Soy genistein administered in soluble chitosan microcapsules maintains antioxidant activity and limits intestinal inflammation

Microcapsules based on biological macromolecules for intestinal health: A review

Intestinal dysfunction is becoming increasingly associated with neurological and endocrine issues, raising concerns about its impact on world health. With the introduction of several breakthrough technologies for detecting and treating intestinal illnesses, significant progress has been made in the previous few years. On the other hand, traditional intrusive diagnostic techniques are expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, the efficacy of conventional drugs (not capsules) is reduced since they are more likely to degrade before reaching their target. In this context, microcapsules based on different types of biological macromolecules have been used to encapsulate active drugs and sensors to track intestinal ailments and address these issues. Several biomacromolecules/biomaterials (natural protein, alginate, chitosan, cellulose and RNA etc.) are widely used for make microcapsules for intestinal diseases, and can significantly improve the therapeutic effect and reduce adverse reactions. This article systematically summarizes microencapsulated based on biomacromolecules material for intestinal health control and efficacy enhancement. It also discusses the application and mechanism research of microencapsulated biomacromolecules drugs in reducing intestinal inflammation, in addition to covering the preparation techniques of microencapsulated drug delivery systems used for intestinal health. Microcapsule delivery systems' limits and potential applications for intestinal disease diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance were highlighted.

Genistein Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Alleviates Intestinal Inflammation in Broilers with Necrotic Enteritis

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that regulates the immune system through complicated transcriptional programs. Genistein, an AhR ligand, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. However, its role in modulating immune responses via the AhR signaling pathway remains unclear. In this study, 360 male Arbor Acre broilers (1-day-old) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 40 or 80 mg/kg genistein and infected with or without Clostridium perfringens (Cp). Our results demonstrated that genistein ameliorated Cp-induced intestinal damage, as reflected by the reduced intestinal lesion scores and improved intestinal morphology and feed-to-gain ratio. Moreover, genistein increased intestinal sIgA, TGF-β, and IL-10, along with elevated serum IgG, IgA, and lysozyme levels. Genistein improved intestinal AhR and cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1) protein levels and AhR+ cell numbers in Cp-challenged broilers. The increased number of AhR+CD163+ cells in the jejunum suggested a potential association between genistein-induced AhR activation and anti-inflammatory effects mediated through M2 macrophage polarization. In IL-4-treated RAW264.7 cells, genistein increased the levels of AhR, CYP1A1, CD163, and arginase (Arg)-1 proteins, as well as IL-10 mRNA levels. This increase was attenuated by the AhR antagonist CH223191. In summary, genistein activated the AhR signaling pathway in M2 macrophages, which enhanced the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and attenuated intestinal damage in Cp-infected broilers Cp.

Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in the prevention and treatment of digestive inflammatory cancer transformation: Portulaca oleracea L. as a promising drug

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for centuries to treat various types of inflammation and tumors of the digestive system. Portulaca oleracea L. (POL), has been used in TCM for thousands of years. The chemical composition of POL is variable and includes flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and organic acids and other classes of natural compounds. Many of these compounds exhibit powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer-transforming effects in the digestive system.

AIM OF STUDY

In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic role of POL in NASH, gastritis and colitis and their associated cancers, with a focus on the pharmacological properties and potential mechanisms of action of the main natural active compounds in POL.

METHODS

The information and data on Portulaca oleracea L. and its main active ingredients were collated from various resources like ethnobotanical textbooks and literature databases such as CNKI, VIP (Chinese literature), PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier and Google Scholar (English literatures), Wiley, Springer, Tailor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet.

RESULTS

Kaempferol, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, EPA, DHA, and melatonin were found to improve NASH and NASH-HCC, while kaempferol, apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin played a therapeutic role in gastritis and gastric cancer. Apigenin, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, genistein, lupeol, vitamin C and melatonin were found to have therapeutic effects in the treatment of colitis and its associated cancers. The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system.

CONCLUSION

The discovery of the beneficial effects of these natural active compounds in POL supports the idea that POL could be a promising novel candidate for the treatment and prevention of inflammation-related cancers of the digestive system. However, clinical data describing the mode of action of the naturally active compounds of POL are still lacking. In addition, pharmacokinetic data for POL compounds, such as changes in drug dose and absorption rates, cannot be extrapolated from animal models and need to be measured in patients in clinical trials. On the one hand, a systematic meta-analysis of the existing publications on TCM containing POL still needs to be carried out. On the other hand, studies on the hepatic and renal toxicity of POL are also needed. Additionally, well-designed preclinical and clinical studies to validate the therapeutic effects of TCM need to be performed, thus hopefully providing a basis for the validation of the clinical benefits of POL.

Long-term supplementation of genistein improves immune homeostasis in the aged gut and extends the laying cycle of aged laying hens

Aging is associated with alterations in gut function, including intestinal inflammation, leaky gut, and impaired epithelial regeneration. Rejuvenating the aged gut is imperative to extend the laying cycle of aged laying hens. Genistein is known to have beneficial effects on age-related diseases, but its precise role in homeostasis of the aged gut of laying hens remains to be elucidated. In this study, 160 45-wk-old Hyline Brown laying hens were continuously fed a basal diet or a diet supplemented with 40 mg/kg genistein until they reached 100 wk of age. The results revealed that long-term genistein supplementation led to an improvement in the egg production rate and feed conversion ratio, as well as an increase in egg quality. Moreover, the expression levels of senescence markers, such as β-galactosidase, P16, and P21, were decreased in the gut of genistein-treated aged laying hens. Furthermore, genistein ameliorated gut dysfunctions, such as intestinal inflammation, leaky gut, and impaired epithelial regeneration. Treg cell-derived IL-10 plays a crucial role in the genistein-induced regulation of age-related intestinal inflammation. This study demonstrates that long-term consumption of genistein improves homeostasis in the aged gut and extends the laying cycle of aged laying hens. Moreover, the link between genistein and Treg cells provides a rationale for dietary intervention against age-associated gut dysfunction.

Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase onto Montmorillonite/Glucosamine-Chitosan Composite for Electrochemical Biosensing of Polyphenols

Glucosamine-chitosan synthesized by the Maillard reaction was combined with montmorillonite to obtain a nanohybrid composite to immobilize horseradish peroxidase. The material combines the advantageous properties of clay with those of the chitosan derivative; has improved water solubility and reduced molecular weight and viscosity; involves an eco-friendly synthesis; and exhibits ion exchange capacity, good adhesiveness, and a large specific surface area for enzyme adsorption. The physicochemical characteristics of the composite were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to determine clay-polycation interactions. The electrochemical response of the different polyphenols to glassy carbon electrodes modified with the composite was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry. The sensitivity and detection limit values obtained with the biosensor toward hydroquinone, chlorogenic acid, catechol, and resorcinol are (1.6 ± 0.2) × 102 µA mM-1 and (74 ± 8) nM; (1.2 ± 0.1) × 102 µA mM-1 and (26 ± 3) nM; (16 ± 2) µA mM-1 and (0.74 ± 0.09) μM; and (3.7± 0.3) µA mM-1 and (3.3 ± 0.2) μM, respectively. The biosensor was applied to quantify polyphenols in pennyroyal and lemon verbena extracts.

Therapeutic effects of genistein in experimentally induced ulcerative colitis in rats via affecting mitochondrial biogenesis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease that affects the mucosa of the colon, resulting in severe inflammation and ulcers. Genistein is a polyphenolic isoflavone present in several vegetables, such as soybeans and fava beans. Therefore, we conducted the following study to determine the therapeutic effects of genistein on UC in rats by influencing antioxidant activity and mitochondrial biogenesis and the subsequent effects on the apoptotic pathway. UC was induced in rats by single intracolonic administration of 2 ml of 4% acetic acid. Then, UC rats were treated with 25-mg/kg genistein. Colon samples were obtained to assess the gene and protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X (BAX), caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. In addition, colon sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin to investigate the cell structure. The microimages of UC rats revealed inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, and the destruction of intestinal glands, and these effects were improved by treatment with genistein. Finally, treatment with genistein significantly increased the expression of PGC-1, TFAM, Nrf2, HO-1, and BCL2 and reduced the expression of BAX, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. In conclusion, genistein exerted therapeutic effects against UC in rats. This therapeutic activity involved enhancing antioxidant activity and increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, which reduced cell apoptosis.

Chitosan-glucose derivative as effective wall material for probiotic yeasts microencapsulation

A chitosan-glucose derivative (ChG) with lower antimicrobial activity against whey native probiotic yeast K. marxianus VM004 was synthesized by the Maillard reaction. The ChG derivative was characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and SLS to determine the structure, deacetylation degree (DD), and molecular weight (Mw). In addition, we evaluated the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities of ChG. ChG was then used for microencapsulation of K. marxianus VM004 by spray drying. The microcapsules were characterized by evaluating their encapsulation yield, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, tolerance to the gastrointestinal tract, and viability during storage. The results indicated that a non-cytotoxic product with lower MW and DD and higher antioxidant activity than native chitosan was obtained by the Maillard reaction. The yeast ChG microcapsules exhibited an encapsulation efficiency >57 %, improved resistance to gastrointestinal conditions, and enhanced stability during storage. These results demonstrate that ChG may be a promising wall material for the microencapsulation of probiotic yeasts.

Phytochemical profile of petals from black Dahlia pinnata by flow injection analysis-electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

INTRODUCTION

Dahlia pinnata Cav. is a flower native to Mexico that has many applications; in particular, its petals have been used for ornamental, food, and medicinal purposes, for example to treat skin rashes and skin cracks. It has been reported that the medicinal properties of plants are generally related to the phytochemical constituents they possess. However, there are few studies on black D. pinnata.

OBJECTIVES

The present study was aimed at qualitatively and quantitatively determining the phytochemical profile of petals from black D. pinnata.

METHODOLOGY

Phytochemicals from Dahlia petals were extracted by consecutive maceration (hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol); then, the extracts were analyzed through colorimetric assays and UV-Vis spectroscopy for qualitative identification and quantification of phytochemical compounds, respectively. The methanolic extract was analyzed by flow injection analysis-electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FIA-ESI-FTICR-MS) in negative and positive mode.

RESULTS

Quantitative phytochemical profiling of the methanolic extract by UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated high contents of phenolic compounds (34.35 ± 3.59 mg EQ/g plant) and sugars (23.91 ± 1.99 mg EQ/g plant), while the qualitative profiling by FIA-ESI-FTICR-MS allowed the tentative identification of several flavonoids and phenolic acids. Kaempferol-3-rutinoside, pelargonidin-3-(6″-malonylglucoside)-5-glucoside, rutin, kaempferol-3-(2″,3″-diacetyl-4″-p-coumaroylrhamnoside), and myricetin-3-(2‴-galloylrhamnoside) were the main compounds detected.

CONCLUSION

The results expand our knowledge of the phytochemical constituents of petals from black D. pinnata.

Development of phospholipon®90H complex nanocarrier with enhanced oral bioavailability and anti-inflammatory potential of genistein

Genistein (GEN), an isoflavonoid, offers multifunctional biological activities. However, its poor oral bioavailability, aqueous solubility, extensive metabolism, and short half-life restricted its clinical use. Therefore, the Phospholipon^®90H complex of genistein (GPLC) was prepared to enhance its biopharmaceutical properties and anti-inflammatory activity. GPLC was characterized by employing particle size and zeta potential, Fourier transforms infrared spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry, powder x-ray diffractometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, aqueous solubility, in vitro dissolution, ex vivo permeation, oral bioavailability and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The complex showed high entrapment of GEN (∼97.88% w/w) within the Phospholipon^®90H matrix. Particle size and zeta potential studies confirmed the small particle size with the modest stability of GPLC. The characterization analysis supported the formation of GPLC through the participation of hydrogen bonding between GEN and Phospholipon^®90H. GPLC significantly enhanced the aqueous solubility (∼2-fold) compared to GEN. Dissolution studies revealed that GPLC drastically improved the GEN dissolution rate compared to GEN. Likewise, the complex improved the permeation rate across the membrane compared to GEN. GPLC formulation significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of GEN via improving its Cmax, tmax, AUC, half-life and mean residence time within the blood circulation compared to GEN. The GPLC (∼20 mg/kg, p.o.) remarkably inhibited the increase in paw edema up to 5 h, compared to GEN and diclofenac. Results suggest that the Phospholipon^®90 complex is a superior and promising carrier for enhancing the biopharmaceutical parameters of GEN and other bioactive with similar properties.

Phosphatidylserine-functionalized liposomes-in-microgels for delivering genistein to effectively treat ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease involving ulcers in the colon and rectum. The conventional treatments for UC still have many limitations, such as non-specific release, adverse effects and low absorption, resulting in the poor bioavailability of therapeutic agents. To address these challenges, targeting delivery systems are required to specifically deliver drugs to the colonic site with controlled release. Herein, we present a novel microgel oral delivery system, loaded with liposome nanoparticles (Li NPs) containing a natural anti-inflammatory compound genistein (Gen) into alginate microgels, thereby achieving the targeted release of Gen in the colonic region and ameliorating UC symptoms. Initially, Gen was loaded into phosphatidylserine (PS)-functionalized Li NPs to form Gen@Li NPs with an average size of 245.9 ± 9.6 nm. In vitro assessments confirmed that Gen@Li NPs efficiently targeted macrophages and facilitated the internalization of Gen into cells. To prevent rapid degradation in the harsh gastrointestinal tract, Gen@Li NPs were further encapsulated into alginate microgels through electric spraying technology, forming Gen@Li microgels. In vivo distribution tests demonstrated that Gen@Li microgels possessed long-term retention in the colon and gradual release characteristics compared to Gen@Li NPs. Furthermore, in vivo experiments confirmed that Gen@Li microgels significantly alleviated UC symptoms in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) mainly through reducing the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and promoting colonic mucosal barrier repair through upregulation of mucosal protein expression. This study shed light on the potential of utilizing oral administration of natural compounds for UC treatment.

Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Flavonoids: Impact on Proinflammatory Cytokine Production: A Systematic Review

Flavonoids are a diverse group of plant-derived compounds that have been shown to have various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects. However, their use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases has been limited due to their low bioavailability. The nanoparticle-mediated delivery of flavonoids has been proposed as a potential solution to this issue, as it allows the sustained release of the flavonoids over time. There are several different nanoparticle systems that have been developed for flavonoid delivery, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of nanoparticle-mediated delivery of flavonoids on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in various diseases. We analyzed the performance of flavonoid-encapsulated nanoparticles in regulating cytokine production in different in vitro and in vivo studies. To this end, we followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) to conduct a comprehensive search of the literature and to assess the quality of the included studies. The results showed that flavonoid-encapsulated nanoparticles significantly downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18. In some cases, this effect was significantly greater than that observed with non-encapsulated flavonoids These findings suggest that nanoparticle-mediated delivery of flavonoids may have potential as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Transformation of arginine into zero-dimensional nanomaterial endows the material with antibacterial and osteoinductive activity

Implant-associated infection is a major threat affecting the success of orthopedic surgeries. Although various materials scavenge bacteria by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), the intrinsic inability of ROS to distinguish bacteria from cells notably limits the therapeutic effects. Here, we found that the arginine carbon dots (Arg-CDs) that were transformed from arginine exhibited supreme antibacterial and osteoinductive activity. We further designed the Schiff base bond between Arg-CDs and aldehyde hyaluronic acid/gelatin methacryloyl (HG) hydrogel to release Arg-CDs in response to the acidic bone injury microenvironment. The free Arg-CDs could selectively kill bacteria by generating excessive ROS. Furthermore, the Arg-CD-loaded HG composite hydrogel showed excellent osteoinductive activity through inducing the M2 polarization of macrophages by up-regulating interleukin-10 (Il10) expression. Together, our findings revealed that transformation of the arginine into zero-dimensional Arg-CDs could endow the material with exceptional antibacterial and osteoinductive activity, favoring the regeneration of infectious bone.

Dietary genistein increases microbiota-derived short chain fatty acid levels, modulates homeostasis of the aging gut, and extends healthspan and lifespan

Age-related gastrointestinal decline contributes to whole-organism frailty and mortality. Genistein is known to have beneficial effects on age-related diseases, but its precise role in homeostasis of the aging gut remains to be elucidated. Here, wild-type aging mice and Zmpste24^-/- progeroid mice were used to investigate the role of genistein in lifespan and homeostasis of the aging gut in mammals. A series of longitudinal, clinically relevant measurements were performed to evaluate the effect of genistein on healthspan. It was found that dietary genistein promoted a healthier and longer life and was associated with a decrease in the levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines in aging mice. Furthermore, dietary genistein ameliorated gut dysfunctions, such as intestinal inflammation, leaky gut, and impaired epithelial regeneration. A distinct genistein-mediated alteration in gut microbiota was observed by increasing Lachnospira abundance and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Further fecal microbiota transplantation and dirty cage sharing experiments indicated that the gut microbiota from genistein-fed mice rejuvenated the aging gut and extended the lifespan of progeroid mice. It was demonstrated that genistein-associated SCFAs alleviated tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced intestinal organoid damage. Moreover, genistein-associated propionate promoted regulatory T cell-derived interleukin 10 production, which alleviated macrophage-derived inflammation. This study provided the first data, to the authors' knowledge, indicating that dietary genistein modulates homeostasis in the aging gut and extends the healthspan and lifespan of aging mammals. Moreover, the existence of a link between genistein and the gut microbiota provides a rationale for dietary interventions against age-associated frailty.

Minthostachys verticillata Griseb (Epling.) (Lamiaceae) essential oil orally administered modulates gastrointestinal immunological and oxidative parameters in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling (Lamiaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine for digestive or respiratory disorders. In addition, it is incorporated as condiment, in foods, as beverage flavoring or mate. The ethnopharmacological interest of M. verticillata resides in its essential oil (EO). Part of group has demonstrated the immunomodulatory ability of EO giving this oil a biological potential not known until that moment and conducted studies to evaluate their possible application in diseases of veterinary interest. However, the immunomodulatory effects of EO administered orally have not been fully characterized.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study evaluated the impact of EO oral administration on gastrointestinal and immune health through measurement of immunological and oxidative parameters in mice.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The EO was extracted from the leaves, slender stems and flowers of M. verticillata by hydrodistillation and chemical analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Prior to in vivo study, the cytotoxic effect of EO was determined using the human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cell line. For in vivo study, three groups of male Balb/c mice (n = 3) were orally administered with saline solution (control group) and EO (5 or 10 mg/kg/day) during 10 consecutive days. Subsequently, histological and hematological parameters, cytokines production, oxidative markers and CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were evaluated.

RESULTS

The chemical analysis of EO revealed the presence of a high content of monoterpenes, being the main pulegone (76.12%) and menthone (14.28%). The EO oral administration improved mice growth performance and modulated systemic adaptive immune response by increasing in the total leukocyte number. A high percentage of CD4⁺ T cells were observed whereas the number of CD8⁺ T cells was not altered. EO did not alter the morpho-physiology of intestine and improved total antioxidant capacity by decreasing MDA concentrations. In addition, EO decreased the IL-6 levels and increased in the IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations.

CONCLUSION

Results indicate that M. verticillata EO modulate inflammatory and oxidative parameters constituting a natural alternative which could be applied to improve gastrointestinal and immune functionality in animals.

Propolis characterization and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans: A review

Propolis is a plant-based sticky substance that is produced by honeybees. It has been used traditionally by ancient civilizations as a folk medicine, and is known to have many pharmaceutical properties including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumour effects. Worldwide, researchers are still studying the complex composition of propolis to unveil its biological potential, and especially its antimicrobial activity against a variety of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This review explores scientific reports published during the last decade on the characterization of different types of propolis, and evaluates their antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Propolis can be divided into different types depending on their chemical composition and physical properties associated with geographic origin and plant sources. Flavonoids, phenols, diterpenes, and aliphatic compounds are the main chemicals that characterize the different types of propolis (Poplar, Brazilian, and Mediterranean), and are responsible for their antimicrobial activity. The extracts of most types of propolis showed greater antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria: particularly on S. aureus, as well as on C. albicans, as compared to Gram-negative pathogens. Propolis acts either by directly interacting with the microbial cells or by stimulating the immune system of the host cells. Some studies have suggested that structural damage to the microorganisms is a possible mechanism by which propolis exhibits its antimicrobial activity. However, the mechanism of action of propolis is still unclear, due to the synergistic interaction of the ingredients of propolis, and this natural substance has multi-target activity in the cell. The broad-spectrum biological potentials of propolis present it as an ideal candidate for the development of new, potent, and cost-effective antimicrobial agents.

Genistein improves glucose metabolism and promotes adipose tissue browning through modulating gut microbiota in mice

Genistein improves glucose metabolism and promotes adipose tissue browning through modulating gut microbiota in mice.

Natural Biocidal Compounds of Plant Origin as Biodegradable Materials Modifiers

The article presents a literature review of the plant origin natural compounds with biocidal properties. These compounds could be used as modifiers of biodegradable materials. Modification of polymer material is one of the basic steps in its manufacturing process. Biodegradable materials play a key role in the current development of materials engineering. Natural modifiers are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and renewable. The substances contained in natural modifiers exhibit biocidal properties against bacteria and/or fungi. The article discusses polyphenols, selected phenols, naphthoquinones, triterpenoids, and phytoncides that are natural antibiotics. Due to the increasing demand for biodegradable materials and the protection of the natural environment against the negative effects of toxic substances, it is crucial to replace synthetic modifiers with plant ones. This work mentions industries where materials containing natural modifying additives could find potential applications. Moreover, the probable examples of the final products are presented. Additionally, the article points out the current world's pandemic state and the use of materials with biocidal properties considering the epidemiological conditions.

Bioactive Ingredients Obtained from Agro-industrial Byproducts: Recent Advances and Innovation in Micro- and Nanoencapsulation

The agro-industry produces numerous byproducts that are currently underused, and its waste contributes to environmental pollution. These byproducts represent an important and economical source of bioactive ingredients, which can promote the sustainable development of high-value-added functional foods. In this context, micro- and nanoencapsulation systems allow for the incorporation and stabilization of the bioactive agents in foods. This perspective will review recent advances in the use of agro-industrial byproducts as a source of bioactive agents. In addition, the latest advances in micro- and nanoencapsulation to improve the stability, solubility, and bioaccessibility of bioactive agents as functional food ingredients are exposed.

Polyphenols: Potential anti-inflammatory agents for treatment of metabolic disorders

Ample evidence highlights the potential benefits of polyphenols in health status especially in obesity-related metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Mechanistically, due to the key role of "Metainflammation" in the pathomechanism of metabolic disorders, recently much focus has been placed on the properties of polyphenols in obesity-related morbidities. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of polyphenols, including genistein, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, and silymarin in inflammatory responses pertinent to metabolic disorders and discusses the implications of this evidence for future directions. This review provides evidence that the aforementioned polyphenols benefit health status in metabolic disorders via direct and indirect regulation of a variety of target proteins involved in inflammatory signaling pathways. However, due to limitations of the in vitro and in vivo studies and also the lack of long-term human clinical trials studies, further high-quality investigations are required to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the polyphenols for the prevention and management of metabolic disorders.

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of genistein in prevention and treatment of diseases: An overview

Genistein is the simplest secondary metabolite in soybeans and belongs to a group of compounds called isoflavones. It is a phytoestrogen and it makes up more than 60% of soy isoflavones. Studies have shown the anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects of genistein in addition to its modulatory effects on steroidal hormone receptors. In this review, we discuss the pharmacologic and therapeutic effects of genistein on various diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In this review, we have discussed the therapeutic effects of genistein as the main constituent of soybeans on health conditions. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and, anti-angiogenic effects need more attention. The pharmacological properties of genistein make this natural isoflavone a potential treatment for various diseases such as postmenopausal symptoms, cancer, bone, brain, and heart diseases. Special emphasis should be given to it, resulting in using it in clinical as a safe, potent, and bioactive molecule.

Reviewing the biological activity of chitosan in the mucosa: Focus on intestinal immunity

Chitosan is a polymer derived from the partial deacetylation of chitin with particular characteristics, such as mucoadhesiveness, tolerability, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Biomedical uses of chitosan cover a wide spectrum of applications as dietary fiber, immunoadjuvant and regulator of the intestinal microbiota or delivery agent. Chemical modification of chitosan is feasible because its reactive amino and hydroxyl groups can be modified by a diverse array of ligands, functional groups and molecules. This gives rise to numerous derivatives that allow different formulation types influencing their activity. Considering the multiple events resulting from the interaction with mucosal tissues, chitosan is a singular candidate for strategies targeting immune stimulation (i.e., tolerance induction, vaccination). Its role as a prebiotic and probiotic carrier represents an effective option to manage intestinal dysbiosis. In the intestinal scenario where the exposure of the immune system to a wide variety of antigens is permanent, chitosan increases IgA levels and favors a tolerogenic environment, thus becoming a key ally for host homeostasis.

Genistein-Derived ROS-Responsive Nanoparticles Relieve Colitis by Regulating Mucosal Homeostasis

Disruption of intestinal homeostasis is an important event in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and genistein (GEN) is a candidate medicine to prevent IBD. However, the clinical application of GEN is restricted owing to its low oral bioavailability. Herein, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanomaterial (defined as GEN-NP2) containing superoxidase dismutase-mimetic temporally conjugated β-cyclodextrin and 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylboronic acid pinacol ester-modified GEN was prepared. GEN-NP2 effectively delivered GEN to the inflammation site and protected GEN from rapid metabolism and elimination in the gastrointestinal tract. In response to high ROS levels, GEN was site-specifically released and accumulated at inflammatory sites. Mechanistically, GEN-NP2 effectively increased the expression of estrogen receptor β (ERβ), simultaneously reduced the expression of proinflammatory mediators (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and Caspase1-p20), attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoted autophagy of intestinal epithelial cells, inhibited the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), modulated the gut microbiota, and ultimately alleviated colitis. In addition, the oral administration of these nanoparticles showed excellent safety, thereby providing confidence in the further development of precise treatments for IBD.

Genistein Inhibits Colonic Goblet Cell Loss and Colorectal Inflammation Induced by Salmonella Typhimurium Infection

SCOPE

Salmonella is the main food-borne pathogen, which can infect intestinal epithelial cells and causes colitis. Genistein has a variety of biological activities that alleviates colitis induced by sodium dextran sulfate in a variety of ways, but its protective effects on colitis caused by pathogenic bacteria are still unknown.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study explores the protective effect of genistein in reducing colitis caused by Salmonella infection. Salmonella causes colon inflammation through activating cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2, and genistein inhibits colitis caused by Salmonella typhimurium infection. Salmonella infection increases colonic mucosal damage, proliferating cells, and goblet cell loss, while the administration of genistein solves these pathological changes. In addition, it is further proved that Salmonella causes severe colitis related to goblet cell loss and activates the host crypt stem cells to repair the damaged epithelium. Salmonella infection inhibites the host mammalian target of rapamycin, activates light chain 3 II pathways to induce autophagy to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Genistein increases Lactobacillus in feces and reduces Salmonella colonization to inhibit colitis induces by Salmonella infection.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates genistein alleviated colitis and inhibites the goblet cell loss causes by Salmonella infection through regulating the gut bacteria and intestinal stem cell development.

Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Soybean and Soy-Derived Compounds

Environmental factors, particularly diet, are considered central to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In particular, the Westernization of diet, characterized by high intake of animal protein, saturated fat, and refined carbohydrates, has been shown to contribute to the development and progression of IBD. During the last decade, soybean, as well as soy-derived bioactive compounds (e.g., isoflavones, phytosterols, Bowman-Birk inhibitors) have been increasingly investigated because of their anti-inflammatory properties in animal models of IBD. Herein we provide a scoping review of the most studied disease mechanisms associated with disease induction and progression in IBD rodent models after feeding of either the whole food or a bioactive present in soybean.

Replacing Animal Protein with Soy-Pea Protein in an "American Diet" Controls Murine Crohn Disease-Like Ileitis Regardless of Firmicutes: Bacteroidetes Ratio

BACKGROUND

The current nutritional composition of the "American diet" (AD; also known as Western diet) has been linked to the increasing incidence of chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), namely Crohn disease (CD).

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated which of the 3 major macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) in the AD has the greatest impact on preventing chronic inflammation in experimental IBD mouse models.

METHODS

We compared 5 rodent diets designed to mirror the 2011-2012 "What We Eat in America" NHANES. Each diet had 1 macronutrient dietary source replaced. The formulated diets were AD, AD-soy-pea (animal protein replaced by soy + pea protein), AD-CHO ("refined carbohydrate" by polysaccharides), AD-fat [redistribution of the ω-6:ω-3 (n-6:n-3) PUFA ratio; ∼10:1 to 1:1], and AD-mix (all 3 "healthier" macronutrients combined). In 3 separate experiments, 8-wk-old germ-free SAMP1/YitFC mice (SAMP) colonized with human gut microbiota ("hGF-SAMP") from CD or healthy donors were fed an AD, an AD-"modified," or laboratory rodent diet for 24 wk. Two subsequent dextran sodium sulfate-colitis experiments in hGF-SAMP (12-wk-old) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6 (20-wk-old) mice, and a 6-wk feeding trial in 24-wk-old SPF SAMP were performed. Intestinal inflammation, gut metagenomics, and MS profiles were assessed.

RESULTS

The AD-soy-pea diet resulted in lower histology scores [mean ± SD (56.1% ± 20.7% reduction)] in all feeding trials and IBD mouse models than did other diets (P < 0.05). Compared with the AD, the AD-soy-pea correlated with increased abundance in Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostraceae (1.5-4.7 log2 and 3.0-5.1 log2 difference, respectively), glutamine (6.5 ± 0.8 compared with 3.9 ± 0.3 ng/μg stool, P = 0.0005) and butyric acid (4:0; 3.3 ± 0.5 compared with 2.54 ± 0.4 ng/μg stool, P = 0.006) concentrations, and decreased linoleic acid (18:2n-6; 5.4 ± 0.4 compared with 8.6 ± 0.3 ng/μL plasma, P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Replacement of animal protein in an AD by plant-based sources reduced the severity of experimental IBD in all mouse models studied, suggesting that similar, feasible adjustments to the daily human diet could help control/prevent IBD in humans.

Chitosan-Coated Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Paclitaxel Nanoparticles Enhance Anti-Tumor Efficacy Against Osteosarcoma

Objective

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂) nanoparticles have been widely explored in the prevention of cancer risk. Due to the difficult solubility of TiO₂ nanoparticles, it is essential to synthesize new surfactants to increase its bioavailability and anti-tumor activity and reduce its cytotoxicity. Furthermore, oxidative and inflammation are closely associated with the osteosarcoma risk. Chitosan has biocompatibility, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The effects of chitosan-coated TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles on an osteosarcoma model were explored.

Methods

An osteosarcoma model was established and chitosan-coated TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles were prepared using a freeze-drying strategy. The morphological characteristics of nanoparticles were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The physicochemical properties of nanoparticle were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity was tested by using human osteoblast cells hFob1.19 and osteosarcoma cells 143B. Osteosarcoma mice were treated with PBS buffer, paclitaxel, TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel and chitosan-coated TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles. The biomarkers of oxidative-inflammatory status, anti-tumor activities and survival rates of the model were measured.

Results

XRD analysis showed that the peaks of chitosan/TiO₂ (anatase) were consistent with those of crystalline TiO₂ and broad phase of chitosan. The FTIR spectrum indicated the relevant functional groups in TiO₂. Chitosan-coated TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles had good biocompatibility and improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in the osteosarcoma model. Chitosan-coated TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles was less toxic to the cells hFob1.19 and more toxic to the cells 143B than TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles. Chitosan-coated TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles showed significant antitumor activity and increased the survival rate of the osteosarcoma model (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Chitosan improved anti-tumor potential of TiO₂-embedded paclitaxel nanoparticles in the prevention of osteosarcoma.

Soy Isoflavones and Gastrointestinal Health

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Soy isoflavones are known to have beneficial effects on several aspects of gastrointestinal physiological functions (contractility or motility, secretion, morphology, and barrier function). In this review, we discuss the effects of soy isoflavones on the overall gut function and inflammation and assess how these effects might be implicated in the treatment of several gut-related diseases.

RECENT FINDINGS

Soy isoflavones influence several key aspects of gastrointestinal health: improve basal intestinal secretion, alleviate inflammation, limit intestinal morphological damage, and improve epithelial barrier function in several clinically relevant murine models of gastrointestinal diseases. Dietary supplementation with isoflavones proves to be a key means to improve the overall gut function and health. Future mechanistic studies with isoflavone interventions will help treat clinically related diseases such as cystic fibrosis and inflammatory-related gut problems such as colitis and diabetes.

Protection by pure and genistein fortified extra virgin olive oil, canola oil, and rice bran oil against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats

Conjugation of genistein and dietary oils improves the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of genistein on colitis in rats.

Genistein Decreases APP/tau Phosphorylation and Ameliorates Aβ Overproduction Through Inhibiting CIP2A

Background:

Upregulation of Cancerous Inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A) plays an important role in disease-related phosphorylation of tau/APP and tau pathology/Aβ overproduction through inhibiting PP2A in AD brain. Genistein has been shown to potently reduce CIP2A in experimental cancer treatment research. Whether Genistein can ameliorate AD pathology through targeting CIP2A needs further investigation.

Methods:

The inhibitory effects of Genistein on tau/APP phosphorylation and Aβ overproduction in AD cell models have been explored. HEK293-T cells were co-transfected with CIP2A and APP plasmids, or CIP2A and tau plasmids, with Genistein incubation at 0, 30, 60 or 120 µM for 48 h, cell viability and PP2A activities were measured. HEK293-T cells with CIP2A/APP overexpression treated with Genistein at 30 µM for 48 h were collected and lyzed for Western blotting detection of CIP2A, PP2Ac, APP-T668, total APP, PS1, BACE1, sAPPα and sAPPβ. Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels in cell supernatant, soluble fraction (RIPA) and insoluble fraction (formic acid soluble) of cell lysates were measured by ELISA. HEK293-T cells with CIP2A/tau overexpression treated with Genistein at 30 µM for 48 h were collected for Western blotting detection of CIP2A, PP2Ac, tau-S396, tau-S404 and total tau.

Conclusion:

CIP2A is a target of Genistein in AD therapy. Genistein reduces APP/tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ production through inhibiting the effect of CIP2A on PP2A.

Results:

Genistein effectively reduced CIP2A expression, and restored PP2A activities both in CIP2A/APP, CIP2A/tau co-expressed cells. Genistein reduced APP phosphorylation at T668 site and inhibited Aβ production. Meantime, Genistein ameliorated tau hyperphosphorylation through repressing the inhibitory effect of CIP2A on PP2A.

Genistein diet improves body weight, serum glucose and triglyceride levels in both male and female ob/ob mice

PURPOSE

Diabetic obesity in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse is associated with weight gain, and hyperglycemia, along with hyperinsulinemia. We have previously examined the effects of genistein (a naturally occurring isoflavone found in soy) on metabolic disturbances in the ob/ob mouse and demonstrated beneficial effects of genistein (600 mg genistein/kg diet, for 4-weeks) on T₃ production and corticosterone status. The goal of this study was to examine whether dietary genistein could prevent, or at least lessen, the typical phenotype in this murine model of diabetic-obesity, and to assess potential sex-differences.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The ob/ob mice (male and female) aged 4-5 weeks were randomly assigned to one of two diets for a period of 4-weeks: standard rodent diet, or genistein-containing diet (600 mg genistein/kg diet). Comparisons were made to a lean control group.

RESULTS

Genistein diet significantly reduced body weight by 12% in females and 9% in males. Genistein significantly lowered serum glucose levels by 18% in females and 43% in males, yet had no effect on serum insulin. Genistein diet significantly lowered serum triglyceride levels in both ob/ob male and female mice returning them to lean levels. In females only, genistein significantly reduced serum pancreatic polypeptide levels by 56% and increased serum GIP levels 2.3-fold. Genistein had sex-dependent effects on hepatic steatosis: in females, genistein further increased the % fat area and the fat droplet diameter 2.6-fold, along with additionally increasing hepatic TBARS.

CONCLUSION

The results from this study indicate interesting beneficial effects of genistein diet for both male and female ob/ob mice.