Cut points on 0-10 numeric rating scales for symptoms included in the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale in cancer patients: a systematic review

Low handgrip strength as a marker of severity in the diagnostic criteria for cancer cachexia

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The diagnostic criteria for cachexia, as proposed by the Asian Working Group for Cachexia (AWGC), include weight loss, a low body mass index, and additional factors such as a low handgrip strength (HGS), anorexia, or elevated CRP levels. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of low HGS as a diagnostic criterion in patients with advanced cancer.

METHODS

This single-centre, retrospective cohort study was conducted between April 2019 and March 2023. Patients aged ≥18 years with malignant diseases were included. Patients without records on HGS were excluded. Low HGS was defined as a HGS <28 kg for men and <18 kg for women. The overall median survival time (MST) was analysed by univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

A total of 894 patients were analysed. Cachexia was prevalent in 74 %, though only 3.4 % were diagnosed based solely on low HGS. The MST in patients with cachexia was 122 days, and in those with low HGS was 73 days. The associations between low HGS and high mortality remained significant after adjusting for AWGC criteria, modified weight loss grading system, age, gender, performance status, calf circumferenceand fluid retention. The MST varied with the number of additional factors being met: 422 days for one criterion, 92 days for two, and 55 days for all three (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

This study supports that HGS serve as important prognostic tool in patients with various cancers.

Validation of 11 added items of the outpatient version of the Utrecht Symptom Diary in patients receiving chemotherapy or targeted therapy

INTRODUCTION

The Utrecht Symptom Diary (USD) is a validated Dutch patient-reported outcome measurement (PROM) tool - based on the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System - to assess and monitor symptoms in cancer patients. The USD contains 11 items concerning frequently occurring symptoms in cancer patients (pain, sleeping problems, dry mouth, dysphagia, lack of appetite, abnormal stool, nausea, shortness of breath, fatigue, anxiety and depressed mood) and an item on overall well-being. For the outpatient USD 11 items concerning frequently occurring signs and symptoms in patients receiving chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy were added to the USD: taste alteration, oral pain, weight loss, diarrhoea, hair changes, skin problems, nail problems, eye problems, tingling, concentration problems and problems with sexuality. This current study aimed to evaluate the 11 added items on this treatment specific outpatient USD in cancer patients receiving intravenous chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy.

METHODS

Observational longitudinal retrospective cohort study including all adult outpatients with cancer receiving intravenous chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy in an academic hospital in the Netherlands who completed at least one outpatient USD as part of routine care (2012-2021). Relevance, comprehensiveness as well as criterion and construct validity were assessed.

RESULTS

1733 patients who completed ≥ 1 outpatient USD during intravenous chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy were included for analysis. Relevance as well as comprehensiveness of the items on the outpatient USD in this patient population was shown. Criterion validation was demonstrated for all added items of the outpatient USD - except for the item on oral pain. An additional analysis showed that mouth problems were detected with both outpatient USD items oral pain and dry mouth. Construct validity was demonstrated for the items hair changes and skin and nail problems. Construct validity on eye problems was not tested due to the low number of paired outpatient USDs.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment specific outpatient USD is a validated PROM in outpatients with cancer receiving intravenous chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy. Considering its validity in this broad group of patients, we think the treatment-specific outpatient USD is widely applicable. In addition to providing tailored supportive symptom care, the USD-data can be used to increase knowledge about symptom burden in daily practice in this population.

Efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula therapy in elderly patients with acute respiratory failure

INTRODUCTION

To assess the efficacy and safety of high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in elderly patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) not due to COVID-19, refractory to treatment with conventional oxygen therapy and/or intolerant to noninvasive ventilation (NIV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and without criteria for admission to intensive care units (ICU).

METHODS

Prospective observational study of patients with ARF treated with HFNC who presented clinical and arterial blood gas deterioration after 24 h of medical treatment and oxygenation by conventional systems. The degree of dyspnoea, gas exchange parameters (arterial O2 pressure/inspired O2 fraction ratio (PaO2/FiO2); oxygen saturation measured by oximetry/ inspired fraction of oxygen (Sp02/Fi02), ROX index), degree of patient tolerance and mortality were evaluated. These were measured at discharge from the emergency department (ED), 24 h after treatment with conventional oxygenation and 60, 120 min and 24 h after initiation of HFNC. The results were analyzed for all patients as a whole and for patients with hypercapnia (arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) < 45 mmHg) separately.

RESULTS

200 patients were included in the study between November 2019 and November 2020, with a mean age of 83 years, predominantly women (61.9%), obese (Body Mass Index (BMI) 31.1), with high comorbidity (Charlson index 4) and mild-moderate degree of dependence (Barthel 60). A number of 128 patients (64%) were hypercapnic. None had respiratory acidosis (pH 7.39). Evaluation at 60 min, 120 min and 24 h showed significant improvement in all patients and in the subgroup of hypercapnic patients with respect to baseline parameters in respiratory rate (RR), dyspnoea, ROX index, PaO2/FiO2, SpO2/FiO2 and patient comfort. No changes in PaCO2 or level of consciousness were observed. HFNC was well tolerated. Ten patients (5%) died due to progression of the disease causing ARF.

CONCLUSIONS

HFNC is an effective and safe alternative in elderly patients with ARF not due to COVID-19, refractory to treatment with conventional oxygen therapy and/or intolerant to NIV or CPAP and without criteria for admission to ICU.

Evaluation of the Concept of Value-Based Healthcare Applied to an Integrated Palliative Care Program in Colombia

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the "Value-Based Healthcare" concept of an integrated palliative care (PC) program in Bogotá, Colombia, through the measurement of health outcomes and care costs in the last 3 months of life.

METHODS

A multicenter, retrospective cohort study that included patients ≥18 years old who died in 2020 due to medical conditions amenable to PC. The measured health outcomes included pain, wellbeing, comfort, quality of life (QOL), and satisfaction. We analyzed the behavior of overall care costs during the last 3 months of the patients' lives and controlled for the effect of exposure to the program, considering the disease type and insurance coverage, using a linear regression model, nearest-neighbor matching, and sensitivity analysis.

RESULTS

Among patients exposed to the program, the mean pain score was 2.1/10 (± 1.3) and wellbeing was rated at 3.5/10 (± 1.0), comfort at 1.6/24 (± 1.3), QOL at 3.6/5.0 (± 0.17), and satisfaction at 9.3/100 (± 0.15). The positive changes in these scores were greater for patients who remained in the program for over 3 months. Cost reduction was demonstrated in the last 90 days of life, with statistically significant and chronologically progressive savings during the last 30 days of life exceeding 5 million pesos per patient (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated the success of PC in reducing pain, improving wellbeing and QOL, providing comfort, and ensuring high levels of satisfaction. Moreover, PC is an effective value-based healthcare strategy and can significantly enhance the efficiency of healthcare services by reducing end-of-life healthcare costs.

Exploring thirst incidence and risk factors in patients undergoing general anesthesia after extubation based on ERAS principles: a cross sectional study

BACKGROUND

This study aims to comprehend the levels of dry mouth and thirst in patients after general anesthesia, and to identify the factors influencing them.

METHODS

The study included all patients transferred to the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University between August 2021 and November 2021 after undergoing general anesthesia. A thirst numeric rating scale was utilized to conduct surveys, enabling the assessment of thirst incidence and intensity. Statistical analysis was performed to explore patient thirst levels and the associated factors.

RESULTS

The study revealed a thirst incidence rate of 50.8%. Among the thirst intensity ratings, 71.4% of patients experienced mild thirst, 23.0% reported moderate thirst, and 5.6% expressed severe thirst. Single-factor statistical analysis of potential risk factors among the enrolled cases indicated that gender, history of coronary heart disease, surgical duration, intraoperative fluid volume, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative urine output, and different surgical departments were linked to post-anesthetic thirst in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis highlighted age, gender, history of coronary heart disease, fasting duration, and intraoperative fluid volume as independent risk factors for post-anesthetic thirst in patients undergoing general anesthesia. Moreover, age, gender, history of coronary heart disease, and intraoperative fluid volume were also identified as risk factors for varying degrees of thirst.

CONCLUSION

The incidence and intensity of post-anesthetic thirst after general anesthesia are relatively high. Their occurrence is closely associated with age, gender, history of coronary heart disease, fasting duration, and intraoperative fluid volume.

Anxiety and depression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and network analysis to identify central symptoms: A cross-sectional study from a high-incidence area

PURPOSE

To determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to identify central symptoms and bridge symptoms among psychiatric disorders.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study recruited patients with NPC in Guangzhou, China from May 2022, to October 2022. The General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used for screening anxiety and depression, respectively. Network analysis was conducted to evaluate the centrality and connectivity of the symptoms of anxiety, depression, quality of life (QoL) and insomnia.

RESULTS

A total of 2806 respondents with complete GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores out of 3828 were enrolled. The incidence of anxiety in the whole population was 26.5% (depression, 28.5%; either anxiety or depression, 34.8%). Anxiety was highest at caner diagnosis (34.2%), while depression reached a peak at late-stage radiotherapy (48.5%). Both moderate and severe anxiety and depression were exacerbated during radiotherapy. Coexisting anxiety and depression occurred in 58.3% of those with either anxiety or depression. The generated network showed that anxiety and depression symptoms were closely connected; insomnia was strongly connected with QoL. "Sad mood", "Lack of energy", and "Trouble relaxing" were the most important items in the network. Insomnia was the most significant bridge item that connected symptom groups.

CONCLUSION

Patients with NPC are facing alarming disturbances of psychiatric disorders; tailored strategies should be implemented for high-risk patients. Besides, central symptoms (sad mood, lack of energy, and trouble relaxing) and bridge symptoms (insomnia) may be potential interventional targets in future clinical practice.

Educational level and gender are associated with emotional well-being in a cohort of Dutch dialysis patients

BACKGROUND

Patients undergoing dialysis have an impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL). There are conflicting data from small series on whether patient-related factors such as educational level have an impact on experienced HRQOL. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between educational level and HRQOL in dialysis patients.

METHODS

In a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study HRQOL was measured using the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form-36 (KDQOL-SF36) in prevalent chronic dialysis patients. Educational level was categorized into low, intermediate and high subgroups. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess the effects of age, gender, ethnicity, and dialysis vintage on the association between HRQOL and educational level.

RESULTS

One hundred twenty-nine chronic dialysis patients were included. Patients with an intermediate educational level had significantly higher odds of a higher emotional well-being than patients with a low educational level 4.37 (1.-89-10.13). A similar trend was found for a high educational level (OR 4.13 (1.04-16.42), p = 0.044) The odds for women compared to men were 2.83 (1.32-6.06) for better general health and 2.59 (1.15-5,84) for emotional well-being. There was no interaction between gender and educational level for both subdomains. Each year of increasing age significantly decreased physical functioning (OR 0.94 (0.91-0.97)).

CONCLUSIONS

Educational level and sex were associated with emotional well-being, since patients with intermediate and high educational level and females had better emotional well-being in comparison to patients with low educational level and males. Physical functioning decreased with increasing age.

Enhancing EQ-5D-5L Sensitivity in Capturing the Most Common Symptoms in Post-COVID-19 Patients: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study with a Focus on Fatigue, Memory/Concentration Problems and Dyspnea Dimensions

This study aimed to determine whether the EQ-5D-5L tool captures the most common persistent symptoms, such as fatigue, memory/concentration problems and dyspnea, in patients with post-COVID-19 conditions while also investigating if adding these symptoms improves the explained variance of the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). In this exploratory cross-sectional study, two cohorts of Swedish patients (n = 177) with a history of COVID-19 infection answered a questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics and clinical factors, and their HRQoL was assessed using EQ-5D-5L with the Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS). Spearman rank correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to investigate the extent to which the most common persistent symptoms, such as fatigue, memory/concentration problems and dyspnea, were explained by the EQ-5D-5L. The explanatory power of EQ-5D-5L for EQ-VAS was also analyzed, both with and without including symptom(s). We found that the EQ-5D-5L dimensions partly captured fatigue and memory/concentration problems but performed poorly in regard to capturing dyspnea. Specifically, the EQ-5D-5L explained 55% of the variance in memory/concentration problems, 47% in regard to fatigue and only 14% in regard to dyspnea. Adding fatigue to the EQ-5D-5L increased the explained variance of the EQ-VAS by 5.7%, while adding memory/concentration problems and dyspnea had a comparatively smaller impact on the explained variance. Our study highlights the EQ-5D-5L's strength in capturing fatigue and memory/concentration problems in post-COVID-19 patients. However, it also underscores the challenges in assessing dyspnea in this group. Fatigue emerged as a notably influential symptom, significantly enhancing the EQ-5D-5L's predictive ability for these patients' EQ-VAS scores.

Agreement between face-to-face and tele-assessment of upper limb disability in lung cancer survivors during COVID-19 era

INTRODUCTION

Upper limb disability can limit the quality of life of lung cancer survivors. The COVID-19 era has required a finding of alternatives to attend the monitoring of presented disturbances with the minor risk of spread. Tele-assessment offers new possibilities for clinical assessment demonstrating good reliability compared to traditional face-to-face assessment in a variety of patients. No previous study has applied this type of assessment in lung cancer survivors. For this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate the level of agreement between upper limb disability assessment using tele-assessment and the face-to-face method in lung cancer survivors.

METHODS

A reliability study was conducted with 20 lung cancer survivors recruited from the Oncological Radiotherapy Service of the "Hospital PTS" (Granada). Patients attended a session for clinical face-to-face and real-time online tele-assessment. The main outcome measurements of the study included upper limb function (shirt task) and musculoskeletal disturbances (active range of movement and trigger points), and these outcomes were recorded by two independent researchers.

RESULTS

The outcome measures showed good agreement between both assessments. The active range of movement presented heterogeneous results, being excellent reliability (ρ > 0.75) in extension, internal rotation, homolateral adduction, and contralateral abduction, good (0.4 < ρ < 0.75) for flexion, homolateral abduction, contralateral adduction and contralateral external rotation, and poor (ρ < 0.4) for homolateral external rotation. The measure evaluating upper limb function and trigger points show the highest interrater reliability with confidence interval lower limits ≥0.99.

DISCUSSION

The tele-assessment of upper limb function and musculoskeletal disorders of lung cancer survivors present a good interrater reliability compared to face-to-face assessment. It could be useful for monitoring the disability presented by cancer survivors whose access is difficult by the residential situation, physical limitations or the risk of COVID-19 spread.

Exploring unmet concerns in home hospice cancer care: Perspectives of patients, informal caregivers, palliative care providers, and family physicians

OBJECTIVES

The study examines perspectives of patients in home hospice care; their informal caregivers; palliative health-care providers (HCPs); and family physicians, all regarding patients' unmet needs and quality of life (QoL)-related concerns.

METHODS

Participants from all 4 groups were approached within 2 months after the patient's admission to the home hospice care unit. Participants completed Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and Measure Yourself Concerns and Wellbeing (MYCAW) questionnaires, for patient's QoL-related concerns. Qualitative analysis of short narratives was conducted using ATLAS.ti software for systematic coding.

RESULTS

In total, 78 participants completed the study questionnaires: 24 patients, 22 informal caregivers, 22 palliative HCPs, and 11 family physicians. Informal caregivers gave higher scores (i.e., greater severity) than patients for fatigue on ESAS (p = 0.009); and family physicians lower scores than patients for ESAS drowsiness (p = 0.046). Compared with patients, palliative HCPs gave higher scores for patient emotional-spiritual concerns (77.2% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.02); lower scores for gastrointestinal concerns (p = 0.048); and higher scores for overall function (p = 0.049). Qualitative assessment identified a gap between how patients/informal caregivers vs. palliative HCPs/family physicians regard emotional-spiritual themes, including discussing issues related to death and dying.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS

The findings of the present study suggest that exploring a multifaceted cohort of home hospice patients, informal caregivers, palliative HCPs, and family physicians may provide insight on how to reduce communication gaps and address unmet needs of patients, particularly regarding emotional and spiritual concerns.

CONCLUSIONS

While the 4 groups were similar in their scoring of patient QoL-related concerns, there were discrepancies for some concerns (e.g., patient fatigue) and expectations regarding the need to discuss emotional and spiritual concerns, including on death and dying. Educational initiatives with programs providing training to all 4 groups may help bridge this gap, creating a more open and collaborative hospice care environment.

Accelerated transcranial magnetic stimulation for psychological distress in advanced cancer: A phase 2a feasibility and preliminary efficacy clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Psychological and existential suffering affects many people with advanced illness, and current therapeutic options have limited effectiveness. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe and effective therapy for refractory depression, but no previous study has used rTMS to treat psychological or existential distress in the palliative setting.

AIM

To determine whether a 5-day course of "accelerated" rTMS is feasible and can improve psychological and/or existential distress in a palliative care setting.

DESIGN

Open-label, single arm, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy study of intermittent theta-burst stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 600 pulses/session, 8 sessions/day (once per hour) for 5 days. The outcomes were the rates of recruitment, completion of intervention, and follow-up (Feasibility); and the proportion of participants achieving 50% improvement on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) or Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 2 weeks post-treatment (Preliminary Efficacy).

SETTING/PARTICIPANTS

Adults admitted to our academic Palliative Care Unit with advanced illness, life expectancy >1 month and psychological distress.

RESULTS

Due to COVID-19 pandemic-related interruptions, a total of nine participants were enrolled between August 2021 and April 2023. Two withdrew before starting rTMS, one stopped due to clinical deterioration unrelated to rTMS, and six completed the rTMS treatment. Five of six participants had a >50% improvement in HDRS, HADS-Anxiety, or both between baseline and the 2 week follow up; the sixth died prior to the 2-week follow-up. In this small sample, mean depression scores decreased from baseline to 2 weeks post-treatment (HDRS 18 vs 7, p = 0.03). Side effects of rTMS included transient mild scalp discomfort.

CONCLUSIONS

Accelerated rTMS improved symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both in this small feasibility and preliminary efficacy study. A larger, sham-controlled study is warranted to determine whether rTMS could be an effective, acceptable, and scalable treatment in the palliative setting.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT04257227.

Examining Moderation of Dignity Therapy Effects by Symptom Burden or Religious/Spiritual Struggles

CONTEXT

Dignity therapy (DT) is a well-researched psychotherapeutic intervention but it remains unclear whether symptom burden or religious/spiritual (R/S) struggles moderate DT outcomes.

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effects of symptom burden and R/S struggles on DT outcomes.

METHODS

This analysis was the secondary aim of a randomized controlled trial that employed a stepped-wedge design and included 579 participants with cancer, recruited from six sites across the United States. Participants were ages 55 years and older, 59% female, 22% race other than White, and receiving outpatient specialty palliative care. Outcome measures included the seven-item dignity impact scale (DIS), and QUAL-E subscales (preparation for death; life completion); distress measures were the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS-r) (symptom burden), and the Religious Spiritual Struggle Scale (RSS-14; R/S).

RESULTS

DT effects on DIS were significant for patients with both low (P = 0.03) and moderate/high symptom burden (P = 0.001). They were significant for patients with low (P = 0.004) but not high R/S struggle (P = 0.10). Moderation effects of symptom burden (P = 0.054) and R/S struggle (P = 0.52) on DIS were not significant. DT effects on preparation and completion were not significant, neither were the moderation effects of the two distress measures.

CONCLUSION

Neither baseline symptom burden nor R/S struggle significantly moderated the effect of DT on DIS in this sample. Further study is warranted including exploration of other moderation models and development of measures sensitive to effects of DT and other end-of-life psychotherapeutic interventions.

A comparison of the prevalence of dry mouth and other symptoms using two different versions of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System on an inpatient palliative care unit

BACKGROUND

Symptom assessment is key to effective symptom management and palliative care for patients with advanced cancer. Symptom prevalence and severity estimates vary widely, possibly dependent on the assessment tool used. Are symptoms specifically asked about or must the patients add them as additional symptoms? This study compared the prevalence and severity of patient-reported symptoms in two different versions of a multi-symptom assessment tool. In one version, three symptoms dry mouth, constipation, sleep problems were among those systematically assessed, while in the other, these symptoms had to be added as an "Other problem".

METHODS

This retrospective cross-sectional study included adult patients with advanced cancer at an inpatient palliative care unit. Data were collected from two versions of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): modified (ESAS-m) listed 11 symptoms and revised (ESAS-r) listed 9 and allowed patients to add one "Other problem". Seven similar symptoms were listed in both versions.

RESULTS

In 2013, 184 patients completed ESAS-m, and in 2017, 156 completed ESAS-r. Prevalence and severity of symptoms listed in both versions did not differ. In ESAS-m, 83% reported dry mouth, 73% constipation, and 71% sleep problems, but on ESAS-r, these symptoms were reported by only 3%, 15% and < 1%, respectively. Although ESAS-r severity scores for these three symptoms were higher than on ESAS-m, differences did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

We identified significant differences in patient symptom reporting based on whether symptoms like dry mouth, obstipation and sleep problems were specifically assessed or had to be added by patients as an "Other problem".

Effectiveness of Medical Cannabis for the Treatment of Depression: A Naturalistic Outpatient Study

BACKGROUND

There is a lack of studies on the course and effectiveness of medical cannabis in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).

METHODS

Retrospective longitudinal (18 weeks) study of n=59 outpatients with MDD, treated with medical cannabis via a telemedical platform. Previous treatment with antidepressant medication was required for inclusion into the study. Standardized data collection was carried out at entry and during monthly consultations. Severity of depression was measured on a 0-10 point rating scale. Side-effects were assessed by a checklist.

RESULTS

Patients were 20-54 years old; 72.9% were male; one third reported times of regular cannabis consumption within the previous five years. Drop-out rate was 22% after 18 weeks. Mean severity of depression decreased from 6.9 points (SD 1.5) at entry to 3.8 points (2.7) at week 18 (baseline observation carried forward; 95% CI for the mean difference: 2.4 to 3.8; p<0.001). A treatment response (>50% reduction of the initial score) was seen in 50.8% at week 18. One third of patients complained about side effects, none was considered as severe. Concomitant antidepressant medication (31% of patients) was not associated with outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

Medical cannabis was well tolerated and dropout rate was comparable to those in clinical trials of antidepressant medication. Patients reported a clinically significant reduction of depression severity. Further research on the effectiveness of medical cannabis for MDD seems warranted. Risks of this medication, such as sustaining or inducing a cannabis use disorder, or side effects such as poor concentration, must be taken into consideration.

Comparison of Machine Leaning Models for Prediction of Acute Pain Severity and On-Treatment Opioid Utilization in Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy: Exploratory Analysis from a Large-Scale Retrospective Cohort

Background

Acute pain is a common and debilitating symptom experienced by oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer (OC/OPC) patients undergoing radiation therapy (RT). Uncontrolled pain can result in opioid overuse and increased risks of long-term opioid dependence. The specific aim of this exploratory analysis was the prediction of severe acute pain and opioid use in the acute on-treatment setting, to develop risk-stratification models for pragmatic clinical trials.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on 900 OC/OPC patients treated with RT during 2017 to 2023. Clinical data including demographics, tumor data, pain scores and medication data were extracted from patient records. On-treatment pain intensity scores were assessed using a numeric rating scale (0-none, 10-worst) and total opioid doses were calculated using morphine equivalent daily dose (MEDD) conversion factors. Analgesics efficacy was assessed based on the combined pain intensity and the total required MEDD. ML models, including Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting Model (GBM) were developed and validated using ten-fold cross-validation. Performance of models were evaluated using discrimination and calibration metrics. Feature importance was investigated using bootstrap and permutation techniques.

Results

For predicting acute pain intensity, the GBM demonstrated superior area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) (0.71), recall (0.39), and F1 score (0.48). For predicting the total MEDD, LR outperformed other models in the AUC (0.67). For predicting the analgesics efficacy, SVM achieved the highest specificity (0.97), and best calibration (ECE of 0.06), while RF and GBM achieved the same highest AUC, 0.68. RF model emerged as the best calibrated model with ECE of 0.02 for pain intensity prediction and 0.05 for MEDD prediction. Baseline pain scores and vital signs demonstrated the most contributed features for the different predictive models.

Conclusion

These ML models are promising in predicting end-of-treatment acute pain and opioid requirements and analgesics efficacy in OC/OPC patients undergoing RT. Baseline pain score, vital sign changes were identified as crucial predictors. Implementation of these models in clinical practice could facilitate early risk stratification and personalized pain management. Prospective multicentric studies and external validation are essential for further refinement and generalizability.

Comparison of the efficacy of propranolol versus amitriptyline as monotherapy for prophylaxis of migraine

Background

Approximately 15% of migraine sufferers need preventative medicine because they have more than two episodes each month. Migraine is a regular, persistent condition that frequently makes victims helpless. Numerous drugs from various classes have so far been used in migraine prophylaxis. Their effectiveness is recurrently overshadowed by their side effects because they must be used for a long time, which occasionally necessitates stopping the drug.

Materials and Methods

In the tertiary care teaching hospital's department of medicine, a prospective, comparative, open-label study was initiated. Two groups of 80 patients were randomly chosen. For 3 months, the 40 patients in Group A were given a tablet of amitriptyline 10 mg once daily, whereas the 40 patients in Group B were given a tablet of propranolol 20 mg once a day. At the conclusion of the fourth, eighth, and twelfth weeks, the patients' own self-assessment migraine diary and a 4-point pain scale were used to grade the intensity of the headaches.

Results

As a result, in Group A, the mean migraine attack severity in periods 1 and 2 was 5.88 2.69 and 5.41 2.48, respectively. In Group B, the mean was 5.15 2.75 in period 1 and 5.66 2.78 in period 2, respectively. The average length of a migraine attack in Group A was 20.30 5.61 h in period 1 and 16.75 5.23 h in period 2. In Group B, the mean was 16.59 3.21 in period 1 and 18.78 5.14 in period 2. Between groups A and B, there was a statistically significant difference.

Conclusion

The average number of migraine attacks reduced in the amitriptyline and propranolol groups as the treatment duration increased. Amitriptyline is a popular medication with established effectiveness and manageable levels of negative side effects. It is the tricyclic antidepressant that is most frequently used to prevent headaches. When administered for migraine prevention, it generates a quick response within 3 months. Propranolol is less effective than amitriptyline at reducing the frequency, length, and severity of episodes.

Breakthrough pain among cancer patients at oncology units in Northern Ethiopia; a multi-center study

Background

Breakthrough cancer pain (BTCP) is a transient exacerbation of pain that affects the length of hospitalization and quality of life of patients. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with BTCP among cancer patients at oncology units in Northern Ethiopia in 2022.

Methods

A multi-center cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2022. After obtaining ethical approval, data were collected prospectively from 424 adult cancer patients admitted to oncology units. Breakthrough cancer pain was assessed by the numeric rating scale. Descriptive and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with BTCP. The strength of association was described in adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals and variables with a P-value < 0.05 were considered to have a statistically significant association with BTCP.

Result

The prevalence of BTCP among cancer patients was 41.5%. The factors that were found to be associated with BTCP were colorectal cancer (AOR: 7.7, 95% CI: 1.8, 32.3), lung cancer (AOR: 6.9, 95% CI: 1.9, 26.0), metastasis (AOR: 9.3, 95% CI: 3.0, 29.1), mild background pain (AOR: 7.5, 95% CI: 2.5, 22.6), moderate background pain (AOR: 7.0, 95% CI: 2.2, 23.1), severe background pain (AOR: 7.1, 95% CI: 2.2, 22.8), no analgesics taken for background pain (AOR: 5.1, 95% CI: 2.8, 9.3) and uncontrolled background pain (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.8, 6.1).

Conclusion

The prevalence of BTCP was high. Colorectal cancer, lung cancer, the presence of metastasis, the presence of background pain, not taking analgesics for background pain, and uncontrolled background pain were significantly associated with BTCP.

Neuropalliative care in a tertiary-level hospital

OBJECTIVES

Palliative care in neurology is a recent specialty to improve the quality of life of patients with severe neurological diseases. This study aims to determine the frequency of neurological inpatients who had indication of palliative care, and evaluate the symptomatology, demographic profile, the need for supportive measures, advance directives for life and medical history of patients in a tertiary hospital in Brazil.

METHODS

This cross-sectional analytical study evaluated all patients admitted to the neurological semi-intensive care unit (ICU) at Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein with neurological conditions from February through August 2022. The Palliative Performance Scale (weight loss greater than 5% associated with body changes and a negative response to the question: 'Would you be surprised if the patient died within 1 year?') was used to indicate palliative care. Patients were divided into three groups: patients with palliative care needs (groupindication), patients without palliative care needs (groupwithout indication) and patients who received at least one assessment of a palliative care team (grouppalliative). Demographic data were analysed using the Χ2 test for qualitative and Kruskal-Wallis test for quantitative variables.

RESULTS

Of the 198 patients included in the study, 115 (58%) had palliative care needs. Only 6.9% received assessment by the palliative care team, and 9.56% had advance directives in their medical records. Patients in groupindication had a higher prevalence of symptoms, such as fatigue, depression, shortness of breath and lack of appetite, and required more supportive measures, such as oxygen therapy, enteral/parenteral nutrition, admissions at ICU and days in hospital.

CONCLUSION

Despite the high demand for palliative care in neurology, few patients receive this treatment, resulting in decreased quality of care. Therefore, greater integration and discussion of palliative care in neurology are needed.

Clinical decision support system to optimise symptom management in palliative medicine: focus group study

OBJECTIVES

Suboptimal symptom control in patients with life-limiting illnesses is a major issue. A clinical decision support system (CDSS) that combines a patient-reported symptom assessment scale (SAS) and guideline-based individualised recommendations has the potential to improve symptom management. However, lacking end-user acceptance often prevents CDSS use in daily practice.We aimed to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of a palliative care CDSS according to its targeted end-users.

METHODS

Six focus groups with different groups of stakeholders were conducted: (1) patient representatives; (2) community nurses; (3) hospital nurses; (4) general practitioners; (5) hospital physicians and (6) palliative care specialists. Audiotapes were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.

RESULTS

Fifty-one stakeholders (6-12 per focus group) participated. Six themes were discussed: effect, validity, continuity, practical usability, implementation and additional features. All participants expected a CDSS to improve symptom management, for example, by reminding clinicians of blind spots and prompting patient participation. They feared interference with professional autonomy of physicians, doubted the validity of using a patient-reported SAS as CDSS input and thought lacking care continuity would complicate CDSS use. Clinicians needed clear criteria for when to use the CDSS (eg, life-limiting illness, timing in illness trajectory). Participants preferred a patient-coordinated system but were simultaneously concerned patients may be unwilling or unable to fill out an SAS.

CONCLUSIONS

A palliative care CDSS was considered useful for improving symptom management. To develop a feasible system, barriers for successful implementation must be addressed including concerns about using a patient-reported SAS, lacking care continuity and unclear indications for use.

Mapping the associations of daily pain, sleep, and psychological distress in a U.S. sample

Chronic pain, sleep problems, and psychological distress (PD) can be disabling conditions and previous research has shown that they are associated. The nuances of the comorbid nature of these conditions may be important to understand for those who treat these conditions. This study examined the bidirectional associations of these health factors concurrently and over time in a sample of U.S. adults (N = 1,008, Mage = 57.68) from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Participants reported on their daily pain, sleep quantity, and psychological distress over eight days. A modified Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model was used to analyze the relations, starting with the whole sample and then a comparison of those with and without chronic pain. Results indicated that nightly variation in sleep quantity predicted next day psychological distress for both groups. Sleep quantity also predicted next-day pain, but only for individuals with chronic pain. Associations between pain and psychological distress were found both at the daily level and individual (between-person) level. This between-person association was stronger for those with chronic pain. The lagged associations between sleep, and both pain and psychological distress for the chronic pain group indicate that, increased quantity of sleep predicts decreased next-day pain and psychological distress. Providers could consider this unidirectional lagged relationship when prioritizing treatment for patients with these comorbid conditions. Future research may examine whether responsive, just-in-time treatments might intervene after participants wake from a poor night's sleep to counteract the negative effects of reduced sleep on PD and pain.

Cut-off scores of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-8: Implications for improving the management of chronic pain

AIM

Mental distress, non-specific symptoms of depression and anxiety, is common in chronic pelvic pain (CPP). It contributes to poor recovery. Women's health nurses operate in multidisciplinary teams to facilitate the assessment and treatment of CPP. However, valid cut-off points for identifying highly distressed patients are lacking, entailing a gap in CPP management.

DESIGN

This instrumental cross-sectional study identified a statistically derived cut-off score for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-8 (DASS-8) among 214 Australian women with CPP (mean age = 33.3, SD = 12.4, range = 13-71 years).

METHODS

Receiver operator characteristic curve, decision trees and K-means clustering techniques were used to examine the predictive capacity of the DASS-8 for psychiatric comorbidity, pain severity, any medication intake, analgesic intake and sexual abuse. The study is prepared according to the STROBE checklist.

RESULTS

Cut-off points resulting from the analysis were ordered ascendingly. The median (13.0) was chosen as an optimal cut-off score for predicting key outcomes. Women with DASS-8 scores below 15.5 had higher analgesic intake.

CONCLUSION

CPP women with a DASS-8 score above 13.0 express greater pain severity, psychiatric comorbidity and polypharmacy. Thus, they may be a specific target for nursing interventions dedicated to alleviating pain through the management of associated co-morbidities.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE

At a cut-off point of 13.0, the DASS-8 may be a practical instrument for recommending a thorough clinician-based examination for psychiatric comorbidity to facilitate adequate CPP management. It may be useful for evaluating patients' response to nursing pain management efforts. Replications of the study in different populations/countries are warranted.

Breakthrough and Episodic Cancer Pain from a Palliative Care Perspective

Cancer pain intensity (PI) fluctuates, but the relationship between pain flares and background pain with respect to pain management is not settled. We studied how flare and background PIs corresponded with treatment results for background cancer pain. Patients admitted to an acute palliative care unit with average and/or worst PI ≥ 1 on the 11-point numeric rating scale were included. Average and worst PI at admission and average PI at discharge were collected. We examined how the difference and ratio between worst and average PI and average PI at admission, were associated with average PI development during hospitalization. Positive differences between worst and average PI at admission were defined as pain flares. Ninety out of 131 patients had pain flares. The reduction in average PI for patients with flares was 0.9 and for those without, 1.9 (p = 0.02). Patients with large worst minus average PI differences reported the least improvement, as did those with large worst/average PI ratios. Patients with pain flares and average PI ≤ 4 at admission had unchanged average PI during hospitalization, while those with pain flares and average PI > 4 experienced pain reduction (2.1, p < 0.001). Large pain flares, in absolute values and compared to background PI, were associated with inferior pain relief.

Health-related quality of life and its determinants during and after treatment for paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a national, prospective, longitudinal study in the Netherlands

OBJECTIVES

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is impaired in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Over the past decades, ALL treatment has successfully been adjusted to the risk of relapse, which is now reflected by the stratification of patients into three risk groups who receive treatment of differing intensities. This study is the first to evaluate the longitudinal course of HRQoL in light of these adjustments and identify determinants of HRQoL.

DESIGN

Two prospective, national cohort studies (add-on studies within the two most recent treatment protocols for children with ALL (ALL-10 and ALL-11)).

SETTING

Dutch paediatric oncology hospitals between October 2006 and October 2009 (ALL-10) and between August 2013 and July 2017 (ALL-11).

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with ALL (2-18 years) are treated according to the ALL-10 or ALL-11 treatment protocol. Patients treated according to the ALL-10 protocol only completed a cancer-specific QoL measure and patients treated according to the ALL-11 protocol completed both a cancer-specific and generic QoL measure (see below).

OUTCOME MEASURES

HRQoL, assessed with parent-proxy questionnaires (PedsQL Generic and Cancer module) within the first 5 months (T0), at 1 year (T1), 2 years (T2) and 3 years (T3) after diagnosis. The proportion of patients with clinically relevant generic HRQoL impairment was compared with healthy norm values. Multivariable mixed model analyses were used to evaluate the development of HRQoL over time and its medical and sociodemographic determinants (collected on enrolment).

RESULTS

Of the ALL-10 cohort, 132 families participated and of the ALL-11 cohort, 136 families participated (268 total). Thus, cancer-specific HRQoL assessments were available for 268 patients (median age 5.3 years (IQR 6.15), 56.0% boys, 69.0% medium-risk ALL), and generic HRQoL assessments for 136 patients (median age 4.8 years (IQR 6.13), 60.3% boys, 75.0% medium-risk ALL). Generic HRQoL improved between timepoints T0 and T3 (total score B 16.1, 95% CI 12.2 to 20.1, p<0.001), but did not restore to normal 1 year after the end of treatment: 28.0% of children remained impaired compared with 16% in the general population (p=0.003). Cancer-specific HRQoL generally improved from T0 to T2 (Pain B 11.3, 95% CI 7.1 to 15.5; Nausea B 11.7, 8.4 to 15.1; Procedural Anxiety B 19.1, 14.8 to 23.4; Treatment Anxiety B 12.8, 9.5 to 16.0; Worry B 3.5, 0.6 to 6.3; Communication B 8.5, 5.0 to 11.9; all p<0.001 except for Worry (p=0.02)), while Physical Appearance and Cognitive Functioning remained stable. Higher treatment intensity and experiencing pain or simultaneous chronic illness were associated with lower HRQoL over time for multiple subscales.

CONCLUSIONS

HRQoL impairment is prevalent during and after ALL treatment. Patients with standard-risk ALL and reduced treatment intensity have better HRQoL than patients in higher risk groups. Systematic monitoring of HRQoL is of utmost importance in order to provide timely psychosocial interventions and supportive care.

Cancer, now what? A cross-sectional study examining physical symptoms, subjective well-being, and psychological flexibility

Background: The impact of cancer extends beyond treatment and evaluating the adverse psychological effects in survivors is important. We examined: (1) the relationship between diagnosis, relapse, and subjective well-being using a short and a holistic measure of well-being, including comparisons between our sample and established norms; (2) if reported physical symptoms were related to components of subjective well-being; and (3) if increased psychological flexibility predicted overall subjective well-being. Methods: In total, 316 survivors completed online questionnaires to assess cancer, physical health (Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale-R; ESAS-R), subjective well-being (Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving; CIT; Satisfaction with Life Scale; SWLS) and psychological flexibility (Comprehensive Assessment of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy). Results: Relative to ESAS-R cut-points (Oldenmenger et al., 2013), participants reported only moderate levels of tiredness and slightly elevated drowsiness, depression, and anxiety; participants reported more problems with psychological health. SWLS scores were lower than published norms (M = 18.23, SD = 8.23) and a relapse was associated with the lowest SWLS scores (M = 16.95, SD = 7.72). There were differences in thriving between participants and age-matched norms (Su et al., 2014). Participants reported lower community involvement, respect, engagement with activities, skill mastery, sense of accomplishment, self-worth, self-efficacy, autonomy, purpose, optimism, subjective well-being, and positive emotions coupled with higher loneliness and negative emotions. In regression analysis, two components of psychological flexibility, Openness to Experience, t = 2.50, p < 0.13, β = -0.18, and Valued Action, t = 7.08, p < 0.001, β = -0.47, predicted 28.8% of the variability in total CIT scores, beyond the effects of demographic and disease characteristics and reported physical symptoms. Conclusion: Cancer is an isolating experience, with the adverse psychological effects that impact subjective well-being continuing after the cessation of physical symptoms. Specific components of psychological flexibility may explain some variability in thriving beyond disease characteristics and may inform psychological intervention after diagnosis.

Prevalence of COVID-19 fear and its association with quality of life among fire service recruits after ceasing the dynamic zero-COVID policy in China

Background

In December 2022, China terminated its dynamic zero-COVID policy. To date, however, no research has been conducted upon mental health issues and their relationship with quality of life (hereafter QoL) among fire service recruits since the dynamic zero-COVID policy ended. This study explored fear of COVID-19 (FOC) prevalence and correlates as well as its network structure and interconnections with QoL among fire service recruits.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey design was used to assess fire service recruits in Beijing and Sichuan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces of China between February 13 and 16, 2023. Fear of COVID-19 was measured using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire, anxiety was examined using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, and QOL was evaluated with the World Health Organization Quality of Life-brief version. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore correlates of COVID-19 fear. Network analysis assessed the structure of fear of COVID-19 and its associations with QoL.

Results

A total of 1,560 participants were included in this study. The overall prevalence of fear of COVID-19 was 38.85% (n = 606; 95% CI = 36.42-41.32%). Being afraid of COVID-19 was significantly related to depression (OR = 1.084; p < O.OO1) and physical fatigue (OR = 1.063; p = 0.026). Fire service recruits with more fear of COVID-19 had lower QOL (F = 18.061 p < 0.001) than those with less fear of COVID-19 did. The most central symptoms included FOC6 ("Sleep difficulties caused by worry about COVID-19"), FOC7 ("Palpitations when thinking about COVID-19") and FOC2 ("Uncomfortable to think about COVID-19"). The top three symptoms negatively associated with QoL were FOC4 ("Afraid of losing life because of COVID-19"), FOC6 ("Sleep difficulties caused by worry about COVID-19") and FOC2 ("Uncomfortable to think about COVID-19").

Conclusion

Over one-third of fire service recruits reported fear of COVID-19 after China's dynamic zero-COVID policy had terminated. Poorer QoL was related to fear of COVID-19. Targeting core symptoms of the fear network structure could help improve the physical and mental health of fire service recruits during public health crises.

Self-reported symptoms among cancer survivors in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Life and Longevity after Cancer (LILAC) cohort

PURPOSE

Due to cancer survivors living longer and morbidity associated with cancer treatments, it is necessary to understand symptoms experienced by cancer survivors. This study will analyze the symptom burden among a large cohort of survivors across multiple cancer sites.

METHODS

Data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Life and Longevity After Cancer (LILAC) study were used to examine the symptom burden of older cancer survivors. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was utilized to determine differences in symptoms by cancer site, treatment, and other covariates.

RESULTS

The most frequently reported symptoms among cancer survivors were fatigue (15.8%) and feeling sad or depressed (14.1%). Multivariable analyses indicated that more symptoms were reported among survivors who were younger (p = 0.002), divorced or separated (p = 0.03), and had a combination of public and private insurance (p = 0.01). Survivors who received chemotherapy (p < 0.001), radiation (p = 0.01), or hormone therapy (p = 0.02) reported more symptoms than survivors who did not receive these treatments. Survivors diagnosed with cancer < 5 years ago reported fewer symptoms than longer-term survivors, particularly those diagnosed > 10 years ago (p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Results indicate that common physical and psychological symptoms are reported across cancer types. Cancer survivors diagnosed with cancer 10 or more years ago reported more symptoms than those recently diagnosed. This suggests that symptoms may remain a problem for some survivors decades after their diagnosis.

IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS

Future research should focus on implementing active surveillance of cancer survivors. Healthcare providers and those who care for cancer survivors should understand that the symptom burden associated with cancer may persist even decades following diagnosis.

Effects of High-Flow Nasal Cannula on Right Heart Dysfunction in Patients with Acute-on-Chronic Respiratory Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has several benefits in patients affected by different forms of acute respiratory failure, based on its own mechanisms. We postulated that HFNC may have some advantages over conventional oxygen therapy (COT) on the heart function in patients with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure with concomitant pulmonary hypertension (PH). We therefore designed this retrospective observational study to assess if HFNC improves the right and left ventricle functions and morphologies, arterial blood gases (ABGs), and patients' dyspnea, compared to COT. We enrolled 17 hospitalized patients receiving HFNC, matched with 17 patients receiving COT. Echocardiographic evaluation was performed at the time of admission (baseline) and 10 days after (T10). HFNC showed significant improvements in right ventricular morphology and function, and a reduction in sPAP. However, there were no significant changes in the left heart measurements with HFNC application. Conversely, COT did not lead to any modifications in echocardiographic measurements. In both groups, oxygenation significantly improved from baseline to T10 (in the HFNC group, from 155 ± 47 to 204 ± 61 mmHg while in the COT group, from 157 ± 27 to 207 ± 27 mmHg; p < 0.0001 for both comparisons). In conclusion, these data suggest an improvement of oxygenation with both treatments; however, only HFNC was able to improve the right ventricular morphology and function after 10 days from the beginning of treatment in a small cohort of patients with acute-on-chronic respiratory failure with PH.

The Abbey Pain Scale: not sufficiently valid or reliable for assessing pain in patients with advanced cancer

BACKGROUND

Patients with advanced cancer can be unable to verbalize their pain. The Abbey Pain Scale (APS), an observational tool, is used to assess pain in this setting, but has never been psychometrically tested for people with cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the validity, reliability, and the responsiveness of the APS to opioids for patients with advanced cancer in a palliative oncology care setting.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patients with advanced cancer and poor performance status, drowsiness, unconsciousness, or delirium, were assessed for pain using a Swedish translation of the APS (APS-SE) and, if possible, the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). The assessments using APS were conducted simultaneously, but independently, by the same raters on two separate occasions, approximately one hour apart. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing the APS and NRS values using Cohen's kappa (κ). Inter-rater reliability was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), internal consistency using Cronbach's α, and responsiveness to opioids using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

RESULTS

Seventy-two patients were included, of whom n = 45 could rate their pain using the NRS. The APS did not detect any of the n = 22 cases of moderate or severe pain self-reported using the NRS. The APS at first assessment had a κ of 0.08 (CI: -0.06 to 0.22) for criterion validity, an ICC of 0.64 (CI: 0.43-0.78) for inter-rater reliability, and a Cronbach's α of 0.01 for internal consistency. The responsiveness to opioids was z = -2.53 (p = 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The APS was responsive to opioids but displayed insufficient validity and reliability and did not detect moderate or severe pain as indicated by the NRS. The study showed a very limited clinical use of the APS in patients with advanced cancer.

Prevalence, Severity, and Co-Occurrence of SPPADE Symptoms in 31,866 Patients With Cancer

OBJECTIVES

To examine the prevalence, severity, and co-occurrence of SPPADE symptoms as well as their association with cancer type and patient characteristics.

BACKGROUND

The SPPADE symptoms (sleep disturbance, pain, physical function impairment, anxiety, depression, and low energy /fatigue) are prevalent, co-occurring, and undertreated in oncology and other clinical populations.

METHODS

Baseline SPPADE symptom data were analyzed from the E2C2 study, a stepped wedge pragmatic, population-level, cluster randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate a guideline-informed symptom management model targeting the six SPPADE symptoms. Symptom prevalence and severity were measured with a 0-10 numeric rating (NRS) scale for each of the six symptoms. Prevalence of severe (NRS ≥ 7) and potential clinically relevant (NRS ≥ 5) symptoms as well as co-occurrence of clinical symptoms were determined. Distribution-based methods were used to estimate the minimally important difference (MID). Associations of cancer type and patient characteristics with a SPPADE composite score were analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 31,886 patients were assessed for SPPADE symptoms prior to, during, or soon after an outpatient medical oncology encounter. The proportion of patients with a potential clinically relevant symptom ranged from 17.5% for depression to 33.4% for fatigue. Co-occurrence of symptoms was high, with the proportion of patients with three or more additional clinically relevant symptoms ranging from 45.2% for fatigue to 68.6% for depression. The summed SPPADE composite score demonstrated good internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha of 0.86), with preliminary MID estimates of 4.1-4.3. Symptom burden differed across several types of cancer but was generally similar across most sociodemographic characteristics.

CONCLUSION

The high prevalence and co-occurrence of SPPADE symptoms in patients with all types of cancer warrants clinical approaches that optimize detection and management.

Nurse-guided patient self-treatment in integrative oncology: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

Nurses are increasingly becoming involved in integrative oncology (IO) programs. This study examined the additive effect of nurse-provided guidance for self-administered IO therapies on cancer-related fatigue and quality of life (QoL).

METHODS

The study was randomized and controlled, enrolling patients undergoing active oncology treatment with IO interventions for fatigue and other QoL-related outcomes. IO practitioner guidance on self-treatment with manual, relaxation, and/or traditional herbal therapies was provided to patients in both the intervention and control arms. However, patients in the intervention arms also received additional guidance on self-treatment by IO-trained palliative care nurses. All participants were assessed for fatigue and QoL at baseline and at 24-h follow-up, using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and the Measure Yourself Concerns and Wellbeing (MYCAW) questionnaire tools.

RESULTS

Of 353 patients recruited, 187 were randomized to the intervention and 166 to the control group. Both groups had similar demographic and oncology-related characteristics. Patients in the intervention arm reported significantly greater improvement in ESAS scores for fatigue (p = 0.026) and appetite (p = 0.003) when compared to controls.

CONCLUSION

The addition of nurse-provided guidance on self-administration of IO treatments to that provided by IO practitioners further reduced short-term scores for fatigue and improved appetite. The relationship between palliative and IO-supportive cancer care requires further study.

Associations between symptoms with healthcare utilization and death in advanced cancer patients

INTRODUCTION

There is limited data about assessments that are associated with increased utilization of medical services among advanced oncology patients (AOPs). We aimed to identify factors related to healthcare utilization and death in AOP.

METHODS

AOPs at a comprehensive cancer center were enrolled in a Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation program. Participants completed the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) scale. We examined factors associated with palliative care (PC), acute care (AC), emergency room (ER), hospital admissions (HA), and death.

RESULTS

In all, 817 AOPs were included in these analyses with a median age of 69. They were generally female (58.7%), white (61.4%), stage IV (51.6%), and represented common cancers (31.5% GI, 25.2% thoracic, 14.3% gynecologic). ESAS pain, anxiety, and total score were related to more PC visits (B=0.31, 95% CI [0.21, 0.40], p<0.001; B=0.24 [0.12, 0.36], p<0.001; and B=0.038 [0.02, 0.06], p=0.001, respectively). Total FACT-G score and physical subscale were related to total PC visits (B=-0.021 [-0.037, -0.006], p=0.008 and B=-0.181 [-0.246, -0.117], p<0.001, respectively). Lower FACT-G social subscale scores were related to more ER visits (B=-0.03 [-0.53, -0.004], p=0.024), while increased tiredness was associated with fewer AC visits (B=-0.039 [-0.073, -0.006], p=0.023). Higher total ESAS scores were related to death within 30 days (OR=0.87 [0.76, 0.98], p=0.027).

CONCLUSIONS

The ESAS and FACT-G assessments were linked to PC and AC visits and death. These assessments may be useful for identifying AOPs that would benefit from routine PC.

Improving emotion regulation in breast cancer patients in the early survivorship period: Efficacy of a brief ecologically boosted group intervention

PURPOSE

This study reports the short- and mid-term benefits of an eight-session emotion and self-regulation group intervention ecologically boosted through daily app-based prompts. The intervention was designed for breast cancer patients in the early survivorship period meeting criteria for clinical levels of psychological symptoms.

METHODS

Patients were randomly assigned to the immediate intervention arm (n = 61; intervention received immediately) or to the delayed intervention arm (n = 59; intervention received 5 months later). Psychological symptoms, including anxiety, depressive symptoms, emotional distress, fear of cancer recurrence (FCR), worry, and intrusive thoughts were assessed through questionnaires. Emotion regulation was assessed in a dynamic emotion regulation task and in everyday life. Assessments were completed at baseline (T1), 5 months (T2) and 10 months (T3) later.

RESULTS

Treated patients reported lower levels of worry and intrusive thoughts. They improved their ability to down-regulate the intensity of their negative emotions when exposed to cancer-related triggers in the dynamic emotion regulation task. They reported fewer and less intense negative emotions and more positive emotions in their everyday life. Benefits were maintained 5 months later, except for positive emotions in everyday life.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that focusing on emotion regulation is a relevant approach in the treatment of psychological symptoms for breast cancer patients in the early survivorship period meeting criteria for clinical levels of psychological symptoms. The intervention led to changes in patients' dynamic and everyday life emotion regulation. Consolidation sessions may be needed to sustain benefits in positive emotions and to increase the effect sizes.

The feasibility of a Bayesian network model to assess the probability of simultaneous symptoms in patients with advanced cancer

Although patients with advanced cancer often experience multiple symptoms simultaneously, clinicians usually focus on symptoms that are volunteered by patients during regular history-taking. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a Bayesian network (BN) model to predict the presence of simultaneous symptoms, based on the presence of other symptoms. Our goal is to help clinicians prioritize which symptoms to assess. Patient-reported severity of 11 symptoms (scale 0-10) was measured using an adapted Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) in a national cross-sectional survey among advanced cancer patients. Scores were dichotomized (< 4 and ≥ 4). Using fourfold cross validation, the prediction error of 9 BN algorithms was estimated (Akaike information criterion (AIC). The model with the highest AIC was evaluated. Model predictive performance was assessed per symptom; an area under curve (AUC) of ≥ 0.65 was considered satisfactory. Model calibration compared predicted and observed probabilities; > 10% difference was considered inaccurate. Symptom scores of 532 patients were collected. A symptom score ≥ 4 was most prevalent for fatigue (64.7%). AUCs varied between 0.60 and 0.78, with satisfactory AUCs for 8/11 symptoms. Calibration was accurate for 101/110 predicted conditional probabilities. Whether a patient experienced fatigue was directly associated with experiencing 7 other symptoms. For example, in the absence or presence of fatigue, the model predicted a 8.6% and 33.1% probability of experiencing anxiety, respectively. It is feasible to use BN development for prioritizing symptom assessment. Fatigue seems most eligble to serve as a starting symptom for predicting the probability of experiencing simultaneous symptoms.

Assessment of patient symptom burden and information needs helps tailoring palliative care consultations: An observational study

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study is to study (1) the relationship between patient-reported symptom burden and information needs in hospital-based palliative care and (2) differences in patient-reported needs during the disease trajectory.

METHODS

Observational study: patient-reported symptom burden and information needs were collected via a conversation guide comprising assessment scales for 12 symptoms (0-10), the question which symptom has priority to be solved and a question prompt list on 75 palliative care-related items (35 topics, 40 questions). Non-parametric tests assessed associations.

RESULTS

Conversation guides were used by 266 patients. Median age was 65 years (IQ-range, 57-72), 49% were male and 96% had cancer. Patients reported highest burden for Fatigue (median = 7) and Loss of appetite (median = 6) and prioritised Pain (26%), Fatigue (9%) and Shortness of breath (9%). Patients wanted information about 1-38 (median = 14) items, mostly Fatigue (68%), Possibilities to manage future symptoms (68%) and Possible future symptoms (67%). Patients also wanted information about symptoms for which they reported low burden. Patients in the symptom-directed phase needed more information about hospice care.

CONCLUSION

Symptom burden and information needs are related. Patients often also want information about non-prioritised symptoms and other palliative care domains. Tailored information-provision includes inviting patients to also discuss topics they did not consider themselves.

Systematic self-reporting of patients’ symptoms: improving oncologic care and patients’ satisfaction

Background:

In recent years, there has been a growing interest to enhance patients’ symptom management during routine cancer care using patient-reported outcome measures. The goal of this study is to analyse patients’ responses to the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) to determine whether patient-reported outcomes could help characterise those patients with the highest supportive care needs and symptom burden in order to help provide targeted support for patients.

Methods:

In this study, we analysed ESAS questionnaire responses completed by patients as part of their routine care and considered part of patients’ standard of care. Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0. Descriptive statistics are used to summarise patient demographics, disease characteristics and patient-reported symptom severity and prevalence.

Results:

The overall mean age is 65.2 ± 12.8 years comprising 43.8% male and 56.2% female patients. The five common primary disease sites are breast (26.2%), haematology (21.1%), gastrointestinal (15.3%), genitourinary (12.7%) and lung (12.0%) cancers. The mean severity for each symptom is all mild (score: 1–3). The three most common reported symptoms causing distress are tiredness, poor overall wellbeing and anxiety, and the least reported symptom is nausea.

Conclusions:

Systematic self-reporting of patients’ symptoms is important to improve symptom management, timely facilitation of appropriate intervention, patient experience, and patient and family satisfaction. The awareness of disease site, gender and age-related symptom variations should help in the design and provision of appropriate symptom-directed, tumour-specific and patient-focused interventions to meet patients’ immediate needs.

Association between chronic pain and physical activity in a Swiss population-based cohort: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

To assess the bidirectional association between chronic pain and both subjectively and objectively measured physical activity (PA).

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Population-based sample in Lausanne, Switzerland, May 2014 to April 2017.

PARTICIPANTS

Non-stratified, representative sample of the population of Lausanne (Switzerland) aged 35-75 years. Participants were excluded if they had missing data for the pain or the PA questionnaires, for accelerometry (defined as >20% of non-wear time or duration <7 days) or for covariates.

PRIMARY OUTCOMES

Primary outcomes were association between chronic pain and previous, subjectively assessed PA (questionnaire), and subsequent, objectively assessed PA (accelerometry). Daily pain, pain duration, number of painful sites and pain intensity were assessed by questionnaire. PA was assessed by questionnaire 2 weeks prior and by accelerometry 2 weeks after completion of the pain questionnaire. PA was further categorised as sedentary (SED), light and moderate-to-vigorous PA.

RESULTS

2598 participants (52.9% women, mean age 60.5 years) had subjectively assessed PA. Multivariable analysis showed time spent in SED to be negatively associated with the number of painful sites: adjusted mean±SE 528±5, 522±7 and 502±7 min/day for 0, 1-2 and 3+ painful sites, respectively, p for trend <0.005. No other association was found between chronic pain and subjectively assessed PA categories. 2205 participants (52.8% women, mean age 61.7 years) had accelerometry-derived PA. No significant association between chronic pain and subsequent objectively assessed PA was found after multivariable analyses.

CONCLUSION

In this Swiss population-based cohort, no consistent association was found between chronic pain and PA. Hence, in the general population, chronic pain does not significantly impact time spent in PA.

Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale may reduce medical visits in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended in high-risk breast cancer. However, no universally accepted guidelines exist on pre-chemotherapy assessment. In particular, the number and frequency of medical visits vary according to each institution’s policy. We hypothesised that the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) may have a favourable impact on the pre-treatment assessment in candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy.

AIM

To investigate whether the ESAS can be used to safely reduce the number of medical visits in women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy.

METHODS

In a retrospectively prospective matched-pair analysis, 100 patients who completed the ESAS questionnaire before administration of adjuvant chemotherapy (ESAS Group) were compared with 100 patients who underwent chemotherapy according to the traditional modality, without ESAS (no-ESAS Group). Patients of the ESAS Group received additional visits before treatment if their ESAS score was > 3. The primary endpoint was the total number of medical visits during the entire duration of the chemotherapy period. The secondary endpoints were the occurrence of severe complications (grade 3-4) and the number of unplanned visits during the chemotherapy period.

RESULTS

The study variables did not statistically differ between patients of the ESAS Group and no-ESAS Group (age P = 0.880; breast cancer stage P = 0.56; cancer histology P = 0.415; tumour size P = 0.258; lymph node status P = 0.883; immunohistochemical classification P = 0.754; type of surgery P = 0.157), except for premenopausal status (P = 0.015). The study variables did not statistically differ between patients of the ESAS Group and no-ESAS Group regarding age, cancer stage, histology, tumour size, lymph node status, immunohistochemical classification, and type of surgery. Unplanned visits during the entire duration of chemotherapy were 8 in the ESAS Group and 18 in the no-ESAS Group visits (P = 0.035). Grade 3-4 toxicity did not differ between the study groups (P = 0.652). Forty-eight patients of the ESAS Group received additional visits due to an ESAS score > 3. The mean number of medical visits was 4.38 ± 0.51 in the ESAS Group and 16.18 ± 1.82 in the no-ESAS group (P < 0.001). With multivariate analysis, women of the ESAS group were more likely to undergo additional visits for an ESAS score > 3 if they were aged 60 or older, received a mastectomy, or had tumour stage II/III.

CONCLUSION

The ESAS score may safely reduce the number of medical visits in candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer. Our results suggest that the ESAS score may be used for selecting a group of breast cancer patients for whom it is safe to reduce the number of medical visits in the setting of adjuvant chemotherapy. This may translate into several advantages, such as a more rational utilization of human resources and a possible reduction of coronavirus pandemic infection risk in oncologic patients.

Identifying patients who suffered from post-discharge cough after lung cancer surgery

PURPOSE

To establish a discharge cutoff point (CP) on a simple patient-reported cough score to identify patients requiring post-discharge cough intervention.

METHODS

Data were extracted from a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing lung cancer surgery. Symptoms were assessed using the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-Lung Cancer Module. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify patient subgroups defined by post-discharge cough trajectories. Generalized linear model and bootstrap resampling with 2000 samples were used to determine the optimal cutoff points of discharge cough scores and their robustness. Analysis of variance, chi-square test, and mixed-effects model were used to validate the optimal cutoff points.

RESULTS

The cough trajectories of post-discharge followed three patterns (high, middle, low); higher cough was associated with poor recovery of the enjoyment of life within 4 weeks after discharge (P < 0.001). The CP (3, 6) of discharge cough demonstrated as the optimal CP (F = 21.72). When discharged, 45.66% (179/392) of patients suffered a none/mild cough (0-2 points), 41.82% (164/392) suffered a moderate cough (3-5 points), and 12.5% (49/392) suffered a severe cough (6-10 points). Among these patients, there was a significant difference in the proportion of returning to work at 1 month after discharge (non-mild: 77.70%; moderate: 60.74%; severe: 48.57%; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Moderate-to-severe cough is relatively common in patients undergoing lung cancer surgery, and the higher the cough trajectory, the worse the recovery to normal life. Therefore, these patients with a cough score ≥ 3 or ≥ 6 at discharge may require additional medical intervention and extensive care.

Identification of Uncontrolled Symptoms in Cancer Patients Using Natural Language Processing

CONTEXT

For patients with cancer, uncontrolled pain and other symptoms are the leading cause of unplanned hospitalizations. Early access to specialty palliative care (PC) is effective to reduce symptom burden, but more efficient approaches are needed for rapid identification and referral. Information on symptom burden largely exists in free-text notes, limiting its utility as a trigger for best practice alerts or automated referrals.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate whether natural language processing (NLP) can be used to identify uncontrolled symptoms (pain, dyspnea, or nausea/vomiting) in the electronic health record (EHR) among hospitalized cancer patients with advanced disease.

METHODS

The dataset included 1,644 hospitalization encounters for cancer patients admitted from 1/2017 -6/2019. We randomly sampled 296 encounters, which included 15,580 clinical notes. We manually reviewed the notes and recorded symptom severity. The primary endpoint was an indicator for whether a symptom was labeled as "controlled" (none, mild, not reported) or as "uncontrolled" (moderate or severe). We randomly split the data into training and test sets and used the Random Forest algorithm to evaluate final model performance.

RESULTS

Our models predicted presence of an uncontrolled symptom with the following performance: pain with 61% accuracy, 69% sensitivity, and 46% specificity (F1: 69.5); nausea/vomiting with 68% accuracy, 21% sensitivity, and 90% specificity (F1: 29.4); and dyspnea with 80% accuracy, 22% sensitivity, and 88% specificity (F1: 21.1).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated initial feasibility of using NLP to identify hospitalized cancer patients with uncontrolled symptoms. Further model development is needed before these algorithms could be implemented to trigger early access to PC.

Single-item chronotype is associated with dim light melatonin onset in lymphoma survivors with fatigue

Chronotype is frequently assessed in human observational studies using various morningness-eveningness questionnaires. An alternative single-item chronotype question has been proposed for its reduced administration time and its accessibility to all types of populations. We investigated whether this single-item chronotype is associated with dim light melatonin onset, the "gold standard" for estimating the endogenous circadian phase. We used data from a randomised trial in 166 (non-)Hodgkin lymphoma survivors with cancer-related fatigue. All participants completed a questionnaire, including a single-item chronotype question. A subsample of 47 participants also provided saliva samples before sleep onset for melatonin measurement. Using multiple linear regression, we examined whether chronotype based on a single question was associated with dim light melatonin onset. The subsample of 47 participants had a mean age of 44.6 years. The mean (SD) dim light melatonin onset was at 8:42 (1:19) p.m. and the most common chronotype was more evening than morning person (29.2%). A gradual increase in dim light melatonin onset with later chronotype (i.e. evening preference) was observed, with a mean ranging from 7:45 p.m. in definite morning persons to 9:16 p.m. in definite evening persons. Our study shows that single-item chronotype is associated with dim light melatonin onset as a marker of the endogenous circadian phase of fatigued lymphoma survivors. This type of chronotype assessment can therefore be a useful alternative for more extensive morningness-eveningness questionnaires.

Network Analysis of Depression, Anxiety, Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Insomnia, Pain, and Fatigue in Clinically Stable Older Patients With Psychiatric Disorders During the COVID-19 Outbreak

OBJECTIVES

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profound negative effects on the mental health of clinically stable older patients with psychiatric disorders. This study examined the influential nodes of psychiatric problems and their associations in this population using network analysis.

METHODS

Clinically stable older patients with psychiatric disorders were consecutively recruited from four major psychiatric hospitals in China from May 22 to July 15, 2020. Depressive and anxiety syndromes (depression and anxiety hereafter), insomnia, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), pain, and fatigue were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire, General Anxiety Disorder, Insomnia Severity Index, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version, and Numeric Rating Scales for pain and fatigue, respectively.

RESULTS

A total of 1063 participants were included. The network analysis revealed that depression was the most influential node followed by anxiety as indicated by the centrality index of strength. In contrast, the edge connecting depression and anxiety was the strongest edge, followed by the edge connecting depression and insomnia, and the edge connecting depression and fatigue as indicated by edge-weights. The network structure was invariant by gender based on the network structure invariance test (M = .14, P = .20) and global strength invariance tests (S = .08, P = .30).

CONCLUSIONS

Attention should be paid to depression and its associations with anxiety, insomnia, and fatigue in the screening and treatment of mental health problems in clinically stable older psychiatric patients affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sex Differences in the Effect of Vitamin D on Fatigue in Palliative Cancer Care-A Post Hoc Analysis of the Randomized, Controlled Trial 'Palliative-D'

Simple Summary

Previous studies have shown an association between low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and fatigue in cancer patients. In the recently published randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial ‘Palliative-D’, the correction of vitamin D deficiency reduced opioid use and fatigue in vitamin-D-deficient cancer patients admitted to palliative care. No subgroup analyses in women and men were made in the Palliative-D study. This post hoc analysis suggests that the positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on cancer-related fatigue may be more pronounced in men than in women. The vitamin-D-induced effect on fatigue could not be explained by reduced opioid doses among the vitamin-D-treated patients. Future studies focused on analyzing sex differences in the effect of vitamin D in palliative cancer care is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Abstract

In the randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial ‘Palliative-D’, vitamin D treatment of 4000 IE/day for 12 weeks reduced opioid use and fatigue in vitamin-D-deficient cancer patients. In screening data from this trial, lower levels of vitamin D were associated with more fatigue in men but not in women. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible sex differences in the effect of vitamin D in patients with advanced cancer, with a specific focus on fatigue. A post hoc analysis of sex differences in patients completing the Palliative-D study (n = 150) was performed. Fatigue assessed with the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) was reduced in vitamin-D-treated men; −1.50 ESAS points (95%CI −2.57 to −0.43; p = 0.007) but not in women; −0.75 (95%CI −1.85 to 0.36; p = 0.18). Fatigue measured with EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL had a borderline significant effect in men (−0.33 (95%CI −0.67 to 0.03; p = 0.05)) but not in women (p = 0.55). The effect on fatigue measured with ESAS in men remained the same after adjustment for opioid doses (p = 0.01). In conclusion, the positive effect of the correction of vitamin D deficiency on fatigue may be more pronounced in men than in women. However, studies focused on analyzing sex differences in this context must be performed before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Shortness of Breath on Day 1 After Surgery Alerting the Presence of Early Respiratory Complications After Surgery in Lung Cancer Patients

PURPOSE

Patient-reported outcome (PRO)-based symptom assessment with a threshold can facilitate the early alert of adverse events. The purpose of this study was to determine whether shortness of breath (SOB) on postoperative day 1 (POD1) can inform postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) for patients after lung cancer (LC) surgery.

METHODS

Data were extracted from a prospective cohort study of patients with LC surgery. Symptoms were assessed by the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-lung cancer module (MDASI-LC) before and daily after surgery. Types and grades of complications during hospitalization were recorded. SOB and other symptoms were tested for a possible association with PPCs by logistic regression models. Optimal cutpoints of SOB were derived, using the presence of PPCs as an anchor.

RESULTS

Among 401 patients with complete POD1 MDASI-LC and records on postoperative complications, 46 (11.5%) patients reported Clavien-Dindo grade II-IV PPCs. Logistic regression revealed that higher SOB score on POD1 (odds ratio [OR]=1.13, 95% CI=1.01-1.27), male (OR=2.86, 95% CI=1.32-6.23), open surgery (OR=3.03, 95% CI=1.49-6.14), and lower forced expiratory volume in one second (OR=1.78, 95% CI=1.66-2.96) were significantly associated with PPCs. The optimal cutpoint was 6 (on a 0-10 scale) for SOB. Patients reporting SOB < 6 on POD1 had shorter postoperative length of stay than those reporting 6 or greater SOB (median, 6 vs 7, P =0.007).

CONCLUSION

SOB on POD1 can inform the onset of PPCs in patients after lung cancer surgery. PRO-based symptom assessment with a clinically meaningful threshold could alert clinicians for the early management of PPCs.

Identification of biological risk factors for persistent postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

There is growing evidence that cytokines and adipokines are associated with osteoarthritis (OA) severity, progression, and severity of associated pain. However, the cytokine response to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and its association with persistent postoperative pain is not well understood. This study aims to describe the perioperative systemic (plasma) and local (synovial fluid) cytokine profiles of patients who do and do not develop persistent pain after TKA.

METHODS

Patients undergoing primary unilateral TKA for end-stage OA were prospectively enrolled. Demographic and clinical data were gathered preoperatively and postoperatively. Synovial fluid was collected pre arthrotomy and plasma was collected at multiple time points before and after surgery. Persistent postoperative pain (PPP) was defined as Numerical Rating Score≥4 at 6 months. Cytokine levels were measured using the V-Plex Human Cytokine 30-Plex Panel (Mesoscale-Rockville, Maryland, USA). Cytokine levels were compared between PPP and minimal pain groups. Given that the study outcomes are exploratory, no adjustment was performed for multiple testing.

RESULTS

Incidence of persistent pain at 6 months post TKA was 15/162 (9.3%). Postoperative plasma levels of four cytokines were significantly different in patients who developed persistent postoperative pain: interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor, and IL12/IL23p40. Significantly lower IL-10 levels in the prearthrotomy synovial fluid were associated with development of postoperative persistent pain.

CONCLUSIONS

This prospective cohort study described a distinct acute perioperative inflammatory response profile in patients who developed persistent post-TKA pain, characterized by significant differences in four cytokines over the first 2 postoperative days. These results support the growing evidence that the patient-specific biologic response to surgery may influence longer-term clinical outcomes after TKA.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02626533.

The Needs and Experiences of Patients on Pain Education and the Clinical Reasoning of Physical Therapists Regarding Cancer-Related Pain. A Qualitative Study

Objective: This study offers direction for interaction between physical therapists and patients about cancer-related pain during physical training. The study may increase awareness of rehabilitation strategies for cancer-related pain during and after cancer treatment. Methods: Qualitative study, evaluating results of two qualitative studies. Data has been collected using semi-structured interviews, in which topics were discussed with patients and physical therapists. Respondents were adult patients with cancer in the Northern Netherlands with moderate to severe pain who followed physical training with a (oncologic) physical therapist. The physical therapists were respondents specialized in oncology and working with patients with cancer in a primary care setting in in the Netherlands. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Eighteen patients and fifteen physical therapists were interviewed. Data was categorized in statements regarding "patients' needs", "patients' experiences" and "clinical reasoning of the physical therapist". "Patients' needs" for education were personal and included needs for information about the cause, course and effect of pain in relation to cancer and/or medical treatment, needs for practical tools for reducing pain, needs for strategies dealing with pain in daily activities, and needs for information about additional treatment and care options. When discussing 'patients' experiences', patients mentioned that physical therapists are cautious to express their expectations of the progress of pain and to offer pain education with respect to the cause of pain, dealing with pain and limitations in daily life, exercising, posture, learning self-care and information about additional treatment and care options in cancer-related pain. Patients provided insight into their educational, mental, and social support relative to experiences with physical therapists. Additionally, when discussing the communication they experienced with physical therapists, patients used descriptors such as accessibility, empathy, trust, knowledge and eliminating uncertainties. Interviews with physical therapists regarding their clinical reasoning process in cancer-related pain described that they identified pain from anamnesis (medical history review) and performed screening and analysis for pain secondary to cancer (treatment), as type of pain and pain influencing factors. Thoughts and experiences about pain, the use of pain clinometry, the establishment of objectives and interventions for physical therapy and multidisciplinary treatment of cancer-related pain were also described. Conclusion: Patients with cancer-related pain during physical training have personal needs regarding pain education and experience that specialized oncologic physical therapists focus on patient-centered information and self-management support. Specialized oncologic physical therapists analyze pain in the anamnesis and keep in mind the origin and impact of pain for the patient during screening and treatment. Different methods of pain management are used. It is recommended that physical therapists who give physical training take the initiative to repeatedly discuss pain.

What Did the Pandemic Teach Us About Palliative Radiation in Head and Neck Cancer?

Objective: To assess the feasibility and efficacy of palliative radiotherapy dose regimens for patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer. Methods: Fifty patients of previously untreated, inoperable, stage IVA and IVB squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, deemed unfit for radical treatment, were included in the study from May 2020 to June 2020. Two palliative radiotherapy regimens were used. First was a single fraction radiation with 8 Gy for patients with limited life expectancy and poor performance status, which was repeated after 4 weeks in case of good symptom relief. The second regimen was used for patients with good performance status and consisted of fractionated radiation with 30 Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks, which was followed by supplementary radiation with 25 Gy in 10 fractions over 2 weeks in patients with good symptomatic response at 2 weeks. Symptoms were assessed at baseline and at the end of 4 weeks after treatment completion using the numerical rating score. Patients were followed up for a median of 4.5 months and assessed for symptom control and overall survival. Results: Forty-eight patients completed treatment and were included for analysis. Of the 24 patients who received single fraction radiation, 13 (54.2%) were given the second dose. Improvement in pain and dysphagia were reported in 57.9% and 60% patients, respectively. A total of 55.5% noted decrease in size of the neck node. Twenty-four patients received fractionated radiation and 15 (62.5%) were given the second course after 2 weeks. Relief in pain and dysphagia was reported in 68.2% and 63.6% patients, respectively. There were no grade 3/4 toxicities. Symptom control lasted for at least 3 months in 30% of the patients who received single fraction radiation and 54.2% of the patients who received fractionated radiation. The estimated 6-month overall survival of the entire cohort was 51.4%. Conclusion: Judicious use of palliative radiation in advanced incurable head and neck cancers provides effective and durable symptom relief and should be used after careful consideration of patient prognosis, logistics of treatment, and goals of care.

Variations in pain prevalence, severity, and analgesic use by duration of survivorship: a cross-sectional study of 505 post-treatment head and neck cancer survivors

BACKGROUND

Studies suggest a high prevalence of pain in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients at diagnosis, during and after treatment; however, these studies had small sample sizes and did not comprehensively assess factors known to influence pain. We surveyed a large cohort of HNC survivors to determine variations in the prevalence of pain, its treatment and management by duration of survivorship, and assessed a comprehensive list of risk factors.

METHODS

A cross sectional survey of post-treatment survivors of HNC during routine follow-up clinic visits.

RESULTS

A total of 505 HNC survivors with a median follow up of 3 years from cancer diagnosis were included in the study. Overall, 45% (n = 224) reported pain and 14.5, 22 and 7% reported use of prescribed pain medication, over-the-counter pain medication and alternative pain therapies, respectively. Prevalence of severe pain was 7.3% and did not vary significantly by years of survivorship (< 1 year = 5.7%; 1 to < 3 years = 7.1%; 3 to < 8 years = 7.6%; 8 years or more =9.7%; P = 0.392). However, use of prescribed pain medication significantly varied by years of survivorship (< 1 year = 45.7%; 1 to < 3 years = 24.6%; 3 to < 8 years = 18.9; 8 years or more = 18.3%; p < 0.001). Of note, a significant proportion of survivors reported moderate to severe pain (moderate to severe = 55.7% versus none to mild = 44.3%) despite step 3 analgesic use (p < 0.001). Multivariable regression shows that recurrent disease (OR 6.77, 95% CI [1.44, 31.80]), history of chemotherapy (OR 6.00, 95% CI [2.10, 17.14]), and depression (Mild-moderate OR 5.30, 95% CI [2.20, 12.78]; Major OR 8.00, 95% CI [2.67, 23.96]) were significant risk factors for severe pain.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified a high prevalence of pain among HNC survivors and determined that analgesic use varied by the duration of survivorship. Therefore, routine surveillance for pain must be consistent throughout the course of survivorship.

Categorizing fear of falling using the survey of activities and fear of falling in the elderly questionnaire in a cohort of hospitalized older adults: A cross-sectional design

BACKGROUND

Fear of falling is commonly assessed using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale which is an instrument to measure balance confidence, based on the assumption that fear of falling is due to the absence of balance confidence. The "Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly" measures the concept of fear of falling more directly on a scale of 0.0 and 3.0 points. However, there are no valid cut-off points that might help practitioners to interpret "Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly" scores. The aim of this study was to identify such cut-off points and distinguish between low, moderate and high fear of falling, in relation to balance confidence.

METHOD

In this cross-sectional study different cut-off point schemes for classifying fear of falling scores as low, moderate or high were compared with F-values in ANOVA using the cut-off point scheme as an independent variable and the balance confidence scores as a dependent variable. The analysis was performed using data from a cohort of 98 hospitalized older adults.

RESULTS

Using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale as a reference tool, values of 0.6 and 1.4 were identified as optimal cut-off points for low, moderate and high fear of falling.

CONCLUSIONS

This study was the first to systematically classify fear of falling using the "Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly". This classification can assist health practitioners to interpret fear of falling score and guide clinical decision making. Registration: The study is registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00010773, date of registration 2016/05/07, date of recruitment 2016/11/07).

Frailty is strongly associated with self-reported symptom burden among patients with cirrhosis

OBJECTIVES

Although patients with cirrhosis often experience debilitating symptoms, few are referred for palliative care. Frailty is increasingly incorporated in liver transplantation evaluation and has been associated with symptom burden in other populations. We hypothesized that frail patients with cirrhosis are highly symptomatic and thus are likely to benefit from palliative care.

METHODS

Patients with cirrhosis undergoing outpatient liver transplantation evaluation completed the Liver Frailty Index (grip strength, chair stands and balance) and a composite of validated measures including the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale, distress and quality of life (QOL) measures.

RESULTS

Of 233 patients (median age 61 years, 43% women), 22% were robust, 59% prefrail and 19% frail. Overall, 38% of patients reported ≥1 severe symptoms based on preestablished Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale criteria. Higher frailty categories were associated with increased prevalence of pain, dyspnea, fatigue, nausea, poor appetite, drowsiness, depression and poor well-being (test for trend, all P < 0.05). Frail patients were also more likely to report psychological distress and poor QOL (all P < 0.01). In univariate analysis, each 0.5 increase in liver frailty index was associated with 44% increased odds of experiencing ≥1 severe symptoms [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-1.7, P < 0.001], which persisted (odds ratio, 1.3, 95% CI, 1.0-1.6, P = 0.004) even after adjusting for Model for End Stage Liver Disease-Sodium, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and age.

CONCLUSION

In patients with cirrhosis, frailty is strongly associated with physical/psychological symptoms, including pain and depression and poor QOL. Frail patients with cirrhosis may benefit from palliative care co-management to address symptoms and improve QOL.