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Li CC, Munalisa R, Lee HY, Lien TS, Chan H, Hung SC, Sun DS, Cheng CF, Chang HH. Restraint Stress-Induced Immunosuppression Is Associated with Concurrent Macrophage Pyroptosis Cell Death in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12877. [PMID: 37629059 PMCID: PMC10454201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is widely acknowledged as a major contributor to immunosuppression, rendering individuals more susceptible to various diseases. The complex interplay between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems underlies stress-induced immunosuppression. However, the underlying mechanisms of psychological-stress-induced immunosuppression remain unclear. In this study, we utilized a restraint stress mouse model known for its suitability in investigating physiological regulations during psychological stress. Comparing it with cold exposure, we observed markedly elevated levels of stress hormones corticosterone and cortisol in the plasma of mice subjected to restraint stress. Furthermore, restraint-stress-induced immunosuppression differed from the intravenous immunoglobulin-like immunosuppression observed in cold exposure, with restraint stress leading to increased macrophage cell death in the spleen. Suppression of pyroptosis through treatments of inflammasome inhibitors markedly ameliorated restraint-stress-induced spleen infiltration and pyroptosis cell death of macrophages in mice. These findings suggest that the macrophage pyroptosis associated with restraint stress may contribute to its immunosuppressive effects. These insights have implications for the development of treatments targeting stress-induced immunosuppression, emphasizing the need for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Cheng Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Center of Stem Cell & Precision Medicine, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Rina Munalisa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (R.M.); (H.-Y.L.); (T.-S.L.); (H.C.); (S.-C.H.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Hsuan-Yun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (R.M.); (H.-Y.L.); (T.-S.L.); (H.C.); (S.-C.H.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Te-Sheng Lien
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (R.M.); (H.-Y.L.); (T.-S.L.); (H.C.); (S.-C.H.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Hao Chan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (R.M.); (H.-Y.L.); (T.-S.L.); (H.C.); (S.-C.H.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Shih-Che Hung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (R.M.); (H.-Y.L.); (T.-S.L.); (H.C.); (S.-C.H.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Der-Shan Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (R.M.); (H.-Y.L.); (T.-S.L.); (H.C.); (S.-C.H.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei 231, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hou Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (R.M.); (H.-Y.L.); (T.-S.L.); (H.C.); (S.-C.H.); (D.-S.S.)
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2
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Antonson AM, Evans MV, Galley JD, Chen HJ, Rajasekera TA, Lammers SM, Hale VL, Bailey MT, Gur TL. Unique maternal immune and functional microbial profiles during prenatal stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20288. [PMID: 33219314 PMCID: PMC7679384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal stress during pregnancy is widespread and is associated with poor offspring outcomes, including long-term mental health issues. Prenatal stress-induced fetal neuroinflammation is thought to underlie aberrant neurodevelopment and to derive from a disruption in intrauterine immune homeostasis, though the exact origins are incompletely defined. We aimed to identify divergent immune and microbial metagenome profiles of stressed gestating mice that may trigger detrimental inflammatory signaling at the maternal-fetal interface. In response to stress, maternal glucocorticoid circuit activation corresponded with indicators of systemic immunosuppression. At the maternal-fetal interface, density of placental mononuclear leukocytes decreased with stress, yet maternal whole blood leukocyte analysis indicated monocytosis and classical M1 phenotypic shifts. Genome-resolved microbial metagenomic analyses revealed reductions in genes, microbial strains, and metabolic pathways in stressed dams that are primarily associated with pro-inflammatory function. In particular, disrupted Parasutterella excrementihominis appears to be integral to inflammatory and metabolic dysregulation during prenatal stress. Overall, these perturbations in maternal immunological and microbial regulation during pregnancy may displace immune equilibrium at the maternal-fetal interface. Notably, the absence of and reduction in overt maternal inflammation during stress indicates that the signaling patterns driving fetal outcomes in this context are more nuanced and complex than originally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Antonson
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Morgan V Evans
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Galley
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Helen J Chen
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Therese A Rajasekera
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sydney M Lammers
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Barnes Medical Student Research Scholarship Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Vanessa L Hale
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael T Bailey
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Biosciences Division, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tamar L Gur
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 120A Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research Building, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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3
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Huang C, Zhang Y, Deng S, Ren Y, Lu W. Trauma-Related Guillain-Barré Syndrome: Systematic Review of an Emerging Concept. Front Neurol 2020; 11:588290. [PMID: 33240210 PMCID: PMC7681248 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.588290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is mainly associated with preceding exposure to an infectious agent, although the precise pathogenic mechanisms and causes remain unknown. Increasing evidence indicates an association between trauma-related factors and GBS. Here, we performed a systematic review, summarized the current scientific literature related to the onset of GBS associated with trauma, and explored the possible pathogenesis. A literature search of various electronic databases was performed up to May 2020 to identify studies reporting diverse trauma-related triggers of GBS. Data were extracted, summarized descriptively, and evaluated with respect to possible mechanisms. In total, 100 publications, including 136 cases and 6 case series involving GBS triggered by injury, surgery, intracranial hemorrhage, and heatstroke, met our eligibility criteria. The median age of the patients was 53 [interquartile range (IQR) 45-63] years, and 72.1% of the patients were male. The median number of days between the trigger to onset of GBS symptoms was 9 (IQR 6.5-13). Overall, 121 patients (89.0%) developed post-injury/surgical GBS, whereas 13 (9.6%) and 2 (1.5%) patients had preexisting spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and heatstroke, respectively. The main locations of injury or surgeries preceding GBS were the spine and brain. Based on available evidence, we highlight possible mechanisms of GBS induced by these triggers. Moreover, we propose the concept of "trauma-related GBS" as a new research direction, which may help uncover more pathogenic mechanisms than previously considered for typical GBS triggered by infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxin Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiliu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijun Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Distillation remnants of shochu, a traditional Japanese liquor, improve pork meat quality by reducing stress. Food Chem 2020; 318:126488. [PMID: 32151924 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Distillation remnants of Shochu, a traditional Japanese liquorare fed to livestock, but their effects on livestock health have not been investigated. Here, we investigated the effects of these remnants on pig stress and pork quality (N = 6/group). The remnants reduced plasma cortisol (17.94 ± 0.92 [control] and 10.59 ± 1.28 [sample]) and increased salivary IgA (6.06 ± 2.21 [control] and 21.60 ± 5.37 [sample]). Blind sensory assessments showed that, in remnant-fed pork, sirloin tenderness (3.18 ± 0.19 [control] and 4.27 ± 0.38 [sample]) and the juiciness, umami, and fat tastiness of fillets were improved. Oleic acid percentages were higher (35.23 ± 0.65 [control] and 37.87 ± 0.60 [sample]) in remnant-fed pork, contributing to a favorable sensory evaluation. Two-group comparisons were analyzed by student's t test. p < 0.05. This study promotes the reutilization of remnants to reduce livestock stress and improve meat quality.
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Wen Y, He J, Xue X, Qiu J, Xu Y, Tang Z, Qian H, Qin L, Yang X. β-arrestin2 Inhibits Apoptosis and Liver Inflamation Induced by Ischemia-reperfusion in Mice via AKT and TLR4 Pathway. Arch Med Res 2019; 50:413-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Chase KA, Melbourne JK, Rosen C, McCarthy-Jones S, Jones N, Feiner BM, Sharma RP. Traumagenics: At the intersect of childhood trauma, immunity and psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:369-377. [PMID: 30682559 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Early childhood trauma, including physical, sexual or emotional abuse, neglect, harm or threat of harm, is associated with adulthood dysregulation of the immune system. Trauma can induce chronic immune system activation. Associations between a chronic pro-inflammatory state and schizophrenia are an enduring finding of psychiatry, with elevated cytokine concentrations correlated with psychotic symptom severity. Most importantly, persons with schizophrenia and a history of childhood trauma demonstrate increased cytokine levels. Specific types of childhood trauma can also differentially impact the expression of unique immune markers. This study tested the hypotheses that levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) would be associated with levels of peripheral immune activity assessed by IL6, IFNG, CXCL10, IRF1, STAT1 and TLR4 mRNA expression, and that there would be an association between ACEs and psychosis along a continuum from non-clinical controls (NCC) to psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. These hypotheses were tested in 20 schizophrenia, 20 NCC. We found correlations between ACEs scores and immune markers, specifically IL6. We also found a positive association between ACEs and positive symptoms. Childhood trauma, through its effects on IL6, may be a risk factor for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Chase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Suite 3268, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jennifer K Melbourne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Suite 3268, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Cherise Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Suite 3268, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Nev Jones
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, Louis de la Parte Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin M Feiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Suite 3268, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rajiv P Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Ave, Suite 3268, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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7
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Zhang H, Caudle Y, Wheeler C, Zhou Y, Stuart C, Yao B, Yin D. TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 signaling is required for chronic stress-induced immune suppression. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 314:30-41. [PMID: 29169800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Depending on the duration and severity, psychological tension and physical stress can enhance or suppress the immune system in both humans and animals. Although it has been established that chronic stress exerts a significant suppressive effect on immune function, the mechanisms by which affects immune responses remain elusive. By employing an in vivo murine system, we revealed that TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 axis was remarkably activated following chronic stress. Furthermore, TLR9 and p38 MAPK played a critical role in the activation of TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 signaling cascade. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 or p38 significantly attenuated chronic stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis and apoptosis-related proteins, as well as the differentiation of T regulatory cells in spleen. Interestingly, disequilibrium of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines balance caused by chronic stress was also rescued by blocking TGF-β1/Smad2/3/Foxp3 axis. These findings yield insight into a novel mechanism by which chronic stress modulates immune functions and identifies new targets for the development of novel anti-immune suppressant medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiju Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430063, China; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Clay Wheeler
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Charles Stuart
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Baozhen Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
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8
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Jin G, Jin X, Zhou S. Sparstolonin B selectively suppresses toll‑like receptor‑2 and ‑4 to alleviate neuropathic pain. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1247-1252. [PMID: 29115627 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been previously demonstrated that sparstolonin B (SsnB) inhibits toll‑like receptor (TLR)‑2 and TLR‑4. The present study investigated the effect of SsnB on neuropathic pain (NP). A chronic constriction injury (CCI) model was constructed in rats and the protein expression of TLR‑2 and TLR‑4 was determined by western blot analysis. Rats were divided into the following three groups: Rats with sham surgery (control group); rats with CCI (model group); and rats with CCI and injection of SsnB (SsnB group). The mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) was measured by using Von Frey filaments. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) were investigated by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively, and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and interleukin (IL)‑6 were determined by ELISA. Compared with control rats, the protein expression levels of TLR‑2 and TLR‑4 were increased in model rats (P<0.001). At 7 and 14 days after surgery, the MWTs in the model group were significantly reduced compared with the control group (P<0.001). However, the MWTs in the SsnB group were significantly increased compared with the model group (P<0.001). The results also demonstrated that the mRNA and protein expression levels of NF‑κB, and the protein expression levels of TNF‑α and IL‑6, were increased in model group compared with the control group (P<0.001). Furthermore, these increases in expression were all reduced in the SsnB group compared with the model group. Therefore, the results indicate that SsnB may alleviate NP via suppression of TLR‑2 and TLR‑4, and may be a potential drug for the treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132000, P.R. China
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Zhou Y, Li H, Siddiqui N, Caudle Y, Zhang H, Elgazzar M, Yin D. Hematopoietic stem progenitor cells prevent chronic stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309:72-76. [PMID: 28601292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical or psychological chronic stress can suppress the immune system. However, the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We investigated the effect of hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells (HSPCs) on chronic stress-induced the alterations of immune responses. We demonstrate that HSPCs prevents stress-induced lymphocyte apoptosis. Moreover, we also demonstrate that the protective effect of HSPCs on stress-induced lymphocyte reduction exerts by steroid hormones. Furthermore, we reveal that chronic stress-induced T cell-mediated immune responses contributes to the protective effect of HSPCs. These results indicate that HPSCs might offer a novel therapeutic strategy against the deleterious effects of chronic stress on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Nausheen Siddiqui
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Haiju Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Mohamed Elgazzar
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
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Stress-Induced Alterations of Immune Profile in Animals Suffering by Tau Protein-Driven Neurodegeneration. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:243-259. [PMID: 28405903 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0491-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder; neurofibrillary pathology composed of tau protein is found side by side with amyloid-β deposits and extensive neuroinflammation. The immune system of the brain is considered as one of the factors that could influence the speed of the progression of AD neuropathology as a potential mediator of the damage induced by AD protein deposits. Alzheimer's disease pathology can be impacted by psychological stress; however, signalling pathways in background are not well known. We have explored possible avenues of how stress could influence the brain's immune system in a rat model of AD. Animals were subjected either to a single or multiple instances of immobilization stress. The analysis of a panel of immunity-related genes was used to evaluate the impact of stress on the immune response in the brain. We have identified 19 stress-responsive genes that are involved in neuroinflammation accompanying tau pathology: Nos2, Ptgs2, IL-8rb, C5, Mmp9, Cx3cr1, CD40lg, Adrb2, IL-6, IL-6r, IL-1r2, Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl12, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-10. Most of them are deregulated under the stress conditions also in control animals; however, the magnitude of the response to either acute or chronic stress differs. This can lead to serious influence, most probably to acceleration of neurodegenerative phenotype in diseased animals. Several of the genes (IL-1β, Casp1, Cx3cr1 and C5) are deregulated solely in tauopathic animals. The stress-induced changes in the inflammatory picture of the brain highlight the fact that the brain's immune response is highly responsive to environmental stimuli. The pattern of changes is indicative of an attempt to protect the brain in the short term, while being potentially detrimental to the response against a long-term pathological process such as neurofibrillary degeneration.
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11
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Li QM, Wang JF, Zha XQ, Pan LH, Zhang HL, Luo JP. Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a new polysaccharide from jellyfish. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 159:188-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Polysaccharide of Dendrobium huoshanense activates macrophages via toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling pathways. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 146:292-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Koçak E, Akbal E, Köklü S, Ergül B, Can M. The Colonic Tissue Levels of TLR2, TLR4 and Nitric Oxide in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Intern Med 2016; 55:1043-8. [PMID: 27150852 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.55.5716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent and debilitating functional disorder. The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pathogen-recognition receptors in the innate immune system. In the present study we aimed to investigate the TLR2, TLR4 and nitric oxide (NO) levels in patients with IBS. Methods Fifty-one IBS patients and 15 healthy controls were included in the present study. Colonic tissue levels of TLR2, TLR4 and NO were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and through biochemical methods. Results The colonic tissue levels of TLR4 and NO were significantly higher in IBS patients than in healthy controls. A subgroup analysis, which was based on the presence of diarrhea and constipation, showed that TLR2 levels were significantly higher among individuals with diarrhea-predominant IBS than among constipation-predominant IBS patients and healthy controls. The TLR4 levels were significantly higher in the diarrhea-predominant IBS patients and constipation-predominant IBS patients than in comparison healthy controls. The colonic tissue levels of NO were higher in the constipation-predominant IBS patients than in the diarrhea-predominant IBS patients and healthy controls. Conclusion In the present study we found that the colonic tissue levels of TLR and NO were elevated in IBS patients. Our results support the presence of a degree of immune dysregulation and oxidative stress in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Koçak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Çanakkale State Hospital, Turkey
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14
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Stressed (acute) mice display neuroimmunodysregulation and defective innate immune response against coliform infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Xiang Y, Yan H, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Hanley G, Caudle Y, LeSage G, Zhang X, Yin D. The role of toll-like receptor 9 in chronic stress-induced apoptosis in macrophage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123447. [PMID: 25885582 PMCID: PMC4401452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence implied that chronic stress has been exerting detrimental impact on immune system functions in both humans and animals. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to play an essential role in modulating immune responses and cell survival. We have recently shown that TLR9 deficiency protects against lymphocyte apoptosis induced by chronic stress. However, the exact role of TLR9 in stress-mediated change of macrophage function remains unclear. The results of the current study showed that when BALB/c mice were treated with restraint stress (12 h daily for 2 days), the number of macrophages recruited to the peritoneal cavity was obviously increased. Results also demonstrated that the sustained effects of stress elevated cytokine IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-10 production yet diminished IFN-γ production from macrophage, which led to apoptotic cell death. However, TLR9 deficiency prevented the chronic stress-mediated accumulation of macrophages. In addition, knocking out TLR9 significantly abolished the chronic stress-induced imbalance of cytokine levels and apoptosis in macrophage. TLR9 deficiency was also found to reverse elevation of plasma IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-17 levels and decrease of plasma IFN-γ level under the condition of chronic stress. These results indicated that TLR9-mediated macrophage responses were required for chronic stress-induced immunosuppression. Further exploration showed that TLR9 deficiency prevented the increment of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and reduction of Akt/Gsk-3β phosphorylation; TLR9 deficiency also attenuated the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytoplasm, caused upregulation of Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio, downregulation of cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, as well as decreased TUNEL-positive cells in macrophage of stressed mice. Collectively, our studies demonstrated that deficiency of TLR9 maintained macrophage function by modulating macrophage accumulation and attenuating macrophage apoptosis, thus preventing immunosuppression in restraint-stressed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States of America
| | - Gregory Hanley
- Laboratory Animal Resources, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States of America
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States of America
| | - Gene LeSage
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States of America
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (DY)
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XZ); (DY)
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Feng J, Wang S, Song D. Inhibition of T Cell and Stimulation of B Cell Proliferation by Restraint Stress Mediated by Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel 1.3 Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ajmb.2015.53008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Zhao J, Liu J, Denney J, Li C, Li F, Chang F, Chen M, Yin D. TLR2 Involved in Naive CD4+ T Cells Rescues Stress-Induced Immune Suppression by Regulating Th1/Th2 and Th17. Neuroimmunomodulation 2015; 22:328-36. [PMID: 25721027 DOI: 10.1159/000371468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, either physical or psychological, can have a dramatic impact on our immune system. There has been little progress, however, in understanding chronic stress-induced immunosuppression. Naive CD4+ T cells could modulate immune responses via differentiation to T helper (Th) cells. In this study, we showed that stress promotes the release of the Th1 cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, the Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 and the Th17 cytokine IL-17 of splenic naive CD4+ T cells. This suggests that stress promotes the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells. Knockout strategies verified that TLR2 might modulate the differentiation of Th1/Th2 cells by inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Taken together, our data suggest that chronic stress induces immune suppression by targeting TLR2 and p38 MAPK in naive CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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18
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Kasahara E, Inoue M. Cross-talk between HPA-axis-increased glucocorticoids and mitochondrial stress determines immune responses and clinical manifestations of patients with sepsis. Redox Rep 2015; 20:1-10. [PMID: 25310535 PMCID: PMC6837532 DOI: 10.1179/1351000214y.0000000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various stressors activate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) that stimulates adrenal secretion of glucocorticoids, thereby playing critical roles in the modulation of immune responses. Transcriptional regulation of nuclear genes has been well documented to underlie the mechanism of glucocorticoid-dependent modulation of cytokine production and immune reactions. Glucocorticoids also regulate inflammatory responses via non-genomic pathways in cytoplasm and mitochondria. Recent studies have revealed that glucocorticoids modulate mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although redox status and ROS generation in inflammatory cells have been well documented to play important roles in defense against pathogens, the roles of glucocorticoids and mitochondria in the modulation of immunological responses remain obscure. This review describes the role of stress-induced activation of the HPA-axis and glucocorticoid secretion by the adrenal gland in mitochondria-dependent signaling pathways that modulate endotoxin-induced inflammatory reactions and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kasahara
- Department of PhysiologyOsaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Heat stress upregulation of Toll-like receptors 2/4 and acute inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of Bama miniature pigs: an in vivo and in vitro study. Animal 2014; 8:1462-8. [PMID: 24912383 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming is a challenge to animal health, because of increased heat stress, with subsequent induction of immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors that act as sentinels of pathogen invasion and tissue damage. Ligation of TLRs results in a signaling cascade and production of inflammatory cytokines, which eradicate pathogens and maintain the health of the host. We hypothesized that the TLR signaling pathway plays a role in immunosuppression in heat-stressed pigs. We explored the changes in the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and the concentration of acute inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-8, IL-12 and IFN-γ in Bama miniature pigs subjected to 21 consecutive days of heat stress, both in vitro and in vivo models. The results showed that heat stress induced the upregulation of cortisol in the plasma of pigs (P<0.05); TLR4 mRNA was elevated, but IL-2 was reduced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC, P<0.05). The white blood cell count and the percentage of granulocytes (eosinophilic+basophilic) decreased significantly in heat-stressed pigs (P<0.05). In the in vitro model (PBMC heat shocked for 1 h followed by a 9 h recovery period), TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression also increased, as did the concentration of IL-12 in supernatants. However, IFN-γ was significantly reduced in PBMC culture supernatants (P<0.05). We concluded that a consecutive heat stress period elevated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in PBMC and increased the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. These data indicate that TLR activation and dysregulation of cytokine expression in response to prolonged heat stress may be associated with immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to antigenic challenge in Bama miniature pigs.
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20
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Ferreira MJ, Lima C, Lopes-Ferreira M. Anti-inflammatory effect of Natterins, the major toxins from the Thalassophryne nattereri fish venom is dependent on TLR4/MyD88/PI3K signaling pathway. Toxicon 2014; 87:54-67. [PMID: 24882373 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluated whether Natterins affect the leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction, hampering leukocyte mobilization and extravasation. Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions were evaluated in venules of mouse cremaster muscle using intravital microscopy. We reported that low doses of Natterins interfere with the cell capturing, inhibiting the interaction of blood neutrophils with the post-capillary venules induced by the TLR4 agonist LPS, or the chemokine KC. Using endotoxemic mice challenged with LPS, we confirmed that Natterins reduce neutrophil accumulation in the peritoneum exudates. The rolling of leukocytes induced by KC or LPS was not impaired in Natterins-treated TLR2, MyD88 deficient or TLR4 mutant mice, indicating that TLR2- or TLR4-MyD88-mediated signals are required for the anti-inflammatory effect of Natterins. The inhibitory effect was not influenced by endogenous regulators of inflammation such as IL-10, corticosteroids, the HO-1 or the antagonist of the receptor of IL-1, nor by the disruption of their proteolytic activity. However, it was completely dependent on the activation of serine/threonine phosphatases and the PI3K signaling pathway, but independent on increased proteasome activity. This work started asking how the main toxins in the T nattereri venom contributes for the deficient influx of inflammatory leukocytes, which consequently drive to the delayed inflammatory reaction finalization in injured tissue; and finished demonstrating that Natterins can control the leukocyte-endothelial wall interactions in a mechanism dependent on negative signals derived from TLR2-TLR4/Myd88 signaling cascade. Interestingly, we confirmed that the antagonist effect of Natterins is mediated by the activation of serine/threonine phosphatases and by the key signaling PI3K molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Jose Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantan 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantan 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantan 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Abarca-Rojano E, Pacheco-Yépez J, Reyna-Garfias H, Barbosa-Cabrera RE, Drago-Serrano ME. Stress modulates intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:86. [PMID: 24348350 PMCID: PMC3845795 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a response of the central nervous system to environmental stimuli perceived as a threat to homeostasis. The stress response triggers the generation of neurotransmitters and hormones from the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, sympathetic axis and brain gut axis, and in this way modulates the intestinal immune system. The effects of psychological stress on intestinal immunity have been investigated mostly with the restraint/immobilization rodent model, resulting in an up or down modulation of SIgA levels depending on the intensity and time of exposure to stress. SIgA is a protein complex formed by dimeric (dIgA) or polymeric IgA (pIgA) and the secretory component (SC), a peptide derived from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). The latter receptor is a transmembrane protein expressed on the basolateral side of gut epithelial cells, where it uptakes dIgA or pIgA released by plasma cells in the lamina propria. As a result, the IgA-pIgR complex is formed and transported by vesicles to the apical side of epithelial cells. pIgR is then cleaved to release SIgA into the luminal secretions of gut. Down modulation of SIgA associated with stress can have negative repercussions on intestinal function and integrity. This can take the form of increased adhesion of pathogenic agents to the intestinal epithelium and/or an altered balance of inflammation leading to greater intestinal permeability. Most studies on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the stress response have focused on systemic immunity. The present review analyzes the impact of stress (mostly by restraint/immobilization, but also with mention of other models) on the generation of SIgA, pIgR and other humoral and cellular components involved in the intestinal immune response. Insights into these mechanisms could lead to better therapies for protecting against pathogenic agents and avoiding epithelial tissue damage by modulating intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yépez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | - Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | | | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
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22
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Muhie S, Hammamieh R, Cummings C, Yang D, Jett M. Transcriptome characterization of immune suppression from battlefield-like stress. Genes Immun 2012; 14:19-34. [PMID: 23096155 PMCID: PMC3564018 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome alterations of leukocytes from soldiers who underwent 8 weeks of Army Ranger training (RASP, Ranger Assessment and Selection Program) were analyzed to evaluate impacts of battlefield-like stress on the immune response. About 1400 transcripts were differentially expressed between pre- and post-RASP leukocytes. Upon functional analysis, immune response was the most enriched biological process, and most of the transcripts associated with the immune response were downregulated. Microbial pattern recognition, chemotaxis, antigen presentation and T-cell activation were among the most downregulated immune processes. Transcription factors predicted to be stress-inhibited (IRF7, RELA, NFκB1, CREB1, IRF1 and HMGB) regulated genes involved in inflammation, maturation of dendritic cells and glucocorticoid receptor signaling. Many altered transcripts were predicted to be targets of stress-regulated microRNAs. Post-RASP leukocytes exposed ex vivo to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B showed a markedly impaired immune response to this superantigen compared with pre-RASP leukocytes, consistent with the suppression of the immune response revealed by transcriptome analyses. Our results suggest that suppression of antigen presentation and lymphocyte activation pathways, in the setting of normal blood cell counts, most likely contribute to the poor vaccine response, impaired wound healing and infection susceptibility associated with chronic intense stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muhie
- Integrative Systems Biology Program, US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5010, USA
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23
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Dimatelis JJ, Pillay NS, Mutyaba AK, Russell VA, Daniels WMU, Stein DJ. Early maternal separation leads to down-regulation of cytokine gene expression. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:393-7. [PMID: 22527996 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9304-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stressors may lead to subsequent alterations in the immune response. The precise mechanisms underlying such vulnerability are poorly understood, but may be hypothesized to include changes in cytokine systems. Maternal separation was used as a model of exposure to early life stressors. Subsequent cytokine gene expression was studied using a cytokine gene expression array. Maternal separation resulted in significant down-regulation of the expression of 6 cytokine genes; chemokine ligand 7, chemokine receptor 4, interleukin 10, interleukin-1beta, interleukin 5 receptor alpha and integrin alpha M. Specific cytokines may be involved in mediating the effects of early adversity on subsequent immunosuppression. Further work is needed to delineate fully the relationship between early adversity, immune alterations, and behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dimatelis
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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24
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Psychological stress, immune response, and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2012; 223:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Wright RJ. Stress-related programming of autonomic imbalance: role in allergy and asthma. CHEMICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2012; 98:32-47. [PMID: 22767056 PMCID: PMC3888825 DOI: 10.1159/000336496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence linking psychological stress to allergy has grown with our increased understanding of the natural history and pathophysiology of these disorders and the neurobiology of stress vulnerability. However, the specific pathways that increase vulnerability to developing allergy and associated disorders remain to be elucidated. Autonomic nervous system functioning (autonomic balance) has been implicated in allergy for some time albeit links between autonomic balance and immune function in early development have been under studied. Starting in utero, stress may influence the programming of brain neurotransmitter systems, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system functioning, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which in turn may alter neural regulation of immune function. Epigenetic dysregulation of gene expression may be a fundamental mechanism for programming of early neural-immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J Wright
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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26
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Williams RL, Sroussi HY, Abercrombie JJ, Leung K, Marucha PT. Synthetic decapeptide reduces bacterial load and accelerates healing in the wounds of restraint-stressed mice. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:588-96. [PMID: 22329957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process involving four transitional yet concurrent stages: coagulation, inflammation, cell proliferation/epithelialization and remodeling. These overlapping stages occur uneventfully in normal physiology. However, during psychological stress, the inflammatory response can become dysregulated and result in increased susceptibility to bacterial infection and delayed wound closure. In our restraint stress model, cutaneous wounds of stressed SKH-1 mice demonstrate significantly higher levels of bacterial load, and healing progresses at a rate 30% slower, than in non-stressed mice. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a synthetic antimicrobial decapeptide (KSLW) enhances bacterial clearance during stress-impaired healing in mice. Here, using a Pluronic block copolymer nanocarrier, we endeavored to identify an efficient drug delivery system for KSLW, which would enhance the stability, substantivity and function of the cationic peptide in delayed-healing wounds. In this study, intradermal treatment of excisional wounds of stressed mice with 2mg/ml KSLW loaded in Pluronic F68, resulted in a sustained antimicrobial effect through post-operative day 5, with a 2-log (p<0.01) reduction in bacterial load compared with other stressed mice. The demonstrated bacterial reduction in KSLW-treated stressed mice did not approach the levels observed among control mice. Furthermore, treatment of stressed mice with KSLW improved healing, resulting in significantly faster (p<0.05) wound closure from days 2 to 5 post-wounding, relative to untreated stressed mice and stressed mice treated with Pluronic alone. These findings suggest that Pluronic F68 is an efficient carrier for KSLW, which improves its stability and activity in impaired dermal wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Williams
- Dental and Trauma Research Detachment, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA.
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27
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Wang H, Wang M, Chen J, Tang Y, Dou J, Yu J, Xi T, Zhou C. A polysaccharide from Strongylocentrotus nudus eggs protects against myelosuppression and immunosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:1946-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Repeated short-term stress synergizes the ROS signalling through up regulation of NFkB and iNOS expression induced due to combined exposure of trichloroethylene and UVB rays. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 360:133-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Wang RP, Yao Q, Xiao YB, Zhu SB, Yang L, Feng JM, Li DZ, Li XL, Wu JJ, Chen J. Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway is involved in myocardial injury in a rat chronic stress model. Stress 2011; 14:567-75. [PMID: 21675862 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.571729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is considered to predispose to various cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, and even heart failure. In this study, rats were exposed to stress for 1 day, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks to establish a chronic stress model. A specific toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist eritoran was used to block the activity of TLR4. On the second day after the last stress exposure, the animals were killed. The expression of TLR4 mRNA and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) DNA-binding activity in the myocardium were measured using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL-6) in myocardium were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Myocardial injury was evident after chronic stress for 2 weeks. The TLR4 mRNA expression reached a peak after stress for 1 week. It was sustained at a stable level after stress exposure for 3 weeks and was restored to a nearly normal level in the fourth week. NF-κB DNA-binding activity was significantly enhanced after the stress for 1 day and markedly enhanced again after a 2-week stress exposure. It was weakened and reached a normal level after stress exposure for 4 weeks. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 gradually increased and reached peaks after stress for 4 weeks. Meanwhile, eritoran significantly decreased the TLR4 mRNA expression and NF-κB activity in rats from the 2-week stress group. However, it did not downregulate the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Importantly, it significantly improved the myocardial injury induced by the chronic stress. In conclusion, TLR4/NF-κB participates in myocardial injury during chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Ping Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
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O'Loughlin A, McGee M, Waters SM, Doyle S, Earley B. Examination of the bovine leukocyte environment using immunogenetic biomarkers to assess immunocompetence following exposure to weaning stress. BMC Vet Res 2011; 7:45. [PMID: 21834971 PMCID: PMC3177877 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms by which stress induces the development of pathologies remains unclear, although it is recognised that one of the major factors affecting health as a consequence of stress is the involvement of the neuroendocrine system. In cattle, a number of necessary husbandry practices have been shown to activate the stress response, yet very little is known about the impact these have at the molecular level. The objectives of the study were to characterise, in male and female beef calves, the immune response to weaning stress in bovine leukocytes at the physiological and molecular levels and to assess the difference between calves weaned in the presence of the dam and those weaned and penned away from the dam. RESULTS Following exposure to weaning stress, total neutrophil number and neutrophil:lymphocyte (N:L) ratio increased (P < 0.01) in calves. Additionally, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, including IL-1β, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNFα, were up-regulated (P < 0.01). Furthermore, there was increased (P < 0.001) expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, GRα, the pro-apoptotic gene, Fas and the Gram-negative pattern recognition receptor, TLR4. Calves penned away from the dam post-weaning had increased (P < 0.01) neutrophil number and N:L ratio compared with calves penned next to the dam, and female calves had higher (P < 0.05) expression levels of IL-2, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNFα than male calves. CONCLUSIONS Weaning elicits an immediate and somewhat short-lived acute stress response in the calf. The effects serve to enhance, rather than suppress, the immune response by means of a heightened inflammatory response and cellular mobilization. The earlier and more profound increase in neutrophil number and N:L ratio together with reduced lymphocyte number in calves penned away compared with calves penned near their dams post-weaning suggests that the former may be more sensitive to weaning stress. The data also show a clear effect of gender in differential gene expression in response to stress with IFN-γ having increased expression in female calves compared with male calves over the course of the study. Additionally, this study has helped to characterise the inflammatory response to stress in calves and identify a number of novel candidate biomarkers suitable for investigation in future studies of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aran O'Loughlin
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co, Meath, Ireland
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McKernan DP, Dennison U, Gaszner G, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Enhanced peripheral toll-like receptor responses in psychosis: further evidence of a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e36. [PMID: 22832610 PMCID: PMC3309507 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade peripheral inflammation is often present in psychotic patients. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition molecules that initiate inflammation. Our objective was to investigate the peripheral TLR activity in psychosis. Forty schizophrenia patients, twenty bipolar patients and forty healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Donated whole blood was cultured with TLR agonists for 24 h. Cell supernatants were analysed using a multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay approach to measure IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Plasma was analysed for cytokines, cortisol and acute phase proteins. Here, we show that selective TLR agonist-induced cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα) release is enhanced in stimulated whole blood from schizophrenia and bipolar patients compared with HC. An exaggerated release of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα following treatment with the TLR2 agonist HKLM was detected in both disorders compared with controls. Enhanced TLR4-induced increases in IL-1β for both disorders coupled with TNFα increases for bipolar patients were observed. TLR8-induced increases in IL-1β for both disorders as well as IL-6 and TNFα increases for bipolar patients were detected. TLR9-induced increases in IL-8 for schizophrenia patients were also observed. No differences in TLR1, TLR3, TLR5, TLR6 or TLR7 activity were detected. Plasma levels of IL-6 were significantly elevated in bipolar patients while TNFα levels were significantly elevated in schizophrenia patients compared with controls. Plasma acute phase proteins were significantly elevated in bipolar patients. These data demonstrate that specific alterations in TLR agonist-mediated cytokine release contribute to the evidence of immune dysfunction in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P McKernan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - U Dennison
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Gaszner
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - J F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Yang J, Chen L, Yang J, Ding J, Rong H, Dong W, Li X. High mobility group box-1 induces migration of vascular smooth muscle cells via TLR4-dependent PI3K/Akt pathway activation. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:3361-7. [PMID: 21698364 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a potent mediator of inflammation, is known to regulate cellular events through binding to the multiple cell-surface receptors, including RAGE and TLRs. However, the role of TLR4 and details of HMGB1 signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) migration has not been reported so far. The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that HMGB1-induced VSMCs migration is mediated via activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signalling pathway through TLR4. VSMCs from rat thoracic aorta were studied. HMGB1 (0.1-1000 ng/ml) stimulated VSMCs migration in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest value (about 3.5-fold increase). Incubation of VSMCs with 100 ng/ml caused a rapid increase in PI3K activity and Akt phosphorylation. Migration of VSMCs toward HMGB1 was significantly inhibited by silencing of TLR4 (P < 0.05). We also found pretreated cells with TLR4 siRNA or the PI3 K inhibitor LY294002 could markedly block PI3K/Akt pathway activation and VSMCs migration mediated by HMGB1 (P both <0.05). In conclusion, HMGB1 induces migration of VSMCs through a TLR4-dependent PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway, which suggests a possible molecular mechanism for HMGB1 may contribute to neointima formation in restenosis after vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei, China
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Marshall GD. The adverse effects of psychological stress on immunoregulatory balance: applications to human inflammatory diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2011; 31:133-40. [PMID: 21094928 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress has known effects on the immune system, including impacting effector and regulatory components. This can result in increased susceptibility to various infections, latent virus reactivation, and impact on immunoregulatory circuits. One of the great challenges in translational research is defining the risks associated with stress in specific patient populations and individuals. Future studies must include identification and validation of biomarkers that can categorize patient risk for adverse immune effects from various forms and degrees of psychological stress and how this impacts the course of their inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gailen D Marshall
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street N416, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA.
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McKernan DP, Gaszner G, Quigley EM, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Altered peripheral toll-like receptor responses in the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 33:1045-52. [PMID: 21453321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a stress-related disorder with disturbed brain-gut communication, gastrointestinal homeostasis and, based on recent evidence, low grade inflammation and an altered microbiota. The immune system is a critical regulator of the brain-gut axis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition molecules regulating innate immunity. AIM To characterise toll-like receptor activity in IBS. METHODS Thirty IBS patients and 30 healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Venous blood was collected, and cultured with a panel of toll-like receptor agonists for 24 h. Cell supernatants were analysed using a multiplex ELISA approach to measure IL1β, IL6, IL8 and TNFα. Plasma was analysed for levels of inflammatory cytokines and cortisol. RESULTS Toll-like receptor agonist-induced cytokine (IL1β, IL6, IL8 and TNFα) release was markedly enhanced in stimulated whole blood from IBS (n = 30) patients compared with healthy controls (n = 30). An exaggerated response to the TLR8 agonist for all cytokines investigated was seen in IBS patients. In addition, enhanced TLR2-induced TNFα release, TLR3-induced IL-8 release, TLR4-induced IL1β and TNFα release, TLR5-induced IL1β and TNFα release and TLR7-induced IL-8 release were also observed in IBS patients. No differences in TLR1, TLR6 or TLR9 activity were detected. In addition, plasma levels of cortisol, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly increased in IBS patients. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data demonstrate elevated cytokine levels and toll-like receptor activity in the periphery of patients with the irritable bowel syndrome, indicating some immune dysregulation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P McKernan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
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Luo Q, Gu Y, Zheng W, Wu X, Gong F, Gu L, Sun Y, Xu Q. Erlotinib inhibits T-cell-mediated immune response via down-regulation of the c-Raf/ERK cascade and Akt signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 251:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li H, Smalligan DA, Xie N, Javer A, Zhang Y, Hanley G, Yin D. β-arrestin 2-mediated immune suppression induced by chronic stress. Neuroimmunomodulation 2011; 18:142-9. [PMID: 21228603 PMCID: PMC3031150 DOI: 10.1159/000322868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress, either physical or psychological, can modulate immune function. However, the mechanisms associated with stress-induced immune suppression remain to be elucidated. β-Arrestin 2 serves as adaptor, scaffold, and/or signal transducer. The role of β-arrestin 2 in stress-induced immune suppression is not known yet. METHODS/RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that β-arrestin 2 deficiency in mice increases the sensitivity to the chronic stress-induced reduction in the number of splenocytes. Interestingly, the stress-induced suppression of T helper-type (Th) 1 cytokines and the increased production of Th2 cytokines were greatly enhanced in β-arrestin 2-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K in β-arrestin 2-deficient mice exerts an additive effect on the stress-induced reduction in the number of splenocytes. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that a deficiency in β-arrestin 2 augments stress-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Dean Andrew Smalligan
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Nanchang Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Avani Javer
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Gregory Hanley
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, James Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tenn., USA
- *Deling Yin, MD, PhD; Hui Li, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614 (USA), Tel. +1 423 439 8826, Fax +1 423 439 6387, E-Mail ;
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Li H, Chen L, Zhang Y, Lesage G, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Hanley G, Sun S, Yin D. Chronic stress promotes lymphocyte reduction through TLR2 mediated PI3K signaling in a β-arrestin 2 dependent manner. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 233:73-9. [PMID: 21183229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physical and psychological stress can alter the immune system in both humans and animals. Stress is a known risk factor for numerous human diseases, such as infectious and autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune response. Our previous studies have shown that TLR4 deficiency prevents stress-induced splenocyte reduction. However, the role of TLR2 in stress-mediated lymphocyte reduction is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of TLR2 ligands on stress-induced lymphocyte reduction. We also defined whether the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)/Akt pathway contributes to TLR2-mediated lymphocyte numbers altered by stress. Our data have shown that stimulation of TLR2 by TLR2 ligands peptidoglycan (PGN) or Pam3CSK4 (Pam3) attenuates stress-induced reduction in lymphocyte numbers. However, TLR2 ligand-induced protection from stress-induced lymphocyte reduction is lost in TLR2 deficiency in mice. Furthermore, stimulation of TLR2 by PGN induces protection from stress-induced reduction in the number of splenocytes through PI3K. Moreover, PGN dramatically increases the level of phosphorylation of Akt through a PI3K-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that stimulation of TLR2 by PGN induced protection from stress-induced reduction in splenocyte numbers is abolished in β-arrestin 2 deficient mice. In addition, PGN-induced immune protection in stress-induced changes of cytokine levels appears to require β-arrestin 2, a multifunctional adaptor and signal transducer. Collectively, our study thus demonstrates that stimulation of TLR2-mediated PI3K signaling attenuates splenocyte reduction induced by stress, and that β-arrestin 2 modulates TLR2-mediated immune response following stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
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Zhang Y, Li H, Li Y, Sun X, Zhu M, Hanley G, Lesage G, Yin D. Essential role of toll-like receptor 2 in morphine-induced microglia activation in mice. Neurosci Lett 2010; 489:43-7. [PMID: 21130144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are powerful pain relievers, but also potent inducers of dependence and tolerance. Chronic morphine administration (via subcutaneous pellet) induces morphine dependence in the nucleus accumbens, an important dependence region in the brain, yet the cellular mechanisms are mostly unknown. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays an essential function in controlling innate and inflammatory responses. Using a knockout mouse lacking TLR2, we assessed the contribution of TLR2 to microglia activation and development of morphine dependence. We report here that mice deficient in TLR2 inhibit morphine-induced the levels of microglia activation and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, in TLR2 knockout mice the main symptoms of morphine withdrawal were significantly attenuated. Our data reveal that TLR2 plays a critical role in morphine-induced microglia activation and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
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Xie N, Li H, Wei D, LeSage G, Chen L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Chi L, Ferslew K, He L, Chi Z, Yin D. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and p38 MAPK are required for opioid-induced microglia apoptosis. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:444-51. [PMID: 20600172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioids have been widely applied in clinics as one of the most potent pain relievers for centuries, but their abuse has deleterious physiological effects beyond addiction. We previously reported that opioids inhibit cell growth and trigger apoptosis in lymphocytes. However, the underlying mechanism by which microglia apoptosis in response to opioids is not yet known. In this study, we show that morphine induces microglia apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in an opioid-receptor dependent manner. Morphine decreased the levels of microglia phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and p-GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta) in an opioid-receptor dependent manner. More interestingly, GSK-3β inhibitor SB216763 significantly increases morphine-induced apoptosis in both BV-2 microglia and mouse primary microglial cells. Moreover, co-treatment of microglia with SB216763 and morphine led to a significant synergistic effect on the level of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In addition, inhibition of p38 MAPK by its specific inhibitor SB203580 significantly inhibited morphine-induced apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. Taken together, our data clearly demonstrates that morphine-induced apoptosis in microglial cells, which is mediated via GSK-3β and p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanchang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Li H, Sun X, LeSage G, Zhang Y, Liang Z, Chen J, Hanley G, He L, Sun S, Yin D. β-arrestin 2 regulates Toll-like receptor 4-mediated apoptotic signalling through glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Immunology 2010; 130:556-63. [PMID: 20497256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key member of the TLR family, has been well characterized by its function in the induction of inflammatory products of innate immunity. However, the involvement of TLR4 in a variety of apoptotic events by an unknown mechanism has been the focus of great interest. Our investigation found that TLR4 promoted apoptotic signalling by affecting the glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) pathway in a serum-deprivation-induced apoptotic paradigm. Serum deprivation induces GSK-3beta activation in a pathway that leads to subsequent cell apoptosis. Intriguingly, this apoptotic cascade is amplified in presence of TLR4 but greatly attenuated by beta-arrestin 2, another critical molecule implicated in TLR4-mediated immune responses. Our data suggest that the association of beta-arrestin 2 with GSK-3beta contributes to the stabilization of phospho-GSK-3beta, an inactive form of GSK-3beta. It becomes a critical determinant for the attenuation of TLR4-initiated apoptosis by beta-arrestin 2. Taken together, we demonstrate that the TLR4 possesses the capability of accelerating GSK-3beta activation thereby deteriorating serum-deprivation-induced apoptosis; beta-arrestin 2 represents an inhibitory effect on the TLR4-mediated apoptotic cascade, through controlling the homeostasis of activation and inactivation of GSK-3beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Sun X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wei L, Li H, Hanley G, Zhao M, Li Y, Yin D. Beta-arrestin 2 modulates resveratrol-induced apoptosis and regulation of Akt/GSK3ß pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:912-8. [PMID: 20457218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resveratrol is emerging as a novel anticancer agent. However, the mechanism(s) by which resveratrol exerts its effects on endometrial cancer (EC) are unknown. We previously reported that beta-arrestin 2 plays a critical role in cell apoptosis. The role of ß-arrestin 2 in resveratrol modulation of endometrial cancer cell apoptosis remains to be established. SCOPE OF REVIEW EC cells HEC1B and Ishikawa were transfected with either ß-arrestin 2 RNA interfering (RNAi) plasmid or beta-arrestin 2 full-length plasmid and control vector. The cells were then exposed to differing concentrations of resveratrol. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL assay. Expression of total and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), total and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (p-GSK3ß), and caspase-3 were determined by Western blot analysis. Our data demonstrate that inhibition of ß-arrestin 2 increases the number of apoptotic cells and caspase-3 activation. Additionally ß-arrestin 2 exerted an additive effect on resveratrol-reduced levels of p-Akt and p-GSK3ß. Overexpression of ß-arrestin 2 decreased the percentage of apoptosis and caspase-3 activation and attenuated resveratrol-reduced levels of p-Akt and p-GSK3ß. Taken together, our studies demonstrate for the first time that ß-arrestin 2 mediated signaling plays a critical role in resveratrol-induced apoptosis in EC cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Resveratrol primes EC cells to undergo apoptosis by modulating beta-arrestin 2 mediated Akt/GSK3ß signaling pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These inspiring findings would provide a new molecular basis for further understanding of cell apoptotic mechanisms mediated by ß-arrestin 2 and may provide insights into a potential clinical relevance in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Wright RJ. Perinatal stress and early life programming of lung structure and function. Biol Psychol 2010; 84:46-56. [PMID: 20080145 PMCID: PMC2888999 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental toxins during critical periods of prenatal and/or postnatal development may alter the normal course of lung morphogenesis and maturation, potentially resulting in changes that affect both structure and function of the respiratory system. Moreover, these early effects may persist into adult life magnifying the potential public health impact. Aberrant or excessive pro-inflammatory immune responses, occurring both locally and systemically, that result in inflammatory damage to the airway are a central determinant of lung structure-function changes throughout life. Disruption of neuroendocrine function in early development, specifically the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, may alter functional status of the immune system. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) function (sympathovagal imbalance) is another integral component of airway function and immunity in childhood. This overview discusses the evidence linking psychological factors to alterations in these interrelated physiological processes that may, in turn, influence childhood lung function and identifies gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J Wright
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02116, USA.
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Wright RJ, Visness CM, Calatroni A, Grayson MH, Gold DR, Sandel MT, Lee-Parritz A, Wood RA, Kattan M, Bloomberg GR, Burger M, Togias A, Witter FR, Sperling RS, Sadovsky Y, Gern JE. Prenatal maternal stress and cord blood innate and adaptive cytokine responses in an inner-city cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:25-33. [PMID: 20194818 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0637oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Stress-elicited disruption of immunity begins in utero. OBJECTIVES Associations among prenatal maternal stress and cord blood mononuclear cell (CBMC) cytokine responses were prospectively examined in the Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma Study (n = 557 families). METHODS Prenatal maternal stress included financial hardship, difficult life circumstances, community violence, and neighborhood/block and housing conditions. Factor analysis produced latent variables representing three contexts: individual stressors and ecological-level strains (housing problems and neighborhood problems), which were combined to create a composite cumulative stress indicator. CBMCs were incubated with innate (lipopolysaccharide, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotides, peptidoglycan) and adaptive (tetanus, dust mite, cockroach) stimuli, respiratory syncytial virus, phytohemagglutinin, or medium alone. Cytokines were measured using multiplex ELISAs. Using linear regression, associations among increasing cumulative stress and cytokine responses were examined, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, parity, season of birth, maternal asthma and steroid use, and potential pathway variables (prenatal smoking, birth weight for gestational age). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mothers were primarily minorities (Black [71%], Latino [19%]) with an income less than $15,000 (69%). Mothers with the highest cumulative stress were older and more likely to have asthma and deliver lower birth weight infants. Higher prenatal stress was related to increased IL-8 production after microbial (CpG, PIC, peptidoglycan) stimuli and increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha to microbial stimuli (CpG, PIC). In the adaptive panel, higher stress was associated with increased IL-13 after dust mite stimulation and reduced phytohemagglutinin-induced IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal stress was associated with altered innate and adaptive immune responses in CBMCs. Stress-induced perinatal immunomodulation may impact the expression of allergic disease in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind J Wright
- The Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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McKernan DP, Nolan A, Brint EK, O'Mahony SM, Hyland NP, Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Toll-like receptor mRNA expression is selectively increased in the colonic mucosa of two animal models relevant to irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8226. [PMID: 20011045 PMCID: PMC2785428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is largely viewed as a stress-related disorder caused by aberrant brain-gut–immune communication and altered gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that stress modulates innate immune responses; however, very little is known on the immunological effects of stress on the GI tract. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system. Activation of TLRs by bacterial and viral molecules leads to activation of NF-kB and an increase in inflammatory cytokine expression. It was our hypothesis that innate immune receptor expression may be changed in the gastrointestinal tract of animals with stress-induced IBS-like symptoms. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, our objective was to evaluate the TLR expression profile in the colonic mucosa of two rat strains that display colonic visceral hypersensivity; the stress-sensitive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat and the maternally separated (MS) rat. Quantitative PCR of TLR2-10 mRNA in both the proximal and distal colonic mucosae was carried out in adulthood. Significant increases are seen in the mRNA levels of TLR3, 4 & 5 in both the distal and proximal colonic mucosa of MS rats compared with controls. No significant differences were noted for TLR 2, 7, 9 & 10 while TLR 6 could not be detected in any samples in both rat strains. The WKY strain have increased levels of mRNA expression of TLR3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 & 10 in both the distal and proximal colonic mucosa compared to the control Sprague-Dawley strain. No significant differences in expression were found for TLR2 while as before TLR6 could not be detected in all samples in both strains. Conclusions These data suggest that both early life stress (MS) and a genetic predisposition (WKY) to stress affect the expression of key sentinels of the innate immune system which may have direct relevance for the molecular pathophysiology of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan P. McKernan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aoife Nolan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth K. Brint
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Siobhain M. O'Mahony
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P. Hyland
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F. Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (JFC); (TGD)
| | - Timothy G. Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail: (JFC); (TGD)
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Li Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Sun X, Hanley GA, LeSage G, Zhang Y, Sun S, Peng Y, Yin D. Toll-like receptor 2 is required for opioids-induced neuronal apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:426-30. [PMID: 19914204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a key immune receptor in the TLR family, is widely expressed in various systems, including the immune and nervous systems and plays a critical role in controlling innate and adaptive immune responses. We previously reported that opioids inhibit cell growth and trigger apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism by which TLR2 mediates apoptosis in response to opioids is not yet known. Here we show that chronic morphine treatment in primary neurons dramatically increased the expression of TLR2 at both the messenger RNA and protein levels. In addition, TLR2 deficiency significantly inhibited chronic morphine-induced apoptosis in primary neurons. Activation of caspase-3 after morphine treatment is impaired in TLR2 deficient primary neurons. Moreover, morphine treatment failed to induce an increased level of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta) in TLR2 deficient primary neurons, suggesting an involvement of GSK3beta in morphine-mediated TLR2 signaling. These results thus demonstrate that opioids prime neurons to undergo apoptosis by inducing TLR2 expression. Our data suggest that inhibition of TLR2 is capable of preventing opioids-induced damage to neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Chen L, Zhang Y, Sun X, Li H, LeSage G, Javer A, Zhang X, Wei X, Jiang Y, Yin D. Synthetic resveratrol aliphatic acid inhibits TLR2-mediated apoptosis and an involvement of Akt/GSK3beta pathway. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4378-82. [PMID: 19477653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As resveratrol derivatives, resveratrol aliphatic acids were synthesized in our laboratory. Previously, we reported the improved pharmaceutical properties of the compounds compared to resveratrol, including better solubility in water and much tighter binding with human serum albumin. Here, we investigate the role of resveratrol aliphatic acids in Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated apoptosis. We showed that resveratrol aliphatic acid (R6A) significantly inhibits the expression of TLR2. In addition, overexpression of TLR2 in HEK293 cells caused a significant decrease in apoptosis after R6A treatment. Moreover, inhibition of TLR2 by R6A decreases serum deprivation-reduced the levels of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). Our study thus demonstrates that the resveratrol aliphatic acid inhibits cell apoptosis through TLR2 by the involvement of Akt/GSK3beta pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Wright RJ. Stress and acquired glucocorticoid resistance: a relationship hanging in the balance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:831-2. [PMID: 19348921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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