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Zhang Y, Feng X, Zheng B, Liu Y. Regulation and mechanistic insights into tensile strain in mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation. Bone 2024; 187:117197. [PMID: 38986825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are integral to bone remodeling and homeostasis, as they are capable of differentiating into osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. This differentiation is substantially influenced by mechanosensitivity, particularly to tensile strain, which is a prevalent mechanical stimulus known to enhance osteogenic differentiation. This review specifically examines the effects of various cyclic tensile stress (CTS) conditions on BMSC osteogenesis. It delves into the effects of different loading devices, magnitudes, frequencies, elongation levels, dimensionalities, and coculture conditions, providing a comparative analysis that aids identification of the most conducive parameters for the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Subsequently, this review delineates the signaling pathways activated by CTS, such as Wnt/β-catenin, BMP, Notch, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Hedgehog, which are instrumental in mediating the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Through a detailed examination of these pathways, this study elucidates the intricate mechanisms whereby tensile strain promotes osteogenic differentiation, offering valuable guidance for optimizing therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China; Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center of Orthodontic Disease, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China; Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center of Orthodontic Disease, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China; Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center of Orthodontic Disease, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, China; Shenyang Clinical Medical Research Center of Orthodontic Disease, China.
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Liu Y, Jia F, Li K, Liang C, Lin X, Geng W, Li Y. Critical signaling molecules in the temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis under different magnitudes of mechanical stimulation. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1419494. [PMID: 39055494 PMCID: PMC11269110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1419494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanical stress environment in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is constantly changing due to daily mandibular movements. Therefore, TMJ tissues, such as condylar cartilage, the synovial membrane and discs, are influenced by different magnitudes of mechanical stimulation. Moderate mechanical stimulation is beneficial for maintaining homeostasis, whereas abnormal mechanical stimulation leads to degeneration and ultimately contributes to the development of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA), which involves changes in critical signaling molecules. Under abnormal mechanical stimulation, compensatory molecules may prevent degenerative changes while decompensatory molecules aggravate. In this review, we summarize the critical signaling molecules that are stimulated by moderate or abnormal mechanical loading in TMJ tissues, mainly in condylar cartilage. Furthermore, we classify abnormal mechanical stimulation-induced molecules into compensatory or decompensatory molecules. Our aim is to understand the pathophysiological mechanism of TMJ dysfunction more deeply in the ever-changing mechanical environment, and then provide new ideas for discovering effective diagnostic and therapeutic targets in TMJOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Geng
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxi Li
- Department of Dental Implant Center, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Sun Q, Huang J, Tian J, Lv C, Li Y, Yu S, Liu J, Zhang J. Key Roles of Gli1 and Ihh Signaling in Craniofacial Development. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:251-261. [PMID: 38623785 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2024.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway orchestrates its influence through a dynamic interplay of Hh proteins, the cell surface receptor Ptch1, Smo, and Gli transcription factors, contributing to a myriad of developmental events. Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and Gli zinc finger transcription factor 1 (Gli1) play crucial roles in developmental regulation within the Hh signaling pathway. Ihh regulates chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and bone formation, impacting the development of cranial bones, cartilage, and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Losing Ihh results in cranial bone malformation and decreased ossification and affects the formation of cranial base cartilage unions, TMJ condyles, and joint discs. Gli1 is predominantly expressed during early craniofacial development, and Gli1+ cells are identified as the primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for craniofacial bones, crucial for cell differentiation and morphogenesis. In addition, a complex mutual regulatory mechanism exists between Gli1 and Ihh, ensuring the normal function of the Hh signaling pathway by directly or indirectly regulating each other's expression levels. And the interaction between Ihh and Gli1 significantly impacts the normal development of craniofacial tissues. This review summarizes the pivotal roles of Gli1 and Ihh in the intricate landscape of mammalian craniofacial development and outlines the molecular regulatory mechanisms and intricate interactions governing the growth of bone and cartilage exhibited by Gli1 and Ihh, which provides new insights into potential therapeutic strategies for related diseases or researches of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Jingjun Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Changhai Lv
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, Republic of China
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Wu S, Zhou H, Ling H, Sun Y, Luo Z, Ngo T, Fu Y, Wang W, Kong Y. LIPUS regulates the progression of knee osteoarthritis in mice through primary cilia-mediated TRPV4 channels. Apoptosis 2024; 29:785-798. [PMID: 38517601 PMCID: PMC11055729 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease in middle-aged and elderly people. An imbalance in calcium ion homeostasis will contribute to chondrocyte apoptosis and ultimately lead to the progression of OA. Transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPV4) is involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis. TRPV4 is expressed in primary cilia, which can sense mechanical stimuli from outside the cell, and its abnormal expression is closely related to the development of OA. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can alleviate chondrocyte apoptosis while the exact mechanism is unclear. In this project, with the aim of revealing the mechanism of action of LIPUS, we proposed to use OA chondrocytes and animal models, LIPUS intervention, inhibition of primary cilia, use TRPV4 inhibitors or TRPV4 agonist, and use Immunofluorescence (IF), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western Blot (WB), Quantitative Real-time PCR (QP) to detect the expression of cartilage synthetic matrix and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. The results revealed that LIPUS altered primary cilia expression, promoted synthetic matrix metabolism in articular chondrocytes and was associated with primary cilia. In addition, LIPUS exerted a active effect on OA by activating TRPV4, inducing calcium inward flow, and facilitating the entry of NF-κB into the nucleus to regulate synthetic matrix gene transcription. Inhibition of TRPV4 altered primary cilia expression in response to LIPUS stimulation, and knockdown of primary cilia similarly inhibited TRPV4 function. These results suggest that LIPUS mediates TRPV4 channels through primary cilia to regulate the process of knee osteoarthritis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiqi Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huixian Ling
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuyan Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - ThaiNamanh Ngo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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She Y, Ren R, Jiang N. Mechanical stress can regulate temporomandibular joint cavitation via signalling pathways. Dev Biol 2024; 507:1-8. [PMID: 38114053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), composed of temporal fossa, mandibular condyle and a fibrocartilage disc with upper and lower cavities, is the biggest synovial joint and biomechanical hinge of the craniomaxillofacial musculoskeletal system. The initial events that give rise to TMJ cavities across diverse species are not fully understood. Most studies focus on the pivotal role of molecules such as Indian hedgehog (Ihh) and hyaluronic acid (HA) in TMJ cavitation. Although biologists have observed that mechanical stress plays an irreplaceable role in the development of biological tissues and organs, few studies have been concerned with how mechanical stress regulates TMJ cavitation. Based on the evidence from human or other animal embryos today, it is implicated that mechanical stress plays an essential role in TMJ cavitation. In this review, we discuss the relationship between mechanical stress and TMJ cavitation from evo-devo perspectives and review the clinical features and potential pathogenesis of TMJ dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin She
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease and West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Guo H, Lan M, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Chen W. [Piezo1 Mediates the Regulation of Substrate Stiffness on Primary Cilia in Chondrocytes]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:67-73. [PMID: 38322536 PMCID: PMC10839480 DOI: 10.12182/20240160502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Objective To investigate how substrate stiffness regulates the morphology of primary cilia in chondrocytes and to illustrate how Piezo1 mediates the morphology regulation of primary cilia by substrate stiffness. Methods Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) curing agent and the main agent (Dow Corning, Beijing, China) were mixed at the ratio of 1∶10 (stiff), 1∶50 (medium stiffness), and 1∶70 (soft), respectively, to prepare substrate films with the thickness of 1 mm at different levels of stiffness, including stiff substrate of (2.21±0.12) MPa, medium-stiffness substrate of (54.47±6.06) kPa, and soft substrate of (2.13±0.10) kPa. Chondrocytes were cultured with the substrates of three different levels of stiffness. Then, the cells were treated with Tubastatin A (Tub A) to inhibit histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), Piezo1 activator Yoda1, and inhibitor GsMTx4, respectively. The effects of HDAC6, Yoda1, and GsMTx4 on chondrocyte morphology and the length of primary cilia were analyzed through immunofluorescence staining. Results The stiff substrate increased the spread area of the chondrocytes. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the cytoskeleton and the nuclear area of the cells on the stiff substrate were significantly increased (P<0.05) and the primary cilia were significantly extended (P<0.05) compared with those on the medium-stiffness and soft substrates. However, the presence rate of primary cilia was not affected. The HDAC6 activity of chondrocytes increased with the decrease in substrate stiffness. When the activity of HDAC6 was inhibited, the cytoskeletal area, the nuclei area, and the primary cilium length were increased more significantly on the stiff substrate (P<0.05). Further testing showed that Piezo1 activator and inhibitor could regulate the activity of HDAC6 in chondrocytes, and that the length of primary cilia was significantly increased after treatment with the activator Yoda1 (P<0.05). On the other hand, the length of primary cilia was significantly shortened on the stiff substrate after treatment with the inhibitor GsMTx4 (P<0.05). Conclusion Both substrate stiffness and Piezo1 may affect the morphology of chondrocyte primary cilia by regulating HDAC6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Guo
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Minhua Lan
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- ( 030009) Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030009, China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- ( 030009) Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030009, China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- ( 030024) College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Zhang Y, Tawiah GK, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei X, Chen W, Qiao X, Zhang Q. HDAC6 inhibition regulates substrate stiffness-mediated inflammation signaling in chondrocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1987-1998. [PMID: 37644773 PMCID: PMC10753363 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease and is difficult to cure. Chondrocytes are highly mechanosensitive. Therefore, mechanical therapies have received attention as a therapeutic direction for OA. The stiffness, as a critical cue of the extracellular matrix (ECM), affects cell growth, development, and death. In this study, we use polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to create substrates with varying stiffness for chondrocyte growth, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment to mimic the inflammatory environment, and Tubastatin A (Tub A) to inhibit histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Our results show that stiff substrates can be anti-inflammatory and provide a better matrix environment than soft substrates. Inhibition of HDAC6 improves the inflammatory environment caused by IL-1β and coordinates with inflammation to spread the chondrocyte area and primary cilia elongation. Without IL-1β and Tub A treatments, the length of the primary cilia rather than frequency is stiffness-dependent, and their length on stiff substrates are greater than that on soft substrates. In conclusion, we demonstrate that stiff substrates, inflammation, and inhibition of HDAC6 enhance the mechanosensitivity of primary cilia and mediate substrate stiffness to suppress inflammation and protect the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyShanxi Medical UniversityJinzhong030604China
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Godfred K Tawiah
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
| | - Weiyi Chen
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyShanxi Medical UniversityJinzhong030604China
- Department of OrthopaedicsLvliang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical UniversityLvliang033099China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- College of Biomedical EngineeringTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024China
- Department of Orthopaedicsthe Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityShanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury RepairShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuan030001China
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Ghuloum FI, Stevens LA, Johnson CA, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Amer MH. Towards modular engineering of cell signalling: Topographically-textured microparticles induce osteogenesis via activation of canonical hedgehog signalling. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213652. [PMID: 37837904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymer microparticles possess great potential as functional building blocks for advanced bottom-up engineering of complex tissues. Tailoring the three-dimensional architectural features of culture substrates has been shown to induce osteogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, but the molecular mechanisms underpinning this remain unclear. This study proposes a mechanism linking the activation of Hedgehog signalling to the osteoinductive effect of surface-engineered, topographically-textured polymeric microparticles. In this study, mesenchymal progenitor C3H10T1/2 cells were cultured on smooth and dimpled poly(D,l-lactide) microparticles to assess differences in viability, cellular morphology, proliferation, and expression of a range of Hedgehog signalling components and osteogenesis-related genes. Dimpled microparticles induced osteogenesis and activated the Hedgehog signalling pathway relative to smooth microparticles and 2D-cultured controls without the addition of exogenous biochemical factors. We observed upregulation of the osteogenesis markers Runt-related transcription factor2 (Runx2) and bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein 2 (Bglap2), as well as the Hedgehog signalling components, glioma associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1), Patched1 (Ptch1), and Smoothened (Smo). Treatment with the Smo antagonist KAAD-cyclopamine confirmed the involvement of Smo in Gli1 target gene activation, with a significant reduction in the expression of Gli1, Runx2 and Bglap2 (p ≤ 0.001) following KAAD-cyclopamine treatment. Overall, our study demonstrates the role of the topographical microenvironment in the modulation of Hedgehog signalling, highlighting the potential for tailoring substrate topographical design to offer cell-instructive 3D microenvironments. Topographically-textured microparticles allow the modulation of Hedgehog signalling in vitro without adding exogenous biochemical agonists, thereby eliminating potential confounding artefacts in high-throughput drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah I Ghuloum
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Lee A Stevens
- Low Carbon Energy and Resources Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Natalia A Riobo-Del Galdo
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Mahetab H Amer
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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Zhang Y, Tawiah GK, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei X, Qiao X, Zhang Q. Primary cilium-mediated mechanotransduction in cartilage chondrocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1279-1287. [PMID: 37897221 PMCID: PMC10625344 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent joint disorders associated with the degradation of articular cartilage and an abnormal mechanical microenvironment. Mechanical stimuli, including compression, shear stress, stretching strain, osmotic challenge, and the physical properties of the matrix microenvironment, play pivotal roles in the tissue homeostasis of articular cartilage. The primary cilium, as a mechanosensory and chemosensory organelle, is important for detecting and transmitting both mechanical and biochemical signals in chondrocytes within the matrix microenvironment. Growing evidence indicates that primary cilia are critical for chondrocytes signaling transduction and the matrix homeostasis of articular cartilage. Furthermore, the ability of primary cilium to regulate cellular signaling is dynamic and dependent on the cellular matrix microenvironment. In the current review, we aim to elucidate the key mechanisms by which primary cilia mediate chondrocytes sensing and responding to the matrix mechanical microenvironment. This might have potential therapeutic applications in injuries and OA-associated degeneration of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030604, Shanxi, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Godfred K Tawiah
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Qiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030604, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lvliang Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Lvliang 033099, Shanxi, China
| | - Quanyou Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
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11
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Meng H, Fu S, Ferreira MB, Hou Y, Pearce OM, Gavara N, Knight MM. YAP activation inhibits inflammatory signalling and cartilage breakdown associated with reduced primary cilia expression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:600-612. [PMID: 36368426 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the role of YAP in modulating cartilage inflammation and degradation and the involvement of primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport (IFT). METHODS Isolated primary chondrocytes were cultured on substrates of different stiffness (6-1000 kPa) or treated with YAP agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or YAP antagonist verteporfin (VP), or genetically modified by YAP siRNA, all ± IL1β. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release were measured to monitor IL1β response. YAP activity was quantified by YAP nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and percentage of YAP-positive cells. Mechanical properties of cartilage explants were tested to confirm cartilage degradation. The involvement of primary cilia and IFT was analysed using IFT88 siRNA and ORPK cells with hypomorphic mutation of IFT88. RESULTS Treatment with LPA, or increasing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate stiffness, activated YAP nuclear expression and inhibited IL1β-induced release of NO and PGE2, in isolated chondrocytes. Treatment with LPA also inhibited IL1β-mediated inflammatory signalling in cartilage explants and prevented matrix degradation and the loss of cartilage biomechanics. YAP activation reduced expression of primary cilia, knockdown of YAP in the absence of functional cilia/IFT failed to induce an inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that both pharmaceutical and mechanical activation of YAP blocks pro-inflammatory signalling induced by IL1β and prevents cartilage breakdown and the loss of biomechanical functionality. This is associated with reduced expression of primary cilia revealing a potential anti-inflammatory mechanism with novel therapeutic targets for treatment of osteoarthritis (OA).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meng
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - S Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - M B Ferreira
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Y Hou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Centre for Predictive in Vitro Models, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - O M Pearce
- Barts Cancer Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - N Gavara
- Serra-Hunter Program, Biophysics and Bioengineering Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M M Knight
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Centre for Predictive in Vitro Models, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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12
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Yuan G, Yang ST, Yang S. Regulator of G protein signaling 12 drives inflammatory arthritis by activating synovial fibroblasts through MYCBP2/KIF2A signaling. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:197-210. [PMID: 36700049 PMCID: PMC9843488 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synovial fibroblasts are the active and aggressive drivers in the progression of arthritis, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, our results showed that regulator of G protein signaling 12 (RGS12) maintained ciliogenesis in synovial fibroblasts, which is critical for the development of inflammatory arthritis. Deletion of RGS12 led to a significant decrease in ciliogenesis, adhesion, migration, and secretion of synovial fibroblasts. Mechanistically, RGS12 overexpression in synovial fibroblasts increased the length and number of cilia but decreased the protein level of kinesin family member 2A (KIF2A). The results of LC-MS analyses showed that RGS12 interacted with MYC binding protein 2 to enhance its ubiquitination activity, through which the KIF2A protein was degraded in synovial fibroblasts. Moreover, overexpression of KIF2A blocked the increases in cilia length and number. Mice with RGS12 deficiency or treatment of RGS12 shRNA nanoparticles significantly decreased the clinical score, paw swelling, synovitis, and cartilage destruction during inflammatory arthritis by inhibiting the activation of synovial fibroblasts. Therefore, this study provides evidence that RGS12 activates synovial fibroblasts' pathological function via promoting MCYBP2-mediated degradation of KIF2A and ciliogenesis. Our data suggest that RGS12 may be a potential drug target for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongsheng Yuan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shu-ting Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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13
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Mechanotransduction pathways in articular chondrocytes and the emerging role of estrogen receptor-α. Bone Res 2023; 11:13. [PMID: 36869045 PMCID: PMC9984452 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the synovial joint, mechanical force creates an important signal that influences chondrocyte behavior. The conversion of mechanical signals into biochemical cues relies on different elements in mechanotransduction pathways and culminates in changes in chondrocyte phenotype and extracellular matrix composition/structure. Recently, several mechanosensors, the first responders to mechanical force, have been discovered. However, we still have limited knowledge about the downstream molecules that enact alterations in the gene expression profile during mechanotransduction signaling. Recently, estrogen receptor α (ERα) has been shown to modulate the chondrocyte response to mechanical loading through a ligand-independent mechanism, in line with previous research showing that ERα exerts important mechanotransduction effects on other cell types, such as osteoblasts. In consideration of these recent discoveries, the goal of this review is to position ERα into the mechanotransduction pathways known to date. Specifically, we first summarize our most recent understanding of the mechanotransduction pathways in chondrocytes on the basis of three categories of actors, namely mechanosensors, mechanotransducers, and mechanoimpactors. Then, the specific roles played by ERα in mediating the chondrocyte response to mechanical loading are discussed, and the potential interactions of ERα with other molecules in mechanotransduction pathways are explored. Finally, we propose several future research directions that may advance our understanding of the roles played by ERα in mediating biomechanical cues under physiological and pathological conditions.
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14
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Stevenson NL. The factory, the antenna and the scaffold: the three-way interplay between the Golgi, cilium and extracellular matrix underlying tissue function. Biol Open 2023; 12:287059. [PMID: 36802341 PMCID: PMC9986613 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of healthy tissues is dependent on the construction of a highly specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) to provide support for cell growth and migration and to determine the biomechanical properties of the tissue. These scaffolds are composed of extensively glycosylated proteins which are secreted and assembled into well-ordered structures that can hydrate, mineralise, and store growth factors as required. The proteolytic processing and glycosylation of ECM components is vital to their function. These modifications are under the control of the Golgi apparatus, an intracellular factory hosting spatially organised, protein-modifying enzymes. Regulation also requires a cellular antenna, the cilium, which integrates extracellular growth signals and mechanical cues to inform ECM production. Consequently, mutations in either Golgi or ciliary genes frequently lead to connective tissue disorders. The individual importance of each of these organelles to ECM function is well-studied. However, emerging evidence points towards a more tightly linked system of interdependence between the Golgi, cilium and ECM. This review examines how the interplay between all three compartments underpins healthy tissue. As an example, it will look at several members of the golgin family of Golgi-resident proteins whose loss is detrimental to connective tissue function. This perspective will be important for many future studies looking to dissect the cause and effect of mutations impacting tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Stevenson
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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15
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Meng H, Thompson CL, Coveney CR, Wann AK, Knight MM. Techniques for Visualization and Quantification of Primary Cilia in Chondrocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:157-176. [PMID: 36355291 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia regulate and coordinate a variety of cell signaling pathways important in chondrocyte physiology and cartilage development, health, and disease. Despite this, the chondrocyte primary cilium and its associated role in cartilage biology remains poorly understood. Key to elucidating primary cilia structure and function in chondrocytes is the ability to visualize this unique structure. Here we describe materials and methods for immunofluorescence labeling, microscopy, and measurement of chondrocyte primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Meng
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Clare L Thompson
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Clarissa R Coveney
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angus K Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin M Knight
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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16
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Ghuloum FI, Johnson CA, Riobo-Del Galdo NA, Amer MH. From mesenchymal niches to engineered in vitro model systems: Exploring and exploiting biomechanical regulation of vertebrate hedgehog signalling. Mater Today Bio 2022; 17:100502. [PMID: 36457847 PMCID: PMC9707069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue patterning is the result of complex interactions between transcriptional programs and various mechanical cues that modulate cell behaviour and drive morphogenesis. Vertebrate Hedgehog signalling plays key roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis, and is central to skeletal development and the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The expression of several components of the Hedgehog signalling pathway have been reported to be mechanically regulated in mesodermal tissue patterning and osteogenic differentiation in response to external stimulation. Since a number of bone developmental defects and skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis, are directly linked to aberrant Hedgehog signalling, a better knowledge of the regulation of Hedgehog signalling in the mechanosensitive bone marrow-residing mesenchymal stromal cells will present novel avenues for modelling these diseases and uncover novel opportunities for extracellular matrix-targeted therapies. In this review, we present a brief overview of the key molecular players involved in Hedgehog signalling and the basic concepts of mechanobiology, with a focus on bone development and regeneration. We also highlight the correlation between the activation of the Hedgehog signalling pathway in response to mechanical cues and osteogenesis in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, we propose different tissue engineering strategies to apply the expanding knowledge of 3D material-cell interactions in the modulation of Hedgehog signalling in vitro for fundamental and translational research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatmah I. Ghuloum
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Colin A. Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Natalia A. Riobo-Del Galdo
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Mahetab H. Amer
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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17
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Primary Cilia: A Cellular Regulator of Articular Cartilage Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2560441. [PMID: 36193252 PMCID: PMC9525753 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2560441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease that can cause pain and disability in adults. The main pathological characteristic of OA is cartilage degeneration, which is caused by chondrocyte apoptosis, cartilage matrix degradation, and inflammatory factor destruction. The current treatment for patients with OA focuses on delaying its progression, such as oral anti-inflammatory analgesics or injection of sodium gluconate into the joint cavity. Primary cilia are an important structure involved in cellular signal transduction. Thus, they are very sensitive to mechanical and physicochemical stimuli. It is reported that the primary cilia may play an important role in the development of OA. Here, we review the correlation between the morphology (location, length, incidence, and orientation) of chondrocyte primary cilia and OA and summarize the relevant signaling pathways in chondrocytes that could regulate the OA process through primary cilia, including Hedgehog, Wnt, and inflammation-related signaling pathways. These data provide new ideas for OA treatment.
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18
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Wang Z, Sa G, Zheng L, Wei Z, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Yang X. Intraflagellar transport protein 88 interacts with polycystin 2 to regulate mechanosensitive hedgehog signaling in mandibular condylar chondrocytes. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105548. [PMID: 36155344 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore whether intraflagellar transport protein 88 (IFT88) was associated with polycystin 2 during mechanotransduction of mandibular condylar chondrocytes. METHODS Rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes isolated from the condylar bone-cartilage junction were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (0.1 Hz, 10% elongation). Overexpression of IFT88 was achieved by lentiviral vector-mediated transfection. Knockdown of IFT88 and polycystin 2 was achieved by small interfering RNA (siRNA). The prevalence and length of cilia were reflected by immunofluorescence staining. The activities of hedgehog signaling were evaluated by western blot analysis. The interaction between polycystin 2 and IFT88 was evaluated by conducting a co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. RESULTS Overexpression of IFT88 increased the length of cilia. Protein levels of polycystin 2, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), Patched 1 (Ptch1), Smoothened (Smo), and Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) were elevated in IFT88-overexpressing mandibular condylar chondrocytes under cyclic tensile strain. Knockdown of the protein level of IFT88 reduced the prevalence and length of cilia, and protein levels of polycystin 2, Ihh, Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1. A co-IP assay showed that IFT88 formed a complex with polycystin 2 under cyclic tensile strain. Knockdown of polycystin 2 decreased the protein levels of IFT88, Ihh, Ptch1, Smo, and Gli1 in mandibular condylar chondrocytes following cyclic tensile strain. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the vital role of an interaction between IFT88 and polycystin 2 in mechanosensitive hedgehog signaling in mandibular condylar chondrocytes following cyclic tensile strain, which suggest that therapies regulating polycystin 2 may be considered for the disorders of temporomandibular joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Sa
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liwu Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zequan Wei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Hu
- Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical Collage, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuewen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Willantarra I, Leung S, Choi YS, Chhana A, McGlashan SR. Chondrocyte-specific response to stiffness-mediated primary cilia formation and centriole positioning. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C236-C247. [PMID: 35649254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00135.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stress and the stiffness of the extracellular matrix are key drivers of tissue development and homeostasis. Aberrant mechanosensation is associated with a wide range of pathologies, including osteoarthritis. Matrix (or substrate) stiffness plays a major role in cell spreading, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. However, how specific cells sense substrate stiffness still remains unclude. The primary cilium is an essential cellular organelle that senses and integrates mechanical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment. We hypothesised that the primary cilium dynamically alters its length and position to fine-tune cell mechanosignalling based on substrate stiffness alone. We used a hydrogel system of varying substrate stiffness to examine the role of stiffness on cilia frequency, length and centriole position as well as cell and nuclei area over time. Contrary to other cell types, we show that chondrocyte primary cilia shorten on softer substrates demonstrating tissue-specific mechanosensing which is aligned with the tissue stiffness the cells originate from. We further show that stiffness determines centriole positioning to either the basal or apical membrane during attachment and spreading, with centriole positioned towards the basal membrane on stiffer substrates. These phenomena are mediated by force generation actin-myosin stress fibres in a time-dependent manner. Finally we show on stiff substrates, that primary cilia are involved in tension-mediated cell spreading. We propose that substrate stiffness plays a role in cilia positioning, regulating cellular responses to external forces, and may be a key driver of mechanosignalling-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Willantarra
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Leung
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ashika Chhana
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sue R McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Lamuedra A, Gratal P, Calatrava L, Ruiz-Perez VL, Palencia-Campos A, Portal-Núñez S, Mediero A, Herrero-Beaumont G, Largo R. Blocking chondrocyte hypertrophy in conditional Evc knockout mice does not modify cartilage damage in osteoarthritis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22258. [PMID: 35334131 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101791rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage acquire a hypertrophic-like phenotype, where Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is pivotal. Hh overexpression causes OA-like cartilage lesions, whereas its downregulation prevents articular destruction in mouse models. Mutations in EVC and EVC2 genes disrupt Hh signaling, and are responsible for the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome skeletal dysplasia. Since Ellis-van Creveld syndrome protein (Evc) deletion is expected to hamper Hh target gene expression we hypothesized that it would also prevent OA progression avoiding chondrocyte hypertrophy. Our aim was to study Evc as a new therapeutic target in OA, and whether Evc deletion restrains chondrocyte hypertrophy and prevents joint damage in an Evc tamoxifen induced knockout (EvccKO ) model of OA. For this purpose, OA was induced by surgical knee destabilization in wild-type (WT) and EvccKO adult mice, and healthy WT mice were used as controls (n = 10 knees/group). Hypertrophic markers and Hh genes were measured by qRT-PCR, and metalloproteinases (MMP) levels assessed by western blot. Human OA chondrocytes and cartilage samples were obtained from patients undergoing knee joint replacement surgery. Cyclopamine (CPA) was used for Hh pharmacological inhibition and IL-1 beta as an inflammatory insult. Our results showed that tamoxifen induced inactivation of Evc inhibited Hh overexpression and partially prevented chondrocyte hypertrophy during OA, although it did not ameliorate cartilage damage in DMM-EvccKO mice. Hh pathway inhibition did not modify the expression of proinflammatory mediators induced by IL-1 beta in human OA chondrocytes in culture. We found that hypertrophic-IHH-and inflammatory-COX-2-markers co-localized in OA cartilage samples. We concluded that tamoxifen induced inactivation of Evc partially prevented chondrocyte hypertrophy in DMM-EvccKO mice, but it did not ameliorate cartilage damage. Overall, our results suggest that chondrocyte hypertrophy per se is not a pathogenic event in the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lamuedra
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Gratal
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Calatrava
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Víctor Luis Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Spain.,Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Portal-Núñez
- Bone Physiopathology Laboratory, Applied Molecular Medicine Institute (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Mediero
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Largo
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, Service of Rheumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Mechanical regulation of bone remodeling. Bone Res 2022; 10:16. [PMID: 35181672 PMCID: PMC8857305 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a lifelong process that gives rise to a mature, dynamic bone structure via a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and resorption by osteoclasts. These opposite processes allow the accommodation of bones to dynamic mechanical forces, altering bone mass in response to changing conditions. Mechanical forces are indispensable for bone homeostasis; skeletal formation, resorption, and adaptation are dependent on mechanical signals, and loss of mechanical stimulation can therefore significantly weaken the bone structure, causing disuse osteoporosis and increasing the risk of fracture. The exact mechanisms by which the body senses and transduces mechanical forces to regulate bone remodeling have long been an active area of study among researchers and clinicians. Such research will lead to a deeper understanding of bone disorders and identify new strategies for skeletal rejuvenation. Here, we will discuss the mechanical properties, mechanosensitive cell populations, and mechanotransducive signaling pathways of the skeletal system.
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22
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Lithium chloride-induced primary cilia recovery enhances biosynthetic response of chondrocytes to mechanical stimulation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:605-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01551-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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23
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Otarola G, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM AND SODIUM MODULATION OF SELF-ASSEMBLED NEOCARTILAGE USING COSTAL CHONDROCYTES. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:595-605. [PMID: 34877888 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion signaling via Ca2+ and Na+ plays a key role in mechanotransduction and encourages a chondrogenic phenotype and tissue maturation. Here, we propose that the pleiotropic effects of Ca2+ and Na+ modulation can be used to induce maturation and improvement of neocartilage derived from re-differentiated expanded chondrocytes from minipig rib cartilage. Three ion modulators were employed: 1) 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (4-αPDD), an agonist of the Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), 2) ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na+/K+ pump, and 3) ionomycin, a Ca2+ ionophore. These ion modulators were used individually or in combination. While no beneficial effects were observed when using combinations of the ion modulators, single treatment of constructs with the three ion modulators resulted in multiple effects in structure-function relationships. The most significant findings were related to ionomycin. Treatment of neocartilage with ionomycin produced 61% and 115% increases in glycosaminoglycan and pyridinoline crosslink content, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, treatment with this Ca2+ ionophore resulted in a 45% increase of the aggregate modulus, and a 63% increase in the tensile Young's modulus, resulting in aggregate and Young's moduli of 567 kPa and 8.43 MPa, respectively. These results support the use of ion modulation to develop biomimetic neocartilage using expanded re-differentiated costal chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston Otarola
- University of California, Irvine, BME, Irvine, California, United States;
| | - Jerry C Hu
- University of California, Irvine, BME, Irvine, California, United States;
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24
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Sheng X, Gao S, Sheng Y, Xie X, Wang J, He Y. Vangl2 participates in the primary ciliary assembly under low fluid shear stress in hUVECs. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 387:95-109. [PMID: 34738156 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of blood fluid shear stress (FSS) is considered the main factor that affects ciliogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (hUVECs), the underlying mechanism is unclear. Microfluidic chamber experiments were carried out to load hUVECs with low fluid shear stress (LSS, 0.1 dynes/cm2) or high fluid shear stress (HSS, 15 dynes/cm2). Van Gogh2 (Vangl2), a core protein in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, was silenced and overexpressed in hUVECs. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that primary cilia assemble under LSS while disassembling under HSS. Vangl2 expression was consistent with cilia assembly, and its localization showed a polar distribution under LSS. Furthermore, the average number of ciliated cells and primary cilia length were increased in the Vangl2 overexpressing cell lines (the OE group) but decreased in the Vangl2 silenced cell lines (the SH group). When these cells were loaded with different FSS, more ciliated cells with longest primary cilia were observed in the LSS loaded OE group compared with those in the other groups. Immunoprecipitation showed that the interaction between Bardet-Biedl syndrome 8 (BBS8) and Vangl2 was enhanced following LSS loading compared to that under HSS. However, the interactions between phosphorylated dishevelled segment polarity protein 2 (pDvl2), kinesin family member 2a (Kif2a), and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and Vangl2 were restrained following LSS loading. Overall, the results indicated that Vangl2 played a significant role during LSS-induced primary cilia assembly by recruiting BBS to promote the apical docking of basal bodies and by restraining Dvl2 phosphorylation from reducing primary cilia disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuanglin Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sheng
- Laboratory of Basic Medical Morphology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiadan Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
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Shea CA, Murphy P. The Primary Cilium on Cells of Developing Skeletal Rudiments; Distribution, Characteristics and Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725018. [PMID: 34490272 PMCID: PMC8418538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo movement is important for tissue differentiation and the formation of functional skeletal elements during embryonic development: reduced mechanical stimulation results in fused joints and misshapen skeletal rudiments with concomitant changes in the signaling environment and gene expression profiles in both mouse and chick immobile embryos. Despite the clear relationship between movement and skeletogenesis, the precise mechanisms by which mechanical stimuli influence gene regulatory processes are not clear. The primary cilium enables cells to sense mechanical stimuli in the cellular environment, playing a crucial mechanosensory role during kidney development and in articular cartilage and bone but little is known about cilia on developing skeletal tissues. Here, we examine the occurrence, length, position, and orientation of primary cilia across developing skeletal rudiments in mouse embryos during a period of pronounced mechanosensitivity and we report differences and similarities between wildtype and muscle-less mutant (Pax3Spd/Spd) rudiments. Strikingly, joint regions tend to have cilia positioned and oriented away from the joint, while there was a less obvious, but still significant, preferred position on the posterior aspect of cells within the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. Regions of the developing rudiments have characteristic proportions of ciliated cells, with more cilia in the resting and joint zones. Comparing wildtype to muscle-less mutant embryos, cilia are shorter in the mutant with no significant difference in the proportion of ciliated cells. Cilia at the mutant joint were also oriented away from the joint line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Shea
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Murphy
- Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Statham P, Jones E, Jennings LM, Fermor HL. Reproducing the Biomechanical Environment of the Chondrocyte for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:405-420. [PMID: 33726527 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the biomechanical and tribological performance of articular cartilage is inextricably linked to its extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and zonal heterogeneity. Furthermore, it is understood that the presence of native ECM components, such as collagen II and aggrecan, promote healthy homeostasis in the resident chondrocytes. What is less frequently discussed is how chondrocyte metabolism is related to the extracellular mechanical environment, at both the macro and microscale. The chondrocyte is in immediate contact with the pericellular matrix of the chondron, which acts as a mechanocoupler, transmitting external applied loads from the ECM to the chondrocyte. Therefore, components of the pericellular matrix also play essential roles in chondrocyte mechanotransduction and metabolism. Recreating the biomechanical environment through tuning material properties of a scaffold and/or the use of external cyclic loading can induce biosynthetic responses in chondrocytes. Decellularized scaffolds, which retain the native tissue macro- and microstructure also represent an effective means of recapitulating such an environment. The use of such techniques in tissue engineering applications can ensure the regeneration of skeletally mature articular cartilage with appropriate biomechanical and tribological properties to restore joint function. Despite the pivotal role in graft maturation and performance, biomechanical and tribological properties of such interventions is often underrepresented. This review outlines the role of biomechanics in relation to native cartilage performance and chondrocyte metabolism, and how application of this theory can enhance the future development and successful translation of biomechanically relevant tissue engineering interventions. Impact statement Physiological cartilage function is a key criterion in the success of a cartilage tissue engineering solution. The in situ performance is dependent on the initial scaffold design as well as extracellular matrix deposition by endogenous or exogenous cells. Both biological and biomechanical stimuli serve as key regulators of cartilage homeostasis and maturation of the resulting tissue-engineered graft. An improved understanding of the influence of biomechanics on cellular function and consideration of the final biomechanical and tribological performance will help in the successful development and translation of tissue-engineered grafts to restore natural joint function postcartilage trauma or osteoarthritic degeneration, delaying the requirement for prosthetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Statham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Sun Y, Yuan Y, Wu W, Lei L, Zhang L. The effects of locomotion on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate: insight into mechanical regulation and bone formation. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:88. [PMID: 34001272 PMCID: PMC8130302 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) refer to a heterogeneous population of cells with the capacity for self-renewal. BMSCs have multi-directional differentiation potential and can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes under specific microenvironment or mechanical regulation. The activities of BMSCs are closely related to bone quality. Previous studies have shown that BMSCs and their lineage-differentiated progeny (for example, osteoblasts), and osteocytes are mechanosensitive in bone. Thus, a goal of this review is to discuss how these ubiquious signals arising from mechanical stimulation are perceived by BMSCs and then how the cells respond to them. Studies in recent years reported a significant effect of locomotion on the migration, proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs, thus, contributing to our bone mass. This regulation is realized by the various intersecting signaling pathways including RhoA/Rock, IFG, BMP and Wnt signalling. The mechanoresponse of BMSCs also provides guidance for maintaining bone health by taking appropriate exercises. This review will summarize the regulatory effects of locomotion/mechanical loading on BMSCs activities. Besides, a number of signalling pathways govern MSC fate towards osteogenic or adipocytic differentiation will be discussed. The understanding of mechanoresponse of BMSCs makes the foundation for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiu Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Le Lei
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Road West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.
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Geoghegan IP, McNamara LM, Hoey DA. Estrogen withdrawal alters cytoskeletal and primary ciliary dynamics resulting in increased Hedgehog and osteoclastogenic paracrine signalling in osteocytes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9272. [PMID: 33927279 PMCID: PMC8085225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency during post-menopausal osteoporosis leads to osteoclastogenesis and bone loss. Increased pro-osteoclastogenic signalling (RANKL/OPG) by osteocytes occurs following estrogen withdrawal (EW) and is associated with impaired focal adhesions (FAs) and a disrupted actin cytoskeleton. RANKL production is mediated by Hedgehog signalling in osteocytes, a signalling pathway associated with the primary cilium, and the ciliary structure is tightly coupled to the cytoskeleton. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of the cilium and associated signalling in EW-mediated osteoclastogenic signalling in osteocytes. We report that EW leads to an elongation of the cilium and increase in Hedgehog and osteoclastogenic signalling. Significant trends were identified linking cilia elongation with reductions in cell area and % FA area/cell area, indicating that cilia elongation is associated with disruption of FAs and actin contractility. To verify this, we inhibited FA assembly via αvβ3 antagonism and inhibited actin contractility and demonstrated an elongated cilia and increased expression of Hh markers and Rankl expression. Therefore, our results suggest that the EW conditions associated with osteoporosis lead to a disorganisation of αvβ3 integrins and reduced actin contractility, which were associated with an elongation of the cilium, activation of the Hh pathway and osteoclastogenic paracrine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivor P Geoghegan
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group, Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Mechanobiology and Medical Devices Research Group, Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.,Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. .,Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland. .,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Thompson CL, McFie M, Chapple JP, Beales P, Knight MM. Polycystin-2 Is Required for Chondrocyte Mechanotransduction and Traffics to the Primary Cilium in Response to Mechanical Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4313. [PMID: 33919210 PMCID: PMC8122406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport are essential for skeletal development, joint homeostasis, and the response to mechanical stimuli, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Polycystin-2 (PC2) is a member of the transient receptor potential polycystic (TRPP) family of cation channels, and together with Polycystin-1 (PC1), it has been implicated in cilia-mediated mechanotransduction in epithelial cells. The current study investigates the effect of mechanical stimulation on the localization of ciliary polycystins in chondrocytes and tests the hypothesis that they are required in chondrocyte mechanosignaling. Isolated chondrocytes were subjected to mechanical stimulation in the form of uniaxial cyclic tensile strain (CTS) in order to examine the effects on PC2 ciliary localization and matrix gene expression. In the absence of strain, PC2 localizes to the chondrocyte ciliary membrane and neither PC1 nor PC2 are required for ciliogenesis. Cartilage matrix gene expression (Acan, Col2a) is increased in response to 10% CTS. This response is inhibited by siRNA-mediated loss of PC1 or PC2 expression. PC2 ciliary localization requires PC1 and is increased in response to CTS. Increased PC2 cilia trafficking is dependent on the activation of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) activation. Together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that polycystins are required for chondrocyte mechanotransduction and highlight the mechanosensitive cilia trafficking of PC2 as an important component of cilia-mediated mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L. Thompson
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - Megan McFie
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
| | - J. Paul Chapple
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK;
| | - Philip Beales
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK;
| | - Martin M. Knight
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (M.M.); (M.M.K.)
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HDAC6 Signaling at Primary Cilia Promotes Proliferation and Restricts Differentiation of Glioma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071644. [PMID: 33915983 PMCID: PMC8036575 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal brain tumor in adults because it becomes resistant to virtually every treatment. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), which is located primarily in the cytoplasm, has a unique role in promoting the disassembly of cells’ primary cilium, a non-motile “antenna” that must be broken down before cells can progress through the cell cycle. The role of HDAC6 and its function in gliomas have not been investigated with respect to tumor cell cilia. We have found that inhibitors of HDAC6 cause rapid and specific changes inside glioma cilia, reducing tumor cell proliferative capacity and promoting cell differentiation. Importantly, the HDAC6 inhibitors did not affect the proliferation or differentiation of glioma cells that we genetically modified unable to grow cilia. Our findings reveal a conserved and critical role for HDAC6 in glioma growth that is dependent on cilia. Abstract Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an emerging therapeutic target that is overexpressed in glioblastoma when compared to other HDACs. HDAC6 catalyzes the deacetylation of alpha-tubulin and mediates the disassembly of primary cilia, a process required for cell cycle progression. HDAC6 inhibition disrupts glioma proliferation, but whether this effect is dependent on tumor cell primary cilia is unknown. We found that HDAC6 inhibitors ACY-1215 (1215) and ACY-738 (738) inhibited the proliferation of multiple patient-derived and mouse glioma cells. While both inhibitors triggered rapid increases in acetylated alpha-tubulin (aaTub) in the cytosol and led to increased frequencies of primary cilia, they unexpectedly reduced the levels of aaTub in the cilia. To test whether the antiproliferative effects of HDAC6 inhibitors are dependent on tumor cell cilia, we generated patient-derived glioma lines devoid of cilia through depletion of ciliogenesis genes ARL13B or KIF3A. At low concentrations, 1215 or 738 did not decrease the proliferation of cilia-depleted cells. Moreover, the differentiation of glioma cells that was induced by HDAC6 inhibition did not occur after the inhibition of cilia formation. These data suggest HDAC6 signaling at primary cilia promotes the proliferation of glioma cells by restricting their ability to differentiate. Surprisingly, overexpressing HDAC6 did not reduce cilia length or the frequency of ciliated glioma cells, suggesting other factors are required to control HDAC6-mediated cilia disassembly in glioma cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that HDAC6 promotes the proliferation of glioma cells through primary cilia.
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31
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Johnson GP, Fair S, Hoey DA. Primary cilium-mediated MSC mechanotransduction is dependent on Gpr161 regulation of hedgehog signalling. Bone 2021; 145:115846. [PMID: 33450431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of physical loading to skeletal mass are well known. The primary cilium has emerged as an important organelle in bone mechanobiology/mechanotransduction, particularly in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, yet the molecular mechanisms of cilium mechanotransduction are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that Gpr161 is a mechanoresponsive GPCR, that localises to the cilium, and is involved in fluid shear-induced cAMP signalling and downstream osteogenesis. This Gpr161-mediated mechanotransduction is dependent on IFT88/cilium and may act through adenylyl cyclase 6 (AC6) to regulate cAMP and MSC osteogenesis. Moreover, we demonstrate that Hh signalling is positively associated with osteogenesis and that Hh gene expression is mechanically regulated and required for loading-induced osteogenic differentiation through a mechanism that involves IFT88, Gpr161, AC6, and cAMP. Therefore, we have delineated a molecular mechanism of MSC mechanotransduction which likely occurs at the cilium, leading to MSC osteogenesis, highlighting novel mechanotherapeutic targets to enhance osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian P Johnson
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland; Dept. of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 DK07, Ireland; Dept. of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 PH61, Ireland; Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Dept. of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sean Fair
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Dept. of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin D02 R590, Ireland; Dept. of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2 D02 DK07, Ireland; Dept. of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 PH61, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2 D02 VN51, Ireland.
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32
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Takeda Y, Niki Y, Fukuhara Y, Fukuda Y, Udagawa K, Shimoda M, Kikuchi T, Kobayashi S, Harato K, Miyamoto T, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M. Compressive mechanical stress enhances susceptibility to interleukin-1 by increasing interleukin-1 receptor expression in 3D-cultured ATDC5 cells. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:238. [PMID: 33648469 PMCID: PMC7923672 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical overload applied on the articular cartilage may play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. However, the mechanism of chondrocyte mechanotransduction is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of compressive mechanical stress on interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) and matrix-degrading enzyme expression by three-dimensional (3D) cultured ATDC5 cells. In addition, the implications of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel regulation in promoting effects of compressive mechanical loading were elucidated. Methods ATDC5 cells were cultured in alginate beads with the growth medium containing insulin-transferrin-selenium and BMP-2 for 6 days. The cultured cell pellet was seeded in collagen scaffolds to produce 3D-cultured constructs. Cyclic compressive loading was applied on the 3D-cultured constructs at 0.5 Hz for 3 h. The mRNA expressions of a disintegrin and metalloproteinases with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS4) and IL-1R were determined with or without compressive loading, and effects of TRPV4 agonist/antagonist on mRNA expressions were examined. Immunoreactivities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), TRPV4 and IL-1R were assessed in 3D-cultured ATDC5 cells. Results In 3D-cultured ATDC5 cells, ROS was induced by cyclic compressive loading stress. The mRNA expression levels of ADAMTS4 and IL-1R were increased by cyclic compressive loading, which was mostly prevented by pyrollidine dithiocarbamate. Small amounts of IL-1β upregulated ADAMTS4 and IL-1R mRNA expressions only when combined with compressive loading. TRPV4 agonist suppressed ADAMTS4 and IL-1R mRNA levels induced by the compressive loading, whereas TRPV4 antagonist enhanced these levels. Immunoreactivities to TRPV4 and IL-1R significantly increased in constructs with cyclic compressive loading. Conclusion Cyclic compressive loading induced mRNA expressions of ADAMTS4 and IL-1R through reactive oxygen species. TRPV4 regulated these mRNA expressions, but excessive compressive loading may impair TRPV4 regulation. These findings suggested that TRPV4 regulates the expression level of IL-1R and subsequent IL-1 signaling induced by cyclic compressive loading and participates in cartilage homeostasis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-021-04095-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuo Niki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Fukuhara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Fukuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Udagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kikuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shu Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kengo Harato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Wu H, Wang Z, Liu S, Meng H, Liu S, Fu S. Sub-toxic levels of cobalt ions impair chondrocyte mechanostranduction via HDAC6-dependent primary cilia shortening. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 544:38-43. [PMID: 33516880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt ions are the main wear particles associated with orthopaedic implants, causing adverse complications due to cytotoxicity and inflammatory mediators. Recent studies have shown that sub-toxic levels of cobalt ions regulate matrix synthesis and inflammation, but the influence of cobalt ions on mechanotransduction remains unclear. Previously, we reported that sub-toxic levels of cobalt ions modulated primary cilia, which are crucial for mechanotransduction. This study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of cobalt ions on chondrocyte mechanosensation in response to cyclic tensile strain and the association with primary cilia. Sub-toxic levels of cobalt ions impaired chondrocyte mechanosensation and affected the gene expression of aggrecan, collagen II and MMP-13. Moreover, cobalt ions induced HDAC6-dependent primary cilia disassembly, which was associated with either cytoplasmic or ciliary α-tubulin deacetylation. Pharmaceutical HDAC6 inhibition with tubacin restored primary cilia length and mechanotransduction, whereas chemical depletion of primary cilia by chloral hydrate prevented mechanosignalling. Thus, sub-toxic levels of cobalt ions impaired chondrocyte mechanotransduction via HDAC6 activation, which was associated with tubulin deacetylation and primary cilia shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China.
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University, China.
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University, China.
| | - Huan Meng
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - Shengyuan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, China.
| | - Su Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China.
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Primary Cilia as a Biomarker in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Senescence: Influencing Osteoblastic Differentiation Potency Associated with Hedgehog Signaling Regulation. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8850114. [PMID: 33574852 PMCID: PMC7857927 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8850114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering-based therapy for bone lesions requires the expansion of seeding cells, such as autologous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). A major obstacle to this process is the loss of the phenotype and differentiation capacity of MSCs subjected to passage. Recent studies have suggested that primary cilia, primordial organelles that transduce multiple signals, particularly hedgehog signals, play a role in senescence. Therefore, we explored the relationships among senescence, primary cilia, and hedgehog signaling in MSCs. Ageing of MSCs by expansion in vitro was accompanied by increased cell doubling time. The osteogenic capacity of aged MSCs at passage 4 was compromised compared to that of primary cells. P4 MSCs exhibited reductions in the frequency and length of primary cilia associated with decreased intensity of Arl13b staining on cilia. Senescence also resulted in downregulation of the expression of hedgehog components and CDKN2A. Suppression of ciliogenesis reduced the gene expression of both Gli1, a key molecule in the hedgehog signaling pathway and ALP, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation. This study demonstrated that the senescence of MSCs induced the loss of osteoblastic differentiation potency and inactivated hedgehog signaling associated with attenuated ciliogenesis, indicating that primary cilia play a mediating role in and are biomarkers of MSC senescence; thus, future antisenescence strategies involving manipulation of primary cilia could be developed.
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Fu S, Meng H, Inamdar S, Das B, Gupta H, Wang W, Thompson CL, Knight MM. Activation of TRPV4 by mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical stimulation is anti-inflammatory blocking IL-1β mediated articular cartilage matrix destruction. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:89-99. [PMID: 33395574 PMCID: PMC7799379 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage health is maintained in response to a range of mechanical stimuli including compressive, shear and tensile strains and associated alterations in osmolality. The osmotic-sensitive ion channel Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is required for mechanotransduction. Mechanical stimuli inhibit interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediated inflammatory signalling, however the mechanism is unclear. This study aims to clarify the role of TRPV4 in this response. DESIGN TRPV4 activity was modulated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK205 antagonist or GSK1016790 A (GSK101) agonist) in articular chondrocytes and cartilage explants in the presence or absence of IL-1β, mechanical (10% cyclic tensile strain (CTS), 0.33 Hz, 24hrs) or osmotic loading (200mOsm, 24hrs). Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release and cartilage biomechanics were analysed. Alterations in post-translational tubulin modifications and primary cilia length regulation were examined. RESULTS In isolated chondrocytes, mechanical loading inhibited IL-1β mediated NO and PGE2 release. This response was inhibited by GSK205. Similarly, osmotic loading was anti-inflammatory in cells and explants, this response was abrogated by TRPV4 inhibition. In explants, GSK101 inhibited IL-1β mediated NO release and prevented cartilage degradation and loss of mechanical properties. Upon activation, TRPV4 cilia localisation was increased resulting in histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-dependent modulation of soluble tubulin and altered cilia length regulation. CONCLUSION Mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical activation of TRPV4 regulates HDAC6-dependent modulation of ciliary tubulin and is anti-inflammatory. This study reveals for the first time, the potential of TRPV4 manipulation as a novel therapeutic mechanism to supress pro-inflammatory signalling and cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fu
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - H Meng
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - S Inamdar
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - B Das
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - H Gupta
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - W Wang
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - C L Thompson
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
| | - M M Knight
- Centre for Predictive In Vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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36
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He Y, Makarczyk MJ, Lin H. Role of mitochondria in mediating chondrocyte response to mechanical stimuli. Life Sci 2020; 263:118602. [PMID: 33086121 PMCID: PMC7736591 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the most common form of arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) has become a major cause of severe joint pain, physical disability, and quality of life impairment in the affected population. To date, precise pathogenesis of OA has not been fully clarified, which leads to significant obstacles in developing efficacious treatments such as failures in finding disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) in the last decades. Given that diarthrodial joints primarily display the weight-bearing and movement-supporting function, it is not surprising that mechanical stress represents one of the major risk factors for OA. However, the inner connection between mechanical stress and OA onset/progression has yet to be explored. Mitochondrion, a widespread organelle involved in complex biological regulation processes such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and cellular metabolism, is believed to have a controlling role in the survival and function implement of chondrocytes, the singular cell type within cartilage. Mitochondrial dysfunction has also been observed in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. In this review, we systemically summarize mitochondrial alterations in chondrocytes during OA progression and discuss our recent progress in understanding the potential role of mitochondria in mediating mechanical stress-associated osteoarthritic alterations of chondrocytes. In particular, we propose the potential signaling pathways that may regulate this process, which provide new views and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of mechanical stress-associated OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Meagan J Makarczyk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Hang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
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Sub-toxic levels of Co 2+ are anti-inflammatory and protect cartilage from degradation caused by IL-1β. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 79:104924. [PMID: 31928794 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cobalt ions from some orthopaedic implants induce a dose-dependent cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory response. Recent studies show that sub-toxic levels of cobalt influence actin organisation regulating fibroblasts and macrophages behaviour. However little is known about the influence of sub-toxic levels of cobalt on articular cartilage biology and biomechanics. Previously, we have reported that IL-1β signalling in chondrocytes, is regulated by primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport. Since primary cilia expression is modulated by actin organisation, we set out to test the hypothesis that sub-toxic levels of cobalt regulate cilia expression and IL-1β signalling thereby influencing articular cartilage degradation. METHODS Isolated chondrocytes and bovine cartilage explants were subjected to Co2+ in the presence and absence of IL-1β. Primary cilia were monitored by confocal immunofluorescence. Nitric oxide and PGE2 release were used to monitor IL-1β signalling. Degradation of cartilage matrix was assessed by the release of sGAG and the biomechanical properties of the tissue in uniaxial unconfined compression. FINDINGS Sub-toxic levels of Co2+ (50 μM) blocked IL-1β-induced primary cilia elongation in isolated chondrocytes. This was associated with disruption of pro-inflammatory signalling in both isolated chondrocytes and cartilage explants, and inhibition of cartilage matrix degradation and loss of biomechanical properties. INTERPRETATION This study reveals that low levels of cobalt ions are anti-inflammatory, preventing cartilage degradation in response to IL-1β. This mechanism is associated with regulation of primary cilia elongation. These observations provide new insight into the potential beneficial role of cobalt and may lead to novel mechanisms for controlling cartilage inflammation.
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Fang F, Schwartz AG, Moore ER, Sup ME, Thomopoulos S. Primary cilia as the nexus of biophysical and hedgehog signaling at the tendon enthesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eabc1799. [PMID: 33127677 PMCID: PMC7608799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The tendon enthesis is a fibrocartilaginous tissue critical for transfer of muscle forces to bone. Enthesis pathologies are common, and surgical repair of tendon to bone is plagued by high failure rates. At the root of these failures is a gap in knowledge of how the tendon enthesis is formed and maintained. We tested the hypothesis that the primary cilium is a hub for transducing biophysical and hedgehog (Hh) signals to regulate tendon enthesis formation and adaptation to loading. Primary cilia were necessary for enthesis development, and cilia assembly was coincident with Hh signaling and enthesis mineralization. Cilia responded inversely to loading; increased loading led to decreased cilia and decreased loading led to increased cilia. Enthesis responses to loading were dependent on Hh signaling through cilia. Results imply a role for tendon enthesis primary cilia as mechanical responders and Hh signal transducers, providing a therapeutic target for tendon enthesis pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Andrea G Schwartz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Emily R Moore
- School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - McKenzie E Sup
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stavros Thomopoulos
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Zhang H, Ji L, Yang Y, Zhang X, Gang Y, Bai L. The Role of HDACs and HDACi in Cartilage and Osteoarthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:560117. [PMID: 33102472 PMCID: PMC7554620 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.560117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics plays an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). In recent decades, HDAC family members have been associated with OA. This paper aims to describe the different role of HDACs in the pathogenesis of OA through interaction with microRNAs and the regulation of relevant signaling pathways. We found that HDACs are involved in cartilage and chondrocyte development but also play a crucial role in OA. However, the distinct HDAC mechanism in the pathogenesis and treatment of OA require further investigation. Furthermore, HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) can protect cartilage from disease, which may represent a potential therapeutic approach against OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Ji
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Gang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Panjin Central Hospital, Panjin, China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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40
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Hedgehog signaling is necessary and sufficient to mediate craniofacial plasticity in teleosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19321-19327. [PMID: 32719137 PMCID: PMC7431006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921856117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity has emerged as an important concept in evolutionary biology. It is thought to contribute to an organism’s ability to adapt to environmental change within a single generation, which may facilitate survival and increase fitness. Furthermore, plasticity has the potential to bias the direction and/or speed of evolution by changing patterns of phenotypic variation and exposing new genetic variation to selection (i.e., flexible stem evolution). Our understanding of this important phenomenon is incomplete owing to limited knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of reaction norm evolution. Using the teleost feeding apparatus as a model, we explore this open question and show that the Hh signaling pathway underlies the ability of this structure to respond plastically to alternate feeding regimes. Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes under different environmental conditions, is critical for the origins and maintenance of biodiversity; however, the genetic mechanisms underlying plasticity as well as how variation in those mechanisms can drive evolutionary change remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the cichlid feeding apparatus, an icon of both prodigious evolutionary divergence and adaptive phenotypic plasticity. We first provide a tissue-level mechanism for plasticity in craniofacial shape by measuring rates of bone deposition within functionally salient elements of the feeding apparatus in fishes forced to employ alternate foraging modes. We show that levels and patterns of phenotypic plasticity are distinct among closely related cichlid species, underscoring the evolutionary potential of this trait. Next, we demonstrate that hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which has been implicated in the evolutionary divergence of cichlid feeding architecture, is associated with environmentally induced rates of bone deposition. Finally, to demonstrate that Hh levels are the cause of the plastic response and not simply the consequence of producing more bone, we use transgenic zebrafish in which Hh levels could be experimentally manipulated under different foraging conditions. Notably, we find that the ability to modulate bone deposition rates in different environments is dampened when Hh levels are reduced, whereas the sensitivity of bone deposition to different mechanical demands increases with elevated Hh levels. These data advance a mechanistic understanding of phenotypic plasticity in the teleost feeding apparatus and in doing so contribute key insights into the origins of adaptive morphological radiations.
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Zhao Z, Li Y, Wang M, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Fang J. Mechanotransduction pathways in the regulation of cartilage chondrocyte homoeostasis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:5408-5419. [PMID: 32237113 PMCID: PMC7214151 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress plays a critical role in cartilage development and homoeostasis. Chondrocytes are surrounded by a narrow pericellular matrix (PCM), which absorbs dynamic and static forces and transmits them to the chondrocyte surface. Recent studies have demonstrated that molecular components, including perlecan, collagen and hyaluronan, provide distinct physical properties for the PCM and maintain the essential microenvironment of chondrocytes. These physical signals are sensed by receptors and molecules located in the cell membrane, such as Ca2+ channels, the primary cilium and integrins, and a series of downstream molecular pathways are involved in mechanotransduction in cartilage. All mechanoreceptors convert outside signals into chemical and biological signals, which then regulate transcription in chondrocytes in response to mechanical stresses. This review highlights recent progress and focuses on the function of the PCM and cell surface molecules in chondrocyte mechanotransduction. Emerging understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate mechanotransduction will provide new insights into osteoarthritis pathogenesis and precision strategies that could be used in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Women and Children's Diseases and Birth Defects, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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LIU MIN, ALHARBI MOHAMMED, GRAVES DANA, YANG SHUYING. IFT80 Is Required for Fracture Healing Through Controlling the Regulation of TGF-β Signaling in Chondrocyte Differentiation and Function. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:571-582. [PMID: 31643106 PMCID: PMC7525768 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential cellular organelles that are anchored at the cell surface membrane to sense and transduce signaling. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are indispensable for cilia formation and function. Although major advances in understanding the roles of these proteins in bone development have been made, the mechanisms by which IFT proteins regulate bone repair have not been identified. We investigated the role of the IFT80 protein in chondrocytes during fracture healing by creating femoral fractures in mice with conditional deletion of IFT80 in chondrocytes utilizing tamoxifen inducible Col2α1-CreER mice. Col2α1cre IFT80f/f mice had smaller fracture calluses than IFT80f/f (control) mice. The max-width and max-callus area were 31% and 48% smaller than those of the control mice, respectively. Col2α1cre IFT80f/f mice formed low-density/porous woven bony tissue with significantly lower ratio of bone volume, Trabecular (Tb) number and Tb thickness, and greater Tb spacing compared to control mice. IFT80 deletion significantly downregulated the expression of angiogenesis markers-VEGF, PDGF and angiopoietin and inhibited fracture callus vascularization. Mechanistically, loss of IFT80 in chondrocytes resulted in a decrease in cilia formation and chondrocyte proliferation rate in fracture callus compared to the control mice. Meanwhile, IFT80 deletion downregulated the TGF-β signaling pathway by inhibiting the expression of TGF-βI, TGF-βR, and phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in the fracture callus. In primary chondrocyte cultures in vitro, IFT80 deletion dramatically reduced chondrocyte proliferation, cilia assembly, and chondrogenic gene expression and differentiation. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that IFT80 and primary cilia play an essential role in fracture healing, likely through controlling chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, and the TGF-β signaling pathway. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- MIN LIU
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - MOHAMMED ALHARBI
- Dept. of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz
University, Saudi Arabia
| | - DANA GRAVES
- Dept. of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - SHUYING YANG
- Dept. of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Hafsia N, Forien M, Renaudin F, Delacour D, Reboul P, Van Lent P, Cohen-Solal M, Lioté F, Poirier F, Ea HK. Galectin 3 Deficiency Alters Chondrocyte Primary Cilium Formation and Exacerbates Cartilage Destruction via Mitochondrial Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041486. [PMID: 32098291 PMCID: PMC7073077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overload and aging are the main risk factors of osteoarthritis (OA). Galectin 3 (GAL3) is important in the formation of primary cilia, organelles that are able to sense mechanical stress. The objectives were to evaluate the role of GAL3 in chondrocyte primary cilium formation and in OA in mice. Chondrocyte primary cilium was detected in vitro by confocal microscopy. OA was induced by aging and partial meniscectomy of wild-type (WT) and Gal3-null 129SvEV mice (Gal3−/−). Primary chondrocytes were isolated from joints of new-born mice. Chondrocyte apoptosis was assessed by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), caspase 3 activity and cytochrome c release. Gene expression was assessed by qRT-PCR. GAL3 was localized at the basal body of the chondrocyte primary cilium. Primary cilia of Gal3−/− chondrocytes were frequently abnormal and misshapen. Deletion of Gal3 triggered premature OA during aging and exacerbated joint instability-induced OA. In both aging and surgery-induced OA cartilage, levels of chondrocyte catabolism and hypertrophy markers and apoptosis were more severe in Gal3−/− than WT samples. In vitro, Gal3 knockout favored chondrocyte apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. GAL3 is a key regulator of cartilage homeostasis and chondrocyte primary cilium formation in mice. Gal3 deletion promotes OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjès Hafsia
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
| | - Marine Forien
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
| | - Félix Renaudin
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
| | - Delphine Delacour
- UMR 7592 CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France; (D.D.); (F.P.)
| | - Pascal Reboul
- UMR 7365, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, F-54000 Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France;
| | - Peter Van Lent
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Viggo Petersen, AP-HP, hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Lioté
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Viggo Petersen, AP-HP, hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Françoise Poirier
- UMR 7592 CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris, France; (D.D.); (F.P.)
| | - Hang Korng Ea
- Université de Paris, BIOSCAR UMR 1132, Inserm, F-75010 Paris, France; (N.H.); (M.F.); (F.R.); (M.C.-S.); (F.L.)
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Viggo Petersen, AP-HP, hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Tao F, Jiang T, Tao H, Cao H, Xiang W. Primary cilia: Versatile regulator in cartilage development. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12765. [PMID: 32034931 PMCID: PMC7106963 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue in the skeletal system and has limited regeneration ability and unique biomechanical reactivity. The growth and development of cartilage can be affected by different physical, chemical and biological factors, such as mechanical stress, inflammation, osmotic pressure, hypoxia and signalling transduction. Primary cilia are multifunctional sensory organelles that regulate diverse signalling transduction and cell activities. They are crucial for the regulation of cartilage development and act in a variety of ways, such as react to mechanical stress, mediate signalling transduction, regulate cartilage‐related diseases progression and affect cartilage tumorigenesis. Therefore, research on primary cilia‐mediated cartilage growth and development is currently extremely popular. This review outlines the role of primary cilia in cartilage development in recent years and elaborates on the potential regulatory mechanisms from different aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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45
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Regulation of the Extracellular Matrix by Ciliary Machinery. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020278. [PMID: 31979260 PMCID: PMC7072529 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle involved in cellular signalling. Mutations affecting proteins involved in cilia assembly or function result in diseases known as ciliopathies, which cause a wide variety of phenotypes across multiple tissues. These mutations disrupt various cellular processes, including regulation of the extracellular matrix. The matrix is important for maintaining tissue homeostasis through influencing cell behaviour and providing structural support; therefore, the matrix changes observed in ciliopathies have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Whilst many studies have associated the cilium with processes that regulate the matrix, exactly how these matrix changes arise is not well characterised. This review aims to bring together the direct and indirect evidence for ciliary regulation of matrix, in order to summarise the possible mechanisms by which the ciliary machinery could regulate the composition, secretion, remodelling and organisation of the matrix.
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46
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Xiao WF, Li YS, Deng A, Yang YT, He M. Functional role of hedgehog pathway in osteoarthritis. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 38:122-129. [PMID: 31833076 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog signalling pathway is one of the key regulators of metazoan development, and it plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of developmental and physiological processes. But it is aberrantly activated in many human diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). In this study, we have reviewed the association of hedgehog signalling pathway in the development and progression of OA and evaluated the efforts to target this pathway for the prevention of OA. Usually in OA, activation of hedgehog induces up-regulation of the expression of hypertrophic markers, including type X collagen, increases production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, several matrix-degrading enzymes including matrix metalloproteinase and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs in human knee joint cartilage leading to cartilage degeneration, and thus contributes in OA. Targeting hedgehog signalling might be a viable strategy to prevent or treat OA. Chemical inhibitors of hedgehog signalling is promising, but they cause severe side effects. Knockdown of HH gene is not an option for OA treatment in humans because it is not possible to delete HH in larger animals. Efficient knockdown of HH achieved by local delivery of small interfering RNA in future studies utilizing large animal OA models might be a more efficient approach for the prevention of OA. However, it remains a major problem to develop one single scaffold due to the different physiological functions of cartilage and subchondral bones possess. More studies are necessary to identify selective inhibitors for efficiently targeting the hedgehog pathway in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ang Deng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Tao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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47
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Miyauchi A, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Lei XF, Chang SH, Saito T, Haraguchi S, Miyazaki T, Miyazaki A. Alleviation of murine osteoarthritis by deletion of the focal adhesion mechanosensitive adapter, Hic-5. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15770. [PMID: 31673109 PMCID: PMC6823501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive mechanical stress is a major cause of knee osteoarthritis. However, the mechanism by which the mechanical stress begets osteoarthritis development remains elusive. Hydrogen peroxide-inducible clone-5 (Hic-5; TGFβ1i1), a TGF-β inducible focal adhesion adaptor, has previously been reported as a mediator of mechanotransduction. In this study, we analyzed the in vivo function of Hic-5 in development of osteoarthritis, and found that mice lacking Hic-5 showed a significant reduction in development of osteoarthritis in the knee. Furthermore, we found reduced expression of catabolic genes, such as metalloproteinase-13 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 5 in osteoarthritic lesions in mice lacking Hic-5. During osteoarthritis development, Hic-5 is detected in chondrocytes of articular cartilage. To investigate the role of Hic-5 in chondrocytes, we isolated chondrocytes from articular cartilage of wild type and Hic-5-deficient mice. In these primary cultured chondrocytes, Hic-5 deficiency resulted in suppression of catabolic gene expression induced by osteoarthritis-related cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β. Furthermore, Hic-5 deficiency in chondrocytes suppressed catabolic gene expression induced by mechanical stress. Revealing the regulation of chondrocyte catabolism by Hic-5 contributes to understanding the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis induced by mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Miyauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joo-Ri Kim-Kaneyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Xiao-Feng Lei
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Song Ho Chang
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Miyazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Fu S, Thompson C, Ali A, Wang W, Chapple J, Mitchison H, Beales P, Wann A, Knight M. Mechanical loading inhibits cartilage inflammatory signalling via an HDAC6 and IFT-dependent mechanism regulating primary cilia elongation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1064-1074. [PMID: 30922983 PMCID: PMC6593179 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physiological mechanical loading reduces inflammatory signalling in numerous cell types including articular chondrocytes however the mechanism responsible remains unclear. This study investigates the role of chondrocyte primary cilia and associated intraflagellar transport (IFT) in the mechanical regulation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signalling. DESIGN Isolated chondrocytes and cartilage explants were subjected to cyclic mechanical loading in the presence and absence of the cytokine IL-1β. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release were used to monitor IL-1β signalling whilst Sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release provided measurement of cartilage degradation. Measurements were made of HDAC6 activity and tubulin polymerisation and acetylation. Effects on primary cilia were monitored by confocal and super resolution microscopy. Involvement of IFT was analysed using ORPK cells with hypomorphic mutation of IFT88. RESULTS Mechanical loading suppressed NO and PGE2 release and prevented cartilage degradation. Loading activated HDAC6 and disrupted tubulin acetylation and cilia elongation induced by IL-1β. HDAC6 inhibition with tubacin blocked the anti-inflammatory effects of loading and restored tubulin acetylation and cilia elongation. Hypomorphic mutation of IFT88 reduced IL-1β signalling and abolished the anti-inflammatory effects of loading indicating the mechanism is IFT-dependent. Loading reduced the pool of non-polymerised tubulin which was replicated by taxol which also mimicked the anti-inflammatory effects of mechanical loading and prevented cilia elongation. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that mechanical loading suppresses inflammatory signalling, partially dependent on IFT, by activation of HDAC6 and post transcriptional modulation of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fu
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - C.L. Thompson
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: C. L. Thompson, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. Tel: 44-20-7882-3603.
| | - A. Ali
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - W. Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - J.P. Chapple
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - H.M. Mitchison
- Institute of Child Health, University College of London, UK
| | - P.L. Beales
- Institute of Child Health, University College of London, UK
| | - A.K.T. Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - M.M. Knight
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
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Bodle J, Hamouda MS, Cai S, Williams RB, Bernacki SH, Loboa EG. Primary Cilia Exhibit Mechanosensitivity to Cyclic Tensile Strain and Lineage-Dependent Expression in Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8009. [PMID: 31142808 PMCID: PMC6541635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-motile primary cilia are dynamic cellular sensory structures and are expressed in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). We have previously shown that primary cilia are involved in chemically-induced osteogenic differentiation of human ASC (hASCs) in vitro. Further, we have reported that 10% cyclic tensile strain (1 Hz, 4 hours/day) enhances hASC osteogenesis. We hypothesize that primary cilia respond to cyclic tensile strain in a lineage dependent manner and that their mechanosensitivity may regulate the dynamics of signaling pathways localized to the cilium. We found that hASC morphology, cilia length and cilia conformation varied in response to culture in complete growth, osteogenic differentiation, or adipogenic differentiation medium, with the longest cilia expressed in adipogenically differentiating cells. Further, we show that cyclic tensile strain both enhances osteogenic differentiation of hASCs while it suppresses adipogenic differentiation as evidenced by upregulation of RUNX2 gene expression and downregulation of PPARG and IGF-1, respectively. This study demonstrates that hASC primary cilia exhibit mechanosensitivity to cyclic tensile strain and lineage-dependent expression, which may in part regulate signaling pathways localized to the primary cilium during the differentiation process. We highlight the importance of the primary cilium structure in mechanosensing and lineage specification and surmise that this structure may be a novel target in manipulating hASC for in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Bodle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.
| | - Mehdi S Hamouda
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Shaobo Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Ramey B Williams
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Susan H Bernacki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Loboa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA.
- College of Engineering at University of Missouri, W1051 Thomas & Nell Lafferre Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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50
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Patnaik SR, Kretschmer V, Brücker L, Schneider S, Volz AK, Oancea-Castillo LDR, May-Simera HL. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome proteins regulate cilia disassembly during tissue maturation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:757-775. [PMID: 30446775 PMCID: PMC11105770 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are conserved organelles that mediate cellular communication crucial for organogenesis and homeostasis in numerous tissues. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a ciliated monolayer in the eye that borders the retina and is vital for visual function. Maturation of the RPE is absolutely critical for visual function and the role of the primary cilium in this process has been largely ignored to date. We show that primary cilia are transiently present during RPE development and that as the RPE matures, primary cilia retract, and gene expression of ciliary disassembly components decline. We observe that ciliary-associated BBS proteins protect against HDAC6-mediated ciliary disassembly via their recruitment of Inversin to the base of the primary cilium. Inhibition of ciliary disassembly components was able to rescue ciliary length defects in BBS deficient cells. This consequently affects ciliary regulation of Wnt signaling. Our results shed light onto the mechanisms by which cilia-mediated signaling facilitates tissue maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Rani Patnaik
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Viola Kretschmer
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lena Brücker
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Schneider
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Volz
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Helen Louise May-Simera
- Cilia Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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