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Islam JY, Parikh NS, Lappen H, Venkat V, Nalkar P, Kapadia F. Mental health burdens among North American Asian adults living with chronic conditions: a systematic review. Epidemiol Rev 2023; 45:82-92. [PMID: 37147853 DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asians are likely to experience a high burden of chronic conditions, including, but not limited to, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, due to differences in biologic, genetic, and environmental factors across Asian ethnic groups. A diagnosis of any chronic condition can contribute to increased mental health burdens, including depression, psychological distress, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, few studies have examined these comorbid conditions across distinct Asian ethnic groups-an important limitation given the differences in social, cultural, and behavioral drivers of mental health burdens within and across Asian ethnicities. To understand the disparities in mental health burdens among Asians living with a chronic health condition, we conducted a systematic literature review of relevant, peer-reviewed publication databases to identify studies reporting on mental health burdens (e.g., depression, anxiety, distress, PTSD) in distinct Asian ethnic groups in North America. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria for this review and collectively demonstrated a high burden of depression, psychological distress, and PTSD among Asians living with chronic conditions. Moreover, there were distinct disparities in mental health burdens across chronic conditions and across Asian ethnic groups. Despite the detrimental impact of poor mental health on chronic disease-specific outcomes, such as death and poor quality of life, few data exist that characterize mental health outcomes among Asian ethnicities living in North America with chronic conditions. Future work should prioritize estimating the national prevalence of mental health outcomes among adults with chronic conditions, by Asian ethnicities, to inform culturally tailored interventions to address this public health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Y Islam
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Nina S Parikh
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Hope Lappen
- Division of Libraries, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Vandana Venkat
- Department of Epidemiology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Priyanka Nalkar
- Department of Epidemiology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Farzana Kapadia
- Department of Epidemiology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, United States
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Lui F, Zhang Q, Bao G, Narang B, Chen RY, Niu Y, Leng J, Breitbart W. Refinement of a Meaning-Centered Counseling Program for Chinese Patients with Advanced Cancer: Integrating Cultural Adaptation and Implementation Science Approaches. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3576089. [PMID: 38045381 PMCID: PMC10690327 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3576089/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: This mixed methods study identified needed refinements to a telehealth-delivered cultural and linguistic adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Chinese patients with advanced cancer (MCP-Ch) to enhance acceptability, comprehensibility, and implementation of the intervention in usual care settings, guided by the Ecological Validity Model (EVM) and the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM). Methods: 15 purposively sampled mental health professionals who work with Chinese cancer patients completed surveys providing Likert-scale ratings on acceptability and comprehensibility of MCP-Ch content (guided by the EVM) and pre-implementation factors (guided by PRISM), followed by semi-structured interviews. Survey data were descriptively summarized and linked to qualitative interview data. Three analysts independently coded the transcripts according to EVM and PRISM domains; discrepancies were resolved through discussion and consensus. Results: Quantitative findings showed high appropriateness and relevance of MCP-Ch across five EVM domains of Language, Metaphors/Stories, Goals, Content, and Concepts. Qualitative analysis yielded 23 inductive codes under the seven EVM domains: (1) Language (3 subcodes), (2) Persons (2 subcodes), (3) Metaphors/Stories (2 subcodes), (4) Methods (8 subcodes), (5) Content (2 subcodes), (6) Goals (4 subcodes), and (7) Concepts (2 subcodes). Themes based on PRISM included (1) Intervention characteristics (organizational perspective, 7 subcodes; and patient perspective, 6 subcodes) (2) External environment (2 subcodes), (3) Implementation and sustainability infrastructure (4 subcodes), and (4) Recipients (organizational characteristics, 5 subcodes; and patient characteristics, 4 subcodes). Conclusion: Recommendations for next steps include increasing the MCP-Ch protocol's flexibility and adaptability to allow interventionists to flexibly tailor MCP-Ch material to meet patients' individual needs, simplifying content to improve comprehension and acceptability, providing additional training to Chinese-serving providers to increase adoption and sustainability, and considering interpreter-assisted delivery to increase access. Findings yielded important information to maximize cultural relevance as well as the implementation and sustainability potential of MCP-Ch in real-world settings.
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Ng W, Baik SH, Razavi M, Clark K, Lee J, Loscalzo M, Folbrecht J. Differences of biopsychosocial distress and requests for psychological assistance between Asian American and non-Hispanic White oncology patients. Psychooncology 2023; 32:1660-1666. [PMID: 37700725 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare Asian American (AA) to non-Hispanic White (NHW) cancer patients regarding biopsychosocial distress and requests for psychological assistance. METHODS This retrospective study included 5627 eligible patients, newly diagnosed with cancer, who completed the 30-item SupportScreen® survey of biopsychosocial distress. The top 10 sources of high distress were assessed. Distress domains (Emotional, Physical/Functional, and Practical) were examined by race/ethnicity. Requests for psychological assistance were also explored by ethnic groups. RESULTS Overall, the top 10 sources of high distress were similar between groups and approximately half consisted of concerns regarding physical symptoms. All patients preferred "talking" as their method of receiving assistance for these items. Ratings of emotional, practical, and physical/functional distress were similar between AA and NHW patients. However, AAs (vs. NHWs) requested more assistance regarding physical/functional and practical distress. No difference was observed between these two groups regarding requests for emotional support. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study suggests that healthcare providers should be aware of the physical and practical needs of AA cancer patients and provide culturally sensitive care that addresses these needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Ng
- Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sharon H Baik
- Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Marianne Razavi
- Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Karen Clark
- Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Lee
- Azusa Pacific University, Azusa, California, USA
| | - Matthew Loscalzo
- Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jeanelle Folbrecht
- Department of Supportive Care Medicine, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, USA
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Im EO, Chee W, Paul S, Choi MY, Kim SY, Deatrick JA, Inouye J, Ma G, Meghani S, Nguyen GT, Schapira MM, Ulrich CM, Yeo S, Bao T, Shin D, Mao JJ. A randomized controlled trial testing a virtual program for Asian American women breast cancer survivors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6475. [PMID: 37838727 PMCID: PMC10576740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A culturally tailored virtual program could meet the survivorship needs of Asian American women breast cancer survivors (AABC). This study aims to determine the efficacy of a culturally tailored virtual information and coaching/support program (TICAA) in improving AABC's survivorship experience. A randomized clinical trial (NCT02803593) was conducted from January 2017 to June 2020 among 199 AABC. The intervention group utilized TICAA and the American Cancer Society [ACS] website while the control group used only ACS website for 12 weeks. The outcomes were measured using the SCNS-34SF (needs; primary), the MSAS-SF (symptoms; secondary), and the FACT-B (quality of life; secondary). The data were analyzed using an intent-to-treat approach. The intervention group showed significant reductions in their needs from the baseline (T0) to post 4 weeks (T1) and to post 12 weeks (T2). Although the changes were not statistically significant, the intervention group had decreased symptoms from T0 to T2 while the control group had an increase in their symptoms. The intervention group had a significant increase in their quality of life from T0 to T2. A culturally tailored virtual program could therefore improve quality of life in AABC patients. Trial Registration: To Enhance Breast Cancer Survivorship of Asian Americans (TICAA), NCT02803593, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803593?titles=TICAA&draw=2&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Im
- The University of Texas at Austin, 1710 Red River St, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Wonshik Chee
- The University of Texas at Austin, 1710 Red River St, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Sudeshna Paul
- Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mi-Young Choi
- Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Janet A Deatrick
- University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jillian Inouye
- University of Hawaii, 2528 McCarthy Mall, Webster Hall 402, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Grace Ma
- Temple University, 1801 N Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Salimah Meghani
- University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Giang T Nguyen
- Harvard University Health Services, 75 Mt. Auburn Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marilyn M Schapira
- University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Connie M Ulrich
- University of Pennsylvania, 418 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - SeonAe Yeo
- University of North Carolina, Carrington Hall, S Columbia St, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ting Bao
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 321 East 61st Street, Room 456, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David Shin
- University of California, Los Angeles, 855 Tiverton Dr, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Jun J Mao
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 321 East 61st Street, Room 456, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Im EO, Yi JS, Chee W. The Characteristics of Asian American Breast Cancer Survivors with Low Quality of Life: a Decision Tree Analysis. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2023; 38:1277-1285. [PMID: 36627471 PMCID: PMC9838420 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-022-02260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To provide appropriate and adequate information and support for Asian American breast cancer survivors, it would be essential to identify risk groups among them to target in future cancer education interventions. In this secondary analysis, the characteristics of risk groups within Asian American breast cancer survivors who had low quality of life were identified using a decision tree analysis. For this analysis, only the pre-test data of 185 women from a parent study were selected. Multiple instruments including the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale-Breast Cancer (FACT-B) were used in the parent study. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and decision tree analyses. The decision tree analyses showed six combined characteristics associated with lower quality of life scores than the total mean quality of life scores. For instance, the women with lower quality of life scores (than the total mean quality of life scores) had high perceived barriers (cut point = 1.84), low self-efficacy for coping (cut point = 81.50), and high global symptom distress (cut point = 2.27). Also, the characteristics linked to the lowest quality life scores were different depending on the dimensions of the quality of life. The characteristics associated with the quality of life of Asian American breast cancer survivors need to be considered in future education programs for this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Im
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jee-Seon Yi
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- College of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonshik Chee
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Im EO, Yi JS, Chee W. Immigration Transition and Symptom Distress Changes by a Technology-Based Intervention: Asian American Breast Cancer Survivors. Comput Inform Nurs 2023; 41:316-322. [PMID: 35797029 PMCID: PMC9816349 DOI: 10.1097/cin.0000000000000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Technology-based programs using computers and mobile devices are known to be effective in providing information and support to marginalized populations including immigrants. Yet, little is still known on the factors that may influence the effectiveness of technology-based programs in improving symptom experience, including immigration transition, especially among Asian American breast cancer survivors. This study aimed to identify the characteristics related to immigration transition that significantly affected the symptom distress changes by a technology-based information and coaching/support program among Asian American breast cancer survivors. This secondary analysis was conducted with the data from 102 Asian American breast cancer survivors from a randomized clinical trial in progress. Multiple instruments were used: the questions on background characteristics and immigration transition and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form. The data were analyzed using repeated-measurement analyses and decision tree analyses. The mean changes in the symptoms distress scores were as follows: -0.12 (SD, 0.47) in the Global Distress Index scores; -0.08 (SD, 0.43) in the physical symptom distress scores; and -0.15 (SD, 0.65) in the psychological symptom distress scores. The characteristics with the highest impact on the symptom distress score changes included the immigration age for Global Distress Index and physical symptom distress score and the level of acculturation for psychological symptom distress score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Im
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jee-Seon Yi
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- College of Nursing · Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonshik Chee
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kung A, Li DG, Lavery JA, Narang B, Diamond L. Characteristics of Cancer Hospitals with Written Language Access Policies. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:282-290. [PMID: 36136231 PMCID: PMC10276971 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with limited English proficiency receive worse care due to communication barriers. Little is known about which cancer hospitals have written language access policies addressing bilingual clinicians. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of healthcare organizations, matching survey data to American Hospital Association Survey and American Community Survey data. We analyzed characteristics associated with hospitals having bilingual clinician policies. The response rate was 71% (127/178). Many hospitals (53 [42%]) did not have written policies on bilingual clinicians. Having bilingual clinicians available at the hospital was associated with having a written policy on bilingual clinicians, while being an NCORP site was associated with not having a written policy on bilingual clinicians. Patient demographic characteristics were not associated with hospitals having written policies on bilingual clinicians. A substantial proportion of cancer hospitals do not have policies that cover language use by bilingual clinicians, particularly at NCORP sites. Having written policies on bilingual clinicians has the potential to mitigate cancer disparities by facilitating accountability, improving communication, and reducing errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kung
- Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Diane G Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica A Lavery
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bharat Narang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Diamond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Lui F, Lewicka M, Bao GC, Moyer A, Boyce L, Leng J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for immigrant and limited English proficient cancer patients. Psychooncology 2023; 32:516-557. [PMID: 36792931 PMCID: PMC10410571 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immigrants, particularly those who are less acculturated and limited English proficient (LEP), often lack access to culturally and linguistically appropriate psychosocial care in cancer survivorship. We sought to determine what psychosocial interventions are available for immigrant and/or LEP cancer patients and to assess treatment and patient factors that may correlate with better psychosocial outcomes for this population. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published through August 2022 of interventions conducted with immigrant and/or LEP cancer patients aimed at improving psychosocial outcomes (i.e., quality of life, depression, cancer-related distress, and anxiety). Using Covidence, a software program for systematic review management, four independent raters screened 16,123 records with a systematic process for reconciling disagreement, yielding 48 articles (45 studies) for systematic review and 21 studies for meta-analysis. RESULTS Most studies were conducted with Spanish-speaking patients with breast cancer. Study participants (N = 5400) were primarily middle-aged (mean = 53 years old), female (90.0%), and Hispanic (67.0%). The weighted average effect size (g) across studies was 0.14 (95% CI 0.03-0.26) for quality of life (18 studies), 0.04 (95% CI -0.08 to 0.17) for depression (8 studies), 0.14 (95% CI -0.03 to 0.31) for cancer-related distress (6 studies), and 0.03 (95% CI -0.11 to 0.16) for anxiety (5 studies). CONCLUSION The interventions under review had small but beneficial effects on psychosocial outcomes for immigrant and LEP cancer patients. Notably, effect sizes were smaller than those found in previous meta-analyses of psychosocial interventions conducted in majority U.S.-born, non-Hispanic White, English-speaking cancer patient samples. More research is needed to identify key components and adaptations of interventions that benefit immigrant and LEP cancer patients to strengthen their effects for this growing yet underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lui
- Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Malwina Lewicka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - George C. Bao
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Anne Moyer
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
| | - Lindsay Boyce
- Medical Library, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Jennifer Leng
- Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College
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Chee W, Yi JS, Im EO. Information Needs of Asian American Breast Cancer Survivors: a Decision Tree Analysis. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2022; 37:1902-1911. [PMID: 34176104 PMCID: PMC9233757 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-021-02059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Through a decision tree analysis, this study aimed to determine the characteristics of Asian American breast cancer survivors who had higher decreases in their need for information by a technology-based information and coaching/support program compared with their counterparts. This is a part of a larger randomized controlled trial; only the data from 99 Asian American breast cancer survivors were used for this analysis. The measurement scales included the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form, the Cancer Behavior Inventory, the Questions on Attitudes, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control and Behavioral Intention, and the Supportive Care Needs Survey-Short Form 34. The data analysis was done using t-tests, chi-square tests, repeated measurement analyses, and a decision tree analysis. The information needs scores of all the participants decreased during the 3-month intervention period (p < .005). However, only the intervention group had statistically significant decreases in the information needs scores during the 3 months (dif. = - 8.545; p < .005). Those with low social influence scores and high self-efficacy scores had significantly larger decreases in their information needs scores compared with the average change scores (100%, p < 01). Asian American breast cancer survivors with low social influences and high self-efficacy would highly benefit from a technology-based intervention for their need for information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonshik Chee
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jee-Seon Yi
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- College of Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Im
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Lui F, Finik J, Leng J, Gany F. Social determinants and health-related quality of life in a sample of diverse, low socioeconomic status cancer patients. Psychooncology 2022; 31:1922-1932. [PMID: 35953894 PMCID: PMC10108711 DOI: 10.1002/pon.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the United States, medically underserved populations, such as ethnoracially underrepresented groups, the limited English proficient (LEP), and the unemployed, may be vulnerable to poor functioning in cancer survivorship. The present study examined whether race/ethnicity, LEP status, and unemployment status were associated with poor health-related quality of life (HRQL) in four domains (physical, social, emotional, and functional well-being (FWB)) in a diverse, low socioeconomic status (SES) sample of cancer patients. METHODS The sample included 1592 ethnoracially diverse, low SES, primarily foreign-born adult oncology patients participating in an enhanced patient navigation program in 11 New York City hospital-based cancer clinics. This secondary cross-sectional analysis of program intake data examined bivariate associations between sociodemographic and clinical factors and poor HRQL (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General scores ≤70). Factors found to be related to poor HRQL (at p < 0.05) were entered into logistic regressions with overall HRQL and the four HRQL subscales as outcomes. The Benjamini-Hochberg Procedure controlled for potentially inflated type-I error rate due to multiple comparisons. RESULTS All three predictor variables (race/ethnicity, LEP status, and unemployment status) were significantly associated with increased odds of reporting poor FWB. Specifically, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic cancer patients had 2.7 and 1.5 times the odds of reporting poor FWB than non-Hispanic Black patients. The unemployed had 1.4 times the odds of reporting poor FWB than their employed or retired counterparts. Limited EP patients had 1.4 times the odds of reporting poor FWB than EP participants. Non-Hispanic Black patients evidenced significantly lower odds of reporting poor HRQL across all subscale domains compared with other ethnoracial groups. CONCLUSIONS LEP and unemployed individuals were more likely to report poor FWB, which may indicate that the most marginalized cancer patients face significant barriers to adequate functioning. Interventions that promote functional abilities (i.e., activities of daily living, self-care, and work retention) and policies and programs that reduce systemic inequality and address social determinants of health may aid in improving HRQL for these underserved groups in survivorship. Non-Hispanic Black cancer patients were less likely than other groups to report poor physical, social, emotional, and FWB. Identifying protective factors in this group may aid in efforts to improve HRQL for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lui
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jackie Finik
- Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Jennifer Leng
- Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - Francesca Gany
- Immigrant Health and Cancer Disparities Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College
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Abstract
The purpose of this secondary analysis was to determine the clusters of Asian American breast cancer survivors by the severity scores of menopausal symptoms and to explore the characteristics associated with the identified clusters. The data from an ongoing study among 94 survivors were used. The instruments included the Perceived Isolation Scale, the Personal Resource Questionnaire, and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form. The data analysis was conducted using hierarchical cluster analyses and multinomial logistic analyses. Three clusters were identified: "the cluster with high severity scores of total, psychological, physical, and psychosomatic symptoms (Cluster 1)," "the cluster with moderate severity scores of total, psychological, physical, and psychosomatic symptoms (Cluster 2)," and "the cluster with low severity scores of total, psychological, physical, and psychosomatic symptoms (Cluster 3)." The clusters had significant differences in the level of acculturation, perceived social isolation, and perceived social support (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Im
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wonshik Chee
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Lambert S, Schaffler JL, Ould Brahim L, Belzile E, Laizner AM, Folch N, Rosenberg E, Maheu C, Ciofani L, Dubois S, Gélinas-Phaneuf E, Drouin S, Leung K, Tremblay S, Clayberg K, Ciampi A. The effect of culturally-adapted health education interventions among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) patients with a chronic illness: A meta-analysis and descriptive systematic review. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:1608-1635. [PMID: 33573916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the effectiveness of health education interventions adapted for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) populations with a chronic illness. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Eligible studies were identified across six databases. Data were extracted and intervention effect was summarized using standardized mean difference. If there were insufficient data for meta-analysis, a descriptive summary was included. Modifying effects of intervention format, length, intensity, provider, self-management skills taught, and behavioral change techniques (BCTs) utilized were examined. RESULTS 58 studies were reviewed and data were extracted for 36 outcomes. Most interventions used multiple modes of delivery and were facilitated by bilingual health care professionals (HCPs). On average, interventions included 5.19 self-management skills and 4.82 BCTs. Interventions were effective in reducing BMI, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, HbA1C, and depression, and in increasing knowledge. Effectiveness was influenced partly by provider, with HCPs favored over lay providers or paraprofessionals in increasing knowledge; however, the opposite was noted for HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS Health education interventions are effective among CALD populations, particularly at improving objective, distal outcomes (e.g., anthropometric measures). These interventions may be equally effective in improving proximal patient-reported outcomes (PROs); however, diversity in PROs limited analyses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Core outcome sets (COS) are needed to further investigate and compare health education intervention effectiveness on PROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Lambert
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; St. Mary's Research Centre, Montréal, Canada.
| | | | - Lydia Ould Brahim
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; St. Mary's Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Nathalie Folch
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Christine Maheu
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Luisa Ciofani
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sylvie Dubois
- Faculty of Nursing, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Susan Drouin
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Katerina Leung
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sarah Tremblay
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Antonio Ciampi
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; St. Mary's Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
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Kim JHJ, Lu Q, Stanton AL. Overcoming constraints of the model minority stereotype to advance Asian American health. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021; 76:611-626. [PMID: 34410738 PMCID: PMC8384115 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Asian Americans are the fastest growing U.S. immigrant group, projected to become the largest immigrant group by 2065, but the quantity of research on Asian Americans' health has not mirrored changing demographics. Asian Americans have been understudied for more than 25 years, with only 0.17% of National Institutes of Health (NIH) expenditures allocated to projects including Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander populations (Ðoàn et al., 2019). This disproportionality may result in part from the model minority stereotype (MMS) being extended to health, perpetuating the ideas that Asian Americans are well-positioned with regard to health status and that associated research is not essential. Accordingly, the aims for this article are threefold: (a) bring attention to the inadequate representation of the Asian American population in health-related science, (b) question the MMS in health, and (c) outline potential pathways through which the MMS limits what is knowable on Asian American health issues and needs. We discuss the limited meaningfulness of nonrepresentative aggregated statistics purporting the model minority image and provide counterexamples. We also present a stereotype-constraints model with the MMS contributing to a bottleneck for Asian American health-related knowledge, accompanied by present-day circumstances (e.g., sparse data, few psychologists/behavioral medicine scientists focused on Asian American health). We conclude with initial recommendations for addressing MMS-associated constraints in psychology and more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Health Disparities Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | - Annette L. Stanton
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to propose essential components of culturally tailored interventions through analyzing practical issues in 3 studies that tested culturally tailored interventions among Asian American women. Practical issues in the studies were analyzed using a content analysis according to the evaluation criteria for rigor in cross-cultural research. Seven essential components of culturally tailored interventions were identified through the analysis: (a) respecting cultural uniqueness; (b) understanding cultural contexts; (c) using cultural examples; (d) having flexibility; (e) adopting multiple languages; (f) having bilingual and/or culturally matched research team members; and (g) engaging community consultants and research participants. Key words: Asian, culture, intervention, issue, rigor.
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The Asian Immigrant Cancer Survivor Experience in the United States: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Cancer Nurs 2020; 43:177-199. [PMID: 32195706 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the leading cause of death for Asian Americans, a growing population in the United States. While cancer survivors often experience complex issues after diagnosis, being an immigrant and having cancer pose additional challenges. OBJECTIVE This scoping review analyzed research about immigrant cancer survivors of Asian ethnicity in the United States and provided a structured method to understand an area of research and evidence. Aims focused on immigrants' experiences and how findings could tailor evidence-based interventions, programs, and resources. METHODS The PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases were searched to identify studies in English (2009-2018) targeting Asian immigrant cancer survivors in the United States. While 385 records were initially identified, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Thematic analysis of charted study elements revealed 4 themes with subthemes: (1) survival patterns, (2) barriers, (3) culturally informed care, and (4) quality of life (QOL). While qualitative studies provided insight about the cancer experience from immigrants' perspectives, quantitative designs posed descriptions and associations among QOL concepts. CONCLUSIONS Study results illustrate the need for survival research that explores outcomes by Asian ethnic subgroups and tracks the influence of acculturation. Future research should test culturally informed interventions that minimize barriers and foster QOL across the cancer continuum. Culturally tailored instruments can expedite larger-scaled studies that allow generalization. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Asian immigrants comprise an underserved, vulnerable, and growing group with various cancers. Nurses who care for immigrants and their families should be cognizant of cultural beliefs, values, practices, and issues related to communication, care access, and socioeconomics.
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Im EO, Kim S, Jang M, Chee W. Attitudes toward Technology-Based Cancer Support Programs Among Korean American Breast Cancer Survivors. West J Nurs Res 2020; 43:732-741. [PMID: 33191877 DOI: 10.1177/0193945920974028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing usages of technology-based programs, few technology-based support programs are currently available for racial/ethnic minority cancer survivors including Korean-American cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes toward technology-based cancer support programs among Korean-American cancer survivors from a feminist perspective. In-person focus group interviews were held with 17 Korean-American cancer survivors. All the interviews were recorded by writing memos. Then, the written memos were analyzed using a content analysis. Four major themes reflecting their attitudes toward technology-based cancer-support programs were identified: (a) "easy to access"; (b) "good for peer and family support," (c) "overcoming language barriers," and (d) "providing Korean-specific and personalized trustable information." Future technology-based cancer support groups for this specific population need to incorporate peer support, support for family members, Korean language, and Korea-specific information and intervention components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Im
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sangmi Kim
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mia Jang
- Health & Wellness Innovations, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wonshik Chee
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Tsai W, Nusrath S, Zhu R. Systematic review of depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms among Asian American breast cancer survivors. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037078. [PMID: 32895276 PMCID: PMC7478010 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper aimed to review the experience of psychopathology symptoms (ie, depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress) and their social, cognitive and affective correlates among Asian American breast cancer survivors. Studies on psychosocial interventions for reducing psychopathology symptoms were also included in this review. DESIGN A systematic review was conducted. METHODS PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched from database inception to November 2018. Empirical, peer-reviewed articles on adult women of Asian heritage residing in the USA with breast cancer diagnoses were included in this review. The methodological quality of the included articles was coded. RESULTS The search yielded 16 empirical articles, which were all deemed to be of high methodological quality. Eleven studies utilised a quantitative design, two studies utilised a qualitative design and three studies utilised a mixed-methods design. Thirteen were cross-sectional and three were longitudinal in design. Only two intervention studies were identified. Studies showed that Asian American breast cancer survivors endorsed moderate to high levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms; those who are more acculturated demonstrated lower levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms. Asian American breast cancer survivors with social constraints were more likely to have intrusive thoughts and, in turn, have high levels of psychopathology symptoms. Intervention studies were limited, but the use of community-based participatory research approaches and cultural adaptations were noted strengths of the studies. DISCUSSION In addition to discussing clinical implications, we highlight limitations of the literature, including a lack of longitudinal studies and the limited use of standardised diagnostic instruments for assessing psychopathology symptoms among this population. Clarifying the prospective relationships between psychopathology symptoms and their social, cognitive and affective correlates will help inform the development of culturally sensitive psychosocial interventions among Asian American breast cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tsai
- Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sumaiya Nusrath
- Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ruidi Zhu
- Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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Im E, Yi J, Kim H, Chee W. A technology‐based information and coaching/support program and self‐efficacy of Asian American breast cancer survivors. Res Nurs Health 2020; 44:37-46. [DOI: 10.1002/nur.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Ok Im
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Emory University Atlanta Georgia
| | | | | | - Wonshik Chee
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Emory University Atlanta Georgia
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Deng F, Chen D, Swartz MC, Sun H. A Pilot Study of a Culturally Tailored Lifestyle Intervention for Chinese American Cancer Survivors. Cancer Control 2020; 26:1073274819895489. [PMID: 31875686 PMCID: PMC6931150 DOI: 10.1177/1073274819895489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Asian Americans generally have the lowest cancer incidence rates and
mortality rates, cancer is the leading cause of death among Asian Americans. The
goal of this pilot study was to engage Chinese American cancer survivors (CACS)
in systematic changes toward desired health behaviors through a healthy
lifestyle intervention delivered by a community-based organization. The Reach
out to ENhanceE Wellness (RENEW) program workbook was translated into Mandarin
Chinese with additional physical activity (PA) and dietary information that are
culturally appropriate (RENEW-C). Fifty-five Chinese cancer survivors were
recruited from the greater Houston area to participate in this 50-week program
and 50 of them completed both the baseline and postintervention surveys in 2013
and 2014, respectively. Paired sample t tests were used to
assess changes in 5 groups of outcomes: (1) patient knowledge (measured by
Health Education Impact Questionnaire [heiQ]), (2) dietary intake (Automated
Self-Administered 24-Hour [ASA24] Dietary Assessment Tool), (3) PA (Community
Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors [CHAMPS]), (4) body mass index, and
(5) quality of life (36-item Short-Form Survey [SF-36]). Compared with the
baseline, participants reported significantly higher consumption of vegetables
and higher frequency of PAs at the postintervention survey. They also showed
improved mental health and lower limitation in doing their work or other
activities due to physical health or emotional problems. Despite the small
sample size, this pilot study demonstrated the effectiveness of using a
community-based participatory approach in a healthy lifestyle intervention
tailored for CACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furjen Deng
- Department of Sociology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Danhong Chen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Maria C Swartz
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen Sun
- Light and Salt Association, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Decreasing menopausal symptoms of Asian American breast cancer survivors through a technology-based information and coaching/support program. Menopause 2020; 26:373-382. [PMID: 30461556 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the most prevalent and distressing symptoms after breast cancer treatment is menopausal symptoms. Asian American breast cancer survivors have lower quality of life and often receive inadequate management of menopausal symptoms compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Technology-based programs could be a solution to fill the gap in care. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a technology-based information and coaching/support program on menopausal symptoms of Asian American breast cancer survivors. METHODS This study adopted a randomized pretest/post-test group design among 91 Asian American breast cancer survivors (42 in an intervention group who used the program and the American Cancer Society Web site and 49 in a control group who used only the American Cancer Society Web site). The intervention was a theory-driven and culturally tailored intervention program that aimed to provide information and coaching/support using computers and mobile devices. Multiple instruments were used to measure background characteristics and menopausal symptoms at pretest, post 1-month, and post 3 months. An intent-to-treat linear mixed-model growth curve analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS The intervention group showed a significant decrease in the distress scores of menopausal symptoms over time: physical (β = -0.07, P = 0.08), psychological (β = -0.13, P = 0.05), psychosomatic (β = -0.17, P = 0.06), and total symptoms (β = -0.19, P = 0.01). Theory-based variables including attitudes, social influences, and self-efficacy partially mediated the impact of the intervention on the distress scores of menopausal symptoms (P < 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The program was effective in alleviating menopausal symptoms of Asian American breast cancer survivors.
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Gunn CM, Paasche-Orlow MK, Bak S, Wang N, Pamphile J, Nelson K, Morton S, Battaglia TA. Health Literacy, Language, and Cancer-Related Needs in the First 6 Months After a Breast Cancer Diagnosis. JCO Oncol Pract 2020; 16:e741-e750. [PMID: 32216715 DOI: 10.1200/jop.19.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Low health literacy (HL) and language negatively affect cancer screening and prevention behaviors; less is known about how they affect the patient's experience during cancer treatment. This study explores associations among HL, spoken language, and dimensions of cancer-related needs within 6 months of receiving a breast cancer diagnosis. METHODS Women speaking English, Spanish, or Haitian Creole, enrolled in a patient navigation study at diagnosis, completed a survey in their primary spoken language at baseline and 6 months to characterize their cancer-related needs. HL was measured using the Brief Health Literacy Screening Tool. Outcomes included the Cancer Needs Distress Inventory (CaNDI; n = 38 items) and the Communication and Attitudinal Self-Efficacy scale (CASE-Cancer) for cancer (n = 12 items). Linear regressions measured the impact of HL and language on total CaNDI and CASE-Cancer scale for cancer scores and subscales, adjusted for demographics. RESULTS At baseline, 262 women participated and 228 (87%) followed up at 6 months. Of these, 38% had adequate HL, 33% had marginal HL, and 29% had inadequate HL. Women with inadequate or marginal HL had higher median baseline CaNDI scores (P = .02) and lower self-efficacy scores (P = .008), relative to those with adequate HL. Haitian-Creole speakers had significantly lower CANDI scores at baseline (P = .03). Adjusting for demographics, differences in CaNDI scores at baseline remained significant for those with lower HL and Haitian-Creole speakers. At 6 months, differences in self-efficacy persisted for Haitian-Creole speakers. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that interventions oriented to mitigating HL and language barriers might reduce distress at the time of diagnosis and improve self-efficacy over the course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Gunn
- Evans Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Women's Health Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.,Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Michael K Paasche-Orlow
- Evans Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Sharon Bak
- Evans Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Women's Health Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Na Wang
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytic Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer Pamphile
- Evans Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Women's Health Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kerrie Nelson
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Tracy A Battaglia
- Evans Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Women's Health Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Im EO, Kim S, Yang YL, Chee W. The efficacy of a technology-based information and coaching/support program on pain and symptoms in Asian American survivors of breast cancer. Cancer 2019; 126:670-680. [PMID: 31714598 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a common problem, especially in the first few years of breast cancer survivorship. Asian American survivors of breast cancer reportedly have inadequate cancer pain management, and subsequently report a lower quality of life compared with other racial/ethnic groups. Technology-based programs could improve the cancer pain management process. The purpose of the current study was to examine the efficacy of a technology-based information and coaching/support program on cancer pain and its accompanying symptoms among Asian American survivors of breast cancer. METHODS The current study adopted a randomized pretest/posttest group design. The sample included 115 Asian American survivors of breast cancer (49 in the control group and 66 in the intervention group). The participants' background features, pain (frequency and distress), accompanying symptom distress (global, physical, and psychological), and 4 theory-based mediators (attitude, self-efficacy, perceived barriers, and social influence) were measured using multiple instruments at 3 time points (pretest, after 1 month, and after 3 months). The current study used an intent-to-treat approach and conducted linear mixed model growth curve analyses. RESULTS There were significant decreases noted in all outcome variables, including pain and symptoms over time in both groups. There were greater decreases in physical symptom distress scores among the intervention group compared with the control group (P = .0229). The mediators as a whole significantly explained overall decreases in general, physical, and psychological symptom distress scores after 3 months in both groups and the intervention group's greater decreases in general, physical, and psychological symptom distress scores after 1 month. CONCLUSIONS The technology-based program described herein could help to reduce cancer pain and its accompanying symptoms among Asian American survivors of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Im
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sangmi Kim
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - You Lee Yang
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Wonshik Chee
- School of Nursing, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Tran QNH, Dieu-Hien HT, King IN, Sheehan K, Iglowitz ML, Periyakoil VS. Providing Culturally Respectful Care for Seriously Ill Vietnamese Americans. J Pain Symptom Manage 2019; 58:344-354. [PMID: 30922704 PMCID: PMC7310713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vietnamese Americans are a heterogeneous population with a rich, shared experience and historical and cultural influences from Asia and Europe. Societal upheaval resulting from the Vietnam War and varied immigration patterns to the U.S. and levels of acculturation layer complexity to this resilient population. These experiences influence how the communities as a whole and how the family as a unit approach health care issues, their attitudes toward serious illness and care at the end of life. Challenges with caring for this population include lack of resources and training to provide culturally sensitive care, lack of appropriate advance care planning, and lack of interpreters or culture-specific care programs. All contribute to poor end-of-life care. An understanding of how these complexities interplay may help clinicians provide compassionate and patient-centric care to these patients, their families, and their supporting communities. This article provides an overview of culturally effective care for seriously ill Vietnamese American patients and makes recommendations for potential strategies for providing respectful end-of-life care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy N H Tran
- University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA; VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA
| | | | - Isabelle N King
- University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kayla Sheehan
- California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | | | - Vyjeyanthi S Periyakoil
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.
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Vu M, Escoffery C, Srivanjarean Y, Do E, Berg CJ. Acculturation and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in the Home Among Vietnamese Immigrants in Metropolitan Atlanta. J Immigr Minor Health 2019; 22:580-587. [PMID: 31154544 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-019-00906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study represents the first effort to examine associations between various measures of acculturation and past 30-day secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among Vietnamese-Americans in metro-Atlanta, one of the areas with the highest number of Vietnamese-Americans in the U.S. Survey data of 96 Vietnamese-American nonsmoking adults attending health fairs/programs hosted by community-based organizations (2017-2018) were analyzed. Acculturation-related predictors included Vancouver Acculturation Index, language fluency, years in the U.S., and area-level proportion of Asian residents. The sample was an average 37.49 years old and 65.3% female; the average number of years in the U.S. was 18.17 years. Past 30-day SHS exposure was reported by 21.9%. In multiple logistic regressions, the only variable associated with SHS exposure was the number of years living in the U.S. [OR = 0.91, CI = (0.85-0.99), p = 0.02]. Newly-immigrated Vietnamese-Americans have increased SHS exposure risk. Education about smoke-free policies and harmful effects of SHS may benefit this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milkie Vu
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, GCR 521, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Cam Escoffery
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, GCR 521, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Do
- Center for Pan Asian Community Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, GCR 521, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Tsai W, Zavala D, Gomez S. Using the Facebook Advertisement Platform to Recruit Chinese, Korean, and Latinx Cancer Survivors for Psychosocial Research: Web-Based Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e11571. [PMID: 30632966 PMCID: PMC6329895 DOI: 10.2196/11571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic minority cancer survivors remain an understudied and underrepresented population in cancer research, in part, due to the challenge of low participant recruitment rates. Therefore, identifying effective recruitment strategies is imperative for reducing cancer health disparities among this population. With the widespread use of social media, health researchers have turned to Facebook as a potential source of recruitment. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of purchasing ads on Facebook to recruit Chinese, Korean, and Latinx cancer survivors residing in the United States. We assessed their experience with participating in a Web-based survey and their interest for future research. METHODS We showed 5 purchased ads in English, simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese, Korean, and Spanish on Facebook. Participants who clicked on the Facebook ad were directed to the study website and asked to submit their emails to receive the link to the 30-minute Web-based survey. Inclusion criteria included being of Asian or Latinx heritage, age ≥18 years, having a cancer diagnosis, and being within 5 years of cancer treatment. Participants who completed the survey were sent a US $10 Walmart eGiftcard. RESULTS The Facebook ads were shown for 48 consecutive days for a total spending of US $1200.46 (US $25/day budget). Overall, 11 East Asian and 15 Latinx cancer survivors completed the study, resulting in an average cost per participant of US $46.17. The East Asian and Latinx cancer survivors did not significantly differ in age, years lived in the United States, education level, generation status, and time since diagnosis. However, Latinx cancer survivors were marginally more likely to have limited English proficiency and lower annual income than East Asian cancer survivors. Both Latinx and East Asian cancer survivors reported that they enjoyed participating in this study and indicated an interest in participating in future psychosocial research studies. CONCLUSIONS The use of Facebook ads successfully resulted in the recruitment of East Asian and Latinx cancer survivors with different cancer diagnoses who reside in various geographic regions of the United States. We found that East Asian and Latinx cancer survivors recruited through Facebook were interested in participating in future psychosocial research, thereby providing support for the feasibility and effectiveness of using Facebook as a source of recruitment for ethnic minority cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Tsai
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daisy Zavala
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Sol Gomez
- Department of Psychology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
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Gerges M, Smith AB, Durcinoska I, Yan H, Girgis A. Exploring levels and correlates of health literacy in Arabic and Vietnamese immigrant patients with cancer and their English-speaking counterparts in Australia: a cross-sectional study protocol. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e021666. [PMID: 30068616 PMCID: PMC6074627 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For immigrants diagnosed with cancer, the stress of a cancer diagnosis and treatment can be amplified by unfamiliarity with the health system, lack of culturally and linguistically appropriate information, and inability to communicate efficiently and accurately with the treating team. Lower levels of health literacy may be one factor underlying poorer outcomes among immigrant patients with cancer, but there have been few studies exploring this issue to date. This study aims to investigate the levels and correlates of health literacy in two immigrant populations affected by cancer and their English-speaking counterparts. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Levels and correlates of health and eHealth literacy will be evaluated using a cross-sectional self-report questionnaire. Eligible, English, Arabic and Vietnamese patients with cancer and survivors (n=50 of each language group) will be invited to complete a questionnaire in their preferred language containing the Health Literacy Questionnaire, the eHealth Literacy Scale and study-specific questions assessing potential correlates of poor health literacy, including gender, age, education level, acculturation into Australian society and number of chronic illnesses.Multivariable logistic regression will be used to identify potential approaches to support effective communication with healthcare providers and preferred methods for assessing patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to support culturally appropriate cancer care.The outcomes of this study will be used to better meet the needs of immigrant populations, including the tailoring of interventions appropriate to different health literacy levels. Outcomes will also inform strategies for PRO assessment to inform unmet needs and to address Australian healthcare system challenges to meet the needs of immigrant populations. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of South Western Sydney Local Health District (approval number: HREC/16/LPOOL/650). Results from the study will aim to be published at international conferences and in peer-reviewed journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Gerges
- Psycho-Oncology Research Group, Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT) Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allan Ben Smith
- Psycho-Oncology Research Group, Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT) Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ivana Durcinoska
- Psycho-Oncology Research Group, Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT) Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henry Yan
- Psycho-Oncology Research Group, Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT) Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Afaf Girgis
- Psycho-Oncology Research Group, Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT) Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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Chee W, Lee Y, Im EO, Chee E, Tsai HM, Nishigaki M, Yeo SA, Schapira M, Mao JJ. A culturally tailored Internet cancer support group for Asian American breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled pilot intervention study. J Telemed Telecare 2017; 23:618-626. [PMID: 27486198 PMCID: PMC6186171 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x16658369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The necessity of culturally competent Internet Cancer Support Groups (ICSGs) for ethnic minorities has recently been highlighted in order to increase its attractiveness and usage. The purpose of this study was to determine the preliminary efficacy of a culturally tailored registered-nurse-moderated ICSG for Asian American breast cancer survivors in enhancing the women's breast cancer survivorship experience. Methods The study included two phases: (a) a usability test and an expert review; and (b) a randomized controlled pilot intervention study. The usability test was conducted among five Asian American breast cancer survivors using a one-month online forum, and the expert review was conducted among five experts using the Cognitive Walkthrough method. The randomized controlled pilot intervention study (a pre-test and post-test design) was conducted among 65 Asian American breast cancer survivors. The data were analysed using content analysis and descriptive and inferential statistics including the repeated ANOVA. Results All users and experts positively evaluated the program and provided their suggestions for the display, educational contents, and user-friendly structure. There were significant positive changes in the support care needs and physical and psychological symptoms ( p < 0.05) of the control group. There were significant negative changes in the uncertainty level of the intervention group ( p < 0.10). Controlling for background and disease factors, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvements than the control group in physical and psychological symptoms and quality of life ( p < 0.10). Discussion The findings supported the positive effects of ICSGs on support care needs, psychological and physical symptoms, and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaelim Lee
- Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul, Korea,
| | | | | | - Hsiu-Min Tsai
- Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | | | - Seon Ae Yeo
- University of North Caronia, Chapel Hill, NC,
| | | | - Jun James Mao
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,
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Le MN, Nguyen GT, Pan Z, Maglalang DD, Butt F, Bautista R, Nitta M, Barg FK. Unmet Needs of Asian American and Pacific Islander Cancer Survivors. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2017; 32:374-381. [PMID: 26621507 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-015-0952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the USA, cancer is the leading cause of death for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs), but little is known about the unmet needs of AAPI cancer survivors, especially from a national perspective. Using a community-based participatory research approach, we partnered with the Asian and Pacific Islander National Cancer Survivors Network and the Asian American Cancer Support Network to design and conduct a cross-sectional survey to understand the unmet needs of a national sample of AAPI cancer survivors. We assessed unmet needs in 10 domains: day-to-day activities, financial expenses, emotional concerns, medical treatment, cancer information, home care, nutrition, physical concerns, family relationships, and spirituality. We also assessed self-reported measures related to quality of life. This national sample of AAPI cancer survivors included people from 14 states and two territories who had been diagnosed with a broad range of cancers, including cancer of the breast, ovary/uterus/cervix, prostate, blood, and other sites. Over 80 % reported at least one unmet need. Participants reported an average of 8.4 unmet needs, spanning an average of 3.9 domains. Most commonly reported were unmet needs pertaining to physical concerns (66 %), day-to-day activities (52 %), and emotional concerns (52 %). This is the first report of unmet needs in a national sample of AAPI cancer survivors with a range of different cancer types. It describes the areas of greatest need and points to the importance of devoting more resources to identifying and addressing unmet needs for the underserved population of AAPI cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai-Nhung Le
- Department of Asian American Studies, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., EP 412, San Francisco, CA, 94132-4252, USA.
| | - Giang T Nguyen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhi Pan
- Graduate Program in Public Health Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dale Dagar Maglalang
- Department of Asian American Studies, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., EP 412, San Francisco, CA, 94132-4252, USA
| | - Fidelia Butt
- Asian American Cancer Support Network, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Roxanna Bautista
- Asian and Pacific Islander National Cancer Survivors Network and Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mavis Nitta
- Asian and Pacific Islander National Cancer Survivors Network and Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frances K Barg
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Liu S, Qiu G, Louie W. Use of Mindfulness Sitting Meditation in Chinese American Women in Treatment of Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 16:110-117. [PMID: 27252075 PMCID: PMC5736067 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416649661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Very few studies have been conducted to examine the prevalence, frequency, perceived effectiveness, and possible influencing factors of use of meditation in patients with cancer. Objectives. To examine use of mindfulness sitting medication (MSM) in Chinese American women in treatment of cancer, its relationship to specific symptom distress, and possible influencing factors of MSM. Methods. Volunteer participants were recruited through the American Cancer Society support groups. The participants completed a demographic data form, a researcher-developed criteria and checklist for MSM, and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale–Short Form. Results. Eighty-nine Chinese American women with a mean age of 58 years completed the questionnaires. Twenty-one patients (24%) reported the use of MSM during active treatment of cancer. Patients who had higher education, better income, better English proficiency, and health insurance were more likely to use MSM. Patients who had more symptom distress also reported to use more MSM. Most patients (20/21) who used meditation considered it effective. After controlling other variables, better English proficiency, breast cancer, and higher symptom distress predicted the use of MSM in Chinese American women in treatment of cancer. Conclusions. About 24% of Chinese American women used MSM in the treatment of cancer and most of them considered it effective. Symptom distress and English proficiency levels predicted the use of MSM. Implications for Practice. Given the effectiveness of MSM, oncology nurses could recommend using MSM in Chinese American women in treatment of cancer, especially for patients who had higher symptom distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- 1 Adelphi University College of Nursing and Public Health, Garden City, NY, USA
| | - Guang Qiu
- 2 The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Wendy Louie
- 3 New York Presbyterian Queen Hospital, Flushing, NY, USA
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Lim JW, Paek MS. Recruiting Chinese- and Korean-Americans in Cancer Survivorship Research: Challenges and Lessons Learned. JOURNAL OF CANCER EDUCATION : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR CANCER EDUCATION 2016; 31:108-114. [PMID: 25619194 PMCID: PMC4516703 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-015-0790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes Asian-American recruitment experiences using data from the cancer survivorship study involving Chinese- and Korean-American breast cancer survivors specifically. The article discusses challenges to the successful recruitment of Asian-American populations for cancer survivorship research and provides recommendations for future recruitment efforts. The study investigated the role of family communication in coping and quality of life for survivors from Chinese- and Korean-American groups diagnosed with breast cancer. Participants were primarily recruited through cancer registries and community outreach. A total of 157 breast cancer survivors (86 Chinese-Americans and 71 Korean-Americans) completed the final survey, yielding a final response rate of 62.8 % of the accessible samples. Chinese-Americans were more likely to agree to participate but less frequently completed the survey, and Korean-Americans were more likely to refuse to participate. Common reasons for refusal were "too busy or too painful to recall," followed by "not interested," "too old," "distrust of the research," or "health issue." Participants were more likely to be young and Korean-American compared to non-participants. Cultural and linguistic barriers, distrust, and lack of awareness about cancer research should be considered to recruit more Asian-American cancer survivors. Community participatory research is required to ensure participation by sufficient numbers of ethnic minorities in cancer survivorship research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Lim
- College of Social Welfare, Kangnam University, 40 Gangnam-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, 446-702, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Min-So Paek
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Chou FY, Kuang LY, Lee J, Yoo GJ, Fung LC. Challenges in Cancer Self-management of Patients with Limited English Proficiency. Asia Pac J Oncol Nurs 2016; 3:259-265. [PMID: 27981169 PMCID: PMC5123524 DOI: 10.4103/2347-5625.189815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This paper summarizes the barriers and challenges in cancer care reported from a validation project of a self-management intervention handbook from Chinese-American cancer patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). Methods: Seven health-care providers (HCPs) and 16 Chinese-American cancer survivors with LEP were invited to validate a self-management intervention handbook through networking sampling method. Bilingual versions were developed and validated using the repeated translation process. Online and paper-based survey and interview were conducted to collect information on the perception of barriers and experiences on cancer care. Data were analyzed by the content analysis method. Results: The HCPs reported a bilingual self-management handbook which is useful and feasible for patient self-management. The challenges in giving cancer care to LEP patients included: patients do not engage in discussion, different cultural health beliefs, unable to speak to patients in their primary language, and patients are less likely to discuss emotional and social challenges during treatments. The common barriers and experiences during cancer care included: limited understanding about treatment/medication and side effects, language barriers such as unable to communicate to make the decision, unable to understand information related to resources and do not know what questions to ask, and do not know what to expect during their cancer treatment. Conclusions: The current findings highlight the need of cancer self-management support for culturally diverse LEP cancer patients. Further research can include applying the supportive intervention to all LEP cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Chou
- School of Nursing, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lily Y Kuang
- Department of Nursing, Chinese Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeannette Lee
- Physical Therapy, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grace J Yoo
- Asian American Studies, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lei-Chun Fung
- Health Education, Chinatown Public Health Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Santos Salas A, Fuentes Contreras J, Armijo-Olivo S, Saltaji H, Watanabe S, Chambers T, Walter L, Cummings GG. Non-pharmacological cancer pain interventions in populations with social disparities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. SUPPORTIVE CARE IN CANCER : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE MULTINATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SUPPORTIVE CARE IN CANCER 2015. [PMID: 26556211 DOI: 10.1007/s00520‐015‐2998‐9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Global advances in pain relief have improved the quality of life of cancer populations. Yet, variation in cancer pain outcomes has been found in populations with social disparities compared to mainstream groups. Populations with social disparities bear an inequitable distribution of resources such as ethnic minorities, low income individuals, and women in vulnerable circumstances. RESEARCH PURPOSE A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of non-pharmacological cancer pain interventions in cancer populations with social disparities of income, ethnicity, or gender. METHODS Randomized controlled trials, controlled trials, and before and after studies were targeted through comprehensive multidatabase searches. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts for potentially relevant studies and reviewed the full text of relevant articles for inclusion. Data were extracted from included studies by one reviewer and verified by another reviewer. Four reviewers independently completed quality assessment. Studies were grouped by intervention. Effects were evaluated for heterogeneity and pooled. RESULTS The search found 5219 potential records. Full text of 26 reports was evaluated. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met inclusion criteria, targeting ethnic minorities and underserved populations and/or women. Interventions included education, coaching, and online support groups. Studies found no significant differences in pain reduction between intervention and control groups or between ethnic minorities and their counterparts. A high risk of bias was found in all studies. Meta-analysis found no statistically significant difference on pain intensity among underserved groups, ethnic minorities, or between ethnic minorities and white counterparts. CONCLUSION Results show the need to examine supportive care interventions particularly in populations with social disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santos Salas
- Faculty of Nursing University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Jorge Fuentes Contreras
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile
| | - Susan Armijo-Olivo
- Research Centre Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3-62 Corbett Hall, University of Alberta, 8205 114 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G4, Canada
| | - Humam Saltaji
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-476 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Sharon Watanabe
- Department of Symptom Control and Palliative Care, Cross Cancer Institute and Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 2001, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Thane Chambers
- John W. Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta Libraries, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Lori Walter
- UBC Okanagan Library, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Greta G Cummings
- Faculty of Nursing University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
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Santos Salas A, Fuentes Contreras J, Armijo-Olivo S, Saltaji H, Watanabe S, Chambers T, Walter L, Cummings GG. Non-pharmacological cancer pain interventions in populations with social disparities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Support Care Cancer 2015; 24:985-1000. [PMID: 26556211 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-015-2998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Global advances in pain relief have improved the quality of life of cancer populations. Yet, variation in cancer pain outcomes has been found in populations with social disparities compared to mainstream groups. Populations with social disparities bear an inequitable distribution of resources such as ethnic minorities, low income individuals, and women in vulnerable circumstances. RESEARCH PURPOSE A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of non-pharmacological cancer pain interventions in cancer populations with social disparities of income, ethnicity, or gender. METHODS Randomized controlled trials, controlled trials, and before and after studies were targeted through comprehensive multidatabase searches. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts for potentially relevant studies and reviewed the full text of relevant articles for inclusion. Data were extracted from included studies by one reviewer and verified by another reviewer. Four reviewers independently completed quality assessment. Studies were grouped by intervention. Effects were evaluated for heterogeneity and pooled. RESULTS The search found 5219 potential records. Full text of 26 reports was evaluated. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met inclusion criteria, targeting ethnic minorities and underserved populations and/or women. Interventions included education, coaching, and online support groups. Studies found no significant differences in pain reduction between intervention and control groups or between ethnic minorities and their counterparts. A high risk of bias was found in all studies. Meta-analysis found no statistically significant difference on pain intensity among underserved groups, ethnic minorities, or between ethnic minorities and white counterparts. CONCLUSION Results show the need to examine supportive care interventions particularly in populations with social disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santos Salas
- Faculty of Nursing University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Jorge Fuentes Contreras
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca, Chile
| | - Susan Armijo-Olivo
- Research Centre Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3-62 Corbett Hall, University of Alberta, 8205 114 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G4, Canada
| | - Humam Saltaji
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-476 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Sharon Watanabe
- Department of Symptom Control and Palliative Care, Cross Cancer Institute and Division of Palliative Care Medicine, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Room 2001, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Thane Chambers
- John W. Scott Health Sciences Library, University of Alberta Libraries, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Lori Walter
- UBC Okanagan Library, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Greta G Cummings
- Faculty of Nursing University of Alberta, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada
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Liu S, Sun Y, Louie W. Symptom distress and its association with traditional Chinese medicine use in Chinese American women with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2015; 42:E24-32. [PMID: 25542331 DOI: 10.1188/15.onf.e24-e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To identify symptom distress related to cancer for a group of Chinese American women in treatment, and to examine their use of various forms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and their relationships to specific symptoms they identified. DESIGN Cross-sectional, correlational. SETTING American Cancer Society Asian Initiatives support groups in the state of New York. SAMPLE 97 Chinese American women residing in New York with a mean age of 57 years; the time since diagnosis of cancer ranged from two months to 24 years. The type of diagnosis for the majority of women was breast cancer. METHODS A self-reported questionnaire including a demographic data form, a researcher-developed checklist for types of TCM, and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale Short Form (MSAS-SF) were administered. The MSAS-SF has three subscales: global distress index, psychological symptom distress scale, and physical symptom distress scale. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Symptoms, symptom distress, and types of TCM. The descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied for data analysis. FINDINGS Chinese American women with cancer in treatment reported multiple symptoms, and the three MSAS-SF distress subscale scores indicated moderate symptom distress. Symptoms were positively associated with the use of TCM. CONCLUSIONS Chinese American women in treatment for cancer reported multiple symptoms and moderate symptom distress. Participants with specific symptoms tended to use specific forms of TCM. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING High prevalence of psychological symptoms for Chinese American women with cancer suggests that oncology nurses should work with mental health providers for symptom management of this population. Oncology nurses also need to stay informed of the growing body of evidence on the benefits of TCM for patients with cancer. Future studies should include an emphasis on the improvement in methodologic quality for studies that investigate using TCM in participants with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- College of Nursing and Public Health, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY
| | - Yiyuan Sun
- College of Nursing and Public Health, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY
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Yi JK, Anderson KO, Le YC, Escobar-Chaves SL, Reyes-Gibby CC. English proficiency, knowledge, and receipt of HPV vaccine in Vietnamese-American women. J Community Health 2014; 38:805-11. [PMID: 23526096 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013-9680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most important disease burdens experienced by Vietnamese-American women. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological agent in almost all cases of cervical cancer. We surveyed Vietnamese-American women to determine receipt of HPV vaccine and assessed if limited English proficiency and knowledge related to HPV vaccine were associated with HPV vaccine uptake. Of the 113 Vietnamese-American women who participated in the study, 58 % (n = 68) was born in Vietnam. The mean years of residency in the United States was 12.75 years. Only 16 (14 %) reported receiving HPV vaccine and 11 (9 %) reported receiving all three shots. Thirteen women responded that they are not at all likely to receive HPV vaccine. Of the whole sample, 47 % (n = 53) reported proficiency in spoken and written English. English proficiency was significantly associated with receipt of HPV vaccine (OR = 4.4; confidence interval (95 % CI) = 1.2; 16.50; p = 0.03). Of the knowledge items, 70 % (n = 79) responded correctly that HPV increases the risk for cervical cancer. However, as many as 60 % responded incorrectly, that HPV infection can be cured with medication. The item, "People infected with HPV can be cured with medication," was the most important variable associated with receipt of HPV vaccine. Specifically, those with correct response were 3.8 times more likely to report receiving the HPV vaccine (OR = 3.8; 95 % CI = 1.1; 13.5; p = 0.04). Important public health needs are the development and evaluation of educational programs on HPV and cervical cancer that are designed for Vietnamese-American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Yi
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
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36
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Perceived information needs and social support of Chinese-Australian breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2014; 22:2651-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Martin MY, Fouad MN, Oster RA, Schrag D, Urmie J, Sanders S, Pisu M. What do cancer patients worry about when making decisions about treatment? Variation across racial/ethnic groups. Support Care Cancer 2014; 22:233-44. [PMID: 24037412 PMCID: PMC5338592 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-013-1958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the issues patients worry about when making decisions about cancer treatment. A total of 5,044 colorectal and lung cancer patients from the Cancer Care Outcomes Research and Surveillance Consortium reported their level of worry about (1) treatment side effects, (2) treatment costs, (3) time away from family, (4) time away from work, and (5) transportation to treatment sites. Using multivariable logistic regression, we evaluated the association of sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables with worry. Overall, 75 % of patients worried about side effects of treatments; 40 %, the cost of treatment; 50 %, time away from family; 52 %, time away from work; and 22 %, about transportation. In multivariable analyses, across all worry domains, older patients had lower odds of reporting worry (p values < 0.001). Patients who perceived less than excellent quality of care, self-assessed their health as less than excellent, and those with a higher cancer stage were more likely to report worry. Asian patients were more likely to report worry than Whites about the cost of treatment and transportation, and relative to Whites, Hispanics were more likely to report worry about transportation (p values < 0.05). Black patients were less likely to report worry about time away from work. Patients worry about issues beyond treatment side effects when making treatment decisions. The pattern of worry varies along sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial factors, including race and ethnicity. Understanding the source of patient worry and identifying interventions to alleviate worry are important to delivering patient-centered cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Martin
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1717 11th Avenue South, MT 617, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA,
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Im EO, Rendell MO, Chang SJ, Chee E. Predictors of Quality of Life in Cancer Survivors: White and Asian American Women. WOMEN & THERAPY 2014; 37:282-300. [PMID: 26052175 DOI: 10.1080/02703149.2014.897554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to compare the pathways through which multiple contextual factors influence the quality of life in Asian American and White women living with cancer. This is a secondary analysis of the data from 95 Asian American women and 113 White women. The data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling. Multiple factors explained higher percent of total variances of the quality of life scores in Whites compared with that in Asian Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Im
- School of Nursing, The University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Sun Ju Chang
- School of Nursing, The University of Pennsylvania
| | - Eunice Chee
- School of Engineering, the University of Pennsylvania
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Breast cancer experience and survivorship among Asian Americans: a systematic review. J Cancer Surviv 2013; 8:94-107. [PMID: 24214498 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-013-0320-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Asian American women, and the number of Asian American breast cancer survivors is rapidly increasing. Although Asian Americans are one of the fastest growing and most heterogeneous ethnic groups in the United States, limited data exist in regard to their breast cancer experience and survivorship. METHODS A systematic review of the breast cancer experience literature was conducted and included studies of Asian Americans or their subgroups as a major category of study participants. Of the 125 studies reviewed, 10 qualitative studies, 10 quantitative studies, 5 studies that used a mixed-method approach, and 1 intervention study met the criteria for inclusion. RESULTS Qualitatively, Asian Americans reported unmet physical and emotional needs and challenges during survivorship. Quantitative studies consistently found that socioeconomic status, cultural health beliefs, immigration stress, acculturation level, English proficiency, social support, and spirituality associated with Asian American breast cancer patients' health behaviors and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Studies also revealed significant variation in breast cancer reaction and HRQOL within Asian American subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Although research on Asian American breast cancer experience and survivorship is sparse, we concluded that Asian Americans experience disrupted HRQOL following breast cancer diagnosis and treatment, interwoven with their cultural and socio-ecological system, and that programs focused on improving cancer survivorship outcomes among this ethnic minority group are limited. Most studies have concentrated on the West coast population, and there is significant underrepresentation of longitudinal and intervention studies. Implications for study design, measurement, and future research areas are also included. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS The results highlight a need to understand ethnic differences and to take into account social, cultural, and linguistic factors in breast cancer survivorship experiences among Asian American subgroups as a means to develop culturally relevant and linguistically appropriate interventions designed to improve HRQOL.
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Kwan ML, Tam EK, Ergas IJ, Rehkopf DH, Roh JM, Lee MM, Somkin CP, Stewart AL, Kushi LH. Patient-physician interaction and quality of life in recently diagnosed breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 139:581-95. [PMID: 23715629 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have explored how patient-physician interactions influence patients' quality of life (QOL). In a prospective cohort study of 1,855 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Medical Care Program from 2006 to 2011, we examined associations between patient-physician interactions during cancer treatment and QOL, overall and by racial/ethnic group. Participants completed the interpersonal processes of care (IPC) survey at approximately 8 months post-diagnosis to assess specific domains of the patient-physician interaction during the months after cancer diagnosis. Domains included: compassion, elicited concerns, explained results, decided together, lack of clarity, discrimination due to race/ethnicity, and disrespectful office staff. The functional assessment of cancer therapy-breast cancer was completed concurrently to measure QOL. Linear regression models examined the association of IPC with QOL, first adjusting for patient covariates including age, race, clinical factors, and psychosocial measures and then for physician characteristics such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and specialty. For all participants (n = 1,855), IPC scores suggesting greater lack of clarity, discrimination due to race/ethnicity, and disrespectful office staff in patient-physician interactions were associated with lower QOL (P< 0.01). IPC scores suggesting physicians demonstrating compassion, eliciting concerns, or explaining results were associated with higher QOL (P< 0.01). Among Whites (n = 1,306), only the associations with higher QOL remained. African Americans (n = 110) who reported higher scores on physician compassion and elicited concerns had higher QOL, whereas higher scores for disrespectful office staff had lower QOL. No associations were observed among Asians (n = 201) and Hispanics (n = 186). After further adjustment for physician factors, the associations among Whites remained, whereas those among African Americans disappeared. In the breast cancer treatment setting, characteristics of the patient-physician interaction as perceived by the patient are associated with QOL, yet were not specific to patient race/ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn L Kwan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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Wang JHY, Adams I, Huang E, Ashing-Giwa K, Gomez SL, Allen L. Physical distress and cancer care experiences among Chinese-American and non-Hispanic White breast cancer survivors. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 124:383-8. [PMID: 22115854 PMCID: PMC3298543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of Chinese-American breast cancer survivors (BCS) is increasing as a result of increasing incidence rates. There has been little research on Chinese BCS' follow-up cancer care. This qualitative study aims to understand how Chinese-American BCS experience and cope with physical distress relative to non-Hispanic White (NHW) survivors. METHODS Seventy-one BCS (37 Chinese immigrant, 7 US-born Chinese, 27 NHW) were recruited from the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry to participate in focus group discussions or one-on-one interviews about their survivorship experiences. All BCS were diagnosed with breast cancer at stage 0-IIA between 2006 and 2009, and had survived for 1-4 years without recurrence. Interviews were conducted in Cantonese, Mandarin, or English. Data analyses followed established qualitative methods of content analysis. RESULTS BCS experienced pain and side effects from radiation, surgery, and hormonal therapy. Physical distress subsequently caused emotional concerns about recurrence or metastasis. Most BCS consulted physicians about their physical distress. Chinese immigrant BCS were less likely to have their issues resolved compared to NHW and US-born Chinese who were more likely to question physicians, ask for referrals, and make repeat attempts if their problems were not resolved. Some Chinese immigrant BCS turned to Traditional Chinese Medicine for relief or accepted the idea that physical distress was part of survivorship. CONCLUSION Chinese immigrant BCS may be at risk for greater distress compared with US-born Chinese and NHW BCS because of cultural norms that make them less inclined to express their needs to physicians or challenge physicians when their needs are not met. Furthermore, they may express symptoms in culturally unique ways (e.g., hot-cold imbalances). Further research is needed to determine how to best improve survivorship care experiences in this understudied population, with the goal of decreasing BCS' physical distress and improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Huei-yu Wang
- Cancer Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3300 Whitehaven Street, NW., Suite 4100, Washington DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Inez Adams
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, 355 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | - Ellen Huang
- Cancer Control Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3300 Whitehaven Street, NW., Suite 4100, Washington DC, 20007, USA.
| | - Kimlin Ashing-Giwa
- Center of Community Alliance for Research & Education, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA94538, USA ; (Scarlett Lin Gomez) and (Laura Allen)
| | - Laura Allen
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA94538, USA ; (Scarlett Lin Gomez) and (Laura Allen)
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