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Wang L, Zheng J, Zhao S, Wan Y, Wang M, Bosco DB, Kuan CY, Richardson JR, Wu LJ. CCR2 + monocytes replenish border-associated macrophages in the diseased mouse brain. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114120. [PMID: 38625796 PMCID: PMC11105166 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are tissue-resident macrophages that reside at the border of the central nervous system (CNS). Since BAMs originate from yolk sac progenitors that do not persist after birth, the means by which this population of cells is maintained is not well understood. Using two-photon microscopy and multiple lineage-tracing strategies, we determine that CCR2+ monocytes are significant contributors to BAM populations following disruptions of CNS homeostasis in adult mice. After BAM depletion, while the residual BAMs possess partial self-repopulation capability, the CCR2+ monocytes are a critical source of the repopulated BAMs. In addition, we demonstrate the existence of CCR2+ monocyte-derived long-lived BAMs in a brain compression model and in a sepsis model after the initial disruption of homeostasis. Our study reveals that the short-lived CCR2+ monocytes transform into long-lived BAM-like cells at the CNS border and subsequently contribute to BAM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shunyi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yushan Wan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Meijie Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dale B Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Center for Neuroimmunology and Glial Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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2
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Zou T, Zhou X, Wang Q, Zhao Y, Zhu M, Zhang L, Chen W, Abuliz P, Miao H, Kabinur K, Alimu K. Associations of serum DNA methylation levels of chemokine signaling pathway genes with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295320. [PMID: 38039290 PMCID: PMC10691689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of serum DNA methylation levels of chemokine signaling pathway genes with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in elderly people in Xinjiang, China, and to screen out genes whose DNA methylation could distinguish AD and MCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS 37 AD, 40 MCI and 80 controls were included in the present study. DNA methylation assay was done using quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP). Genotyping was done using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS DNA methylation levels of ADCY2, MAP2K1 and AKT1 were significantly different among AD, MCI and controls. In the comparisons of each two groups, AKT1 and MAP2K1's methylation was both significantly different between AD and MCI (p < 0.05), whereas MAP2K1's methylation was also significantly different between MCI and controls. Therefore, AKT1's methylation was considered as the candidate serum marker to distinguish AD from MCI, and its association with AD was independent of APOE ε4 allele (p < 0.05). AKT1 hypermethylation was an independent risk factor for AD and MAP2K1 hypomethylation was an independent risk factor for MCI in logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study found that the serum of AKT1 hypermethylation is related to AD independently of APOE ε4, which was differentially expressed in the Entorhinal Cortex of the brain and was an independent risk factor for AD. It could be used as one of the candidate serum markers to distinguish AD and MCI. Serum of MAP2K1 hypomethylation is an independent risk factor for MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Qinwen Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yongjie Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Meisheng Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Pari Abuliz
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Haijun Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Keyimu Kabinur
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
| | - Kader Alimu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Province, China
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3
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Evans KT, Blake K, Longworth A, Coburn MA, Insua-Rodríguez J, McMullen TP, Nguyen QH, Ma D, Lev T, Hernandez GA, Oganyan AK, Orujyan D, Edwards RA, Pridans C, Green KN, Villalta SA, Blurton-Jones M, Lawson DA. Microglia promote anti-tumour immunity and suppress breast cancer brain metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1848-1859. [PMID: 37957324 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is a lethal disease with no effective treatments. Prior work has shown that brain cancers and metastases are densely infiltrated with anti-inflammatory, protumourigenic tumour-associated macrophages, but the role of brain-resident microglia remains controversial because they are challenging to discriminate from other tumour-associated macrophages. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, genetic and humanized mouse models, we specifically identify microglia and find that they play a distinct pro-inflammatory and tumour-suppressive role in BCBM. Animals lacking microglia show increased metastasis, decreased survival and reduced natural killer and T cell responses, showing that microglia are critical to promote anti-tumour immunity to suppress BCBM. We find that the pro-inflammatory response is conserved in human microglia, and markers of their response are associated with better prognosis in patients with BCBM. These findings establish an important role for microglia in anti-tumour immunity and highlight them as a potential immunotherapy target for brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina T Evans
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kerrigan Blake
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Longworth
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Morgan A Coburn
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Insua-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Timothy P McMullen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Quy H Nguyen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Ma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tatyana Lev
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Grace A Hernandez
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Armani K Oganyan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Davit Orujyan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Clare Pridans
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - S Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Devon A Lawson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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4
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Nguyen TV, Yamanaka K, Tomita K, Zubcevic J, Gouraud SSS, Waki H. Impact of exercise on brain-bone marrow interactions in chronic stress: potential mechanisms preventing stress-induced hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:222-234. [PMID: 36939204 PMCID: PMC10151049 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00168.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of chronic restraint stress and the counteractive effects of daily exercise on the molecular basis of the brain-bone marrow (BM) interactions, by especially focusing on the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Male Wistar rats were assigned into control, restraint stress, and stress + daily spontaneous exercise (SE) groups. BM and hypothalamic gene expression profiles were examined through the undertaking of RT-PCR and microarrays, respectively. The inflammatory blood cell population was investigated through flow cytometry. Through the use of immunohistochemistry, we examined the presence of BM-derived C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-expressing microglial cells in the rat PVN. The gene expression levels of BM inflammatory factors such as those of interleukin 1 beta and CCR2, and the inflammatory blood cell population were found to be significantly higher in both restrained groups compared with control group. Interestingly, chronic restraint stress alone activated the recruitment of BM-derived CCR2-expressing microglial cells into the PVN, whereas daily spontaneous exercise prevented it. A notable finding was that restraint stress upregulated relative gene expression of hypothalamic matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), which increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and that exercise managed to normalize it. Moreover, relative expression of some hypothalamic genes directly involved in the facilitation of cell migration was downregulated by daily exercise. Our findings suggest that daily spontaneous exercise can reduce the numbers of BM-derived CCR2-expressing microglial cells into the PVN through the prevention of stress-induced changes in the hypothalamic gene expression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic restraint stress can upregulate MMP3 gene expression in the rat hypothalamus, whereas daily spontaneous exercise can prevent this stress-induced effect. Stress-induced BM-derived inflammatory cell recruitment into the rat PVN can be prevented by daily spontaneous exercise. Stress-induced increase of hypothalamic MMP3 gene expression may be responsible for BBB injury, thereby allowing for BM-derived inflammatory cells to be recruited and to accumulate in the rat PVN, and to be subsequently involved in the onset of stress-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Van Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Military Occupational Medicine, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ko Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomita
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Sabine S S Gouraud
- College of Liberal Arts, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Waki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Zhang F, Xu Z, Jolly KJ. Myeloid cell-mediated drug delivery: from nanomedicine to cell therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114827. [PMID: 37068659 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of tissue inflammation, injury, or cancer, myeloid cells are recruited to disease regions through a multi-step process involving myelopoiesis, chemotaxis, cell migration, and diapedesis. As an emerging drug delivery approach, cell-mediated drug delivery takes advantage of the cell recruitment process to enhance the active transport of therapeutic cargo to disease regions. In the past few decades, a variety of nano-engineering methods have emerged to enhance interactions of nanoparticles with cells of interest, which can be adapted for cell-mediated drug delivery. Moreover, the drug delivery field can benefit from the recent clinical success of cell-based therapies, which created cell-engineering methods to engineer circulating leukocytes as 'living drug delivery vehicles' to target diseased tissues. In this review, we first provide an overview of myeloid cell recruitment and discuss how various factors within this process may affect cell-mediated delivery. In the second part of this review article, we summarize the status quo of nano-engineering and cell-engineering approaches and discuss how these engineering approaches can be adapted for cell-mediated delivery. Finally, we discuss future directions of this field, pointing out key challenges in the clinical translation of cell-mediated drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Zijing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kevon J Jolly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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6
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Alemán-Ruiz C, Wang W, Dingledine R, Varvel NH. Pharmacological inhibition of the inflammatory receptor CCR2 relieves the early deleterious consequences of status epilepticus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5651. [PMID: 37024553 PMCID: PMC10079855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Generalized status epilepticus (SE) triggers a robust neuroinflammatory response involving reactive astrocytosis, activation of brain-resident microglia, and brain infiltration of CCR2+ monocytes. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that quenching SE-induced neuroinflammation can alleviate the adverse consequences of SE, including neuronal damage and cognitive impairments. Our recent findings show that blocking monocyte brain entry after SE, via global Ccr2 KO, rescues several SE-induced adverse effects including blood-brain barrier (BBB) erosion, microgliosis and neuronal damage while enhancing weight regain. The goals of the present study were to determine if CCR2 antagonism with a small molecule after SE replicates the effects of the CCR2 knockout. Male Ccr2+/rfp heterozygous mice were subject to intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid, scored for seizure severity, weight recovery, and nest building capability. Surviving mice were randomized into CCR2 antagonist and vehicle groups. The CCR2 antagonist, or vehicle, was administered 24- and 48-h post-SE via oral gavage, and mice were sacrificed three days post-SE. Mice subject to the CCR2 antagonist displayed faster weight recovery between one- and three-days post-SE and modestly enhanced ability to build a nest on the third day after SE when compared to vehicle-treated controls. CCR2 antagonism limited monocyte recruitment to the hippocampus and reduced numbers of Iba1+ macrophages. The mRNA levels of inflammatory mediators were depressed by 47%, and glial markers were reduced by 30% in mice treated with the CCR2 antagonist compared to controls. Astrocytosis was reduced in four brain regions. Neuroprotection was observed in the hippocampus, and erosion of the BBB was lessened in mice subject to the antagonist. Our findings provide proof-of-concept that brief CCR2 antagonism beginning one day after SE can alleviate multiple adverse SE-induced effects, including functional impairment, and identify circulating CCR2+ monocytes as a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alemán-Ruiz
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, 00716, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ray Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas H Varvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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7
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Gong S, Deng F. Renin-angiotensin system: The underlying mechanisms and promising therapeutical target for depression and anxiety. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1053136. [PMID: 36761172 PMCID: PMC9902382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1053136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotional disorders, including depression and anxiety, contribute considerably to morbidity across the world. Depression is a serious condition and is projected to be the top contributor to the global burden of disease by 2030. The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in hypertension and emotional disorders is well established. Evidence points to an association between elevated RAS activity and depression and anxiety, partly through the induction of neuroinflammation, stress, and oxidative stress. Therefore, blocking the RAS provides a theoretical basis for future treatment of anxiety and depression. The evidence for the positive effects of RAS blockers on depression and anxiety is reviewed, aiming to provide a promising target for novel anxiolytic and antidepressant medications and/or for improving the efficacy of currently available medications used for the treatment of anxiety and depression, which independent of blood pressure management.
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8
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Berrone E, Chiorino G, Guana F, Benedetti V, Palmitessa C, Gallo M, Calvo A, Casale F, Manera U, Favole A, Crociara P, Testori C, Carta V, Tessarolo C, D’Angelo A, De Marco G, Caramelli M, Chiò A, Casalone C, Corona C. SOMAscan Proteomics Identifies Novel Plasma Proteins in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031899. [PMID: 36768220 PMCID: PMC9916400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex disease characterized by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors for which, despite decades of intense research, diagnosis remains rather delayed, and most therapeutic options fail. Therefore, unravelling other potential pathogenetic mechanisms and searching for reliable markers are high priorities. In the present study, we employ the SOMAscan assay, an aptamer-based proteomic technology, to determine the circulating proteomic profile of ALS patients. The expression levels of ~1300 proteins were assessed in plasma, and 42 proteins with statistically significant differential expression between ALS patients and healthy controls were identified. Among these, four were upregulated proteins, Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, metalloproteinase inhibitor 3 and nidogen 1 and 2 were selected and validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in an overlapping cohort of patients. Following statistical analyses, different expression patterns of these proteins were observed in the familial and sporadic ALS patients. The proteins identified in this study might provide insight into ALS pathogenesis and represent potential candidates to develop novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Berrone
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Francesca Guana
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Valerio Benedetti
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Palmitessa
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Marina Gallo
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neurology, Hospital Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Casale
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Manera
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neurology, Hospital Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandra Favole
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Paola Crociara
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
- ASL TO4, 10034 Chivasso, Italy
| | - Camilla Testori
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Valerio Carta
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Carlotta Tessarolo
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D’Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Marco
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neurology, Hospital Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Caramelli
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Neurology, Hospital Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Cristina Casalone
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristiano Corona
- S.C. Neuroscienze, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
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Reyes EY, Shinohara ML. Host immune responses in the central nervous system during fungal infections. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:50-74. [PMID: 35672656 PMCID: PMC9489659 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections in the central nervous system (CNS) cause high morbidity and mortality. The frequency of CNS mycosis has increased over the last two decades as more individuals go through immunocompromised conditions for various reasons. Nevertheless, options for clinical interventions for CNS mycoses are still limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms in CNS mycoses for developing novel treatments. Although the CNS has been regarded as an immune-privileged site, recent studies demonstrate the critical involvement of immune responses elicited by CNS-resident and CNS-infiltrated cells during fungal infections. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of fungal invasion in the CNS, fungal pathogen detection by CNS-resident cells (microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons), roles of CNS-infiltrated leukocytes, and host immune responses. We consider that understanding host immune responses in the CNS is crucial for endeavors to develop treatments for CNS mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefany Y. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Mari L. Shinohara
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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10
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Epigenetic Mechanisms of Postoperative Cognitive Impairment Induced by Anesthesia and Neuroinflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192954. [PMID: 36230916 PMCID: PMC9563723 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment after surgery is a common problem, affects mainly the elderly, and can be divided into postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Both phenomena are accompanied by neuroinflammation; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment after anesthesia are not yet fully understood. Anesthesiological drugs can have a longer-term influence on protein transcription, thus, epigenetics is a possible mechanism that impacts on cognitive function. Epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for long-lasting effects and may implicate novel therapeutic approaches. Hence, we here summarize the existing literature connecting postoperative cognitive impairment to anesthesia. It becomes clear that anesthetics alter the expression of DNA and histone modifying enzymes, which, in turn, affect epigenetic markers, such as methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation on inflammatory genes (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-6 or IL1 beta) and genes which are responsible for neuronal development (such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor). Neuroinflammation is generally increased after anesthesia and neuronal growth decreased. All these changes can induce cognitive impairment. The inhibition of histone deacetylase especially alleviates cognitive impairment after surgery and might be a novel therapeutic option for treatment. However, further research with human subjects is necessary because most findings are from animal models.
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11
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Araújo B, Caridade-Silva R, Soares-Guedes C, Martins-Macedo J, Gomes ED, Monteiro S, Teixeira FG. Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease-From Neurodegeneration to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182908. [PMID: 36139483 PMCID: PMC9497016 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Clinically, it is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DAn), resulting in severe motor complications. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that neuroinflammation can play a role in PD pathophysiology, being associated with its onset and progression. Nevertheless, several key points concerning the neuroinflammatory process in PD remain to be answered. Bearing this in mind, in the present review, we cover the impact of neuroinflammation on PD by exploring the role of inflammatory cells (i.e., microglia and astrocytes) and the interconnections between the brain and the peripheral system. Furthermore, we discuss both the innate and adaptive immune responses regarding PD pathology and explore the gut–brain axis communication and its influence on the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Araújo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Caridade-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Soares-Guedes
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Martins-Macedo
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D. Gomes
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G. Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zhou K, Han J, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Zhu C. The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived macrophages in neurological diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:1942-1952. [PMID: 36066198 PMCID: PMC9627381 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating monocytes are precursors of both tissue macrophages and dendritic cells, and they can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) where they transform into bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). BMDMs play essential roles in various CNS diseases, thus modulating BMDMs might be a way to treat these disorders because there are currently no efficient therapeutic methods available for most of these neurological diseases. Moreover, BMDMs can serve as promising gene delivery vehicles following bone marrow transplantation for otherwise incurable genetic CNS diseases. Understanding the distinct roles that BMDMs play in CNS diseases and their potential as gene delivery vehicles may provide new insights and opportunities for using BMDMs as therapeutic targets or delivery vehicles. This review attempts to comprehensively summarize the neurological diseases that might be treated by modulating BMDMs or by delivering gene therapies via BMDMs after bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yafeng Wang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina,Department of Hematology and OncologyChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan, Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's HospitalZhengzhouChina
| | - Yiran Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for ChildrenChildren's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research CenterThe Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina,Centre for Brain Repair and RehabilitationInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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13
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Pottorf TS, Rotterman TM, McCallum WM, Haley-Johnson ZA, Alvarez FJ. The Role of Microglia in Neuroinflammation of the Spinal Cord after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132083. [PMID: 35805167 PMCID: PMC9265514 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries induce a pronounced immune reaction within the spinal cord, largely governed by microglia activation in both the dorsal and ventral horns. The mechanisms of activation and response of microglia are diverse depending on the location within the spinal cord, type, severity, and proximity of injury, as well as the age and species of the organism. Thanks to recent advancements in neuro-immune research techniques, such as single-cell transcriptomics, novel genetic mouse models, and live imaging, a vast amount of literature has come to light regarding the mechanisms of microglial activation and alluding to the function of microgliosis around injured motoneurons and sensory afferents. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of the dorsal and ventral horns in relation to mechanisms of microglia activation (CSF1, DAP12, CCR2, Fractalkine signaling, Toll-like receptors, and purinergic signaling), and functionality in neuroprotection, degeneration, regeneration, synaptic plasticity, and spinal circuit reorganization following peripheral nerve injury. This review aims to shed new light on unsettled controversies regarding the diversity of spinal microglial-neuronal interactions following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tana S. Pottorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Travis M. Rotterman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA;
| | - William M. McCallum
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Zoë A. Haley-Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
| | - Francisco J. Alvarez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.S.P.); (W.M.M.); (Z.A.H.-J.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Basic principles of neuroimmunology. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:685-695. [PMID: 35732977 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The brain is an immune-privileged organ such that immune cell infiltration is highly regulated and better tolerating the introduction of antigen to reduce risk of harmful inflammation. Thus, the composition and the nature of the immune response is fundamentally different in the brain where avoiding immunopathology is prioritized compared to other peripheral organs. While the principle of immune privilege in the central nervous system (CNS) still holds true, the role of the immune system in the CNS has been revisited over the recent years. This redefining of immune privilege in the brain is a result of the recent re-discovery of the extensive CNS meningeal lymphatic system and the identification of resident T cells in the brain, meningeal layers, and its surrounding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in both humans and rodents. While neuro-immune interactions have been classically studied in the context of neuroinflammatory disease, recent works have also elucidated unconventional roles of immune-derived cytokines in neurological function, highlighting the many implications and potential of neuro-immune interactions. As a result, the study of neuro-immune interactions is becoming increasingly important in understanding both CNS homeostasis and disease. Here, we review the anatomically distinct immune compartments within the brain, the known mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking and infiltration into the CNS and unique transcriptional and functional characteristics of CNS-resident immune cells.
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15
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Impact of secondary TCR engagement on the heterogeneity of pathogen-specific CD8+ T cell response during acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010296. [PMID: 35727849 PMCID: PMC9249239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial TCR engagement (priming) of naive CD8+ T cells results in T cell expansion, and these early events influence the generation of diverse effector and memory populations. During infection, activated T cells can re-encounter cognate antigen, but how these events influence local effector responses or formation of memory populations is unclear. To address this issue, OT-I T cells which express the Nur77-GFP reporter of TCR activation were paired with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii that expresses OVA to assess how secondary encounter with antigen influences CD8+ T cell responses. During acute infection, TCR stimulation in affected tissues correlated with parasite burden and was associated with markers of effector cells while Nur77-GFP- OT-I showed signs of effector memory potential. However, both Nur77-GFP- and Nur77-GFP+ OT-I from acutely infected mice formed similar memory populations when transferred into naive mice. During the chronic stage of infection in the CNS, TCR activation was associated with large scale transcriptional changes and the acquisition of an effector T cell phenotype as well as the generation of a population of CD103+ CD69+ Trm like cells. While inhibition of parasite replication resulted in reduced effector responses it did not alter the Trm population. These data sets highlight that recent TCR activation contributes to the phenotypic heterogeneity of the CD8+ T cell response but suggest that this process has a limited impact on memory populations at acute and chronic stages of infection.
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16
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Löscher W, Howe CL. Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:870868. [PMID: 35615063 PMCID: PMC9125338 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.870868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection ("early" or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery ("late" or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both. The development of acute and delayed seizures may have shared as well as unique pathogenic mechanisms and prognostic implications. Based on an extensive review of the literature, we present an overview of viruses that are associated with early and late seizures in humans. We then describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, including routes of neuroinvasion, viral control and clearance, systemic inflammation, alterations of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-induced molecular reorganization of synapses and neural circuits. We provide clinical and animal model findings to highlight commonalities and differences in these processes across various neurotropic or neuropathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses, SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses. In addition, we extensively review the literature regarding Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). This picornavirus, although not pathogenic for humans, is possibly the best-characterized model for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage during viral infection. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms derived from the TMEV model may lead to novel therapeutic interventions that interfere with ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, even within non-infectious contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany,*Correspondence: Wolfgang Löscher,
| | - Charles L. Howe
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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17
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Mysore V, Tahir S, Furuhashi K, Arora J, Rosetti F, Cullere X, Yazbeck P, Sekulic M, Lemieux ME, Raychaudhuri S, Horwitz BH, Mayadas TN. Monocytes transition to macrophages within the inflamed vasculature via monocyte CCR2 and endothelial TNFR2. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213122. [PMID: 35404389 PMCID: PMC9006314 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes undergo phenotypic and functional changes in response to inflammatory cues, but the molecular signals that drive different monocyte states remain largely undefined. We show that monocytes acquire macrophage markers upon glomerulonephritis and may be derived from CCR2+CX3CR1+ double-positive monocytes, which are preferentially recruited, dwell within glomerular capillaries, and acquire proinflammatory characteristics in the nephritic kidney. Mechanistically, the transition to immature macrophages begins within the vasculature and relies on CCR2 in circulating cells and TNFR2 in parenchymal cells, findings that are recapitulated in vitro with monocytes cocultured with TNF-TNFR2–activated endothelial cells generating CCR2 ligands. Single-cell RNA sequencing of cocultures defines a CCR2-dependent monocyte differentiation path associated with the acquisition of immune effector functions and generation of CCR2 ligands. Immature macrophages are detected in the urine of lupus nephritis patients, and their frequency correlates with clinical disease. In conclusion, CCR2-dependent functional specialization of monocytes into macrophages begins within the TNF-TNFR2–activated vasculature and may establish a CCR2-based autocrine, feed-forward loop that amplifies renal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayashree Mysore
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Suhail Tahir
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kazuhiro Furuhashi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jatin Arora
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Florencia Rosetti
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Xavier Cullere
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pascal Yazbeck
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Miroslav Sekulic
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bruce H. Horwitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tanya N. Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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18
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de Guzman AE, Ahmed M, Perrier S, Hammill C, Li YQ, Wong CS, Nieman BJ. Protection from radiation-induced neuroanatomical deficits by CCL2-deficiency is dependent on sex. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:390-400. [PMID: 35143888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cranial radiation therapy for the treatment of paediatric brain tumours results in changes to brain development that are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have previously demonstrated similar structural changes in both humans and mice. The goal of the current study was to examine the role of inflammation in this response. Since neuroanatomical volume deficits in paediatric survivors are more pronounced in females, we also evaluated possible dependence on sex. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Male mice deficient in the C-C chemokine ligand 2 gene (Ccl2; previously Mcp-1) have been shown by others to have a muted neuroinflammatory response after irradiation. We irradiated Ccl2-/- (HOM; females[f]=12, males[m]=13), Ccl2+/- (HET; f=13, m=16), and Ccl2+/+ (WT; f=11, m=13) mice with a whole brain dose of 7 Gy during infancy. Control mice (with approximately equal groups sizes) were anaesthetized but not irradiated. In vivo MR images were acquired at 4 time points up to 3 months following irradiation, and deformation-based morphometry was used to identify volume differences. RESULTS Irradiation of WT mice resulted in a deficit in neuroanatomical growth with limited sex dependence. HOM and HET males were significantly protected from this radiation-induced damage, while HOM and HET females were not. We conclude that interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of cranial radiation therapy in paediatric cancer survivors by modulating inflammatory response will need to consider patient sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elizabeth de Guzman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mashal Ahmed
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Stefanie Perrier
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Christopher Hammill
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Yu-Qing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - C Shun Wong
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Odette Cancer Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 149 College Street - Stewart Building, Suite 504, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3H7, Canada; Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 610 University Avenue, Rm 7-411, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Pamphlett R, Locatelli G, King NJC. Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:179-224. [PMID: 34853891 PMCID: PMC8742818 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In neurological diseases, the actions of microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the CNS parenchyma, may diverge from, or intersect with, those of recruited monocytes to drive immune-mediated pathology. However, defining the precise roles of each cell type has historically been impeded by the lack of discriminating markers and experimental systems capable of accurately identifying them. Our ability to distinguish microglia from monocytes in neuroinflammation has advanced with single-cell technologies, new markers and drugs that identify and deplete them, respectively. Nevertheless, the focus of individual studies on particular cell types, diseases or experimental approaches has limited our ability to connect phenotype and function more widely and across diverse CNS pathologies. Here, we critically review, tabulate and integrate the disease-specific functions and immune profiles of microglia and monocytes to provide a comprehensive atlas of myeloid responses in viral encephalitis, demyelination, neurodegeneration and ischemic injury. In emphasizing the differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the severe neuroinflammatory disease of viral encephalitis, we connect inflammatory pathways common to equally incapacitating diseases with less severe inflammation. We examine these findings in the context of human studies and highlight the benefits and inherent limitations of animal models that may impede or facilitate clinical translation. This enables us to highlight common and contrasting, non-redundant and often opposing roles of microglia and monocytes in disease that could be targeted therapeutically.
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20
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Kefir ameliorates specific microbiota-gut-brain axis impairments in a mouse model relevant to autism spectrum disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:119-134. [PMID: 34252569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most severe developmental disorders, affecting on average 1 in 150 children worldwide. There is a great need for more effective strategies to improve quality of life in ASD subjects. The gut microbiome has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in ASD. A novel modulator of the gut microbiome, the traditionally fermented milk drink kefir, has recently been shown to modulate the microbiota and decrease repetitive behaviour, one of the hallmarks of ASD, in mice. As such, we hypothesized that kefir could ameliorate behavioural deficits in a mouse model relevant to ASD; the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse strain. To this end, adult mice were administered either kefir (UK4) or a milk control for three weeks as treatment lead-in, after which they were assessed for their behavioural phenotype using a battery of tests. In addition, we assessed systemic immunity by flow cytometry and the gut microbiome using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We found that indeed kefir decreased repetitive behaviour in this mouse model. Furthermore, kefir prolonged stress-induced increases in corticosterone 60 min post-stress, which was accompanied by an ameliorated innate immune response as measured by LY6Chi monocyte levels. In addition, kefir increased the levels of anti-inflammatory Treg cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Kefir also increased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae bacterium A2, which correlated with reduced repetitive behaviour and increased Treg cells in MLNs. Functionally, kefir modulated various predicted gut microbial pathways, including the gut-brain module S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis, as well as L-valine biosynthesis and pyruvate fermentation to isobutanol, which all correlated with repetitive behaviour. Taken together our data show that kefir modulates peripheral immunoregulation, can ameliorate specific ASD behavioural dysfunctions and modulates selective aspects of the composition and function of the gut microbiome, indicating that kefir supplementation might prove a viable strategy in improving quality of life in ASD subjects.
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21
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Schulz M, Sevenich L. TAMs in Brain Metastasis: Molecular Signatures in Mouse and Man. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716504. [PMID: 34539650 PMCID: PMC8447936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages not only represent an integral part of innate immunity but also critically contribute to tissue and organ homeostasis. Moreover, disease progression is accompanied by macrophage accumulation in many cancer types and is often associated with poor prognosis and therapy resistance. Given their critical role in modulating tumor immunity in primary and metastatic brain cancers, macrophages are emerging as promising therapeutic targets. Different types of macrophages infiltrate brain cancers, including (i) CNS resident macrophages that comprise microglia (TAM-MG) as well as border-associated macrophages and (ii) monocyte-derived macrophages (TAM-MDM) that are recruited from the periphery. Controversy remained about their disease-associated functions since classical approaches did not reliably distinguish between macrophage subpopulations. Recent conceptual and technological advances, such as large-scale omic approaches, provided new insight into molecular profiles of TAMs based on their cellular origin. In this review, we summarize insight from recent studies highlighting similarities and differences of TAM-MG and TAM-MDM at the molecular level. We will focus on data obtained from RNA sequencing and mass cytometry approaches. Together, this knowledge significantly contributes to our understanding of transcriptional and translational programs that define disease-associated TAM functions. Cross-species meta-analyses will further help to evaluate the translational significance of preclinical findings as part of the effort to identify candidates for macrophage-targeted therapy against brain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schulz
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Biological Sciences, Faculty 15, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Sevenich
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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22
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Qi X, Lin H, Hou Y, Su X, Gao Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Potential miRNA-Target mRNA-Immunocyte Subtype Network in Cerebral Infarction. Eur Neurol 2021; 85:148-161. [PMID: 34544080 DOI: 10.1159/000518893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral infarction (CI) is one of the leading causes of serious long-term disability and mortality. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify potential miRNAs and target mRNAs and assess the involvement of immunocyte infiltration in the process of CI. METHODS First, miRNA and mRNA data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, followed by differential expression analysis. Second, correlation analysis between differentially expressed mRNAs and differential immunocyte subtypes was performed through the CIBERSORT algorithm. Third, the regulatory network between miRNAs and immunocyte subtype-related mRNAs was constructed followed by the functional analysis of these target mRNAs. Fourth, correlation validation between differentially expressed mRNAs and differential immunocyte subtypes was performed in the GSE37587 dataset. Finally, the diagnostic ability of immunocyte subtype-related mRNAs was tested. RESULTS Up to 17 differentially expressed miRNAs and 3,267 differentially expressed mRNAs were identified, among which 310 differentially expressed mRNAs were significantly associated with immunocyte subtypes. Several miRNA-target mRNA-immunocyte subtype networks including hsa-miR-671-3p-ZC3HC1-neutrophils, hsa-miR-625-CD5-monocytes, hsa-miR-122-ACOX1/DUSP1/NEDD9-neutrophils, hsa-miR-455-5p-SLC24A4-monocytes, and hsa-miR-455-5p-SORL1-neutrophils were identified. LAT, ACOX1, DUSP1, NEDD9, ZC3HC1, BIN1, AKT1, DNMT1, SLC24A4, and SORL1 had a potential diagnostic value for CI. CONCLUSIONS The network including miRNA, target mRNA, and immunocyte subtype may be novel regulators and diagnostic and therapeutic targets in CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Qi
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huiqian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongge Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanfang Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei Red Cross Boai Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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23
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Hubert V, Hristovska I, Karpati S, Benkeder S, Dey A, Dumot C, Amaz C, Chounlamountri N, Watrin C, Comte J, Chauveau F, Brun E, Marche P, Lerouge F, Parola S, Berthezène Y, Vorup‐Jensen T, Pascual O, Wiart M. Multimodal Imaging with NanoGd Reveals Spatiotemporal Features of Neuroinflammation after Experimental Stroke. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101433. [PMID: 34197055 PMCID: PMC8425862 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to propose and validate a preclinical in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tool to monitor neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke, based on injection of a novel multimodal nanoprobe, NanoGd, specifically designed for internalization by phagocytic cells. First, it is verified that NanoGd is efficiently internalized by microglia in vitro. In vivo MRI coupled with intravenous injection of NanoGd in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model results in hypointense signals in the ischemic lesion. In these mice, longitudinal two-photon intravital microscopy shows NanoGd internalization by activated CX3CR1-GFP/+ cells. Ex vivo analysis, including phase contrast imaging with synchrotron X-ray, histochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy corroborate NanoGd accumulation within the ischemic lesion and uptake by immune phagocytic cells. Taken together, these results confirm the potential of NanoGd-enhanced MRI as an imaging biomarker of neuroinflammation at the subacute stage of ischemic stroke. As far as it is known, this work is the first to decipher the working mechanism of MR signals induced by a nanoparticle passively targeted at phagocytic cells by performing intravital microscopy back-to-back with MRI. Furthermore, using a gadolinium-based rather than an iron-based contrast agent raises future perspectives for the development of molecular imaging with emerging computed tomography technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Hubert
- Univ‐LyonIRIS TeamCarMeN LaboratoryInserm U1060INRA U1397INSA LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Groupement Hospitalier Est59 bd. PinelBron69500France
| | - Ines Hristovska
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Szilvia Karpati
- Université de LyonÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonCNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Laboratoire de ChimieLyonF69342France
| | - Sarah Benkeder
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Arindam Dey
- Institut pour l'Avancée des BiosciencesCentre de Recherche UGA / Inserm U 1209 / CNRS UMR 5309Site Santé ‐ Allée des AlpesLa Tronche38700France
| | - Chloé Dumot
- Univ‐LyonIRIS TeamCarMeN LaboratoryInserm U1060INRA U1397INSA LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Groupement Hospitalier Est59 bd. PinelBron69500France
| | - Camille Amaz
- Clinical Investigation CenterHospices Civils de LyonLouis Pradel Hospital28 avenue Doyen LépineBron69500France
| | - Naura Chounlamountri
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Chantal Watrin
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Jean‐Christophe Comte
- FORGETTING TeamLyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL)CNRS UMR5292INSERM U1028Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier ‐ Bâtiment 462 ‐ Neurocampus Michel Jouvet95 boulevard PinelBron69675France
| | - Fabien Chauveau
- Université de LyonLyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL)CNRS UMR5292INSERM U1028Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Groupement Hospitalier Est ‐ CERMEP59 bd PinelBron Cedex69677France
| | - Emmanuel Brun
- Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedical Research (STROBE)UA7 INSERMUniversité Grenoble AlpesMedical Beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility71 Avenue des MartyrsGrenoble Cedex 938043France
| | - Patrice Marche
- Institut pour l'Avancée des BiosciencesCentre de Recherche UGA / Inserm U 1209 / CNRS UMR 5309Site Santé ‐ Allée des AlpesLa Tronche38700France
| | - Fréderic Lerouge
- Université de LyonÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonCNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Laboratoire de ChimieLyonF69342France
| | - Stéphane Parola
- Université de LyonÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonCNRS UMR 5182Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Laboratoire de ChimieLyonF69342France
| | - Yves Berthezène
- Univ‐LyonCreatis LaboratoryCNRS UMR5220Inserm U1044INSA LyonVilleurbanne Cedex69621France
| | - Thomas Vorup‐Jensen
- Department of BiomedicineBiophysical Immunology LaboratoryAarhus UniversityAarhus CDK‐8000Denmark
| | - Olivier Pascual
- SYNATAC TeamInstitut NeuroMyoGèneUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRS UMR 5310, INSERM U1217Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie8 avenue RockefellerLyon69008France
| | - Marlène Wiart
- Univ‐LyonIRIS TeamCarMeN LaboratoryInserm U1060INRA U1397INSA LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1Groupement Hospitalier Est59 bd. PinelBron69500France
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24
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Zheng Z, Wang B, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Wei J, Meng L, Xin Y, Jiang X. Research progress on mechanism and imaging of temporal lobe injury induced by radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Eur Radiol 2021; 32:319-330. [PMID: 34327577 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-021-08164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is an effective treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC). Radiation-induced temporal lobe injury (TLI) is a serious complication of RT. Late symptoms of radiation-induced TLI are irreversible and manifest as memory loss, cognitive impairment, and even temporal lobe necrosis (TLN). It is currently believed that the mechanism of radiation-induced TLI involves microvascular injury, neuron and neural stem cell injury, glial cell damage, inflammation, and the production of free radicals. Significant RT-related structural changes and dose-dependent changes in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume and morphology were observed through computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which were common imaging assessment tools. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), dispersion kurtosis imaging (DKI), susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), resting-state functional magnetic resonance (rs-fMRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and positron emission tomography (PET) can be used for early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation according to functional, molecular, and cellular processes of TLI. Early diagnosis of TLI is helpful to reduce the incidence of TLN and its related complications. This review summarizes the clinical features, mechanisms, and imaging of radiation-induced TLI in HNC patients. KEY POINTS: • Radiation-induced temporal lobe injury (TLI) is a clinical complication and its symptoms mainly include memory impairment, headache, and cognitive impairment. • The mechanisms of TLI include microvascular injury, cell injury, and inflammatory and free radical injury. Significant RT-related structural changes and dose-dependent changes in TL volume and morphology were observed through CT and MRI. • SWI, MRS, DTI, and DKI and other imaging examinations can detect anatomical and functional, molecular, and cellular changes of TLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology& Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology& Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology& Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology& Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jinlong Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology& Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China. .,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology& Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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25
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Scott MC, Bedi SS, Olson SD, Sears CM, Cox CS. Microglia as therapeutic targets after neurological injury: strategy for cell therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:365-380. [PMID: 34029505 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1934447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microglia is the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system. Prolonged microglial activation often occurs after traumatic brain injury and is associated with deteriorating neurocognitive outcomes. Resolution of microglial activation is associated with limited tissue loss and improved neurocognitive outcomes. Limiting the prolonged pro-inflammatory response and the associated secondary tissue injury provides the rationale and scientific premise for considering microglia as a therapeutic target. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss markers of microglial activation, such as immunophenotype and microglial response to injury, including cytokine/chemokine release, free radical formation, morphology, phagocytosis, and metabolic shifts. We compare the origin and role in neuroinflammation of microglia and monocytes/macrophages. We review potential therapeutic targets to shift microglial polarization. Finally, we review the effect of cell therapy on microglia. EXPERT OPINION Dysregulated microglial activation after neurologic injury, such as traumatic brain injury, can worsen tissue damage and functional outcomes. There are potential targets in microglia to attenuate this activation, such as proteins and molecules that regulate microglia polarization. Cellular therapeutics that limit, but do not eliminate, the inflammatory response have improved outcomes in animal models by reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation via secondary signaling. These findings have been replicated in early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Collins Scott
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (Uthealth), USA
| | - Supinder S Bedi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott D Olson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Candice M Sears
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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26
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Jackson CM, Choi J, Routkevitch D, Pant A, Saleh L, Ye X, Caplan JM, Huang J, McDougall CG, Pardoll DM, Brem H, Tamargo RJ, Lim M. PD-1+ Monocytes Mediate Cerebral Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2021; 88:855-863. [PMID: 33370819 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral vasospasm is a major source of morbidity and mortality following aneurysm rupture and has limited treatment options. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of programmed death-1 (PD-1) in cerebral vasospasm. METHODS Endovascular internal carotid artery perforation (ICAp) was used to induce cerebral vasospasm in mice. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting PD-1, programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) was administered 1 h after ICAp and vasospasm was measured histologically at the level of the ICA bifurcation bilaterally. PD-1 expressing immune cell populations were evaluated by flow cytometry. To correlate these findings to patients and evaluate the potential of PD-1 as a biomarker, monocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood and analyzed by flow cytometry in a cohort of patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. The daily frequency of PD-1+ monocytes in the peripheral blood was correlated to transcranial Doppler velocities as well as clinical and radiographic vasospasm. RESULTS We found that PD-L1 administration prevented cerebral vasospasm by inhibiting ingress of activated Ly6c+ and CCR2+ monocytes into the brain. Human correlative studies confirmed the presence of PD-1+ monocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with ruptured aneurysms and the frequency of these cells corresponded with cerebral blood flow velocities and clinical vasospasm. CONCLUSION Our results identify PD-1+ monocytes as mediators of cerebral vasospasm and support PD-1 agonism as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Denis Routkevitch
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ayush Pant
- The Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Laura Saleh
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaobu Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin M Caplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Judy Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cameron G McDougall
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- The Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Immunotherapy, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Henry Brem
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rafael J Tamargo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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27
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van de Wouw M, Sichetti M, Long-Smith CM, Ritz NL, Moloney GM, Cusack AM, Berding K, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Acute stress increases monocyte levels and modulates receptor expression in healthy females. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:463-468. [PMID: 33705869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing recognition of the involvement of the immune system in stress-related disorders. Acute stress leads to the activation of neuroendocrine systems, which in turn orchestrate a large-scale redistribution of innate immune cells, such as monocytes. Even though acute stress/monocyte interactions have been well-characterized in mice, this is not the case for humans. As such, this study aimed to investigate whether acute stress modulates blood monocyte levels in a subtype-dependent manner and whether the receptor expression of stress-related receptors is affected in humans. Blood was collected from healthy female volunteers at baseline and 1 h after the socially evaluated cold pressor test, after which blood monocyte levels and receptor expression were assessed by flow cytometry. Our results reveal a stress-induced increase in blood monocyte levels, which was independent of monocyte subtypes. Furthermore, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) and CD29 receptor expression was increased, while CD62L showed a trend towards increased expression. These results provide novel insights into how acute stress affects the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzia Sichetti
- Unit of Biochemical Sciences and Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Gerard M Moloney
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Kirsten Berding
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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28
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Toll-like receptor-9 stimulated plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors suppress autoimmune neuroinflammation in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4735. [PMID: 33637789 PMCID: PMC7910458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early innate education of hematopoietic progenitors within the bone marrow (BM) stably primes them for either trained immunity or instead immunoregulatory functions. We herein demonstrate that in vivo or in vitro activation within the BM via Toll-like receptor-9 generates a population of plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) precursors (CpG-pre-pDCs) that, unlike pDC precursors isolated from PBS-incubated BM (PBS-pre-pDCs), are endowed with the capacity to halt progression of ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. CpG activation enhances the selective migration of pDC precursors to the inflamed spinal cord, induces their immediate production of TGF-β, and after migration, of enhanced levels of IL-27. CpG-pre-pDC derived TGF-β and IL-27 ensure protection at early and late phases of the disease, respectively. Spinal cords of CpG-pre-pDC-protected recipient mice display enhanced percentages of host-derived pDCs expressing TGF-β as well as an accumulation of IL-10 producing B cells and of CD11c+ CD11b+ dendritic cells. These results reveal that pDC precursors are conferred stable therapeutic properties by early innate activation within the BM. They further extend to the pDC lineage promising perspectives for cell therapy of autoimmune diseases with innate activated hematopoietic precursor cells.
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29
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de Morais SD, Kak G, Menousek JP, Kielian T. Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625467. [PMID: 33708216 PMCID: PMC7940520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can be life threatening and often impair neurological function. Biofilm infection is a complication following craniotomy, a neurosurgical procedure that involves the removal and replacement of a skull fragment (bone flap) to access the brain for surgical intervention. The incidence of infection following craniotomy ranges from 1% to 3% with approximately half caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These infections present a significant therapeutic challenge due to the antibiotic tolerance of biofilm and unique immune properties of the CNS. Previous studies have revealed a critical role for innate immune responses during S. aureus craniotomy infection. Experiments using knockout mouse models have highlighted the importance of the pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and its adaptor protein MyD88 for preventing S. aureus outgrowth during craniotomy biofilm infection. However, neither molecule affected bacterial burden in a mouse model of S. aureus brain abscess highlighting the distinctions between immune regulation of biofilm vs. planktonic infection in the CNS. Furthermore, the immune responses elicited during S. aureus craniotomy infection are distinct from biofilm infection in the periphery, emphasizing the critical role for niche-specific factors in dictating S. aureus biofilm-leukocyte crosstalk. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning innate immunity to S. aureus craniotomy biofilm infection, compare this to S. aureus biofilm infection in the periphery, and discuss the importance of anatomical location in dictating how biofilm influences inflammatory responses and its impact on bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Db de Morais
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Kak
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Joseph P Menousek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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30
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Peripheral Myeloid Cell EP2 Activation Contributes to the Deleterious Consequences of Status Epilepticus. J Neurosci 2020; 41:1105-1117. [PMID: 33293358 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2040-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidimensional inflammatory response ensues after status epilepticus (SE), driven partly by cyclooxygenase-2-mediated activation of prostaglandin EP2 receptors. The inflammatory response is typified by astrocytosis, microgliosis, erosion of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), formation of inflammatory cytokines, and brain infiltration of blood-borne monocytes. Our previous studies have shown that inhibition of monocyte brain invasion or systemic administration of an EP2 receptor antagonist relieves multiple deleterious consequences of SE. Here we identify those effects of EP2 antagonism that are reproduced by conditional ablation of EP2 receptors in immune myeloid cells and show that systemic EP2 antagonism blocks monocyte brain entry in male mice. The induction of hippocampal IL-6 after pilocarpine SE was nearly abolished in EP2 conditional KO mice. Serum albumin levels in the cortex, a measure of BBB breakdown, were significantly higher after SE in EP2-sufficient mice but not in EP2 conditional KOs. EP2 deficiency in innate immune cells accelerated the recovery from sickness behaviors following SE. Surprisingly, neurodegeneration was not alleviated in myeloid conditional KOs. Systemic EP2 antagonism prevented monocyte brain infiltration and provided broader rescue of SE-induced effects than myeloid EP2 ablation, including neuroprotection and broader suppression of inflammatory mediators. Reporter expression indicated that the cellular target of CD11b-driven Cre was circulating myeloid cells but, unexpectedly, not microglia. These findings indicate that activation of EP2 receptors on immune myeloid cells drives substantial deficits in behavior and disrupts the BBB after SE. The benefits of systemic EP2 antagonism can be attributed, in part, to blocking brain recruitment of blood-borne monocytes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Unabated seizures reduce quality of life, promote the development of epilepsy, and can be fatal. We previously identified activation of prostaglandin EP2 receptors as a driver of undesirable consequences of seizures. However, the relevant EP2-expressing cell types remain unclear. Here we identify peripheral innate immune cells as a driver of the EP2-related negative consequences of seizures. Removal of EP2 from peripheral immune cells was beneficial, abolishing production of a key inflammatory cytokine, accelerating weight regain, and limiting behavioral deficits. These findings provide evidence that EP2 engagement on peripheral immune and brain endothelia contributes to the deleterious effects of SE, and will assist in the development of beneficial therapies to enhance quality of life in individuals who suffer prolonged seizures.
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31
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, King NJC. Immovable Object Meets Unstoppable Force? Dialogue Between Resident and Peripheral Myeloid Cells in the Inflamed Brain. Front Immunol 2020; 11:600822. [PMID: 33363542 PMCID: PMC7752943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.600822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the brain parenchyma is characteristic of neurodegenerative, autoimmune, and neuroinflammatory diseases. During this process, microglia, which populate the embryonic brain and become a permanent sentinel myeloid population, are inexorably joined by peripherally derived monocytes, recruited by the central nervous system. These cells can quickly adopt a morphology and immunophenotype similar to microglia. Both microglia and monocytes have been implicated in inducing, enhancing, and/or maintaining immune-mediated pathology and thus disease progression in a number of neuropathologies. For many years, experimental and analytical systems have failed to differentiate resident microglia from peripherally derived myeloid cells accurately. This has impeded our understanding of their precise functions in, and contributions to, these diseases, and hampered the development of novel treatments that could target specific cell subsets. Over the past decade, microglia have been investigated more intensively in the context of neuroimmunological research, fostering the development of more precise experimental systems. In light of our rapidly growing understanding of these cells, we discuss the differential origins of microglia and peripherally derived myeloid cells in the inflamed brain, with an analysis of the problems resolving these cell types phenotypically and morphologically, and highlight recent developments enabling more precise identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G. Spiteri
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire L. Wishart
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry Facility, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity (MBI), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Quarta A, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Functional consequences of a close encounter between microglia and brain-infiltrating monocytes during CNS pathology and repair. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:89-106. [PMID: 33155726 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0820-536r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is recognized as an important factor contributing to the development and progression of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Upon CNS trauma or disease, parenchymal microglia highly proliferate and accumulate in and around the lesion site. In addition, blood-derived monocytes can infiltrate the inflamed CNS in response to cellular damage and/or a compromised blood-brain barrier. Both microglia and infiltrating monocytes are characterized by multiple functional states and can either display highly proinflammatory properties or promote resolution of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Despite sharing some basic immunologic functions, microglia and monocytes display many distinctive features, which ultimately define their contribution to neuropathology. Understanding how the innate immune system participates to brain disease is imperative to identify novel treatment options for CNS inflammatory disorders. In this context, existing and newly developed in vitro platforms for disease modeling are fundamental tools to investigate and modulate microglia and monocyte immune functions within a specific neuropathologic context. In this review, we first briefly summarize the current knowledge on microglia and monocyte ontogenesis, as well as their complex and interconnected contributions to the development of various CNS pathologies. Following the well-recognized concept that both microglia and monocytes can either exert neuroprotective functions or exacerbate tissue damage, we provide a comprehensive overview of cellular models currently available for in vitro study of neuroinflammatory responses. In this context, we highlight how simplified single-cell models may not always correctly recapitulate in vivo biology, hence future research should move toward novel models with higher and multicellular complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Pawelec P, Ziemka-Nalecz M, Sypecka J, Zalewska T. The Impact of the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Axis in Neurological Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102277. [PMID: 33065974 PMCID: PMC7600611 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractalkine (FKN, CX3CL1) is a transmembrane chemokine expressed by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). CX3CL1 signals through its unique receptor, CX3CR1, that is expressed in microglia. Within the CNS, fractalkine acts as a regulator of microglia activation in response to brain injury or inflammation. During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the roles that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling pathway plays in the neuropathology of a diverse array of brain disorders. However, the reported results have proven controversial, indicating that a disruption of the CX3CL1 axis induces a disease-specific microglial response that may have either beneficial or detrimental effects. Therefore, it has become clear that the understanding of neuron-to-glia signals mediated by CX3CL1/CX3CR1 at different stages of diseases could provide new insight into potential therapeutic targets. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a summary of the literature on the emerging role of CX3CL1 in animal models of some brain disorders.
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Manji Z, Rojas A, Wang W, Dingledine R, Varvel NH, Ganesh T. 5xFAD Mice Display Sex-Dependent Inflammatory Gene Induction During the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:1259-1274. [PMID: 31322556 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology consists of extracellular deposits of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological alterations are accompanied by a neuroinflammatory response consisting of increased expression of inflammatory mediators. An anti-inflammatory strategy designed to prevent or delay the development of AD would benefit from knowing when neuroinflammation appears in the transgenic models during prodromal disease stages relative to Aβ pathology. We investigated the expression patterns of inflammatory mediators in the brain of 5xFAD mice in comparison to development of Aβ deposition. Expression changes in inflammatory mediators and glial markers are more robust in female mice starting at three months of age, in contrast to males in which there is no clear trend through five months. Female and male 5xFAD mice also displayed an age-dependent increase in cortical Aβ deposition congruent with neuroinflammation. Thus, in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD, administration of an anti-inflammatory agent would be most efficacious when administered before three months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Manji
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas H Varvel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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The role of peripheral monocytes and macrophages in ischemic stroke. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3589-3607. [PMID: 33009963 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After acute ischemic stroke (AIS), peripheral monocytes infiltrate into the lesion site within 24 h, peak at 3 to 7 days, and then differentiate into macrophages. Traditionally, monocytes/macrophages (MMs) are thought to play a deleterious role in AIS. Depletion of MMs in the acute phase can alleviate brain injury induced by ischemia. However, several studies have shown that MMs have anti-inflammatory functions, participate in angiogenesis, phagocytose necrotic neurons, and promote neurovascular repair. Therefore, MMs play dual roles in ischemic stroke, depending mainly upon the MM microenvironment and the window of time post-stroke. Because activated microglia and MMs are similar in morphology and function, previous studies have often investigated them together. However, recent studies have used special methods to distinguish MMs from microglia and have found that MMs have properties which differ from microglia. Here, we review the unique role of MMs and the interaction between MMs and neurovascular units, including neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and microvessels. Future therapeutics targeting MMs should regulate the polarization and subset transformation of the MMs at different stages of AIS rather than comprehensively suppressing MM infiltration and differentiation. In addition, more studies are needed to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of MM subsets and polarization during ischemic stroke.
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Cai Y, Liu W, Lian L, Xu Y, Bai X, Xu S, Zhang J. Stroke treatment: Is exosome therapy superior to stem cell therapy? Biochimie 2020; 179:190-204. [PMID: 33010339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of disability and death, and currently, ideal clinical treatment is lacking. Stem cell transplantation is a widely-used treatment approach for stroke. When compared with other types of stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been widely studied because of their many advantages. The paracrine effect is the primary mechanism for stem cells to play their role, and exosomes play an essential role in the paracrine effect. When compared with cell therapy, cell-free exosome therapy can prevent many risks and difficulties, and therefore, represents a promising and novel approach for treatment. In this study, we reviewed the research progress in the application of BMSCs-derived exosomes (BMSCs-exos) and BMSCs in the treatment of stroke. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of cell therapy and cell-free exosome therapy were described, and the possible factors that hinder the introduction of these two treatments into the clinic were analyzed. Furthermore, we reviewed the current optimization methods of cell therapy and cell-free exosome therapy. Taken together, we hypothesize that cell-free exosome therapy will have excellent research prospects in the future, and therefore, it is worth further exploring. There are still some issues that need to be further addressed. For example, differences between the in vivo microenvironment and in vitro culture conditions will affect the paracrine effect of stem cells. Most importantly, we believe that more preclinical and clinical design studies are required to compare the efficacy of stem cells and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Cai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wanying Liu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lu Lian
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yingzhi Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Bai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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Min Y, Yan L, Wang Q, Wang F, Hua H, Yuan Y, Jin H, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Yang J, Jiang X, Yang Y, Li F. Distinct Residential and Infiltrated Macrophage Populations and Their Phagocytic Function in Mild and Severe Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:244. [PMID: 32903800 PMCID: PMC7438904 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal brain injury, especially severe injury induced by hypoxia-ischemia (HI), causes mortality and long-term neurological impairments. Our previous study demonstrated activation of CD11b+ myeloid cells, including residential microglial cells (MGs) and infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in a murine model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), with unknown functions. Here, we study the differences in the phagocytic function of MGs and MDMs to clarify their potential roles after HIBD. HI was induced in 9-10-day postnatal mice. On days 1 and 3 after injury, pathological and neurobehavioral tests were performed to categorize the brain damage as mild or severe. Flow cytometry was applied to quantify the dynamic change in the numbers of MGs and MDMs according to the relative expression level of CD45 in CD11b+ cells. CX3CR1 GFPCCR2 RFP double-transformed mice were used to identify MGs and MDMs in the brain parenchyma after HIBD. Lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), CD36, and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) expression levels were measured to assess the underlying function of phagocytes and neuroprotective factors in these cells. The FITC-dextran 40 phagocytosis assay was applied to examine the change in phagocytic function under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. We found that neonatal HI induced a different degree of brain damage: mild or severe injury. Compared with mildly injured animals, mice with severe injury had lower weight, worse neurobehavioral scores, and abnormal brain morphology. In a severely injured brain, CD11b+ cells remarkably increased, including an increase in the MDM population and a decrease in the MG population. Furthermore, MDM infiltration into the brain parenchyma was evident in CX3CR1 GFPCCR2 RFP double-transformed mice. Mild and severe brain injury caused different phagocytosis-related responses and neuroprotective functions of MDMs and MGs at 1 and 3 days following HI. The phagocytic function was activated in BV2 cells but downregulated in Raw264.7 cells under OGD in vitro. These observations indicate that neonatal HI induced different degrees of brain injury. The proportion of infiltrated macrophage MDMs was increased and they were recruited into the injured brain parenchyma in severe brain injury. The resident macrophage MGs proportion decreased and maintained activated phagocytic function in both mild and severe brain injury, and restored neuroprotective function in severe brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Min
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hairong Hua
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huiyan Jin
- Department of Functional Experiment, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yaling Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianzhong Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Andoh M, Shibata K, Okamoto K, Onodera J, Morishita K, Miura Y, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Exercise Reverses Behavioral and Synaptic Abnormalities after Maternal Inflammation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2817-2825.e5. [PMID: 31167129 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal behaviors in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders are generally believed to be irreversible. Here, we show that voluntary wheel running ameliorates the abnormalities in sociability, repetitiveness, and anxiety observed in a mouse model of a neurodevelopmental disorder induced by maternal immune activation (MIA). Exercise activates a portion of dentate granule cells, normalizing the density of hippocampal CA3 synapses, which is excessive in the MIA-affected offspring. The synaptic surplus in the MIA offspring is induced by deficits in synapse engulfment by microglia, which is normalized by exercise through microglial activation. Finally, chemogenetically induced activation of granule cells promotes the engulfment of CA3 synapses. Thus, our study proposes a role of voluntary exercise in the modulation of behavioral and synaptic abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Andoh
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shibata
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuki Okamoto
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Junya Onodera
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kohei Morishita
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuki Miura
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Center for Information and Neural Networks, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Kerkhofs D, van Hagen BT, Milanova IV, Schell KJ, van Essen H, Wijnands E, Goossens P, Blankesteijn WM, Unger T, Prickaerts J, Biessen EA, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Foulquier S. Pharmacological depletion of microglia and perivascular macrophages prevents Vascular Cognitive Impairment in Ang II-induced hypertension. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9512-9527. [PMID: 32863942 PMCID: PMC7449902 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease, the most prevalent cause of vascular cognitive impairment. As we have shown, hypertension induced by a prolonged Angiotensin II infusion is associated with increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), chronic activation of microglia and myelin loss. In this study we therefore aim to determine the contribution of microglia to hypertension-induced cognitive impairment in an experimental hypertension model by a pharmacological depletion approach. Methods: For this study, adult Cx3Cr1gfp/wtxThy1yfp/0 reporter mice were infused for 12 weeks with Angiotensin II or saline and subgroups were treated with PLX5622, a highly selective CSF1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured via tail-cuff. Short- and long-term spatial memory was assessed during an Object Location task and a Morris Water Maze task (MWM). Microglia depletion efficacy was assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. BBB leakages, microglia phenotype and myelin integrity were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: SBP, heart weight and carotid pulsatility were increased by Ang II and were not affected by PLX5622. Short-term memory was significantly impaired in Ang II hypertensive mice, and partly prevented in Ang II mice treated with PLX5622. Histological and flow cytometry analysis revealed almost complete ablation of microglia and a 60% depletion of brain resident perivascular macrophages upon CSF1R inhibition. Number and size of BBB leakages were increased in Ang II hypertensive mice, but not altered by PLX5622 treatment. Microglia acquired a pro-inflammatory phenotype at the site of BBB leakages in both Saline and Ang II mice and were successfully depleted by PLX5622. There was however no significant change in myelin integrity at the site of leakages. Conclusion: Our results show that depletion of microglia and PVMs, by CSF1R inhibition prevents short-term memory impairment in Ang II induced hypertensive mice. We suggest this beneficial effect is mediated by the major decrease of pro-inflammatory microglia within BBB leakages. This novel finding supports the critical role of brain immune cells in the pathogenesis of hypertension-related cognitive impairment. An adequate modulation of microglia /PVM density and phenotype may constitute a relevant approach to prevent and/or limit the progression of vascular cognitive impairment.
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Altered features of monocytes in adult onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia: A clue to the pathomechanism of microglial dyshomeostasis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 140:104867. [PMID: 32276111 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) is an autosomal-dominant type of leukoencephalopathy caused by gene mutation of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, which is expressed mainly on monocyte lineage cells such as monocytes in the peripheral blood and microglia in the brain. Hence, microglial dysfunction is regarded as critical in the pathogenesis of ALSP. However, functional changes in these cells have not been elucidated. In this study, we report the phenotypic and functional alterations of monocytes in four patients with ALSP. Flow cytometric analysis revealed altered expression of antigen presentation- and migration-related molecules, an inflammatory shift in cytokine production and phagocytic impairment in ALSP monocytes. We speculate that the observed altered features of monocytes are mostly shared by microglial cells, leading to the clinical history and pathological characteristics of ALSP. Our analysis of PB monocytes provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of ALSP.
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Khorooshi R, Marczynska J, Dieu RS, Wais V, Hansen CR, Kavan S, Thomassen M, Burton M, Kruse T, Webster GA, Owens T. Innate signaling within the central nervous system recruits protective neutrophils. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:2. [PMID: 31915070 PMCID: PMC6950927 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in understanding how the central nervous system (CNS) communicates with the immune system for recruitment of protective responses. Infiltrating phagocytic monocytes and granulocytes are implicated in neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To investigate how CNS endogenous signals can be harnessed to promote anti-inflammatory programs, we have used a particulate Toll-like receptor 9 and nucleotide-oligomerization domain 2 bispecific innate ligand (MIS416), to address whether its phagocytosis within the CNS recruits protective myeloid cells. We find that MIS416 injected intrathecally into the cerebrospinal fluid via the cisterna magna induced a local chemokine response that recruited blood-derived monocytes and neutrophils to the CNS. These cells phagocytosed MIS416. The increase in EAE severity normally seen from time of onset did not occur in mice receiving MIS416. This suppression of disease symptoms was dependent on expression of the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR). Transfer of intrathecal MIS416-induced neutrophils suppressed EAE in recipient mice, while monocytes did not transfer protection. MIS416-induced neutrophils showed increased IL-10 expression that was IFNAR1-driven. In contrast to intrathecal administration, intravenous administration of MIS416 led to monocyte but not neutrophil infiltration to the CNS. We thus identify a CNS-intrinsic and -specific phagocytosis-induced recruitment of anti-inflammatory neutrophils that contribute to CNS homeostasis and may have therapeutic potential.
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42
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Defining molecular identity and fates of CNS-border associated macrophages after ischemic stroke in rodents and humans. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104722. [PMID: 31926295 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS)-border associated macrophages (BAMs) maintain their steady-state population during adulthood and are not replaced by circulating monocytes under physiological conditions. Their roles in CNS integrity and functions under pathological conditions remain largely unknown. Until recently, BAMs and microglia could not be unequivocally distinguished due to expression of common macrophage markers. We investigated the transcriptional profiles of immunosorted BAMs from rat sham-operated and ischemic brains using RNA sequencing. We found that BAMs express the distinct transcriptional signature than microglia and infiltrating macrophages. The enrichment of functional groups associated with the cell cycle in CD163+ cells isolated 3 days after the ischemic injury indicates the proliferative capacity of these cells. The increased number of CD163+ cells 3 days post-ischemia was corroborated by flow cytometry and detecting the increased number of CD163+ cells positive for a proliferation marker Ki67 at perivascular spaces. CD163+ cells in the ischemic brains up-regulated many inflammatory genes and parenchymal CD163+ cells expressed iNOS, which indicates acquisition of a pro-inflammatory phenotype. In mice, BAMs typically express CD206 and we found a subset of these cells expressing CD169. Chimeric mice generated by transplanting bone marrow of donor Cx3cr1gfpCCR2rfp mice to wild type hosts showed an increased number of CX3CR1+CD169+ perivascular macrophages 3 days post-ischemia. Furthermore, these cells accumulated in the brain parenchyma and we detected replacement of perivascular macrophages by peripheral monocytic cells in the sub-acute phase of stroke. In line with the animal results, post-mortem brain samples from human ischemic stroke cases showed time-dependent accumulation of CD163+ cells in the ischemic parenchyma. Our findings indicate a unique transcriptional signature of BAMs, their local proliferation and migration of inflammatory BAMs to the brain parenchyma after stroke in animal models and humans.
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Adeluyi A, Guerin L, Fisher ML, Galloway A, Cole RD, Chan SSL, Wyatt MD, Davis SW, Freeman LR, Ortinski PI, Turner JR. Microglia morphology and proinflammatory signaling in the nucleus accumbens during nicotine withdrawal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax7031. [PMID: 31633029 PMCID: PMC6785260 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax7031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States. However, <5% of quit attempts are successful, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapeutics. Microglia are one untapped therapeutic target. While previous studies have shown that microglia mediate both inflammatory responses in the brain and brain plasticity, little is known regarding their role in nicotine dependence and withdrawal phenotypes. Here, we examined microglial changes in the striatum-a mesolimbic region implicated in the rewarding effects of drugs and the affective disruptions occurring during withdrawal. We show that both nicotine and withdrawal induce microglial morphological changes; however, proinflammatory effects and anxiogenic behaviors were observed only during nicotine withdrawal. Pharmacological microglial depletion during withdrawal prevented these effects. These results define differential effects of nicotine and withdrawal on inflammatory signaling in the brain, laying the groundwork for development of future smoking cessation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adewale Adeluyi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lindsey Guerin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Miranda L. Fisher
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ashley Galloway
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Robert D. Cole
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sherine S. L. Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Neuroene Therapeutics, Mt Pleasant, SC, USA
| | - Michael D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Linnea R. Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pavel I. Ortinski
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jill R. Turner
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
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van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Monocyte mobilisation, microbiota & mental illness. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:74-91. [PMID: 31330299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a key player in regulating brain and behaviour. This has led to the strategy of targeting the gut microbiota to ameliorate disorders of the central nervous system. Understanding the underlying signalling pathways in which the microbiota impacts these disorders is crucial for the development of future therapeutics for improving CNS functionality. One of the major pathways through which the microbiota influences the brain is the immune system, where there is an increasing appreciation for the role of monocyte trafficking in regulating brain homeostasis. In this review, we will shed light on the role of monocyte trafficking as a relay of microbiota signals in conditions where the central nervous system is in disorder, such as stress, peripheral inflammation, ageing, traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also cover how the gastrointestinal microbiota is implicated in these mental illnesses. In addition, we aim to discuss how the monocyte system can be modulated by the gut microbiota to mitigate disorders of the central nervous system, which will lead to novel microbiota-targeted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Fuzzati-Armentero MT, Cerri S, Blandini F. Peripheral-Central Neuroimmune Crosstalk in Parkinson's Disease: What Do Patients and Animal Models Tell Us? Front Neurol 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 30941089 PMCID: PMC6433876 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is no longer considered an immune privileged organ and neuroinflammation has long been associated with Parkinson's disease. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that innate and adaptive responses take place in the CNS. The extent to which peripheral immune alterations impacts on the CNS, or vice and versa, is, however, still a matter of debate. Gaining a better knowledge of the molecular and cellular immune dysfunctions present in these two compartments and clarifying their mutual interactions is a fundamental step in understanding and preventing Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on inflammatory processes evidenced both in PD patients and in toxin-induced animal models of the disease. It discusses differences and similarities between human and animal studies in the context of neuroinflammation and immune responses and how they have guided therapeutic strategies to slow down disease progression. Future longitudinal studies are necessary and can help gain a better understanding on peripheral-central nervous system crosstalk to improve therapeutic strategies for PD.
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An introduction to innate immunity in the central nervous system. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Flores CT, Wildes TJ, Drake JA, Moore GL, Dean BD, Abraham RS, Mitchell DA. Lin -CCR2 + hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells overcome resistance to PD-1 blockade. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4313. [PMID: 30333482 PMCID: PMC6192988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade using anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies has shown considerable promise in the treatment of solid tumors, but brain tumors remain notoriously refractory to treatment. In CNS malignancies that are completely resistant to PD-1 blockade, we found that bone marrow-derived, lineage-negative hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs) that express C–C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2+) reverses treatment resistance and sensitizes mice to curative immunotherapy. HSC transfer with PD-1 blockade increases T-cell frequency and activation within tumors in preclinical models of glioblastoma and medulloblastoma. CCR2+HSCs preferentially migrate to intracranial brain tumors and differentiate into antigen-presenting cells within the tumor microenvironment and cross-present tumor-derived antigens to CD8+ T cells. HSC transfer also rescues tumor resistance to adoptive cellular therapy in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma. Our studies demonstrate a novel role for CCR2+HSCs in overcoming brain tumor resistance to PD-1 checkpoint blockade and adoptive cellular therapy in multiple invasive brain tumor models. Brain tumors are difficult to treat using existing immunotherapeutic strategies. Here, the authors show that in brain tumors resistant to PD-1 blockade, HSCs expressing CCR2+ can reverse treatment resistance and sensitizes mice to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T Flores
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1149S Newell Dr, L2-100, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler J Wildes
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1149S Newell Dr, L2-100, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Drake
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1149S Newell Dr, L2-100, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ginger L Moore
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1149S Newell Dr, L2-100, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bayli DiVita Dean
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1149S Newell Dr, L2-100, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Rebecca S Abraham
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1149S Newell Dr, L2-100, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, Lillian S. Wells Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, 1149S Newell Dr, L2-100, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Fülle L, Offermann N, Hansen JN, Breithausen B, Erazo AB, Schanz O, Radau L, Gondorf F, Knöpper K, Alferink J, Abdullah Z, Neumann H, Weighardt H, Henneberger C, Halle A, Förster I. CCL17 exerts a neuroimmune modulatory function and is expressed in hippocampal neurons. Glia 2018; 66:2246-2261. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Fülle
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Nina Offermann
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Jan Niklas Hansen
- Neuroimmunology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR); Bonn Germany
| | - Björn Breithausen
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences; University of Bonn Medical School; Bonn Germany
| | - Anna Belen Erazo
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Oliver Schanz
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Luca Radau
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Fabian Gondorf
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Molecular Medicine; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Neural Regeneration Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Christian Henneberger
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences; University of Bonn Medical School; Bonn Germany
- Institute of Neurology; University College London; London United Kingdom
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Bonn Germany
| | - Annett Halle
- Neuroimmunology, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR); Bonn Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE); Bonn Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology & Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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49
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Chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 regulate viral encephalitis-induced hippocampal damage but not seizures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8929-E8938. [PMID: 30181265 PMCID: PMC6156634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806754115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral encephalitis is a major risk factor for the development of seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage with associated cognitive impairment, markedly reducing quality of life in survivors. The mechanisms underlying seizures and hippocampal neurodegeneration developing during and after viral encephalitis are only incompletely understood, hampering the development of preventive treatments. Recent findings suggest that brain invasion of blood-born monocytes may be critically involved in both seizures and brain damage in response to encephalitis, whereas the relative role of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, in these processes is not clear. CCR2 and CX3CR1 are two chemokine receptors that regulate the responses of myeloid cells, such as monocytes and microglia, during inflammation. We used Ccr2-KO and Cx3cr1-KO mice to understand the role of these receptors in viral encephalitis-associated seizures and neurodegeneration, using the Theiler's virus model of encephalitis in C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that CCR2 as well as CX3CR1 plays a key role in the accumulation of myeloid cells in the CNS and activation of hippocampal myeloid cells upon infection. Furthermore, by using Cx3cr1-creER+/-tdTomatoSt/Wt reporter mice, we show that, with regard to CD45 and CD11b expression, some microglia become indistinguishable from monocytes during CNS infection. Interestingly, the lack of CCR2 or CX3CR1 receptors was associated with almost complete prevention of hippocampal damage but did not prevent seizure development after viral CNS infection. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that CNS inflammatory mechanism(s) other than the infiltrating myeloid cells trigger the development of seizures during viral encephalitis.
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Boese AC, Le QSE, Pham D, Hamblin MH, Lee JP. Neural stem cell therapy for subacute and chronic ischemic stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:154. [PMID: 29895321 PMCID: PMC5998588 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play vital roles in brain homeostasis and exhibit a broad repertoire of potentially therapeutic actions following neurovascular injury. One such injury is stroke, a worldwide leading cause of death and disability. Clinically, extensive injury from ischemic stroke results from ischemia-reperfusion (IR), which is accompanied by inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, neural cell death, and extensive tissue loss. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is still the only US Food and Drug Administration-approved clot-lysing agent. Whereas the thrombolytic role of tPA within the vasculature is beneficial, the effects of tPA (in a non-thrombolytic role) within the brain parenchyma have been reported as harmful. Thus, new therapies are needed to reduce the deleterious side effects of tPA and quickly facilitate vascular repair following stroke. The Stroke Treatment Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) recommends that stroke therapies "focus on drugs/devices/treatments with multiple mechanisms of action and that target multiple pathways". Thus, based on multifactorial ischemic cascades in various stroke stages, effective stroke therapies need to focus on targeting and ameliorating early IR injury as well as facilitating angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neurorestorative mechanisms following stroke. This review will discuss the preclinical perspectives of NSC transplantation as a promising treatment for neurovascular injury and will emphasize both the subacute and chronic phase of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Boese
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Quan-Son Eric Le
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Dylan Pham
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Jean-Pyo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. .,Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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