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Prasad SK, Singh VV, Acharjee A, Acharjee P. Elucidating hippocampal proteome dynamics in moderate hepatic encephalopathy rats: insights from high-resolution mass spectrometry. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1659-1679. [PMID: 38787444 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a debilitating neurological disorder associated with liver failure and characterized by impaired brain function. Decade-long studies have led to significant advances in our understanding of HE; however, effective therapeutic management of HE is lacking, and HE continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients, underscoring the need for continued research into its pathophysiology and treatment. Accordingly, the present study provides a comprehensive overview aimed at elucidating the molecular underpinnings of HE and identifying potential therapeutic targets. A moderate-grade HE model was induced in rats using thioacetamide, which simulates the liver damage observed in patients, and its impact on cognitive function, neuronal arborization, and cellular morphology was also evaluated. We employed label-free LC-MS/MS proteomics to quantitatively profile hippocampal proteins to explore the molecular mechanism of HE pathogenesis; 2175 proteins were identified, 47 of which exhibited significant alterations in moderate-grade HE. The expression of several significantly upregulated proteins, such as FAK1, CD9 and Tspan2, was further validated at the transcript and protein levels, confirming the mass spectrometry results. These proteins have not been previously reported in HE. Utilizing Metascape, a tool for gene annotation and analysis, we further studied the biological pathways integral to brain function, including gliogenesis, the role of erythrocytes in maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, the modulation of chemical synaptic transmission, astrocyte differentiation, the regulation of organ growth, the response to cAMP, myelination, and synaptic function, which were disrupted during HE. The STRING database further elucidated the protein‒protein interaction patterns among the differentially expressed proteins. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms driving HE and paves the way for identifying novel therapeutic targets for improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhu Kumar Prasad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Vishal Vikram Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Arup Acharjee
- Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India.
| | - Papia Acharjee
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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2
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Motamedzadeh A, Rahmati-Dehkordi F, Heydari H, Behnam M, Rashidi Noshabad FZ, Tamtaji Z, Taheri AT, Nabavizadeh F, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR. Therapeutic potential of Phycocyanin in gastrointestinal cancers and related disorders. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:741. [PMID: 38874869 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is the most fatal cancer worldwide. The etiology of gastrointestinal cancer has yet to be fully characterized. Alcohol consumption, obesity, tobacco, Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric ulcer, colon polyps and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are among the several risks factors for gastrointestinal cancers. Phycocyanin which is abundant in Spirulina. Phycocyanin, a member of phycobiliprotein family with intense blue color, is an anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compound. Evidence exists supporting that phycocyanin has antitumor effects, exerting its pharmacological effects by targeting a variety of cellular and molecular processes, i.e., apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, migration and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Phycocyanin has also been applied in treatment of several gastrointestinal disorders such as, gastric ulcer, ulcerative colitis and fatty liver that is known as a risk factor for progression to cancer. Herein, we summarize various cellular and molecular pathways that are affected by phycocyanin, its efficacy upon combined drug treatment, and the potential for nanotechnology in its gastrointestinal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Motamedzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoora Heydari
- Student Research Committee, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Behnam
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Citi V, Torre S, Flori L, Usai L, Aktay N, Dunford NT, Lutzu GA, Nieri P. Nutraceutical Features of the Phycobiliprotein C-Phycocyanin: Evidence from Arthrospira platensis ( Spirulina). Nutrients 2024; 16:1752. [PMID: 38892686 PMCID: PMC11174898 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, is a photosynthetic filamentous cyanobacterium (blue-green microalga) that has been utilized as a food source since ancient times. More recently, it has gained significant popularity as a dietary supplement due to its rich content of micro- and macro-nutrients. Of particular interest is a water soluble phycobiliprotein derived from Spirulina known as phycocyanin C (C-PC), which stands out as the most abundant protein in this cyanobacterium. C-PC is a fluorescent protein, with its chromophore represented by the tetrapyrrole molecule phycocyanobilin B (PCB-B). While C-PC is commonly employed in food for its coloring properties, it also serves as the molecular basis for numerous nutraceutical features associated with Spirulina. Indeed, the comprehensive C-PC, and to some extent, the isolated PCB-B, has been linked to various health-promoting effects. These benefits encompass conditions triggered by oxidative stress, inflammation, and other pathological conditions. The present review focuses on the bio-pharmacological properties of these molecules, positioning them as promising agents for potential new applications in the expanding nutraceutical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (S.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Serenella Torre
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (S.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (S.T.); (L.F.)
| | - Luca Usai
- Teregroup Srl, Via David Livingstone 37, 41122 Modena, MO, Italy; (L.U.); (G.A.L.)
| | - Nazlim Aktay
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Robert M. Kerr Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, 103 FAPC, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (N.A.); (N.T.D.)
| | - Nurhan Turgut Dunford
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Robert M. Kerr Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, 103 FAPC, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (N.A.); (N.T.D.)
| | | | - Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (S.T.); (L.F.)
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Lizeth ANM, Vanessa BV, María Del Rocio TB, Margarita FC, Damián JM, Alfredo CO, Edgar CE, Placido RF. Hepatoprotective Effect Assessment of C-Phycocyanin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rat Model by Using Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:296-309. [PMID: 38224996 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231222508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary neoplasia of the liver with elevated mortality. Experimental treatment with antioxidants has a beneficial effect on the experimental models of HCC. Arthrospira maxima (spirulina) and its phycocyanin have antitumoral action on different tumoral cells. However, it is unknown whether phycocyanin is the responsible molecule for the antitumoral effect on HCC. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) stands out among other spectroscopy techniques for its versatility of samples analyzed. This technique makes it possible to obtain the optical absorption spectrum of solid or liquid, dark or transparent samples. Previous studies report that assessing liver damage in rats produced by the modified resistant hepatocyte model (MRHM) is possible by analyzing their blood optical absorption spectrum. This study aimed to investigate, by PAS, the effect of phycocyanin obtained from spirulina on hepatic dysfunction. The optical absorption spectra analysis of the rat blood indicates the damage level induced by the MRHM group, being in concordance with the carried out biological conventional studies results, indicating an increase in the activity of hepatic enzymes, oxidative stress, Bax/Bcl2 ratio, cdk2, and AKT2 expression results, with a reduction in p53 expression. Also, PAS results suggest that phycocyanin decreases induced damage, due to the prevention of the Bax, AKT2, and p53 altered expression and the tumor progression in a HCC rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvarado-Noguez Margarita Lizeth
- Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Blas-Valdivia Vanessa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Thompson-Bonilla María Del Rocio
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Hospital Regional 1ro de Octubre, ISSSTE, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Franco-Colín Margarita
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I. Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero., Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jacinto-Méndez Damián
- Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cruz-Orea Alfredo
- Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cano-Europa Edgar
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rojas-Franco Placido
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I. Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero., Ciudad de México, México
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Guo H, Wang G, Huang W, Li L, Bai Y, Wang H, Gao L. The Mechanism of Hepatic Encephalopathy Induced by Thioacetamide Based on Metabolomics and Proteomics: A Preliminary Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:284. [PMID: 38203455 PMCID: PMC10779174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a central nervous system dysfunction syndrome caused by acute and chronic liver failure or various portal systemic shunt disorders. HE arises from metabolic disorder and excludes other known types of encephalopathy. HE is a major cause of death in people with liver disease. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are key to improving HE prognosis. Herein, we established a model of HE and performed metabolomics to identify 50 significantly differential metabolites between the HE group and control group. The main metabolic pathways associated with these differential metabolites were the purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, and glucose metabolism. Through proteomics analysis, we identified 226 significantly differential proteins (52 up-regulated and 174 down-regulated). The main (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment pathways were the Staphylococcus aureus infection, vitamin digestion and absorption, and complement and coagulation cascades. Through the conjoint analysis of proteomics and metabolomics, the differentially present proteins and metabolites were found to be involved in vitamin digestion and absorption, and ferroptosis pathways. In HE, malondialdehyde was significantly elevated, but glutathione was significantly diminished, and the redox balance was destroyed, thus leading to changes in proteins' levels associated with the ferroptosis pathway. In conclusion, this study preliminarily explored the molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Guo
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China; (H.G.); (W.H.)
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China;
| | - Wei Huang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China; (H.G.); (W.H.)
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lingrui Li
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China; (H.G.); (W.H.)
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China; (H.G.); (W.H.)
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China; (H.G.); (W.H.)
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lina Gao
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Forensic Bio-Evidence Sciences, Shenyang 110122, China; (H.G.); (W.H.)
- China Medical University Center of Forensic Investigation, Shenyang 110122, China
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Ramakrishna K, Sinku S, Majumdar S, Singh N, Gajendra TA, Rani A, Krishnamurthy S. Indole-3-carbinol ameliorated the thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats. Toxicology 2023; 492:153542. [PMID: 37150287 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is reported to have hepatic and neuroprotective properties. However, the I3C role in the protection of the liver and brain in the pathological condition of hepatic encephalopathy has not been investigated. Therefore, in the present study, we have assessed the hepatic and neuroprotective roles of I3C against thioacetamide (TAA)- induced hepatic encephalopathy in Wistar rats. TAA (300mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to Wistar rats to induce hepatic encephalopathy. The elevated levels of ammonia in the blood, liver, and brain were substantially lowered by I3C treatment (25, 50, and 100mg/kg, oral, 7 days). I3C significantly ameliorated the TAA-induced liver dysfunction by decreasing the alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase enzymes and reduced the elevated cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) activity in the liver and brain. Further, I3C alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the brain. I3C treatment improved the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 while reducing inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-1 and IL-6 in hepatic encephalopathy rats. I3C reduced the levels of apoptotic indicators mediated by the mitochondria, including cytochrome c, caspase 9, and caspase 3. Concurrently, I3C mitigated the liver and brain histological abnormalities in hepatic encephalopathy rats. Therefore, the present study concluded that the I3C protected the liver and brain from TAA-induced hepatic encephalopathy injury by inhibiting CYP2E1 enzyme activity and decreasing ammonia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The present study provides preclinical validation of I3C use as hepatic and neuroprotective for hepatic encephalopathy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakarla Ramakrishna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeetha Sinku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shreyasi Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T A Gajendra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asha Rani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (IIT BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Blas-Valdivia V, Moran-Dorantes DN, Rojas-Franco P, Franco-Colin M, Mirhosseini N, Davarnejad R, Halajisani A, Tavakoli O, Cano-Europa E. C-Phycocyanin prevents acute myocardial infarction-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiac damage. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:755-763. [PMID: 35373708 PMCID: PMC8979534 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2055089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT C-Phycocyanin is a protein with anti-scavenger, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions against agents that cause cellular damage. The cardioprotective action of C-phycocyanin against acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not been studied in animal models. OBJECTIVE To investigate C-phycocyanin's effect on oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiac damage in a model of isoproterenol-induced AMI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) sham + vehicle (0.9% saline solution by oral gavage, OG); (2) sham + C-phycocyanin (50 mg/kg/d, OG); (3) AMI + vehicle, and (4) AMI + C-phycocyanin. AMI was induced by administering isoproterenol (20, 10, 5 and 3 mg/kg each dose per day), and serum cardiac enzymes were quantified. After five days, the animals were euthanized; the heart was dissected to determine oxidative stress, redox environment, inflammation and cardiac damage markers. RESULTS We observed that C-phycocyanin reduced AMI-increased cardiac enzymes (CK by about 53%, CKMB by about 60%, AST by about 16% and ALT by about 21%), lipid peroxidation (57%), reactive oxygen species (50%), nitrites (46%), oxidized glutathione (41%), IL1β (3%), INFγ (5%), TNFα 3%), Bcl2 (37%), Bax (43%), COX2 (21%) and caspase 9 (61%). Finally, C-phycocyanin reduced AMI-induced aberrant histological changes related to myonecrosis, interstitial oedema and inflammatory infiltration in the heart muscle. CONCLUSIONS C-Phycocyanin prevents AMI-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and heart damage. This study is the first report that employed C-phycocyanin in an animal model of AMI and supports the potential use of C-phycocyanin in the management of AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Blas-Valdivia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniela Nikita Moran-Dorantes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Placido Rojas-Franco
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Margarita Franco-Colin
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Neda Mirhosseini
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Reza Davarnejad
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Ahmad Halajisani
- Biofuel Laboratory, Caspian Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Tavakoli
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Edgar Cano-Europa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- CONTACT Edgar Cano-Europa ; Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Metabolismo l, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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8
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Prospects of cyanobacterial pigment production: biotechnological potential and optimization strategies. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Efficient extraction of carrageenans from Chondrus crispus for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and formulation of printable hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:553-566. [PMID: 35245577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The integral utilization of sustainable resources with versatile, efficient and cleaner processes is encouraged. Hydrothermal treatment with subcritical water is a chemical free, tunable and rapid technology providing enhanced yield compared to conventional extraction and was explored for the benign by design extraction and depolymerization of carrageenan from Chondrus crispus. Up to 90% of the seaweed was solubilized operating under nonisothermal regime during heating up to 200 °C and 75.5% crude carrageenan yield was attained at 140 °C. Crude carrageenan could not be precipitated by ethanol from the extracts produced at 180 °C and higher temperatures, but ultrafiltration (100 kDa) of the extract obtained at 160 °C provided comparable recovery yields and similar rheological features to those of the ethanol precipitated product. Operation at 140 °C was preferred based on the higher recovery yield of the biopolymer and the whole extract was suitable for the green synthesis of polycrystalline decahedral quasi-spherical gold nanoparticles with a mean size distribution of 8.4 nm and Z potential value of -40.2 mV. Alternatively, the crude carrageen fraction was used for the formulation of printable biopolymer based gels with suitable mechanical properties, including a relevant gel strength enhancement (about 10-fold) when compared with conventional procedures.
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DeMorrow S, Cudalbu C, Davies N, Jayakumar AR, Rose CF. 2021 ISHEN guidelines on animal models of hepatic encephalopathy. Liver Int 2021; 41:1474-1488. [PMID: 33900013 PMCID: PMC9812338 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This working group of the International Society of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) was commissioned to summarize and update current efforts in the development and characterization of animal models of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). As defined in humans, HE in animal models is based on the underlying degree and severity of liver pathology. Although hyperammonemia remains the key focus in the pathogenesis of HE, other factors associated with HE have been identified, together with recommended animal models, to help explore the pathogenesis and pathophysiological mechanisms of HE. While numerous methods to induce liver failure and disease exist, less have been characterized with neurological and neurobehavioural impairments. Moreover, there still remains a paucity of adequate animal models of Type C HE induced by alcohol, viruses and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; the most common etiologies of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA; Research division, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Temple Texas USA.,Correspondance: Sharon DeMorrow, PhD, ; tel: +1-512-495-5779
| | - C Cudalbu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - N Davies
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - AR Jayakumar
- General Medical Research, Neuropathology Section, R&D Service and South Florida VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc; Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami FL, USA
| | - CF Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Sepehrinezhad A, Shahbazi A, Sahab Negah S, Joghataei MT, Larsen FS. Drug-induced-acute liver failure: A critical appraisal of the thioacetamide model for the study of hepatic encephalopathy. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:962-970. [PMID: 34026559 PMCID: PMC8122178 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) following acute and chronic liver failure is defined as a complex of neuropsychiatric abnormalities, such as discrete personal changes, sleep disorder, forgetfulness, confusion, and decreasing the level of consciousness to coma. The use and design of suitable animal models that represent clinical features and pathological changes of HE are valuable to map the molecular mechanisms that result in HE. Among different types of animal models, thioacetamide (TAA) has been used extensively for the induction of acute liver injury and HE. This agent is not directly hepatotoxic but its metabolites induce liver injury through the induction of oxidative stress and produce systemic inflammation similar to that seen in acute HE patients. In this short review article, we shortly review the most important pathological findings in animal models of acute HE following the administration of TAA.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AQP4, aquaporin 4 water channel
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acute liver failure
- Animal model
- B7, B7 molecules (CD80+CD86)
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CCL2, chemokine ligand 2
- CNS, central nervous system
- CTLA4, Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated Protein 4
- CYP2E1, Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- HE, hepatic encephalopathy
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IL-β, interleukin 1 β
- Iba1, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- OA, L-ornithine-l-aspartate
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TAA, thioacetamide
- TASO, thioacetamide sulfoxide
- TASO2, thioacetamide sulfdioxide
- TLR-2, toll-like receptor 2
- TLR-4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Thioacetamide
- Toxicity pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fin Stolze Larsen
- Department of Hepatology CA-3163, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Garcia-Pliego E, Franco-Colin M, Rojas-Franco P, Blas-Valdivia V, Serrano-Contreras JI, Pentón-Rol G, Cano-Europa E. Phycocyanobilin is the molecule responsible for the nephroprotective action of phycocyanin in acute kidney injury caused by mercury. Food Funct 2021; 12:2985-2994. [PMID: 33704296 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03294h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
C-Phycocyanin (CPC) exerts therapeutic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory actions. It prevents oxidative stress and acute kidney damage caused by HgCl2. However, the exact mechanism of the pharmacological action of C-phycocyanin is as yet unclear. Some proposals express that CPC metabolism releases the active compound phycocyanobilin (PCB) that is able to induce CPC's therapeutical effects as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective. This study is aimed to demonstrate that PCB is the molecule responsible for C-phycocyanin's nephroprotective action in the acute kidney injury model caused by HgCl2. PCB was purified from C-phycocyanin and characterized by spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods. Thirty-six male mice were administrated with 0.75, 1.5, or 3 mg per kg per d of PCB 30 min before the 5 mg kg-1 HgCl2 administration. PCB was administered during the following five days, after which the mice were euthanized. Kidneys were dissected to determine oxidative stress and redox environment markers, first-line antioxidant enzymes, effector caspase activities, and kidney damage markers.The quality of purified PCB was evaluated by spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All PCB doses prevented alterations in oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, and caspase 9 activities. However, only the dose of 3 mg per kg per d PCB avoided the redox environment disturbance produced by mercury. All doses of PCB partially prevented the down-expression of nephrin and podocin with a consequent reduction in the damage score in a dose-effect manner. In conclusion, it was proven that phycocyanobilin is the molecule responsible for C-phycocyanin's nephroprotective action on acute kidney injury caused by mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Garcia-Pliego
- Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Afifi NA, Ramadan A, Erian EY, Sedik AA, Amin MM, Hassan A, Saleh DO. Synergistic effect of aminoguanidine and l-carnosine against thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats: behavioral, biochemical, and ultrastructural evidence. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 99:332-347. [PMID: 32721224 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy depicts the cluster of neurological alterations that occur during acute or chronic hepatic injury. Hyperammonemia, inflammatory injury, and oxidative stress are the main predisposing factors for the direct and indirect changes in cerebral metabolism causing encephalopathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible synergistic effect between aminoguanidine (AG; 100 mg/kg, p.o.) and l-carnosine (CAR; 200 mg/kg, p.o.) on hepatic encephalopathy that was induced by thioacetamide (TAA; 100 mg/kg, i.p.) administered three times weekly for six weeks. Behavioral changes, biochemical parameters, histopathological analysis, and immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies were conducted 24 h after the last treatment. Combining AG with CAR improved TAA-induced locomotor impairment and motor incoordination evidenced by reduced locomotor activity and decline in motor skill performance, as well as ameliorated cognitive deficits. Moreover, both drugs restored the levels of serum hepatic enzymes and serum and brain levels of ammonia. In addition, the combination significantly modulated hepatic and brain oxidative stress biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Furthermore, they succeeded in activating nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity and ameliorating markers of hepatic encephalopathy, including hepatic necrosis and brain astrocyte swelling. This study shows that combining AG with CAR exerted a new intervention for hepatic and brain damage in hepatic encephalopathy due to their complementary antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and hypoammonemic effects via Nrf2/HO-1 activation and NO inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal A Afifi
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Ramadan
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad Y Erian
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Sedik
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Amin
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza Hassan
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Teksoy O, Sahinturk V, Cengiz M, İnal B, Ayhancı A. The Protective Effects of Silymarin on Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Damage: Measurement of miR-122, miR-192, and miR-194 Levels. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 191:528-539. [PMID: 31811641 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-03177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the protective effects of silymarin (Sm) in thioacetamide (TAA)-related liver damage. What makes this study special is that it attempts to determine the expression of changes in the liver at the level of gene expression. Routine liver damage markers were compared with changes in the levels of microRNA (miRNA) known as new biomarkers. With this in mind, we divided the rats into four groups including control, TAA, Sm + TAA (50 + 50 mg/kg), and Sm + TAA (100 + 50 mg/kg). Blood and tissue samples belonging to the rats were collected in consideration of morphological, immunohistochemistry, miRNAs levels, and biochemical evaluations. Our study results showed that miR-122, miR-192, and miR-194 levels had decreased in the experimental groups given TAA, whereas miR-122, miR-192, and miR-194 levels had increased in the doses of Sm + TAA-given group. Therefore, Sm treatment undertaken before exposure to the toxin successfully altered its effects upon the study animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgun Teksoy
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Varol Sahinturk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cengiz
- Faculty of Education, Department of Elementary Education, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey.
| | - Behcet İnal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Adnan Ayhancı
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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The effects of phycocyanin on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and the intestinal microbiota in C57BL/6 mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8559-8569. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Potential Effect of 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. J Surg Res 2019; 243:165-172. [PMID: 31177036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) modulates inflammation and immune responses. Deficiency of 1,25(OH)2D3 was found to be associated with the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, infections, and autoimmune diseases. This study evaluated the effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 1,25(OH)2D3 on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced acute liver injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were treated with either saline or 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.30 μg/kg; orogastrically) for 15 d. Starting from day 13, TAA (200 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) was given for 3 d. On day 15, all rats were euthanized. Liver and blood samples were collected. RESULTS TAA caused severe damage, increased lipid peroxidation with reductions in endogenous antioxidants, increased apoptosis, increased production of reactive oxygen species, and elevated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression in liver. Extent of damage was decreased by 1,25(OH)2D3 (P < 0.01). 1,25(OH)2D3 attenuated the increase in malondialdehyde (P < 0.01), increase in myeloperoxidase (P < 0.01), increase in chemiluminescence levels (P < 0.05) and apoptotic activity (P < 0.001). Elevated liver iNOS and NF-κB expression in TAA group was also reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3 (P < 0.001, for iNOS; P < 0.001, for NF-κB). TAA group revealed high serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities (P < 0.01, for aspartate transaminase; P = 0.08, for ALT) and reduced albumin levels (P < 0.01) compared with control. 1,25(OH)2D3 had no statistically significant effect on these parameters. CONCLUSIONS 1,25(OH)2D3 provides protection against hepatic injury in a rat model of TAA-induced hepatotoxicity via suppression of inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
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Rodrigues RDP, de Castro FC, Santiago-Aguiar RSD, Rocha MVP. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phycobiliproteins from Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis using protic ionic liquids as solvent. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Wang F, Miao MX, Sun BB, Wang ZJ, Tang XG, Chen Y, Zhao KJ, Liu XD, Liu L. Acute liver failure enhances oral plasma exposure of zidovudine in rats by downregulation of hepatic UGT2B7 and intestinal P-gp. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1554-1565. [PMID: 28770824 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is often associated with liver failure, which alters the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. In this study we investigated whether acute liver failure (ALF) altered the pharmacokinetics of the first-line anti-HIV agent zidovudine (AZT), a P-gp/BCRP substrate, in rats. ALF was induced in rats by injecting thioacetamide (TAA, 300 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) for 2 days. On the second day after the last injection of TAA, the pharmacokinetics of AZT was investigated following both oral (20 mg/kg) and intravenous (10 mg/kg) administration. ALF significantly increased the plasma concentrations of AZT after both oral and intravenous doses of AZT, but without affecting the urinary excretion of AZT. AZT metabolism was studied in rat hepatic microsomes in vitro, which revealed that hepatic UGT2B7 was the main enzyme responsible for the formation of AZT O-glucuronide (GAZT); ALF markedly impaired AZT metabolism in hepatic microsomes, which was associated with the significantly decreased hepatic UGT2B7 expression. Intestinal absorption of AZT was further studied in rats via in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion. Intestinal P-gp function and intestinal integrity were assessed with rhodamine 123 and FD-70, respectively. We found that ALF significantly downregulated intestinal P-gp expression, and had a smaller effect on intestinal BCRP. Further studies showed that ALF significantly increased the intestinal absorption of both rhodamine 123 and AZT without altering intestinal integrity, thus confirming an impairment of intestinal P-gp function. In conclusion, ALF significantly increases the oral plasma exposure of AZT in rats, a result partly attributed to the impaired function and expression of hepatic UGT2B7 and intestinal P-gp.
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Murad HA, Gazzaz ZJ, Ali SS, Ibraheem MS. Candesartan, rather than losartan, improves motor dysfunction in thioacetamide-induced chronic liver failure in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 50:e6665. [PMID: 28953991 PMCID: PMC5609604 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy is more common than the acute syndrome. Losartan, the first angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB), and candesartan, another widely-used ARB, have protected against developing fibrogenesis, but there is no clear data about their curative antifibrotic effects. The current study was designed to examine their effects in an already-established model of hepatic fibrosis and also their effects on the associated motor dysfunction. Low-grade chronic liver failure (CLF) was induced in 3-month old Sprague-Dawley male rats using thioacetamide (TAA, 50 mg·kg-1·day-1) intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. The TAA-CLF rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=8) treated orally for 14 days (mg·kg-1·day-1) as follows: TAA (distilled water), losartan (5 and 10 mg/kg), and candesartan (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg). Rats were tested for rotarod and open-field tests. Serum and hepatic biochemical markers, and hepatic histopathological changes were evaluated by H&E and Masson's staining. The TAA-CLF rats showed significant increases of hepatic malondialdehyde, hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and serum ammonia, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transferase, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde levels as well as significant decreases of hepatic and serum glutathione levels. All treatments significantly reversed these changes. The histopathological changes were moderate in losartan-5 and candesartan-0.1 groups and mild in losartan-10 and candesartan-0.3 groups. Only candesartan significantly improved TAA-induced motor dysfunction. In conclusion, therapeutic antifibrotic effects of losartan and candesartan in thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats are possibly through angiotensin-II receptor blocking, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Improved motor dysfunction by candesartan could be attributed to better brain penetration and slower "off-rate" from angiotensin-II receptors. Clinical trials are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Murad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Z J Gazzaz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - S S Ali
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M S Ibraheem
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Hepatic Encephalopathy: Cause, Effect or Association? Neurochem Res 2016; 42:750-761. [PMID: 27885576 PMCID: PMC5357500 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The methylated derivative of l-arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is synthesized in different mammalian tissues including the brain. ADMA acts as an endogenous, nonselective, competitive inhibitor of all three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and may limit l-arginine supply from the plasma to the enzyme via reducing its transport by cationic amino acid transporters. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a relatively frequently diagnosed complex neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with acute or chronic liver failure, characterized by symptoms linked with impaired brain function leading to neurological disabilities. The l-arginine—nitric oxide (NO) pathway is crucially involved in the pathomechanism of HE via modulating important cerebral processes that are thought to contribute to the major HE symptoms. Specifically, activation of this pathway in acute HE leads to an increase in NO production and free radical formation, thus, contributing to astrocytic swelling and cerebral edema. Moreover, the NO-cGMP pathway seems to be involved in cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation, altered in HE. For this reason, depressed NO-cGMP signaling accompanying chronic HE and ensuing cGMP deficit contributes to the cognitive and motor failure. However, it should be remembered that ADMA, a relatively little known element limiting NO synthesis in HE, may also influence the NO-cGMP pathway regulation. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of ADMA to the regulation of the NO-cGMP pathway in the brain, correlation of ADMA level with CBF and cognitive alterations observed during HE progression in patients and/or animal models of HE.
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Ramakrishnan A, Vijayakumar N, Renuka M. Naringin regulates glutamate-nitric oxide cGMP pathway in ammonium chloride induced neurotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1717-1726. [PMID: 27836465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin, plant bioflavonoid extracted mainly from grapefruit and other related citrus species. This study was designed to assess the neuroprotective effect of naringin on ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) induced hyperammonemic rats. Experimental hyperammonemia was induced by intraperitonial injection (i.p) of NH4Cl (100mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) thrice a week for 8 consecutive weeks. Hyperammonemic rats were treated with naringin (80mg/kg b.w.) via oral gavage. Naringin administration drastically restored the levels of blood ammonia, plasma urea, nitric oxide (NO), glutamate, glutamine, lipid peroxidation, lipid profile, activities of liver marker enzymes, antioxidant status and sodium/potassium-ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase). In addition, naringin supplementation reverted back the pathological changes of liver, brain and kidney tissues, the expressions of Glutamine synthetase (GS), Na+/K+-ATPase, neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in hyperammonemic rats. Hence, this study suggested that nargingin exhibited their protective effect against NH4Cl induced toxicity via enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting the lipid peroxidation process. Take together, this study provides data that naingin effectively reduced neurotoxicity by attenuating hyperammonemia, suggesting that naringin act as a potential therapeutic agent to treat hyperammonemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, India
| | - Natesan Vijayakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, India.
| | - Mani Renuka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, India
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Li Y, Zhang J, Xu P, Sun B, Zhong Z, Liu C, Ling Z, Chen Y, Shu N, Zhao K, Liu L, Liu X. Acute liver failure impairs function and expression of breast cancer-resistant protein (BCRP) at rat blood-brain barrier partly via ammonia-ROS-ERK1/2 activation. J Neurochem 2016; 138:282-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Ping Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zeyu Zhong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Can Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Zhaoli Ling
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Nan Shu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Kaijing Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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Sonani RR, Rastogi RP, Patel R, Madamwar D. Recent advances in production, purification and applications of phycobiliproteins. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:100-9. [PMID: 26981199 PMCID: PMC4768114 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An obligatory sunlight requirement for photosynthesis has exposed cyanobacteria to different quantity and quality of light. Cyanobacteria can exhibit efficient photosynthesis over broad region (450 to 650 nm) of solar spectrum with the help of brilliantly coloured pigment proteins called phycobiliproteins (PBPs). Besides light-harvesting, PBPs are found to involve in several life sustaining phenomena including photoprotection in cyanobacteria. The unique spectral features (like strong absorbance and fluorescence), proteineous nature and, some imperative properties like hepato-protective, anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging activity of PBPs enable their use in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. PBPs have been also noted to show beneficial effect in therapeutics of some disease like Alzheimer and cancer. Such large range of applications increases the demand of PBPs in commodity market. Therefore, the large-scale and coast effective production of PBPs is the real need of time. To fulfil this need, many researchers have been working to find the potential producer of PBPs for the production and purification of PBPs. Results of these efforts have caused the inventions of some novel techniques like mixotrophic and heterotrophic strategies for production and aqueous two phase separation for purification purpose. Overall, the present review summarises the recent findings and identifies gaps in the field of production, purification and applications of this biological and economically important proteins.
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Abdelaziz RR, Elkashef WF, Said E. Tranilast reduces serum IL-6 and IL-13 and protects against thioacetamide-induced acute liver injury and hepatic encephalopathy. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:259-267. [PMID: 26164743 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder usually affecting either acute or chronic hepatic failure patients. Hepatic encephalopathy was replicated in a validated rat model to assess the potential protective efficacy of tranilast against experimentally induced hepatic encephalopathy. Thioacetamide injection significantly impaired hepatic synthetic, metabolic and excretory functions with significant increase in serum NO, IL-6 and IL-13 levels and negative shift in the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Most importantly, there was a significant increase in serum ammonia levels with significant astrocytes' swelling and vacuolization; hallmarks of hepatic encephalopathy. Tranilast administration (300 mg/kg, orally) for 15 days significantly improved hepatic functions, restored oxidant/antioxidant balance, reduced serum NO, IL-6 and IL-13 levels. Meanwhile, serum ammonia significantly declined with significant reduction in astrocytes' swelling and vacuolization. Several mechanisms can be implicated in the observed hepato- and neuroprotective potentials of tranilast, such as its anti-inflammatory potential, its antioxidant potential as well as its immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania R Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Wagdi F Elkashef
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Eman Said
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt.
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Stefanello ST, Flores da Rosa EJ, Dobrachinski F, Amaral GP, Rodrigues de Carvalho N, Almeida da Luz SC, Bender CR, Schwab RS, Dornelles L, Soares FAA. Effect of diselenide administration in thioacetamide-induced acute neurological and hepatic failure in mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00166d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy is a common complication of severe acute hepatic failure and has been associated with high short-term mortality rates.
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Singh S, Trigun S. Low grade cirrhosis induces cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction in rats: Could be a model for minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 559:136-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Recent developments in production and biotechnological applications of C-phycocyanin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:742859. [PMID: 24063013 PMCID: PMC3770014 DOI: 10.1155/2013/742859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An extensive range of pigments including phycobiliproteins are present in algae. C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a phycobiliprotein, is one of the key pigments of Spirulina, a microalgae used in many countries as a dietary supplement. Algal pigments have massive commercial value as natural colorants in nutraceutical, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries, besides their health benefits. At present, increasing awareness of harmful effects of synthetic compounds and inclination of community towards the usage of natural products have led to the exploitation of microalgae as a source of natural pigments/colors. This review describes recent findings about the sources and production of C-PC, with emphasis on specific techniques for extraction and purification, along with potential industrial applications in diagnostics, foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Jin S, Wang XT, Liu L, Yao D, Liu C, Zhang M, Guo HF, Liu XD. P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 are oppositely altered in brain of rats with thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure. Liver Int 2013; 33:274-82. [PMID: 22925079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P-glycoprotein (P-GP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) are involved in transport of many drugs across blood-brain barrier (BBB). The function and expression of P-GP and MRP2 may be modulated by different pathologies. Acute liver failure (ALF) was reported to impair BBB function, resulting in the increased BBB permeability. AIMS We investigated whether ALF altered function and expression of P-GP and MRP2 in brain of thioacetamide-induced ALF rats. METHODS ALF was induced by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (300 mg/kg) for 2 days with a 24-h interval. The rats were used for experiments at 6, 12 and 24 h after the second administration. P-GP and MRP2 function in brain were determined using the brain-to-plasma ratios of corresponding substrates (rhodamine 123 and vincristine for P-GP; sulfobromophthalein and dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione for MRP2). Evans blue was used for examining the BBB integrity. Western blot was accomplished to determine P-GP and MRP2 protein expression. RESULTS The brain-to-plasma ratios of rhodamine 123 and vincristine were significantly increased in ALF-6 h rats and almost returned to normal levels in ALF-24 h rats, whereas those of sulfobromophthalein and dinitrophenyl-S-glutathione were decreased in all ALF rats. Western blot results showed that ALF decreased brain P-GP levels at 6 and 12 h, whereas increased MRP2 levels at 6, 12 and 24 h. No significant difference of Evans blue concentrations in brain was found among the four groups. CONCLUSIONS Function and expression of P-GP and MRP2 in brain of thioacetamide-induced ALF rats were oppositely altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Phycobiliproteins or C-phycocyanin of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima protect against HgCl2-caused oxidative stress and renal damage. Food Chem 2012; 135:2359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Sun Y, Zhang J, Yan Y, Chi M, Chen W, Sun P, Qin S. The protective effect of C-phycocyanin on paraquat-induced acute lung injury in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 32:168-174. [PMID: 21843796 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential protective effect of C-phycocyanin (PC) on paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung injury, rats were divided into control, PQ-treated and PQ+PC-treated groups. Rats in PQ-treated group were orally administered with 50mg/kg PQ, and rats in PQ+PC-treated group were intraperitoneally injected with 50mg/kg PC after administration of PQ. At 8, 24, 48 and 72h after treatments, GSH-Px and SOD activities, MDA levels in plasma and BALF, HYP, NF-κB, IκB-α and TNF-α contents in lung tissues were measured. The pathological changes in lung were observed. After treatment with PC, the levels of MDA and the relative contents of NF-κB and TNF-α were significantly decreased, the activities of GSH-Px and SOD and the relative contents of IκB-α were significantly increased. The degree of rat lung damage was obviously reduced in PQ+PC-treated group. The results suggested that PC treatment significantly attenuated PQ-induced acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Sun
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Chadipiralla K, Reddanna P, Chinta RM, Reddy PVB. Thioacetamide-induced fulminant hepatic failure induces cerebral mitochondrial dysfunction by altering the electron transport chain complexes. Neurochem Res 2011; 37:59-68. [PMID: 21879353 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0583-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is an acute form of hepatic encephalopathy resulting from severe inflammatory or necrotic liver damage without any previously established liver damage. This develops as a complication due to viral infections, and drug abuse. FHF also occurs in acute disorders like Reye's syndrome. Although the exact mechanisms in the etiology of FHF are not understood, elevated levels of brain ammonia have been consistently reported. Such increased ammonia levels are suggested to alter neurotransmission signals and impair cerebral energy metabolism due to mitochondrial dysfunctions. In the present study we have examined the role of cerebral electron transport chain complexes, including complex I, II, III IV, and pyruvate dehydrogenase in the non-synaptic mitochondria isolated from the cortex of the thioacetamide-induced FHF rats. Further, we have examined if the structure of mitochondria is altered. The results of the current study demonstrated a decrease in the activity of the complex I by 31 and 48% at 18 and 24 h respectively after the thioacetamide injection. Similarly, the activity of electron transport chain complex III was inhibited by 35 and 52% respectively, at 18 and 24 h, respectively. The complex II and complex IV, on the other hand, revealed unaltered activity. Further the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase at 18 and 24 h after the induction of FHF was inhibited by 29 and 43%, respectively. Our results also suggest mitochondrial swelling in FHF induced rats. The inhibition of the respiratory complexes III and I and pyruvate dehydrogenase might lead to the increased production of free radical resulting in oxidative stress and cerebral energy disturbances thereby leading to mitochondrial swelling and further contributing to the pathogenesis of FHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiranmai Chadipiralla
- Nephrology and Hypertension Division, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA
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Najmi AK, Pillai KK, Pal SN, Akhtar M, Aqil M, Sharma M. Effect of l-ornithine l-aspartate against thioacetamide-induced hepatic damage in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2011; 42:384-7. [PMID: 21189911 PMCID: PMC2991698 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.71926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of L-ornithine-L-aspartate against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced hepataopathy in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hepatoprotective activity of L-ornithine-L-aspartate (OA) at a dose of 2 g/kg, p.o. for 10 days was evaluated against TAA (250 mg/kg, i.p. for 2 days) induced hepatopathy in rats. Biochemical parameters such as serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and protein in liver tissues were estimated to assess the liver function. RESULTS TAA-induced pathogenic changes in the levels of the above indices were significantly (P < 0.01) reversed by the OA treatment. OA treatment also exhibited significant restoration of the hepatic architecture and lobular structure in histological evaluation of the rat liver sections. CONCLUSION Ornithine aspartate exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against TAA-induced hepatic damage in rats.
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Singh S, Trigun SK. Activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in cerebellum of chronic hepatic encephalopathy rats is associated with up-regulation of NADPH-producing pathway. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 9:384-97. [PMID: 20405262 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellum-associated functions get affected during mild hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in patients with chronic liver failure (CLF). Involvement of nitrosative and antioxidant factors in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatic encephalopathy is an evolving concept and needs to be defined in a true CLF animal model. This article describes profiles of NADPH-dependent neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and those of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase (GR) vis-a-vis regulation of NADPH-producing pathway in the cerebellum of CLF rats induced by administration of thioacetamide (100 mg kg⁻¹ b.w., i.p.) up to 10 days and confirming MHE on Morris water maze tests. Significant increases in the expression of nNOS protein and nitric oxide (NOx) level coincided with a similar increment in NADPH-diaphorase activity in the cerebellum of CLF rats. Glutathione peroxidase and GR utilize NADPH to regenerate reduced glutathione (GSH) in the cells. Both these enzymes and GSH level were found to be static and thus suggested efficient turnover of GSH in the cerebellum of MHE rats. Relative levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) vs. phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK2) determine the rate of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) responsible to synthesize NADPH. The cerebellum of CLF rats showed overactivation of G6PD with a significant decline in the expression of PFK2 and thus suggested activation of PPP in the cerebellum during MHE. It is concluded that concordant activations of PPP and nNOS in cerebellum of MHE rats could be associated with the implication of NOx in the pathogenesis of MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Studies in Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Nishanth RP, Ramakrishna B, Jyotsna RG, Roy KR, Reddy GV, Reddy PK, Reddanna P. C-Phycocyanin inhibits MDR1 through reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Agarwal S, Reddy GV, Reddanna P. Eicosanoids in inflammation and cancer: the role of COX-2. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:145-65. [PMID: 20477063 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.5.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, a family of oxygenated metabolites of eicosapolyenoic fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, formed via the lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase (COX) and epoxygenase pathways, play an important role in the regulation of various pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and cancer. COX-2, the inducible isoform of COX, has emerged as the key enzyme regulating inflammation, and promises to play a considerable role in cancer. Although NSAIDs have been in use for centuries, the COX-2 selective inhibitors - coxibs - have emerged as potent anti-inflammatory drugs with fewer gastric side effects. As COX-2 plays a major role in neoplastic transformation and cancer growth, by downregulating apoptosis and promoting angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, coxibs have a potential role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Recent studies indicate their possible application in overcoming drug resistance by downregulating the expression of MDR-1. However, the cardiac side effects of some of the coxibs have limited their application in treating various inflammatory disorders and warrant the development of COX-2 inhibitors without side effects. This review will focus on the role of COX-2 in inflammation and cancer, with an emphasis on novel approaches to the development of COX-2 inhibitors without side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Agarwal
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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Zarros A, Theocharis S, Skandali N, Tsakiris S. Effects of fulminant hepatic encephalopathy on the adult rat brain antioxidant status and the activities of acetylcholinesterase, (Na(+),K (+))- and Mg (2+)-ATPase: comparison of the enzymes' response to in vitro treatment with ammonia. Metab Brain Dis 2008; 23:255-64. [PMID: 18665440 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-008-9091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy can be a life-threatening complication of fulminant hepatic failure. By understanding the pathophysiology involved in the induction of this neuropsychiatric disorder, future therapeutic and/or preventive attempts could be considered. In this study, an attempt has been made in order to shed more light on the mechanisms involved in the effects of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fulminant hepatic encephalopathy on: (a) the adult rat brain total antioxidant status (TAS) and (b) the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), (Na(+),K(+))-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase. Moreover, in vitro experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the possible role of ammonia (incubated as NH(4)Cl, in a toxic concentration of 3mM) in the observed effects of TAA-induced fulminant hepatic encephalopathy on the examined adult rat brain enzyme activities. Fulminant hepatic encephalopathy caused a significant decrease in TAS (-22%, p < 0.001) and the activity of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (-26%, p < 0.001), but had non-significant effects on the whole brain AChE and Mg(2+)-ATPase activities. The in vitro experiments (conducted through a 3h incubation with ammonia), showed no significant alterations in any of the examined parameters. Our in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that alterations in AChE and Mg(2+)-ATPase activities are not involved in the pathophysiology of the adult-onset fulminant hepatic encephalopathy, while the observed Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibition could be a result of the oxidative stress, neurotransmission deregulation, and/or of the presence of other toxic substances (that appear to act as direct or indirect inhibitors of the enzyme) and not due to the excess accumulation of ammonia in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zarros
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Athens, P.O. Box 65257, Athens, Greece
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Production of phycocyanin—a pigment with applications in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:1-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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