID: 18419821 PMCID: PMC2377265 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like many other plant species, Arabidopsis uses arginine (Arg) as a storage and transport form of nitrogen, and proline (Pro) as a compatible solute in the defence against abiotic stresses causing water deprivation. Arg catabolism produces ornithine (Orn) inside mitochondria, which was discussed controversially as a precursor for Pro biosynthesis, alternative to glutamate (Glu). RESULTS We show here that ornithine-delta-aminotransferase (deltaOAT, At5g46180), the enzyme converting Orn to pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), is localised in mitochondria and is essential for Arg catabolism. Wildtype plants could readily catabolise supplied Arg and Orn and were able to use these amino acids as the only nitrogen source. Deletion mutants of deltaOAT, however, accumulated urea cycle intermediates when fed with Arg or Orn and were not able to utilize nitrogen provided as Arg or Orn. Utilisation of urea and stress induced Pro accumulation were not affected in T-DNA insertion mutants with a complete loss of deltaOAT expression. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that deltaOAT feeds P5C exclusively into the catabolic branch of Pro metabolism, which yields Glu as an end product. Conversion of Orn to Glu is an essential route for recovery of nitrogen stored or transported as Arg. Pro biosynthesis occurs predominantly or exclusively via the Glu pathway in Arabidopsis and does not depend on Glu produced by Arg and Orn catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Funck
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Biology Section, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bettina Stadelhofer
- ZMBP Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- ZMBP Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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