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Nogo-A and LINGO-1: Two Important Targets for Remyelination and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054479. [PMID: 36901909 PMCID: PMC10003089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that causes progressive neurological disability in most patients due to neurodegeneration. Activated immune cells infiltrate the CNS, triggering an inflammatory cascade that leads to demyelination and axonal injury. Non-inflammatory mechanisms are also involved in axonal degeneration, although they are not fully elucidated yet. Current therapies focus on immunosuppression; however, no therapies to promote regeneration, myelin repair, or maintenance are currently available. Two different negative regulators of myelination have been proposed as promising targets to induce remyelination and regeneration, namely the Nogo-A and LINGO-1 proteins. Although Nogo-A was first discovered as a potent neurite outgrowth inhibitor in the CNS, it has emerged as a multifunctional protein. It is involved in numerous developmental processes and is necessary for shaping and later maintaining CNS structure and functionality. However, the growth-restricting properties of Nogo-A have negative effects on CNS injury or disease. LINGO-1 is also an inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, axonal regeneration, oligodendrocyte differentiation, and myelin production. Inhibiting the actions of Nogo-A or LINGO-1 promotes remyelination both in vitro and in vivo, while Nogo-A or LINGO-1 antagonists have been suggested as promising therapeutic approaches for demyelinating diseases. In this review, we focus on these two negative regulators of myelination while also providing an overview of the available data on the effects of Nogo-A and LINGO-1 inhibition on oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination.
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Transplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells overexpressing LIF/IFN-β promotes recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Sci Rep 2022; 12:17835. [PMID: 36284106 PMCID: PMC9596436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease with inflammatory demyelination in the central nerve system. Besides the defect in the myelin repair process, the balance change in inflammatory and anti- inflammatory cytokines is one of the most significant factors in MS pathogenesis. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of co-overexpressing beta interferon (IFN-β) and Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in human adipose-derived stem cells (IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs) on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). 12 days after the induction of EAE on female mice C57Bl/6 with MOG35-55 and the emergence of primary clinical signs, the IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs were injected into the mice tail vein of the EAE mice. The mice were sacrificed after 32 days and the spinal cords of the experimental groups were dissected out for the histopathologic and real-time RT-PCR studies. Here, we showed that the clinical scores and infiltration of mononuclear cells of treated mice with IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs were decreased significantly. Demyelination and the number of Olig2+ and MBP+ cells were significantly increased in the test (IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs) group. The findings revealed that the pattern of inflammatory and anti- inflammatory cytokines gene expression in the IFN-β/LIF-hADSCs group was reversed compared to the control group. Overexpression of LIF as a neurotrophic and IFN-β as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in hADSCs increases the immunomodulatory effect of hADSCs reduces the extent of demyelination, improves the number of Olig2+ cells, and also increases the amount of MBP protein which can increase the production of myelin in EAE model. This, besides hADSCs capacity for proliferation and differentiation, might enhance the treatment efficacy and provide a promising candidate for stem cell-based gene therapy of MS therapy in the future.
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Klistorner A, Barnett M. Remyelination Trials: Are We Expecting the Unexpected? NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:e1066. [PMID: 34376551 PMCID: PMC8356700 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuroaxonal loss is believed to underpin the progressive disability that characterizes multiple sclerosis (MS). While focal inflammatory demyelination is a principal cause of acute axonal transection and subsequent axonal degeneration, the gradual attrition of permanently demyelinated axons may also contribute to tissue damage, particularly in the progressive phase of the disease. Therefore, remyelination is considered a putative neuroprotective strategy. In this article, we review the potential pitfalls of remyelination trials, provide a framework for their appropriate design and temper the expectations, at times unrealistic, of researchers, regulators and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Klistorner
- From the Sydney University (A.K., M.B.); Maquarie University (A.K.); and Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Center (M.B.), Australia.
| | - Michael Barnett
- From the Sydney University (A.K., M.B.); Maquarie University (A.K.); and Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Center (M.B.), Australia
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Klistorner A, Graham SL. Role of Multifocal Visually Evoked Potential as a Biomarker of Demyelination, Spontaneous Remyelination, and Myelin Repair in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:725187. [PMID: 34776840 PMCID: PMC8586643 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.725187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by inflammation, demyelination, neuro-axonal loss, and gliosis. Inflammatory demyelinating lesions are a hallmark of the disease. Spontaneous remyelination, however, is often incomplete and strategies that promote remyelination are needed. As a result, accurate and sensitive in vivo measures of remyelination are necessary. The visual pathway provides a unique opportunity for in vivo assessment of myelin damage and repair in the MS-affected brain since it is highly susceptible to damage in MS and is a very frequent site of MS lesions. The visually evoked potential (VEP), an event-related potential generated by the striate cortex in response to visual stimulation, is uniquely placed to serve as a biomarker of the myelination along the visual pathway. The multifocal VEP (mfVEP) represents a most recent addition to the array of VEP stimulations. This article provides a current view on the role of mfVEP as a biomarker of demyelination, spontaneous remyelination, and myelin repair in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Klistorner
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L. Graham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Holikova K, Laakso H, Salo R, Shatillo A, Nurmi A, Bares M, Vanicek J, Michaeli S, Mangia S, Sierra A, Gröhn O. RAFF-4, Magnetization Transfer and Diffusion Tensor MRI of Lysophosphatidylcholine Induced Demyelination and Remyelination in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:625167. [PMID: 33746698 PMCID: PMC7969884 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.625167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is a naturally occurring response to demyelination and has a central role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Recently we demonstrated that a novel MRI technique entitled Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field (RAFF) in the rotating frame of rank n (RAFFn) achieved exceptional sensitivity in detecting the demyelination processes induced by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in rat brain. In the present work, our aim was to test whether RAFF4, along with magnetization transfer (MT) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), would be capable of detecting the changes in the myelin content and microstructure caused by modifications of myelin sheets around axons or by gliosis during the remyelination phase after LPC-induced demyelination in the corpus callosum of rats. We collected MRI data with RAFF4, MT and DTI at 3 days after injection (demyelination stage) and at 38 days after injection (remyelination stage) of LPC (n = 12) or vehicle (n = 9). Cell density and myelin content were assessed by histology. All MRI metrics detected differences between LPC-injected and control groups of animals in the demyelination stage, on day 3. In the remyelination phase (day 38), RAFF4, MT parameters, fractional anisotropy, and axial diffusivity detected signs of a partial recovery consistent with the remyelination evident in histology. Radial diffusivity had undergone a further increase from day 3 to 38 and mean diffusivity revealed a complete recovery correlating with the histological assessment of cell density attributed to gliosis. The combination of RAFF4, MT and DTI has the potential to differentiate between normal, demyelinated and remyelinated axons and gliosis and thus it may be able to provide a more detailed assessment of white matter pathologies in several neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Holikova
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hanne Laakso
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raimo Salo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Martin Bares
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Untied States
| | - Jiri Vanicek
- Department of Medical Imaging, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Untied States
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, Untied States
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Neuritin-overexpressing transgenic mice demonstrate enhanced neuroregeneration capacity and improved spatial learning and memory recovery after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2681-2699. [PMID: 33323541 PMCID: PMC7880330 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced brain injury is further exacerbated by a series of slower secondary pathogenic events, including delayed apoptosis due to neurotrophic factor deficiency. Neuritin, a neurotrophic factor regulating nervous system development and plasticity, is a potential therapeutic target for treatment of IR injury. In this study, Neuritin-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice were produced by pronuclear injection and offspring with high overexpression used to generate a line with stable inheritance for testing the neuroprotective capacity of Neuritin against transient global ischemia (TGI). Compared to wild-type mice, transgenic mice demonstrated reduced degradation of the DNA repair factor poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP 1) in the hippocampus, indicating decreased hippocampal apoptosis rate, and a greater number of surviving hippocampal neurons during the first week post-TGI. In addition, Tg mice showed increased expression of the regeneration markers NF-200, synaptophysin, and GAP-43, and improved recovery of spatial learning and memory. Our findings exhibited that the window of opportunity of neural recovery in Neuritin transgenic mice group had a tendency to move ahead after TGI, which indicated that Neuritin can be used as a potential new therapeutic strategy for improving the outcome of cerebral ischemia injury.
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Wang SS, Bi HZ, Chu SF, Dong YX, He WB, Tian YJ, Zang YD, Zhang DM, Zhang Z, Chen NH. CZ-7, a new derivative of Claulansine F, promotes remyelination induced by cuprizone by enhancing myelin debris clearance. Brain Res Bull 2020; 159:67-78. [PMID: 32289743 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of demyelinating diseases is controversial, while demyelination and remyeliantion disorder is the acknowledged etiology and therapeutic target. Untill now, there is no efficient therapy for these diseases. CZ-7, a new derivative of Claulansine F, which has been reported before, were investigated its pro-remyelination effect and its associated mechanism in cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination model. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to CPZ (300 mg/kg) through intragastric gavage and were orally administered CZ-7 (20 mg/kg) meanwhile. The results of weight monitoring and behavioral testing showed that CZ-7 can significantly improve behavior dysfunction in the demyelinating mice. Luxol-fast blue (LFB) staining, myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and QPCR results indicated the therapeutic effect of CZ-7 on CPZ mice model. Furthermore, degraded myelin basic protein (dMBP) immunofluorescent staining and oil red O staining showed that CZ-7 contributed to the clearance of degraded myelin debris. More microglia displayed phagocytic shape assembled in corpus callosum (CC) and there was an active process of phagocytosis in microglia after CZ-7 treatment. Immunofluorescent staining and QPCR analysis revealed the M2-polarized phenotype switch of microglia in the process of myelin debris removel, which demostrated the microenvironment improvement of CZ-7. Moreover, immunofluorescent staining of NG2 and O4 demonstated that more oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) existed in CC after CZ-7 treatment. In conclusion, our results demonstrated CZ-7 has a potential therapeutic effect for MS and other demyelinating diseases through enhancing myelin debris clearance to improve the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hao-Zhi Bi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Dong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wen-Bin He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Ya-Juan Tian
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Ying-Da Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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8
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Albert C, Mikolajczak J, Liekfeld A, Piper SK, Scheel M, Zimmermann HG, Nowak C, Dörr J, Bellmann-Strobl J, Chien C, Brandt AU, Paul F, Hoffmann O. Fingolimod after a first unilateral episode of acute optic neuritis (MOVING) - preliminary results from a randomized, rater-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:75. [PMID: 32126977 PMCID: PMC7052969 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroprotection and promotion of remyelination represent important therapeutic gaps in multiple sclerosis (MS). Acute optic neuritis (ON) is a frequent MS manifestation. Based on the presence and properties of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PR) on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, we hypothesized that remyelination can be enhanced by treatment with fingolimod, a S1PR modulator currently licensed for relapsing-remitting MS. Methods MOVING was an investigator-driven, rater-blind, randomized clinical trial. Patients with acute unilateral ON, occurring as a clinically isolated syndrome or MS relapse, were randomized to 6 months of treatment with 0.5 mg oral fingolimod or subcutaneous IFN-β 1b 250 μg every other day. The change in multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) latency of the qualifying eye was examined as the primary (month 6 vs. baseline) and secondary (months 3, 6 and 12 vs. baseline) outcome. In addition, full field visual evoked potentials, visual acuity, optical coherence tomography as well as clinical relapses and measures of disability, cerebral MRI, and self-reported visual quality of life were obtained for follow-up. The study was halted due to insufficient recruitment (n = 15), and available results are reported. Results Per protocol analysis of the primary endpoint revealed a significantly larger reduction of mfVEP latency at 6 months compared to baseline with fingolimod treatment (n = 5; median decrease, 15.7 ms) than with IFN-β 1b treatment (n = 4; median increase, 8.15 ms) (p < 0.001 for interaction). Statistical significance was maintained in the secondary endpoint analysis. Descriptive results are reported for other endpoints. Conclusion Preliminary results of the MOVING trial argue in support of a beneficial effect of fingolimod on optic nerve remyelination when compared to IFN-β treatment. Interpretation is limited by the small number of complete observations, an unexpected deterioration of the control group and a difference in baseline mfVEP latencies. The findings need to be confirmed in larger studies. Trial registration The trial was registered as EUDRA-CT 2011–004787-30 on October 26, 2012 and as NCT01647880 on July 24, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albert
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Josefs-Krankenhaus Potsdam, Allee nach Sanssouci 7, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Janine Mikolajczak
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Liekfeld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum Ernst von Bergmann, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sophie K Piper
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Scheel
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanna G Zimmermann
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jan Dörr
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Oberhavel-Kliniken Hennigsdorf, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Chien
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoffmann
- Department of Neurology, Alexianer St. Josefs-Krankenhaus Potsdam, Allee nach Sanssouci 7, 14471, Potsdam, Germany. .,Neurocure Clinical Research Center, Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Youssef AEH, Dief AE, El Azhary NM, Abdelmonsif DA, El-fetiany OS. LINGO-1 siRNA nanoparticles promote central remyelination in ethidium bromide-induced demyelination in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 75:89-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-00660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Nardo G, Trolese MC, de Vito G, Cecchi R, Riva N, Dina G, Heath PR, Quattrini A, Shaw PJ, Piazza V, Bendotti C. Immune response in peripheral axons delays disease progression in SOD1 G93A mice. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:261. [PMID: 27717377 PMCID: PMC5055725 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence suggests that the immune system has a beneficial role in the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) although the mechanism remains unclear. Recently, we demonstrated that motor neurons (MNs) of C57SOD1G93A mice with slow disease progression activate molecules classically involved in the cross-talk with the immune system. This happens a lot less in 129SvSOD1G93A mice which, while expressing the same amount of transgene, had faster disease progression and earlier axonal damage. The present study investigated whether and how the immune response is involved in the preservation of motor axons in the mouse model of familial ALS with a more benign disease course. Methods First, the extent of axonal damage, Schwann cell proliferation, and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) denervation were compared between the two ALS mouse models at the disease onset. Then, we compared the expression levels of different immune molecules, the morphology of myelin sheaths, and the presence of blood-derived immune cell infiltrates in the sciatic nerve of the two SOD1G93A mouse strains using immunohistochemical, immunoblot, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, and rotating-polarization Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering techniques. Results Muscle denervation, axonal dysregulation, and myelin disruption together with reduced Schwann cell proliferation are prominent in 129SvSOD1G93A compared to C57SOD1G93A mice at the disease onset, and this correlates with a faster disease progression in the first strain. On the contrary, a striking increase of immune molecules such as CCL2, MHCI, and C3 was seen in sciatic nerves of slow progressor C57SOD1G93A mice and this was accompanied by heavy infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes and macrophages. These phenomena were not detectable in the peripheral nervous system of fast-progressing mice. Conclusions These data show for the first time that damaged MNs in SOD1-related ALS actively recruit immune cells in the peripheral nervous system to delay muscle denervation and prolong the lifespan. On the contrary, the lack of this response has a negative impact on the disease course. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0732-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Trolese
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe de Vito
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Cecchi
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Neurology, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Dibit II, Via Olgettina 48, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Neurology, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Dibit II, Via Olgettina 48, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul R Heath
- Department of Neuroscience, Academic Neurology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Neurology, INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Dibit II, Via Olgettina 48, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Academic Neurology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385 Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Vincenzo Piazza
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, I-56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
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Davies CL, Miron VE. Distinct origins, gene expression and function of microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages in CNS myelin injury and regeneration. Clin Immunol 2016; 189:57-62. [PMID: 27377535 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury incurs a rapid innate immune response, including that from macrophages derived from endogenous microglia and circulating monocytes infiltrating the lesion site. One example of such injury is the demyelination observed in the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS), where macrophages are implicated in both myelin injury and regeneration. Although initially microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages were considered to have identical origins, gene expression, and function, recent advances have revealed important distinctions in all three categories and have caused a paradigm shift in view of their unique identity and roles. This has important consequences for understanding their individual contribution to neurological function and therapeutic targeting of these populations in diseases like MS. Here, we address the differences between CNS endogenous and exogenously-derived macrophages with a particular focus on myelin damage and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Davies
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique E Miron
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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12
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Ossola B, Zhao C, Compston A, Pluchino S, Franklin RJM, Spillantini MG. Neuronal expression of pathological tau accelerates oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation. Glia 2016; 64:457-71. [PMID: 26576485 PMCID: PMC5132073 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) differentiation is an important therapeutic target to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS). We previously reported hyperphosphorylated and aggregated microtubule-associated protein tau in MS lesions, suggesting its involvement in axonal degeneration. However, the influence of pathological tau-induced axonal damage on the potential for remyelination is unknown. Therefore, we investigated OPC differentiation in human P301S tau (P301S-htau) transgenic mice, both in vitro and in vivo following focal demyelination. In 2-month-old P301S-htau mice, which show hyperphosphorylated tau in neurons, we found atrophic axons in the spinal cord in the absence of prominent axonal degeneration. These signs of early axonal damage were associated with microgliosis and an upregulation of IL-1β and TNFα. Following in vivo focal white matter demyelination we found that OPCs differentiated more efficiently in P301S-htau mice than wild type (Wt) mice. We also found an increased level of myelin basic protein within the lesions, which however did not translate into increased remyelination due to higher susceptibility of P301S-htau axons to demyelination-induced degeneration compared to Wt axons. In vitro experiments confirmed higher differentiation capacity of OPCs from P301S-htau mice compared with Wt mice-derived OPCs. Because the OPCs from P301S-htau mice do not ectopically express the transgene, and when isolated from newborn mice behave like Wt mice-derived OPCs, we infer that their enhanced differentiation capacity must have been acquired through microenvironmental priming. Our data suggest the intriguing concept that damaged axons may signal to OPCs and promote their differentiation in the attempt at rescue by remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Ossola
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Alastair Compston
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Robin J. M. Franklin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust‐Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt BuildingUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB2 0AHUnited Kingdom
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Adalbert R, Coleman MP. Review: Axon pathology in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 39:90-108. [PMID: 23046254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
'Dying back' axon degeneration is a prominent feature of many age-related neurodegenerative disorders and is widespread in normal ageing. Although the mechanisms of disease- and age-related losses may differ, both contribute to symptoms. Here, we review recent advances in understanding axon pathology in age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and glaucoma. In particular, we highlight the importance of axonal transport, autophagy, traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial quality control. We then place these disease mechanisms in the context of changes to axons and dendrites that occur during normal ageing. We discuss what makes ageing such an important risk factor for many neurodegenerative disorders and conclude that the processes of normal ageing and disease combine at the molecular, cellular or systems levels in a range of disorders to produce symptoms. Pathology identical to disease also occurs at the cellular level in most elderly individuals. Thus, normal ageing and age-related disease are inextricably linked and the term 'healthy ageing' downplays the important contributions of cellular pathology. For a full understanding of normal ageing or age-related disease we must study both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Adalbert
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
| | - M P Coleman
- Signalling Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Itoh K, Maki T, Lok J, Arai K. Mechanisms of cell-cell interaction in oligodendrogenesis and remyelination after stroke. Brain Res 2015; 1623:135-49. [PMID: 25960351 PMCID: PMC4569526 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a clinically important aspect of several central nervous system diseases, including stroke. Cerebral white matter primarily consists of axonal bundles ensheathed with myelin secreted by mature oligodendrocytes, which play an important role in neurotransmission between different areas of gray matter. During the acute phase of stroke, damage to oligodendrocytes leads to white matter dysfunction through the loss of myelin. On the contrary, during the chronic phase, white matter components promote an environment, which is favorable for neural repair, vascular remodeling, and remyelination. For effective remyelination to take place, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play critical roles by proliferating and differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes, which help to decrease the burden of axonal injury. Notably, other types of cells contribute to these OPC responses under the ischemic conditions. This mini-review summarizes the non-cell autonomous mechanisms in oligodendrogenesis and remyelination after white matter damage, focusing on how OPCs receive support from their neighboring cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Itoh
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Takakuni Maki
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Josephine Lok
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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15
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Parallel changes in structural and functional measures of optic nerve myelination after optic neuritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121084. [PMID: 26020925 PMCID: PMC4447428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Visual evoked potential (VEP) latency prolongation and optic nerve lesion length after acute optic neuritis (ON) corresponds to the degree of demyelination, while subsequent recovery of latency may represent optic nerve remyelination. We aimed to investigate the relationship between multifocal VEP (mfVEP) latency and optic nerve lesion length after acute ON. Methods Thirty acute ON patients were studied at 1,3,6 and 12 months using mfVEP and at 1 and 12 months with optic nerve MRI. LogMAR and low contrast visual acuity were documented. By one month, the mfVEP amplitude had recovered sufficiently for latency to be measured in 23 (76.7%) patients with seven patients having no recordable mfVEP in more than 66% of segments in at least one test. Only data from these 23 patients was analysed further. Results Both latency and lesion length showed significant recovery during the follow-up period. Lesion length and mfVEP latency were highly correlated at 1 (r = 0.94, p = <0.0001) and 12 months (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). Both measures demonstrated a similar trend of recovery. Speed of latency recovery was faster in the early follow-up period while lesion length shortening remained relatively constant. At 1 month, latency delay was worse by 1.76ms for additional 1mm of lesion length while at 12 months, 1mm of lesion length accounted for 1.94ms of latency delay. Conclusion A strong association between two putative measures of demyelination in early and chronic ON was found. Parallel recovery of both measures could reflect optic nerve remyelination.
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Boulanger JJ, Messier C. From precursors to myelinating oligodendrocytes: contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic factors to white matter plasticity in the adult brain. Neuroscience 2014; 269:343-66. [PMID: 24721734 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) are glial cells that metamorphose into myelinating oligodendrocytes during embryogenesis and early stages of post-natal life. OPCs continue to divide throughout adulthood and some eventually differentiate into oligodendrocytes in response to demyelinating lesions. There is growing evidence that OPCs are also involved in activity-driven de novo myelination of previously unmyelinated axons and myelin remodeling in adulthood. In this review, we summarize the interwoven factors and cascades that promote the activation, recruitment and differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes in the adult brain based mostly on results found in the study of demyelinating diseases. The goal of the review was to draw a complete picture of the transformation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes to facilitate the study of this transformation in both the normal and diseased adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Canada.
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17
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Yan Y, Li T, Liu L, Zhou H. Effect of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs on expression of Nogo-A and p75(NTR) in cerebral ischemic stroke rats model. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 32:664-8. [PMID: 23427407 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs on expression of a nerve regeneration inhibitor, Nogo for neuron A (Nogo-A), and its associated signaling molecule, low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75(NTR)), in rats with cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS), with the aim of exploring the possible mechanism of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs in recovery following injury to the central nervous system. METHODS A cerebral ischemic stroke model in SD rats was established with the suture-occlusion method. Successful model rats were divided into placebo and herb groups at random; sham-operated and control groups were set up simultaneously. Each of these groups was divided into six subgroups at random. Expression of Nogo-A and p75(NTR) was evaluated with immunofluorescence microscopy at days 3, and weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 after administration. RESULTS Tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs suppressed the expression of Nogo-A and p75(NTR) (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Suppressing the expression of Nogo-A and p75(NTR) is possibly one of the mechanisms underlying the ability of tonifying liver and kidney-essence herbs to promote recovery of the injured central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yan
- Department of Encephalopathy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Medicine Hospital, Shaanxi 712000, China
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18
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Tatar C, Bessert D, Tse H, Skoff RP. Determinants of central nervous system adult neurogenesis are sex, hormones, mouse strain, age, and brain region. Glia 2012; 61:192-209. [PMID: 23027402 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a sexually dimorphic (SD) disease that causes oligodendrocyte death, but SD of glial cells is poorly studied. Here, we analyze SD of neural progenitors in 6-8 weeks and 6-8 months normal C57BL/6, SJL/J, and BALB/c mice in the subventricular zone (SVZ), dorsolateral horn (DLC), corpus callosum (CC), and parenchyma. With a short 2-h bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) pulse, no gender and strain differences are present at 6-8 weeks. At 6-8 months, the number of BrdU(+) cells decreases twofold in each sex, strain, and region, indicating that a common aging mechanism regulates BrdU incorporation. Strikingly, 2× more BrdU(+) cells are found in all brain regions in 6-8 months C57BL/6 females versus males, no gender differences in 6-8 months SJL/J, and fewer BrdU(+) cells in females versus males in BALB/cs. The number of BrdU(+) cells modestly fluctuates throughout the estrous cycle in C57BL/6 and SJLs. Castration causes a dramatic increase in BrdU(+) cells in SVZ and DLC. These findings indicate that testosterone is a major regulator of adult neural proliferation. At 6-8 months, the ratio of PDGFRα(+) cells in the CC to BrdU(+) cells in the DLC of both strains, sexes, estrous cycle, and castrated mice was essentially the same, suggesting that BrdU(+) cells in the DLC differentiate into CC oligodendrocytes. The ratio of TUNEL(+) to BrdU(+) cells does not match proliferation, indicating that these events are differentially regulated. Differential regulation of these two processes leads to the variation in glial numbers between gender and strain. Explanations of neural proliferation based upon data from one sex or strain may be very misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Tatar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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19
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Kremer D, Aktas O, Hartung HP, Küry P. The complex world of oligodendroglial differentiation inhibitors. Ann Neurol 2011; 69:602-18. [PMID: 21520230 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myelination is a central nervous system (CNS) process wherein oligodendrocyte-axon interactions lead to the establishment of myelin sheaths that stabilize, protect, and electrically insulate axons. In inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), the degeneration and eventual loss of functional myelin sheaths slows and blocks saltatory conduction in axons, which results in clinical impairment. However, remyelination can occur, and lesions can be partially repaired, resulting in clinical remission. The recruitment and activation of resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play a critical role in the repair process because these cells have the capacity to differentiate into functional myelinating cells. Mature oligodendrocytes, however, are thought to have lost the capacity to develop new myelin sheaths and frequently undergo programmed cell death in MS. The endogenous capacity to generate new oligodendrocytes in MS is limited, and this is predominantly due to the presence of inhibitory components that block OPC differentiation and maturation. Here, we present an overview of recently identified negative regulators of oligodendroglial differentiation and their potential relevance for CNS repair in MS. Because currently available immunomodulatory drugs for MS mainly target inflammatory cascades outside the brain and fail to repair existing lesions, achieving more efficient lesion repair constitutes an important goal for future MS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Sasaki M, Lankford KL, Radtke C, Honmou O, Kocsis JD. Remyelination after olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation into diverse demyelinating environments. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Axons depend critically on axonal transport both for supplying materials and for communicating with cell bodies. This chapter looks at each activity, asking what aspects are essential for axon survival. Axonal transport declines in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, and in normal ageing, but whether all cargoes are equally affected and what limits axon survival remains unclear. Cargoes can be differentially blocked in some disorders, either individually or in groups. Each missing protein cargo results in localized loss-of-function that can be partially modeled by disrupting the corresponding gene, sometimes with surprising results. The axonal response to losing specific proteins also depends on the rates of protein turnover and on whether the protein can be locally synthesized. Among cargoes with important axonal roles are components of the PI3 kinase, Mek/Erk, and Jnk signaling pathways, which help to communicate with cell bodies and to regulate axonal transport itself. Bidirectional trafficking of Bdnf, NT-3, and other neurotrophic factors contribute to intra- and intercellular signaling, affecting the axon's cellular environment and survival. Finally, several adhesion molecules and gangliosides are key determinants of axon survival, probably by mediating axon-glia interactions. Thus, failure of long-distance intracellular transport can deprive axons of one, few, or many cargoes. This can lead to axon degeneration either directly, through the absence of essential axonal proteins, or indirectly, through failures in communication with cell bodies and nonneuronal cells.
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22
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Klistorner A, Arvind H, Garrick R, Yiannikas C, Paine M, Graham SL. Remyelination of optic nerve lesions: spatial and temporal factors. Mult Scler 2010; 16:786-95. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458510371408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis provides an in vivo model to study demyelination. The effects of myelin loss and recovery can be measured by the latency of the multifocal visual evoked potentials. We investigated whether the extent of initial inflammatory demyelination in optic neuritis correlates with the remyelinating capacity of the optic nerve. Forty subjects with acute unilateral optic neuritis and good visual recovery underwent multifocal visual evoked potentials testing at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Average latency changes were analyzed. Extensive latency delay at baseline significantly improved over time with rate of recovery slowed down after 6 months. Magnitude of latency recovery was independent of initial latency delay. Latency recovery ranged from 7 to 17 ms across the whole patient cohort (average = 11.3 (3.1) ms) despite the fact that in a number of cases the baseline latency delay was more than 35—40 ms. Optic nerve lesions tend to remyelinate at a particular rate irrespective of the size of the initial demyelinated zone with smaller lesions accomplishing recovery more completely. The extent of the initial inflammatory demyelination is probably the single most important factor determining completeness of remyelination. The time period favorable to remyelination is likely to be within the first 6 months after the attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Klistorner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,
| | - Hemamalini Arvind
- Department of Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Mark Paine
- Royal Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Buckley CE, Marguerie A, Roach AG, Goldsmith P, Fleming A, Alderton WK, Franklin RJM. Drug reprofiling using zebrafish identifies novel compounds with potential pro-myelination effects. Neuropharmacology 2010; 59:149-59. [PMID: 20450924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of the autoimmune demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) requires therapies that both limit and repair damage. While several immunomodulatory treatments exist to limit damage there are currently no treatments that promote the regenerative process of remyelination. A rapid way of screening potential pro-remyelination compounds is therefore required. The use of larval zebrafish in a drug reprofiling screen allows rapid in vivo screening and has been used successfully in the past as an efficient way of identifying new indications for existing drugs. A novel screening platform for potential pro-myelination compounds was developed using zebrafish larvae. Two percent of compounds screened from reprofiling libraries altered oligodendrocyte lineage cell recruitment and/or proliferation, as measured by the numbers of dorsally migrated spinal cord olig2(+) cells. Selective screening identified three compounds that altered levels of myelination, as measured by whole larvae myelin basic protein (mbp) transcript levels; the src family kinase inhibitor PP2, a biogenic amine and a thioxanthene. As well as many previously unrecognised compounds, identified compounds included those with previously known effects on myelin and/or the oligodendrocyte lineage, such as a PPAR agonist, steroid hormones and src family kinase inhibitors. As well as providing methods for further assessment of potentially beneficial compounds, this screen has highlighted 25 targets that are able to alter oligodendrocyte lineage cell recruitment or proliferation and/or mbp transcript levels in vivo and are worthy of further investigation for their potential effects on remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Buckley
- MRC Centre for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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24
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Chordin-induced lineage plasticity of adult SVZ neuroblasts after demyelination. Nat Neurosci 2010; 13:541-550. [PMID: 20418875 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate the developmental potential of adult neural progenitor populations under physiological and pathological conditions remain poorly defined. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)- and Doublecortin (Dcx)-expressing cells constitute major progenitor populations in the adult mouse subventricular zone (SVZ). Under normal physiological conditions, SVZ-derived GAD65-positive and Dcx-positive cells expressed the transcription factor Pax6 and migrated along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb to generate interneurons. After lysolecithin-induced demyelination of corpus callosum, however, these cells altered their molecular and cellular properties and migratory path. Demyelination upregulated chordin in the SVZ, which redirected GAD65-positive and Dcx-positive progenitors from neuronal to glial fates, generating new oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Our findings suggest that the lineage plasticity of SVZ progenitor cells could be a potential therapeutic strategy for diseased or injured brain.
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25
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Zhang J, Zhang ZG, Morris D, Li Y, Roberts C, Elias SB, Chopp M. Neurological functional recovery after thymosin beta4 treatment in mice with experimental auto encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2009; 164:1887-93. [PMID: 19782721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we hypothesized that thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta4) is a potential therapy of multiple sclerosis (MS). To test this hypothesis, SJL/J mice (n=21) were subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. EAE mice were treated with saline or Tbeta4 (6 mg/kg, n=10) every 3 days starting on the day of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) immunization for total five doses. Neurological function, inflammatory infiltration, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes were measured in the brain of EAE mice. Double immunohistochemical staining was used to detect proliferation and differentiation of OPCs. Tbeta4 was used to treat N20.1 cells (premature oligodendrocyte cell line) in vitro, and proliferation of N20.1 cells was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunostaining. Tbeta4 treatment improved functional recovery after EAE. Inflammatory infiltrates were significantly reduced in the Tbeta4 treatment group compared to the saline groups (3.6+/-0.3/slide vs 5+/-0.5/slide, P<0.05). NG2(+) OPCs (447.7+/-41.9 vs 195.2+/-31/mm(2) in subventricular zone (SVZ), 75.1+/-4.7 vs 41.7+/-3.2/mm(2) in white matter), CNPase(+) mature oligodendrocytes (267.5+/-10.3 vs 141.4+/-22.9/mm(2)), BrdU(+) with NG2(+) OPCs (32.9+/-3.7 vs 17.9+/-3.6/mm(2)), BrdU(+) with CNPase(+) mature oligodendrocytes (18.2+/-1.7 vs 10.7+/-2.2/mm(2)) were significantly increased in the Tbeta4 treated mice compared to those of saline controls (P<0.05). These data indicate that Tbeta4 treatment improved functional recovery after EAE, possibly, via reducing inflammatory infiltrates, and stimulating oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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26
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Goudarzvand M, Javan M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Mozafari S, Tiraihi T. Vitamins E and D3 Attenuate Demyelination and Potentiate Remyelination Processes of Hippocampal Formation of Rats Following Local Injection of Ethidium Bromide. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009; 30:289-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Weinger JG, Omari KM, Marsden K, Raine CS, Shafit-Zagardo B. Up-regulation of soluble Axl and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases negatively correlates with Gas6 in established multiple sclerosis lesions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:283-93. [PMID: 19541935 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a disease that is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage; it ultimately forms gliotic scars and lesions that severely compromise the function of the central nervous system. Evidence has shown previously that altered growth factor receptor signaling contributes to lesion formation, impedes recovery, and plays a role in disease progression. Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6), the ligand for the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family, consisting of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer, is important for cell growth, survival, and clearance of debris. In this study, we show that levels of membrane-bound Mer (205 kd), soluble Mer ( approximately 150 kd), and soluble Axl (80 kd) were all significantly elevated in homogenates from established multiple sclerosis lesions comprised of both chronic active and chronic silent lesions. Whereas in normal tissue Gas6 positively correlated with soluble Axl and Mer, there was a negative correlation between Gas6 and soluble Axl and Mer in established multiple sclerosis lesions. In addition, increased levels of soluble Axl and Mer were associated with increased levels of mature ADAM17, mature ADAM10, and Furin, proteins that are associated with Axl and Mer solubilization. Soluble Axl and Mer are both known to act as decoy receptors and block Gas6 binding to membrane-bound receptors. These data suggest that in multiple sclerosis lesions, dysregulation of protective Gas6 receptor signaling may prolong lesion activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Weinger
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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28
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Rudick RA, Mi S, Sandrock AW. LINGO-1 antagonists as therapy for multiple sclerosis: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1561-70. [PMID: 18774923 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.10.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS that causes progressive neurological disability in most patients. Certain alleles of immunity-associated genes increase risk of MS, confirming a role for autoimmune mechanisms in pathogenesis. Activated mononuclear cells infiltrate the CNS and trigger an inflammatory cascade, resulting in demyelination and axonal injury. Non-inflammatory mechanisms also appear to be involved in axonal degeneration but are not fully elucidated. Current therapies are anti-inflammatory, and no available therapy is known to promote myelin repair or maintenance. Leucine-rich repeats and Ig domain-containing, neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo) receptor-interacting protein-1 (LINGO-1) is a potent negative regulator of axonal myelination. OBJECTIVE/METHODS This article provides an overview of the available data on the effects of LINGO-1 antagonists on oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. RESULTS/CONCLUSION LINGO-1 is a potential target for neuroprotective therapy in that antagonists may promote remyelination in diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Rudick
- Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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29
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Hampton DW, Anderson J, Pryce G, Irvine KA, Giovannoni G, Fawcett JW, Compston A, Franklin RJ, Baker D, Chandran S. An experimental model of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis that shows regional variation in gliosis, remyelination, axonal and neuronal loss. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 201-202:200-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dubois-Dalcq M, Williams A, Stadelmann C, Stankoff B, Zalc B, Lubetzki C. From fish to man: understanding endogenous remyelination in central nervous system demyelinating diseases. Brain 2008; 131:1686-700. [PMID: 18474520 PMCID: PMC2516372 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS) of man, evolutionary pressure has preserved some capability for remyelination while axonal regeneration is very limited. In contrast, two efficient programmes of regeneration exist in the adult fish CNS, neurite regrowth and remyelination. The rapidity of CNS remyelination is critical since it not only restores fast conduction of nerve impulses but also maintains axon integrity. If myelin repair fails, axons degenerate, leading to increased disability. In the human CNS demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS), remyelination often takes place in the midst of inflammation. Here, we discuss recent studies that address the innate repair capabilities of the axon-glia unit from fish to man. We propose that expansion of this research field will help find ways to maintain or enhance spontaneous remyelination in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Dubois-Dalcq
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892-3706, USA.
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31
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Cantarella C, Cayre M, Magalon K, Durbec P. Intranasal HB-EGF administration favors adult SVZ cell mobilization to demyelinated lesions in mouse corpus callosum. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:223-36. [PMID: 18000828 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the adult rodent brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) represents a special niche for neural stem cells; these cells proliferate and generate neural progenitors. Most of these migrate along the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. SVZ-derived progenitors can also be recruited spontaneously to damaged brain areas to replace lost cells, including oligodendrocytes in demyelinated lesions. In this study, we searched for factors able to enhance this spontaneous recruitment of endogenous progenitors. Previous studies have suggested that epidermal growth factor (EGF) could stimulate proliferation, migration, and glial differentiation of SVZ progenitors. In the present study we examined EGF influence on endogenous SVZ cell participation to brain repair in the context of demyelinated lesions. We induced a focal demyelinated lesion in the corpus callosum by lysolecithin injection and showed that intranasal heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) administration induces a significant increase in SVZ cell proliferation together with a stronger SVZ cell mobilization toward the lesions. Besides, HB-EGF causes a shift of SVZ-derived progenitor cell differentiation toward the astrocytic lineage. However, due to the threefold increase in cell recruitment by EGF treatment, the absolute number of SVZ-derived oligodendrocytes in the lesion of treated mice is higher than in controls. These results suggest that enhancing SVZ cell proliferation could be part of future strategies to promote SVZ progenitor cell mobilization toward brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cantarella
- Université de la Méditerranée, CNRS-UMR 6216, Institute for Developmental Biology of Marseille-Luminy, Case 907, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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32
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Mi S, Sandrock A, Miller RH. LINGO-1 and its role in CNS repair. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:1971-8. [PMID: 18468478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
LINGO-1 is selectively expressed in the CNS on both oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and neurons. Its expression is developmentally regulated in the normal CNS, as well as up-regulated in human or rat models of neuropathologies. LINGO-1 functions as a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. Across diverse animal CNS disease models, targeted LINGO-1 inhibition was found to promote neuron and oligodendrocyte survival, axon regeneration, oligodendrocyte differentiation, remyelination and improved functional recovery. The targeted inhibition of LINGO-1 therefore presents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Mi
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.
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33
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Dobretsova A, Johnson JW, Jones RC, Edmondson RD, Wight PA. Proteomic analysis of nuclear factors binding to an intronic enhancer in the myelin proteolipid protein gene. J Neurochem 2008; 105:1979-95. [PMID: 18266931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp1) encodes the most abundant protein found in CNS myelin, accounting for nearly one-half of the total protein. Its expression in oligodendrocytes is developmentally regulated - peaking during the active myelination period of CNS development. Previously, we have identified a novel enhancer (designated ASE) in intron 1 DNA that appears to be important in mediating the surge of Plp1 gene activity during the active myelination period. Evidence suggests that the ASE participates in the formation of a specialized multi-protein/DNA complex called an enhanceosome. The current study describes an optimized, five-step, DNA affinity chromatography purification procedure to purify nuclear proteins from mouse brain that bind to the 85-bp ASE sequence, specifically. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis demonstrated that specific DNA-binding activity was retained throughout the purification procedure, resulting in concomitant enrichment of nucleoprotein complexes. Identification of the purported regulatory factors was achieved through mass spectrometry analysis and included over 20 sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Supplementary western blot analyses to determine which of these sequence-specific factors are present in oligodendrocytes, and their developmental and regional expression in whole brain, suggest that Puralpha and Purbeta rank highest among the candidate factors as constituents of the multi-protein complex formed on the ASE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dobretsova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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34
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Trebst C, Heine S, Lienenklaus S, Lindner M, Baumgärtner W, Weiss S, Stangel M. Lack of interferon-beta leads to accelerated remyelination in a toxic model of central nervous system demyelination. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:587-96. [PMID: 17940777 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is known to modulate the immune response in multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Spontaneous remyelination and repair mechanisms in MS are mostly insufficient and contribute to clinical disability. Here, we investigated whether IFN-beta has a potential in modifying the extent of de- and remyelination in a toxic model of CNS demyelination induced by the copper chelator cuprizone. IFN-beta deficient (k/o) mice showed an accelerated spontaneous remyelination. However, the amount of remyelination after 6 weeks did not differ between the two groups. Demyelination in IFN-beta k/o mice was paralleled by a diminished astrocytic and microglia response as compared with wildtype controls, whereas the accelerated remyelination was paralleled by an increased number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) within the demyelinated lesion at the beginning of the remyelination phase. We hypothesize that the absence of IFN-beta leads to more efficient recruitment and proliferation of OPC already during demyelination, thus allowing early remyelination. These results demonstrate that IFN-beta is able to alter remyelination in the absence of an immune-mediated demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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35
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Mi S, Hu B, Hahm K, Luo Y, Kam Hui ES, Yuan Q, Wong WM, Wang L, Su H, Chu TH, Guo J, Zhang W, So KF, Pepinsky B, Shao Z, Graff C, Garber E, Jung V, Wu EX, Wu W. LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Med 2007; 13:1228-33. [PMID: 17906634 DOI: 10.1038/nm1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by the loss of the myelin sheath around neurons, owing to inflammation and gliosis in the central nervous system (CNS). Current treatments therefore target anti-inflammatory mechanisms to impede or slow disease progression. The identification of a means to enhance axon myelination would present new therapeutic approaches to inhibit and possibly reverse disease progression. Previously, LRR and Ig domain-containing, Nogo receptor-interacting protein (LINGO-1) has been identified as an in vitro and in vivo negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Here we show that loss of LINGO-1 function by Lingo1 gene knockout or by treatment with an antibody antagonist of LINGO-1 function leads to functional recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This is reflected biologically by improved axonal integrity, as confirmed by magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, and by newly formed myelin sheaths, as determined by electron microscopy. Antagonism of LINGO-1 or its pathway is therefore a promising approach for the treatment of demyelinating diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Mi
- Biogen Idec Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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36
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Takahashi K, Prinz M, Stagi M, Chechneva O, Neumann H. TREM2-transduced myeloid precursors mediate nervous tissue debris clearance and facilitate recovery in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS Med 2007; 4:e124. [PMID: 17425404 PMCID: PMC1851623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis, inflammation can successfully be prevented, while promoting repair is still a major challenge. Microglial cells, the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS), are hematopoietic-derived myeloid cells and express the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), an innate immune receptor. Myeloid cells are an accessible source for ex vivo gene therapy. We investigated whether myeloid precursor cells genetically modified to express TREM2 affect the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. METHODS AND FINDINGS EAE was induced in mice by immunization with a myelin autoantigen. Intravenous application of TREM2-transduced bone marrow-derived myeloid precursor cells at the EAE peak led to an amelioration of clinical symptoms, reduction in axonal damage, and prevention of further demyelination. TREM2-transduced myeloid cells applied intravenously migrated into the inflammatory spinal cord lesions of EAE-diseased mice, showed increased lysosomal and phagocytic activity, cleared degenerated myelin, and created an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu within the CNS. CONCLUSIONS Intravenously applied bone marrow-derived and TREM2-tranduced myeloid precursor cells limit tissue destruction and facilitate repair within the murine CNS by clearance of cellular debris during EAE. TREM2 is a new attractive target for promotion of repair and resolution of inflammation in multiple sclerosis and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/surgery
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- Genes, Synthetic
- Genetic Therapy
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/pharmacology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/physiology
- Monocytes/physiology
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Myeloid Cells/drug effects
- Myeloid Cells/physiology
- Myeloid Cells/transplantation
- Neurons/pathology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Phagocytosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Takahashi
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Life & Brain Center and Hertie-Foundation, Bonn, Germany
- Neuroimmunology Unit, European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Stagi
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Life & Brain Center and Hertie-Foundation, Bonn, Germany
- Neuroimmunology Unit, European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Göttingen and Hertie-Foundation, Germany
| | - Olga Chechneva
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Life & Brain Center and Hertie-Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Neural Regeneration Unit, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Life & Brain Center and Hertie-Foundation, Bonn, Germany
- Neuroimmunology Unit, European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Multiple Sclerosis Research, University of Göttingen and Hertie-Foundation, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
NG2 cells, or polydendrocytes, are defined as glial cells that express the NG2 proteoglycan and represent a fourth major glial cell population in the mammalian central nervous system. They are morphologically, antigenically, and functionally distinct from mature astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Although they are most often equated with oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, they exhibit some properties that are not commonly associated with those of progenitor cells that generate myelinating cells. This review discusses recent observations and unanswered issues related to their lineage and their role in remyelination, neural signaling, and axonal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3156, USA.
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38
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Magalon K, Cantarella C, Monti G, Cayre M, Durbec P. Enriched environment promotes adult neural progenitor cell mobilization in mouse demyelination models. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:761-71. [PMID: 17298600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of adult neural stem cells, mobilization of endogenous stem cells from the subventricular zone (SVZ) emerges as a promising strategy to promote brain repair. Here, we examined the effect of environment enrichment on SVZ cell mobilization in demyelinating pathologies. We showed that enriched housing conditions reduced functional impairment in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, both in a focal demyelination model (lysolecithin injection) and in the inflammatory EAE model, SVZ mitotic activity and the number of SVZ-derived cells in demyelinated areas were significantly increased by environment enrichment. Enriched housing conditions also promoted the oligodendrocyte fate of SVZ-recruited cells in the EAE lesions. Altogether our results show that environment enrichment provides beneficial conditions to promote the mobilization of neural progenitors into demyelinating lesions and to favour functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Magalon
- Institut de Biologie du developpement de Marseille Luminy, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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39
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Seiwa C, Yamamoto M, Tanaka K, Fukutake M, Ueki T, Takeda S, Sakai R, Ishige A, Watanabe K, Akita M, Yagi T, Tanaka K, Asou H. Restoration of FcRγ/Fyn signaling repairs central nervous system demyelination. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:954-66. [PMID: 17290413 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of myelin causes severe neurological diseases. An understanding of the mechanisms that control myelination and remyelination is needed to develop therapeutic strategies for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous finding indicating the critical involvement of the gamma chain of immunogloblin Fc receptors (FcRgamma) and Fyn signaling in oligodendrocyte differentiaion and myelination demands a fundamental revision of the strategies used for MS therapy, because antigen-antibody complexes in MS patients may induce the direct dysregulation of myelination process as well as the inflammatory destruction of myelin sheath. Here we show that the FcRgamma/Fyn signaling cascade is critically involved in cuprizone-induced demyelination/remyelination, with no lymphocytic response. The levels of phosphorylated myelin basic proteins (p-MBPs), especially the 21.5-kDa isoform, but not the levels of total MBPs, decreased markedly during demyelination induced by aging, cuprizone treatment, and double knockout of FcRgamma/Fyn genes. We also showed that the recovery from demyelination in cuprizone-treated and aged mice is achieved after administration of the herbal medicine Ninjin'yoeito, an effective therapy targeting the FcRgamma/Fyn-Rho (Rac1)-MAPK (P38 MAPK)-p-MBPs signaling cascade. These results suggest that the restoration of FcRgamma/Fyn signaling represents a new approach for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Seiwa
- Department of Neuro-Glia Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Warrington AE, Bieber AJ, Ciric B, Pease LR, Van Keulen V, Rodriguez M. A recombinant human IgM promotes myelin repair after a single, very low dose. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:967-76. [PMID: 17304578 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant human monoclonal IgM, rHIgM22, promotes the synthesis of new myelin when used to treat several animal models of demyelination. rHIgM22 binds to myelin and the surface of oligodendrocytes and accumulates at central nervous system lesions in vivo. The minimal dose of monoclonal IgM required to promote remyelination has a direct bearing on the proposed mechanism of action. A dose ranging study using rHIgM22 was performed in mice with chronic virus-induced demyelination, a model of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. The lowest tested dose of rHIgM22 effective at promoting spinal cord remyelination was a single 500-ng intraperitoneal bolus injection. A time course study of spinal cord repair performed in chronically demyelinated mice revealed that remyelination plateaued by 5 weeks following treatment with rHIgM22. Two doses of rHIgM22 spaced 5 weeks apart did not increase the extent of remyelination over a single dose. The half-life of rHIgM22 in the mouse systemic circulation was determined to be 15 hr; the human IgM serum concentration was close to zero by 48 hr following antibody administration. We propose that the specificity of rHIgM22 for myelin on living tissue targets the antibody to demyelinated lesions, initiating a long-term reparative effect on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Remyelination is the phenomenon by which new myelin sheaths are generated around axons in the adult central nervous system (CNS). This follows the pathological loss of myelin in diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS). Remyelination can restore conduction properties to axons (thereby restoring neurological function) and is increasingly believed to exert a neuroprotective role on axons. Remyelination occurs in many MS lesions but becomes increasingly incomplete/inadequate and eventually fails in the majority of lesions and patients. Efforts to understand the causes for this failure of regeneration have fueled research into the biology of remyelination and the complex, interdependent cellular and molecular factors that regulate this process. Examination of the mechanisms of repair of experimental lesions has demonstrated that remyelination occurs in two major phases. The first consists of colonization of lesions by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the second the differentiation of OPCs into myelinating oligodendrocytes that contact demyelinated axons to generate functional myelin sheaths. Several intracellular and extracellular molecules have been identified that mediate these two phases of repair. Theoretically, the repair of demyelinating lesions can be promoted by enhancing the intrinsic repair process (by providing one or more remyelination-enhancing factors or via immunoglobulin therapy). Alternatively, endogenous repair can be bypassed by introducing myelinogenic cells into demyelinated areas; several cellular candidates have been identified that can mediate repair of experimental demyelinating lesions. Future challenges confronting therapeutic strategies to enhance remyelination will involve the translation of findings from basic science to clinical demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya M Chari
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3OES, United Kingdom
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42
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Smith PM, Jeffery ND. Histological and ultrastructural analysis of white matter damage after naturally-occurring spinal cord injury. Brain Pathol 2006; 16:99-109. [PMID: 16768749 PMCID: PMC8095982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2006.00001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed analysis of the structural changes that follow human clinical spinal cord injury is limited by difficulties in achieving adequate tissue fixation. This study bypasses this obstacle by examining the spinal cord from paraplegic domestic animals, enabling us to document the ultrastructural changes at different times following injury. In all but one case, injury resulted from a combination of contusion and compression. There was infarction and hemorrhage, followed by gray matter destruction and the rapid development of a variety of white matter changes including axon swelling and myelin degeneration. Axons greater than 5 microm in diameter were more susceptible to degenerative changes, whereas smaller axons, particularly those in the subpial region, were relatively well preserved. Demyelinated axons were seen within 2 weeks after injury and, at later time points, both Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte remyelination was common. More subtle white matter abnormalities were identified by examining sagittal sections, including focal accumulation of organelles in the axoplasm and partial and paranodal myelin abnormalities. These observations serve to validate observations from experimental models of spinal contusion but also highlight the complexity of naturally occurring (ie, clinical) spinal injury. They also raise the possibility that focal abnormalities such as paranodal demyelination may contribute to early axonal dysfunction and possibly to progressive tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Smith
- Neurosciences Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick D. Jeffery
- Neurosciences Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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43
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Howe CL, Mayoral S, Rodriguez M. Activated microglia stimulate transcriptional changes in primary oligodendrocytes via IL-1beta. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 23:731-9. [PMID: 16887357 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
No therapy currently exists to repair demyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis. However, the use of IgM antibodies may provide a valuable therapeutic avenue for evoking such repair. Unfortunately, the mechanism of immunoglobulin action in CNS repair is currently unknown but may depend upon complex interactions between multiple cell types rather than upon direct activation of a single cell type. Using rat mixed glial cultures containing oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes, we found that the Fc portion of human IgM shifts microglia to an activated phenotype, reduces glial proliferation, upregulates a variety of immediate early genes, including JunB, Egr-1, and c-Fos, and stimulates microglial production and release of IL-1beta. Microglia-derived IL-1beta consequently triggers transcriptional upregulation of immediate early genes such as c-Jun, Egr-1, and c-Fos in the mixed glial cultures, and stimulates the upregulation of late response genes such as lipocalin in purified oligodendrocytes. Treatment with an IL-1beta receptor antagonist abrogates the effects of Fcmu on glial proliferation and prevents the upregulation of lipocalin in response to Fcmu, but does not prevent Fcmu-mediated upregulation of IL-1beta, suggesting that IL-1beta mediates at least some of the downstream effects of Fcmu in mixed glial cultures. We hypothesize that Fcmu-stimulated IL-1beta-induced upregulation of immediate early and late response genes in oligodendrocytes may promote CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Howe
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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44
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Spanevello RMM, Mazzanti CM, Kaizer R, Zanin R, Cargnelutti D, Hannel L, Côrrea M, Mazzanti A, Festugatto R, Graça D, Schetinger MRC, Morsch VM. Apyrase and 5'-nucleotidase activities in synaptosomes from the cerebral cortex of rats experimentally demyelinated with ethidium bromide and treated with interferon-beta. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:455-62. [PMID: 16758353 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Apyrase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were analyzed in an ethidium bromide (EB) demyelinating model associated with interferon-beta (IFN-beta). The animals were divided in groups: I, control (saline); II, saline and IFN-beta; III, EB and IV, EB and IFN-beta. After 7, 15 and 30 days the animals (n = 5) were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex was removed for synaptosome preparation and enzymatic assays. Apyrase activity using ATP as substrate increased in groups II, III and IV (P < 0.001) after 7 days and in groups III and IV (P < 0.001) after 15 days. Using ADP as substrate, an activation of this enzyme was observed in group III (P < 0.05) after seven and 15 days. The 5'-nucleotidase activity increased in group III (P < 0.05) after 7 days and in groups II, III and IV (P < 0.001) after 15 days. After 30 days treatment, no significant alteration was observed in enzyme activities. Results showed that apyrase and 5'-nucleotidase activities are altered in demyelination events and that IFN-beta was able to regulate the adenine nucleotide hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M M Spanevello
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Universitário, Camobi, RS, Brasil
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Stangel M, Trebst C. Remyelination strategies: New advancements toward a regenerative treatment in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2006; 6:229-35. [PMID: 16635432 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-006-0010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous remyelination and repair mechanisms in multiple sclerosis are mostly insufficient and contribute to clinical disability. Treatments improving these processes are not yet available but basic research in animal models has led to the proposal of several repair strategies. These include enhancement of the naturally occurring mechanisms, remyelination due to a change of the immune response, and transfer of myelinating cells. Despite the encouraging experimental findings and the constantly increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of remyelination and remyelination failure, there remain many questions before this knowledge can be successfully translated into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Wada A. Roles of Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channels in Neuronal Development, Pain, and Neurodegeneration. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 102:253-68. [PMID: 17072104 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.crj06012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides initiating and propagating action potentials in established neuronal circuits, voltage-dependent sodium channels sculpt and bolster the functional neuronal network from early in embryonic development through adulthood (e.g., differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes, myelinating axon; competition between neighboring equipotential neurites for development into a single axon; enhancing and opposing functional interactions with attractive and repulsive molecules for axon pathfinding; extending and retracting terminal arborization of axon for correct synapse formation; experience-driven cognition; neuronal survival; and remyelination of demyelinated axons). Surprisingly, different patterns of action potentials direct homeostasis-based epigenetic selection for neurotransmitter phenotype, thus excitability by sodium channels specifying expression of inhibitory neurotransmitters. Mechanisms for these pleiotropic effects of sodium channels include reciprocal interactions between neurons and glia via neurotransmitters, growth factors, and cytokines at synapses and axons. Sodium channelopathies causing pain (e.g., allodynia) and neurodegeneration (e.g., multiple sclerosis) derive from 1) electrophysiological disturbances by insults (e.g., ischemia/hypoxia, toxins, and antibodies); 2) loss-of-physiological function or gain-of-pathological function of mutant sodium channel proteins; 3) spatiotemporal inappropriate expression of normal sodium channel proteins; or 4) de-repressed expression of otherwise silent sodium channel genes. Na(v)1.7 proved to account for pain in human erythermalgia and inflammation, being the convincing molecular target of pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Wada
- Department of Pharmacology, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
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