1
|
Latham BD, Geffert RM, Jackson KD. Kinase Inhibitors FDA Approved 2018-2023: Drug Targets, Metabolic Pathways, and Drug-Induced Toxicities. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:479-492. [PMID: 38286637 PMCID: PMC11114602 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Small molecule kinase inhibitors are one of the fastest growing classes of drugs, which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cancer and noncancer indications. As of September 2023, there were over 70 FDA-approved small molecule kinase inhibitors on the market, 42 of which were approved in the past five years (2018-2023). This minireview discusses recent advances in our understanding of the pharmacology, metabolism, and toxicity profiles of recently approved kinase inhibitors with a central focus on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this minireview we discuss the most common therapeutic indications and molecular target(s) of kinase inhibitors FDA approved 2018-2023. We also describe unique aspects of the metabolism, bioactivation, and drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of kinase inhibitors; discuss drug toxicity concerns related to kinase inhibitors, such as drug-induced liver injury; and highlight clinical outcomes and challenges relevant to TKI therapy. Case examples are provided for common TKI targets, metabolism pathways, DDI potential, and risks for serious adverse drug reactions. The minireview concludes with a discussion of perspectives on future research to optimize TKI therapy to maximize efficacy and minimize drug toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This minireview highlights important aspects of the clinical pharmacology and toxicology of small molecule kinase inhibitors FDA approved 2018-2023. We describe key advances in the therapeutic indications and molecular targets of TKIs. The major metabolism pathways and toxicity profiles of recently approved TKIs are discussed. Clinically relevant case examples are provided that demonstrate the risk for hepatotoxic drug interactions involving TKIs and coadministered drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany D Latham
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Raeanne M Geffert
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang SL, Hu L, Hu ZY, Wang WJ, Shi JH. Exploring the binding characteristics of bovine serum albumin with tyrosine kinase inhibitor entrectinib: Multi-spectral analysis and theoretical calculation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 295:122555. [PMID: 36921521 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Entrectinib (ENB) is one of multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which is mainly used for treating neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusion positive solid tumors. The binding characteristics of ENB and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied by experiments and theoretical calculations. The steady-state fluorescence showed that ENB quenched the fluorescence of BSA through mixed quenching, and ENB was dominated by static quenching at low concentration. ENB and BSA had a moderate affinity, formed a complex with a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 and the binding constant of about 105 M-1 at 298 K, and Förster non-radiative energy transfer occurs. According to the driving force competition experiment, thermodynamic parameter analysis and theoretical calculation, hydrogen bond, van der Waals force and hydrophobic force were the main factors affecting the stability of the ENB-BSA complex. Molecular docking and site markers competition showed that ENB spontaneously bound to the Site III of BSA so that ENB could make the skeleton of BSA loose, the spatial structure of BSA changed (α-helix decreased by 3.1%, random coil increased by 1.7%), and the microenvironment of Tyr and Trp residues changed. The existence of Co2+ metal ions can enhance the binding effect, thus prolonging the half-life of ENB in vivo, which may improve the efficacy of ENB, while Ca2+, Cu2+ and Mg2+ metal ions will reduce the efficacy of ENB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Liang Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutic Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Lu Hu
- College of Pharmaceutic Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Zhe-Ying Hu
- College of Pharmaceutic Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Wan-Jun Wang
- College of Pharmaceutic Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jie-Hua Shi
- College of Pharmaceutic Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan M, Li W, Li WB, Huang Q, Li J, Cai HL, Gong H, Zhang BK, Wang YK. Metabolic activation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors: recent advance and further clinical practice. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:94-106. [PMID: 36453523 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2149775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
At present, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling-related pathways have been successfully mediated to inhibit tumor proliferation and promote anti-angiogenesis effects for cancer therapy. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), a group of novel chemotherapeutic agents, have been applied to treat diverse malignant tumors effectively. However, the latent toxic and side effects of TKIs, such as hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity, limit their use in clinical practice. Metabolic activation has the potential to lead to toxic effects. Numerous TKIs have been demonstrated to be transformed into chemically reactive/potentially toxic metabolites following cytochrome P450-catalyzed activation, which causes severe adverse reactions, including hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, skin toxicity, immune injury, mitochondria injury, and cytochrome P450 inactivation. However, the precise mechanisms of how these chemically reactive/potentially toxic species induce toxicity remain poorly understood. In addition, we present our viewpoints that regulating the production of reactive metabolites may decrease the toxicity of TKIs. Exploring this topic will improve understanding of metabolic activation and its underlying mechanisms, promoting the rational use of TKIs. This review summarizes the updated evidence concerning the reactive metabolites of TKIs and the associated toxicities. This paper provides novel insight into the safe use of TKIs and the prevention and treatment of multiple TKIs adverse effects in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Bo Li
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hua-Lin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
- International Research Center for Precision Medicine, Transformative Technology and Software Services, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao Q, Wu ZE, Li B, Li F. Recent advances in metabolism and toxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
5
|
A comprehensive forced degradation studies of Cariprazine hydrochloride using LC-HRMS/MS and in silico toxicity predictions of its degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114955. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Hu Z, Li J, Xiao A, Zheng J, Guan S, Guo J, Huang M. Development and validation of UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of escitalopram and its major metabolites in human plasma and its application in depressed patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 217:114810. [PMID: 35550493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Escitalopram, one of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), has been widely used in the patients with major depression. In this study, a simple, sensitive and rapid method was established and validated for simultaneous quantification of Escitalopram (S-CT), desmethyl escitalopram (S-DCT), didemethyl escitalopram (S-DDCT) and escitalopram N-Oxide (S-NOCT) in human plasma by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Analytes were extracted from plasma by utilizing protein precipitation and then separated on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 µm). The mobile phase was water: acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) with 0.25% formic acid at a flow-rate of 0.3 mL/min, within a 5 min run time. The mass analysis used positive electro-spray ionization (ESI) in selection reaction monitoring (SRM). The calibration ranges of the analytes were: S-CT: 2.0-200.0 ng/mL, S-DCT: 1.0-100.0 ng/mL, S-DDCT: 0.5-50.0 ng/mL, S-NOCT: 0.2-20.0 ng/mL. The method has been fully validated for selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery, stability and carry over and all the results met the admissible limits according to the the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Mean plasma concentration (ng/mL) of S-CT, S-DCT, S-DDCT and S-NOCT in 93 depressed patients were 51.10 ± 45.73, 10.32 ± 15.25, 1.53 ± 1.79 and 0.87 ± 0.94, respectively. it is the first time that a UHPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of S-CT and its 3 metabolites in human plasma was established and validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhua Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Aixiang Xiao
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China
| | - Juntao Zheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaoxing Guan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianxiong Guo
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510370, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou 510370, China.
| | - Min Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for determination of the active component K6 in serum of patients with depression. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 213:114691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Yang C, Liu L, Sheng M, Fu R, Chen X, Yu Z, Gao Y, Zhang H. Determination of terbinafine in healthy Chinese human plasma using a simple and fast LC-MS/MS method and its application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1191:123116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Stress degradation study on entrectinib and characterization of its degradation products using HRMS and NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 208:114459. [PMID: 34768159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Entrectinib is a potent inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases and anaplastic lymphoma kinase. It is designated as an orphan drug. There exists no report of comprehensive degradation profiling of the drug in the literature. Therefore, the present study focused on establishment of its stress degradation chemistry under hydrolytic (acidic, alkaline, neutral), oxidative (H2O2), photolytic and thermal conditions. For the purpose, the stressed solutions were subjected to HPLC studies on a C8 column by employing a gradient elution method, in which acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate were used as the mobile phase components. The results showed that entrectinib was labile to alkaline, H2O2, and photoneutral conditions in the solution state. The drug proved to be stable under acidic, solid-state photolytic, and thermal conditions. A total of sixteen degradation products were formed, which were characterized with the help of high resolution mass spectrometry, and in one case additional help was taken of 1D and -2D NMR data. The knowledge of the structures of the degradation products helped in establishment of degradation pathway of the drug and the involved mechanisms. Also, the toxicity profile of the drug and its degradation products was predicted using ADMET Predictor™ software, which indicated mutagenic potential of atleast five degradation products.
Collapse
|
10
|
Al-Shakliah NS, Kadi AA, Aljohar HI, AlRabiah H, Attwa MW. Profiling of in vivo, in vitro and reactive zorifertinib metabolites using liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20991-21003. [PMID: 35919181 PMCID: PMC9301632 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02848d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zorifertinib (AZD-3759; ZFB) is a potent, novel, oral, small molecule used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ZFB is Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) inhibitor that is characterized by good permeability of the blood–brain barrier for (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutations. The present research reports the profiling of in vitro, in vivo and reactive metabolites of ZFB. Prediction of vulnerable metabolic sites and reactivity pathways (cyanide and GSH) of ZFB were performed by WhichP450™ module (StarDrop software package) and XenoSite reactivity model (XenoSite Web Predictor-Home), respectively. ZFB in vitro metabolites were done by incubation with isolated perfused rat liver hepatocytes and rat liver microsomes (RLMs). Extraction of ZFB and its related metabolites from the incubation matrix was done by protein precipitation. In vivo metabolism was performed by giving ZFB (10 mg kg−1) through oral gavage to Sprague Dawley rats that were housed in metabolic cages. Urine was collected at specific time intervals (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) from ZFB dosing. The collected urine samples were filtered then stored at −70 °C. N-Methyl piperazine ring of ZFB undergoes phase I metabolism forming iminium intermediates that were stabilized using potassium cyanide as a trapping agent. Incubation of ZFB with RLMs were performed in the presence of 1.0 mM KCN and 1.0 mM glutathione to check reactive intermediates as it is may be responsible for toxicities associated with ZFB usage. For in vitro metabolites there were six in vitro phase I metabolites, three in vitro phase II metabolites, seven reactive intermediates (four GSH conjugates and three cyano adducts) of ZFB were detected by LC-IT-MS. For in vivo metabolites there were six in vivo phase I and three in vivo phase II metabolites of ZFB were detected by LC-IT-MS. In vitro and in vivo phase I metabolic pathways were N-demethylation, O-demethylation, hydroxylation, reduction, defluorination and dechlorination. In vivo phase II metabolic reaction was direct sulphate and glucuronic acid conjugation with ZFB. Six in vitro phase I metabolites, three in vitro phase II metabolites, seven reactive intermediates (four GSH conjugates and three cyano adducts), six in vivo phase I and three in vivo phase II metabolites of ZFB were detected by LC-IT-MS.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S. Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya I. Aljohar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qin Y, Wang S, Wen Q, Xia Q, Wang S, Chen G, Sun J, Shen C, Song S. Interactions Between Ephedra sinica and Prunus armeniaca: From Stereoselectivity to Deamination as a Metabolic Detoxification Mechanism of Amygdalin. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:744624. [PMID: 34899298 PMCID: PMC8661500 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.744624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mahuang–Xingren (MX, Ephedra sinica Stapf-Prunus armeniaca L.) is a classic herb pair used in traditional Chinese medicine. This combined preparation reduces the toxicity of Xingren through the stereoselective metabolism of its main active ingredient amygdalin. However, whether stereoselectivity is important in the pharmacokinetic properties of amygdalin either in the traditional decoction or in the dispensing granules is unclear. Amygdalin is hydrolyzed to its metabolite, prunasin, which produces hydrogen cyanide by degradation of the cyano group. A comprehensive study of the metabolic pathway of amygdalin is essential to better understand the detoxification process. In this article, the potential detoxification pathway of MX is further discussed with regard to herb interactions. In this study, the pharmacokinetic parameters and metabolism of amygdalin and prunasin were investigated by comparing the traditional decoction and the dispensing granule preparations. In addition, several potential metabolites were characterized in an incubation system with rat liver microsomes or gut microbial enzymes. The combination of Xingren with Mahuang reduces exposure to D-amygdalin in vivo and contributes to its detoxification, a process that can be further facilitated in the traditional decoction. From the in vitro co-incubation model, 15 metabolites were identified and classified into cyanogenesis and non-cyanogenesis metabolic pathways, and of these, 10 metabolites were described for the first time. The level of detoxified metabolites in the MX traditional decoction was higher than that in the dispensing granules. The metabolism of amygdalin by the gut microbial enzymes occurred more rapidly than that by the rat liver microsomes. These results indicated that combined boiling both herbs during the preparation of the traditional decoction may induce several chemical changes that will influence drug metabolism in vivo. The gut microbiota may play a critical role in amygdalin metabolism. In conclusion, detoxification of MX may result 1) during the preparation of the decoction, in the boiling phase, and 2) from the metabolic pathways activated in vivo. Stereoselective pharmacokinetics and deamination metabolism have been proposed as the detoxification pathway underlying the compatibility of MX. Metabolic detoxification of amygdalin was quite different between the two combinations, which indicates that the MX decoctions should not be completely replaced by their dispensing granules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyu Wen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Quan Xia
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- Center for Scientific Research of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiayin Sun
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chenlin Shen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Hefei Kaifan Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Development and application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for entrectinib in rats and scale-up to humans: Route-dependent gut wall metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112520. [PMID: 34902744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entrectinib (Rozlytrek®) is an oral antineoplastic agent approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019 for the treatment of c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1)-positive non-small cell lung cancer and neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) fusion-positive solid tumors. Although there have been a few studies on the pharmacokinetics of entrectinib, the relative contributions of several kinetic factors determining the oral bioavailability and systemic exposure of entrectinib are still worthy of investigation. Experimental data on the intestinal absorption and disposition of entrectinib in rats were acquired from studies on in vitro protein binding/tissue S9 metabolism, in situ intestinal perfusion, and in vivo dose-escalation/hepatic extraction. Using these datasets, an in-house whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating the QGut model concepts and segregated blood flow in the gut was constructed and optimized with respect to drug-specific parameters. The established rat PBPK model was further extrapolated to humans through relevant physiological scale-up and parameter optimization processes. The optimized rat and human PBPK models adequately captured the impact of route-dependent gut metabolism on the systemic exposure to entrectinib and closely mirrored various preclinical and clinical observations. Our proposed PBPK model could be useful in optimizing dosage regimens and predicting drug interaction potential in various clinical conditions, after partial modification and validation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Metabolite profiling is an indispensable part of drug discovery and development, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the drug's metabolic behavior. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry facilitates metabolite profiling by reducing sample complexity and providing high sensitivity. This review discusses the in vivo metabolite profiling involving LC-MS/MS and the utilization of QTOF, QQQ mass analyzers with a particular emphasis on a mass filter. Further, a summary of sample extraction procedures in biological matrices such as plasma, urine, feces, serum and hair as in vivo samples are outlined. toward the end, we present 15 case studies in biological matrices and their LC-MS/MS conditions to understand the metabolic disposition.
Collapse
|
14
|
Osman HM, Tuncbilek M. Entrectinib: A new Selective Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Approved for the Treatment of Pediatric and Adult Patients with NTRK Fusion-positive, Recurrent or Advanced Solid Tumors. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2602-2616. [PMID: 34521321 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210914121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Entrectinib is a highly potent ATP-competitive and selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinases - Trk A B C, ALK, and ROS1. It was developed by Roche and initially approved in Japan in 2019 for the treatment of pediatric and adult patients with NTRK fusion-positive, recurrent, or advanced solid tumors. In August 2019, entrectinib received accelerated approval by the U.S FDA for this indication. It is also the first FDA-approved drug designed to target both NTRK and ROS1. OBJECTIVE We aim to summarize recent studies related to the synthesis, mechanism of action, and clinical trials of the newly approved selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor entrectinib. METHOD We conduct a literature review of the research studies on the new highly-potent small-molecule entrectinib. CONCLUSION Entrectinib, based on three clinical studies (ALKA, STARTRK-1, and STARTRK-2), was well tolerated, with a manageable safety profile. It induced clinically meaningful responses in recurrent or advanced solid tumors associated with NTRK fusion-positive or ROS1+ NSCLC. It demonstrated substantial efficacy in patients with CNS metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hind M Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara. Turkey
| | - Meral Tuncbilek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara. Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miao Y, Xu W, Li J. Assessing the pharmacokinetics of acalabrutinib in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1023-1030. [PMID: 34275396 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1955855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The first-in-class BTK inhibitor ibrutinib has substantially changed the therapeutic landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The next-generation BTK inhibitor acalabrutinib is more selective and may have less off-target toxicities as compared to ibrutinib. Acalabrutinib has demonstrated safety and efficacy in CLL and has been approved to treat CLL. AREAS COVERED Current clinical trials investigated acalabrutinib monotherapy or acalabrutinib-based combination therapies in relapsed/refractory and treatment-naive CLL. Data on the efficacy and safety of acalabrutinib in clinical trials were summarized in this review. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of acalabrutinib were also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Acalabrutinib selectively inhibits BTK by covalent binding and shows rapid absorption and elimination. Acalabrutinib does not inhibit EGFR, TEC, or ITK and shows fewer off-target toxicities. Completed phase 3 trials have demonstrated that acalabrutinib improves the outcomes of patients with relapsed/refractory CLL and patients with treatment-naive CLL. The phase 3 trial that evaluates acalabrutinib versus ibrutinib has met its primary endpoint. Early phase studies suggested the combinations of acalabrutinib with a CD20 antibody and venetoclax led to high rates of undetectable minimal residual disease in the bone marrow in CLL patients and might provide a fixed-duration therapeutic option for patients with CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Miao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Pukou CLL Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Pukou CLL Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Pukou CLL Center, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yue Q, Khojasteh SC, Cho S, Ma S, Mulder T, Chen J, Pang J, Ding X, Deese A, Pellet JD, Siebers N, Joas L, Salphati L, Ware JA. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of pictilisib, a potent pan-class I phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, in rats, dogs, and humans. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:796-810. [PMID: 33938357 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1923859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The absorption, metabolism and excretion of pictilisib, a selective small molecule inhibitor of class 1 A phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), was characterized following a single oral administration of [14C]pictilisib in rats, dogs and humans at the target doses of 30 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 60 mg, respectively.Pictilisib was rapidly absorbed with Tmax less than 2 h across species. In systemic circulation, pictilisib represented the predominant total radioactivity greater than 86.6% in all species.Total pictilisib and related radioactivity was recovered from urine and faeces in rats, dogs, and human at 98%, 80% and 95%, respectively, with less than 2% excreted in urine and the rest excreted into faeces.In rat and dog, more than 40% of drug-related radioactivity was excreted into the bile suggesting biliary excretion was the major route of excretion. Unchanged pictilisib was a minor component in rat and dog bile. The major metabolite in bile was O-glucuronide of oxidation on indazole moiety (M20, 21% of the dose) in rats and an oxidative piperazinyl ring-opened metabolite M7 (10.8% of the dose) in dogs.Oxidative glutathione (GSH) conjugates (M18, M19) were novel metabolites detected in rat bile, suggesting the potential generation of reactive intermediates from pictilisib. The structure of M18 was further confirmed by NMR to be a N-hydroxylated and GSH conjugated metabolite on the moiety of the indazole ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yue
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Teresa Mulder
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jodie Pang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiao Ding
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan Deese
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jackson D Pellet
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Siebers
- Covance Clinical Research Unit, 3402 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lori Joas
- Covance Clinical Research Unit, 3402 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Ware
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Attwa MW, Darwish HW, Al-Shakliah NS, Kadi AA. A Validated LC-MS/MS Assay for the Simultaneous Quantification of the FDA-Approved Anticancer Mixture (Encorafenib and Binimetinib): Metabolic Stability Estimation. Molecules 2021; 26:2717. [PMID: 34063139 PMCID: PMC8125647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The concurrent use of oral encorafenib (Braftovi, ENF) and binimetinib (Mektovi, BNB) is a combination anticancer therapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) for patients with BRAFV600E/V600K mutations suffering from metastatic or unresectable melanoma. Metabolism is considered one of the main pathways of drug elimination from the body (responsible for elimination of about 75% of known drugs), it is important to understand and study drug metabolic stability. Metabolically unstable compounds are not good as they required repetitive dosages during therapy, while very stable drugs may result in increasing the risk of adverse drug reactions. Metabolic stability of compounds could be examined using in vitro or in silico experiments. First, in silico metabolic vulnerability for ENF and BNB was investigated using the StarDrop WhichP450 module to confirm the lability of the drugs under study to liver metabolism. Second, we established an LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of ENF and BNB applied to metabolic stability assessment. Third, in silico toxicity assessment of ENF and BNB was performed using the StarDrop DEREK module. Chromatographic separation of ENF, BNB, and avitinib (an internal standard) was achieved using an isocratic mobile phase on a Hypersil BDS C18 column. The linear range for ENF and BNB in the human liver microsome (HLM) matrix was 5-500 ng/mL (R2 ≥ 0.999). The metabolic stabilities were calculated using intrinsic clearance and in vitro half-life. Furthermore, ENF and BNB did not significantly influence each other's metabolic stability or metabolic disposition when used concurrently. These results indicate that ENF and BNB will slowly bioaccumulate after multiple doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.K.)
- Students’ University Hospital, The Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.K.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Nasser S. Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (N.S.A.-S.); (A.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sahu AK, Goswami A, Kate AS, Sengupta P. Identification and structural characterization of potential degraded impurities of ribociclib by time of flight -tandem mass spectrometry, and their toxicity prediction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 197:113933. [PMID: 33588298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.113933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The US FDA and EMA approved Ribociclib (RIBO) to treat metastatic breast cancers in 2017. Formation of impurities during storage of any drug can significantly contribute to its overall toxicity and therapeutic efficacy, which ultimately leads to a safety concern. Over the period, it has been observed that impurities sometimes cause serious unwanted toxicity, which can even lead to withdrawal of a drug from market. Therefore, complete characterization of potential impurities is extremely important to identify molecular hot spots regarding structural changes. To the best of our knowledge, till date, the potential degraded impurities of RIBO are unknown. No study reported in literature on the structural characterization of the degradation impurities of RIBO. In this study, an ICH recommended comprehensive stress study under hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermolytic conditions was performed on RIBO. The degradation products were characterized by tandem mass spectrometry utilising time of flight mass analyzer majorly after electrospray ionisation. The atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mode was employed in characterization of the N-oxide degradation products where Meisenheimer rearrangement occurred. A degradation product was synthesized in house and fully characterized with the help of NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT, 2D NMR and D2O exchange experiments). The source of formylation for the generation of degradation products was investigated employing different solvent systems. The degradation pathways were delineated by explaining the putative mechanism of degradation in various conditions. The in silico toxicity of the degradation impurities was evaluated with the help of ProTox-II toxicity prediction platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sahu
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Ashutosh Goswami
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhijeet S Kate
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), An Institute of National Importance, Government of India, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opp. Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abdelhameed AS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Identification of Iminium Intermediates Generation in the Metabolism of Tepotinib Using LC-MS/MS: In Silico and Practical Approaches to Bioactivation Pathway Elucidation. Molecules 2020; 25:E5004. [PMID: 33126762 PMCID: PMC7663698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tepotinib (Tepmetko™, Merck) is a potent inhibitor of c-Met (mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor). In March 2020, tepotinib (TEP) was approved for use in Japan for the treatment of patients who suffered from non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harboring an MET exon 14 skipping alteration and have progressed after platinum-based therapy. Practical and in silico experiments were used to screen for the metabolic profile and reactive intermediates of TEP. Knowing the bioactive center and structural alerts in the TEP structure helped in making targeted modifications to improve its safety. First, the prediction of metabolism vulnerable sites and reactivity metabolic pathways was performed using the StarDrop WhichP450™ module and the online Xenosite reactivity predictor tool, respectively. Subsequently, in silico data were used as a guide for the in vitro practical work. Second, in vitro phase I metabolites of TEP were generated from human liver microsome (HLM) incubations. Testing for the generation of unstable reactive intermediates was performed using potassium cyanide as a capturing agent forming stable cyano adduct that can be characterized and identified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Third, in silico toxicity assessment of TEP metabolites was performed, and structural modification was proposed to decrease their side effects and to validate the proposed bioactivation pathway using the DEREK software. Four TEP phase I metabolites and four cyano adducts were characterized. The reactive intermediate generation mechanism of TEP may provide an explanation of its adverse reactions. The piperidine ring is considered a structural alert for toxicity as proposed by the DEREK software and a Xenosite reactivity model, which was confirmed by practical experiments. Steric hindrance or isosteric replacement at α-carbon of the piperidine ring stop the bioactivation sequence that was confirmed using the DEREK software. More drug discovery studies can be performed using this perception permitting the design of new drugs with an increased safety profile. To our knowledge, this is the first study for the identification of in vitro phase I metabolites and reactive intermediates in addition to toxicological properties of the metabolites for TEP that will be helpful for the evaluation of TEP side effects and drug-drug interactions in TEP-treated patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.W.A.); (A.A.K.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dedı Ková A, Bárta F, Martínek V, Kotalík K, Dušková Š, Mráz J, Arlt VM, Stiborová M, Hodek P. In Vivo Metabolism of Aristolochic Acid I and II in Rats Is Influenced by Their Coexposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2804-2818. [PMID: 32894017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant extract aristolochic acid (AA), containing aristolochic acid I (AAI) and II (AAII) as major components, causes aristolochic acid nephropathy and Balkan endemic nephropathy, unique renal diseases associated with upper urothelial cancer. Differences in the metabolic activation and detoxification of AAI and AAII and their effects on the metabolism of AAI/AAII mixture in the plant extract might be of great importance for an individual's susceptibility in the development of AA-mediated nephropathies and malignancies. Here, we investigated in vivo metabolism of AAI and AAII after ip administration to Wistar rats as individual compounds and as AAI/AAII mixture using high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Experimental findings were supported by theoretical calculations using density functional theory. We found that exposure to AAI/AAII mixture affected the generation of their oxidative and reductive metabolites formed during Phase I biotransformation and excreted in rat urine. Several Phase II metabolites of AAI and AAII found in the urine of exposed rats were also analyzed. Our results indicate that AAI is more efficiently metabolized in rats in vivo than AAII. Whereas AAI is predominantly oxidized during in vivo metabolism, its reduction is the minor metabolic pathway. In contrast, AAII is mainly metabolized by reduction. The oxidative reaction only occurs if aristolactam II, the major reductive metabolite of AAII, is enzymatically hydroxylated, forming aristolactam Ia. In AAI/AAII mixture, the metabolism of AAI and AAII is influenced by the presence of both AAs. For instance, the reductive metabolism of AAI is increased in the presence of AAII while the presence of AAI decreased the reductive metabolism of AAII. These results suggest that increased bioactivation of AAI in the presence of AAII also leads to increased AAI genotoxicity, which may critically impact AAI-mediated carcinogenesis. Future studies are needed to explain the underlying mechanism(s) for this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Dedı Ková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin Kotalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Volker Manfred Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ulenberg S, Bączek T. Metabolic stability studies of lead compounds supported by separation techniques and chemometrics analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:373-386. [PMID: 33006800 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With metabolism being one of the main routes of drug elimination from the body (accounting for removal of around 75% of known drugs), it is crucial to understand and study metabolic stability of drug candidates. Metabolically unstable compounds are uncomfortable to administer (requiring repetitive dosage during therapy), while overly stable drugs increase risk of adverse drug reactions. Additionally, biotransformation reactions can lead to formation of toxic or pharmacologically active metabolites (either less-active than parent drug, or even with different action). There were numerous approaches in estimating metabolic stability, including in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and high-throughput screening to name a few. This review aims at describing separation techniques used in in vitro metabolic stability estimation, as well as chemometric techniques allowing for creation of predictive models which enable high-throughput screening approach for estimation of metabolic stability. With a very low rate of drug approval, it is important to understand in silico methods that aim at supporting classical in vitro approach. Predictive models that allow assessment of certain biological properties of drug candidates allow for cutting not only cost, but also time required to synthesize compounds predicted to be unstable or inactive by in silico models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Ulenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Almutairi MS, Kadi AA, Al-Wabli RI, Attwa MW, Attia MI. Fragmentation pattern of certain isatin–indole antiproliferative conjugates with application to identify their in vitro metabolic profiles in rat liver microsomes by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe fragmentation pattern of certain isatin-based compounds was carried out using collision-induced dissociation inside the triple quadrupole mass analyzer. These data were used as a clue for the identification of metabolites of the recently reported isatin-based antiproliferative agent, namely, N′-[5-bromo-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-indol-3-ylidene]-5-methoxy-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazide (1) in rat liver microsomes (RLMs) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Prediction of the vulnerable sites for metabolic pathways in compound 1 was performed by WhichP450 module of StarDrop software. In vitro metabolites for compound 1 were identified with the aid of rat liver microsomes. The in silico data were utilized as a guide for the practical work. Compound 1 was metabolized into three (hydroxylated, reduced and O-demethylated) metabolites in RLMs in the presence of NADPH. The chemical structures of those metabolites were elucidated, and the metabolic pathways were proposed by comparing the fragmentation pattern of the isatin–indole conjugates 1–7. The data presented in this paper provided useful information on the effect of different substituents on the ionization/fragmentation processes and can be used in the characterization of isatin derivatives. In silico toxicity assessments for the title compounds 1–7 and for the metabolites of compound 1 were conducted utilizing the deductive estimation of risk from existing knowledge (DEREK) module of StarDrop software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maha S. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem I. Al-Wabli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Students’ University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alsubi TA, Attwa MW, Bakheit AH, Darwish HW, Abuelizz HA, Kadi AA. In silico and in vitro metabolism of ribociclib: a mass spectrometric approach to bioactivation pathway elucidation and metabolite profiling. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22668-22683. [PMID: 35514564 PMCID: PMC9054585 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribociclib (RBC, Kisqali®) is a highly selective CDK4/6 inhibitor that has been approved for breast cancer therapy. Initially, prediction of susceptible sites of metabolism and reactivity pathways were performed by the StarDrop WhichP450™ module and the Xenosite web predictor tool, respectively. Later, in vitro metabolites and adducts of RBC were characterized from rat liver microsomes using LC-MS/MS. Subsequently, in silico data was used as a guide for the in vitro work. Finally, in silico toxicity assessment of RBC metabolites was carried out using DEREK software and structural modification was proposed to reduce their side effects and to validate the bioactivation pathway theory using the StarDrop DEREK module. In vitro phase I metabolic profiling of RBC was performed utilizing rat liver microsomes (RLMs). Generation of reactive metabolites was investigated using potassium cyanide (KCN) as a trapping nucleophile for the transient and reactive iminium intermediates to form a stable cyano adduct that can be identified and characterized using mass spectrometry. Nine phase I metabolites and one cyano adduct of RBC were characterized. The proposed metabolic pathways involved in generation of these metabolites are hydroxylation, oxidation and reduction. The reactive intermediate generation mechanism of RBC may provide an explanation of its adverse reactions. Aryl piperazine is considered a structural alert for toxicity as proposed by the DEREK report. We propose that the generation of only one reactive metabolite of RBC in a very small concentration is due to the decreased reactivity of the piperazine ring compared to previous reports of similar drugs. Docking analysis was performed for RBC and its proposed derivatives at the active site of the human CDK6 enzyme. Methyl-RBC exhibited the best ADMET and docking analysis and fewer side effects compared to RBC and fluoro-RBC. Further drug discovery studies can be conducted taking into account this concept allowing the development of new drugs with enhanced safety profiles that were confirmed by using StarDrop software. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first literature report of RBCin vitro metabolic profiling and structural characterization and toxicological properties of the generated metabolites. Nine phase I metabolites and one product of KCN trapping of RBC were characterized. Aryl piperazine is considered a structural alert for toxicity as proposed by the DEREK report. Methyl-RBC exhibited less toxicity and more binding affinity to CDK6.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thamer A. Alsubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Bakheit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Abdelhameed AS. Phase I metabolic profiling and unexpected reactive metabolites in human liver microsome incubations of X-376 using LC-MS/MS: bioactivation pathway elucidation and in silico toxicity studies of its metabolites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5412-5427. [PMID: 35498318 PMCID: PMC9049494 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09115g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites of X-376 were characterized by LC-MS/MS. Pyridazine ring and dichloro-phenyl groups were bioactivated by novel pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh 11451
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Al-Shakliah NS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA, AlRabiah H. Identification and characterization of in silico, in vivo, in vitro, and reactive metabolites of infigratinib using LC-ITMS: bioactivation pathway elucidation and in silico toxicity studies of its metabolites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16231-16244. [PMID: 35498820 PMCID: PMC9052791 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infigratinib (INF) is a novel, small molecule that is orally administered to inhibit human fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), which are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that may be upregulated in different tumor cell types. On 6 January 2020, the FDA granted fast track designation to INF for first-line treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Prediction of susceptible sites of metabolism and reactivity pathways (cyanide and GSH) for INF was performed by the Xenosite web predictor tool. Then, we report the characterization and identification of in vitro, in vivo, and reactive intermediates of INF using liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-ITMS). Finally, an in silico toxicity assessment of INF metabolites was carried out using the StarDrop DEREK module showing structural alerts. Rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and isolated perfused rat liver hepatocytes were incubated with INF in vitro and the generated metabolites were collected by protein precipitation. In vivo metabolism was evaluated by time-course urine sampling from Sprague-Dawley rats administered a single INF oral dose. A similar volume of acetonitrile was added to each collected urine sample and both organic and aqueous layers were analyzed by LC-ITMS to detect in vivo INF metabolites. N-Ethyl piperazine rings and benzene at part A of the INF structure are metabolized to form iminium and 1,4-benzoquinone, respectively, which are very reactive toward nucleophilic macromolecules. Incubation of INF with RLMs in the presence of 1.0 mM KCN and 1.0 mM glutathione was used to evaluate reactive metabolites potentially responsible for toxicities associated with INF. There were seven in vitro phase I metabolites, three in vitro phase II metabolites, three cyano adducts, and three GSH conjugate metabolites of INF detected by LC-ITMS. In vivo INF metabolites identified included four in vivo phase I and three in vivo phase II metabolites. In vitro and in vivo phase I metabolic pathways included N-dealkylation, N-demethylation, O-demethylation, hydroxylation, and dechlorination, while the in vivo phase II metabolic reaction was a direct conjugation of INF with glucuronic acid and sulphate. An in silico web designer tool was utilized to guide laboratory work for infigratinib metabolism. Sixteen metabolites of infigratinib and seven reactive intermediates (three iminium ions and four 1,4 benzoquinones) were characterized using LC-ITMS.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S. Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
- Students' University Hospital
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Abdelhameed AS. Detection and characterization of olmutinib reactive metabolites by LC-MS/MS: Elucidation of bioactivation pathways. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:708-718. [PMID: 31788977 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Olmutinib (Olita™) is an orally bioavailable third generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Olmutinib was approved in South Korea in May 2016 for the treatment of patients suffering from locally advanced or metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Reactive olmutinib intermediates may be responsible for the severe side effects associated with the treatment. However, literature review revealed no previous reports on the structural identification of reactive olmutinib metabolites. In this work, the formation of reactive olmutinib metabolites in rat liver microsomes was investigated. Methoxylamine, glutathione, and potassium cyanide were used as capturing agents for aldehyde, iminoquinones, and iminium intermediates, respectively. The stable complexes formed were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The major phase I metabolic pathway observed in vitro was hydroxylation of the piperazine ring. Seven potential reactive intermediates were characterized, including three iminium ions, three iminoquinones, and one aldehyde. Based on the findings, various bioactivation pathways were postulated. Hence, identifying the reactive intermediates of olmutinib that may be the cause of severe side effects can provide new insights, leading to improved treatments for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Qin L, Wang Y, Gong Y, Chen J, Xu B, Tang L, Guo L, Xie J. Capsaicin metabolites and GSH-associated detoxification and biotransformation pathways in human liver microsomes revealed by LC-HRMS/MS with data-mining tools. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121843. [PMID: 31704446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin (CAP) is a principal pungent ingredient in hot peppers, it is also employed as a common food additive, an efficient pharmaceutical component, or even a riot control agent. CAP exerts various pharmacological activities as well as associated adverse physiological responses and causes moderate toxicity if overused. A full screening and identification of CAP metabolites in combination with its main detoxification pathways are crucial for the clear demonstration on its pharmacological and toxicological significance. Here, we employed a post-acquisition data-mining metabolic screening approach to rapidly find and identify a broad range of CAP metabolites generated from in vitro human liver microsomes, based on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole orbitrap high resolution tandem mass spectrometric method. First, we collected full scan MS and MS/MS data sets by a data-dependent acquisition method in positive ion mode, and then we employed a modified mass defect filter and a diagnostic ion filter to screen and identify all the probable CAP metabolites, combining with information including retention time, accurate mass, characteristic fragments, and relevant drug biotransformation patterns. In comparison with the stable isotope-labeled CAP involved biotransformation products, we confirmed 19 functionalized metabolites and 13 glutathione (GSH) conjugates of CAP, in which 13 metabolites are reported for the first time. We then briefly depicted an overview metabolic pathway of CAP from the GSH detoxification viewpoint, revealed that various metabolites of CAP can be generated from single or multiple biotransformation and metabolic reactions. Both CAP and its reactive metabolites produced relevant GSH conjugates, which indicates a wide and important detoxification value of GSH conjugation way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qin
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China; College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Gong
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jia Chen
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Jianwei Xie
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abdelhameed AS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolic profiling of nazartinib reveals the formation of unexpected reactive metabolites. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190852. [PMID: 31598253 PMCID: PMC6731747 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nazartinib (EGF816, NZB) is a promising third-generation human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This novel irreversible mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor targets EGFR containing both the resistance mutation (T790M) and the activating mutations (L858R and Del19), while it does not affect wild-type EGFR. However, the metabolic pathway and bioactivation mechanisms of NZB are still unexplored. Thus, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we screened for products of NZB metabolism formed in vitro by human liver microsomal preparations and investigated the formation of reactive intermediates using potassium cyanide as a nucleophile trap. Unexpectedly, the azepane ring was not bioactivated. Instead, the carbon atom between the aliphatic linear tertiary amine and electron-withdrawing system (butenoyl amide group) was bioactivated, generating iminium intermediates as reactive species. Six NZB phase I metabolites, formed by hydroxylation, oxidation and N-demethylation, were characterized. Moreover, two reactive iminium ions were characterized and their corresponding bioactivation mechanisms were proposed. Based on our results, we speculate that bioactivation of NZB can be blocked by small sterically hindering groups, isosteric replacement or a spacer. This approach might reduce the toxicity of NZB by avoiding the generation of reactive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Students’ University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abdelhameed AS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry metabolic profiling of nazartinib reveals the formation of unexpected reactive metabolites. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019. [PMID: 31598253 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.j5m8h10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nazartinib (EGF816, NZB) is a promising third-generation human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This novel irreversible mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor targets EGFR containing both the resistance mutation (T790M) and the activating mutations (L858R and Del19), while it does not affect wild-type EGFR. However, the metabolic pathway and bioactivation mechanisms of NZB are still unexplored. Thus, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we screened for products of NZB metabolism formed in vitro by human liver microsomal preparations and investigated the formation of reactive intermediates using potassium cyanide as a nucleophile trap. Unexpectedly, the azepane ring was not bioactivated. Instead, the carbon atom between the aliphatic linear tertiary amine and electron-withdrawing system (butenoyl amide group) was bioactivated, generating iminium intermediates as reactive species. Six NZB phase I metabolites, formed by hydroxylation, oxidation and N-demethylation, were characterized. Moreover, two reactive iminium ions were characterized and their corresponding bioactivation mechanisms were proposed. Based on our results, we speculate that bioactivation of NZB can be blocked by small sterically hindering groups, isosteric replacement or a spacer. This approach might reduce the toxicity of NZB by avoiding the generation of reactive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paludetto M, Puisset F, Chatelut E, Arellano C. Identifying the reactive metabolites of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a comprehensive approach: Implications for drug‐drug interactions and hepatotoxicity. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:2105-2152. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Noëlle Paludetto
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERMUMR1037Université de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 1 France
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
- Département PharmacieInstitut Claudius Regaud, IUCT‐O Toulouse France
| | - Florent Puisset
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERMUMR1037Université de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 1 France
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
- Département PharmacieInstitut Claudius Regaud, IUCT‐O Toulouse France
| | - Etienne Chatelut
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERMUMR1037Université de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 1 France
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Cécile Arellano
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, INSERMUMR1037Université de Toulouse Toulouse Cedex 1 France
- Faculté de PharmacieUniversité Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, Darwish HW. Belizatinib: Novel reactive intermediates and bioactivation pathways characterized by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 171:132-147. [PMID: 30999224 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Belizatinib (BZB; TSR-011) is a next-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor that also inhibits tropomyosin-related kinases A/B/C. In this in-vitro study, we examined the formation of reactive metabolites from BZB using rat liver microsomes or human liver microsomes in the presence of a trapping agent (potassium cyanide) to generate iminium reactive intermediates. Identification of the in vitro BZB metabolites indicated that the major in-vitro metabolic reaction involved hydroxylation of the piperidine moiety. We identified eight in-vitro phase I metabolites and three iminium reactive intermediates, suggesting two possible BZB-bioactivation pathways. We propose that the tertiary nitrogen in the piperidine ring activates the attached benzyl carbon in addition to the two α carbons inside the ring. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the structural identification of reactive metabolites derived from BZB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA, AlRabiah H, Darwish HW. Reactive intermediates in naquotinib metabolism identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: phase I metabolic profiling. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10211-10225. [PMID: 35520926 PMCID: PMC9062305 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00224c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are very efficient for the treatment of EGFR-mutated lung cancer and show improved therapeutic efficacy. However, treatment with both first- and second-generation TKIs results in acquired resistance and is related to various toxicities; the EGFR T790M mutation has been associated with this resistance. Naquotinib (ASP8273, NQT) is a novel third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been shown to be more potent than osimertinib in the management of L858R plus T790M mutations. However, its bioactivation may occur and promote the formation of reactive electrophiles that are toxic. We hypothesize that these reactive intermediates are potentially involved in the side effects of NQT. Reactive metabolites are often formed by phase I metabolic reactions and cannot be characterized directly as they are transient in nature. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we screened for in vitro metabolites of NQT formed during incubation with human liver microsomes and evaluated the generation of reactive electrophiles using capturing agents, such as methoxyamine and potassium cyanide, as nucleophiles that form stable adducts for identification by LC-MS/MS. Eight NQT phase I metabolites were found that had been formed by N-demethylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, and reduction. In addition, three reactive electrophiles, two aldehydes, and one iminium ion were identified, and the corresponding bioactivation mechanisms were proposed. The reported side effects of NQT may be related to the generation of reactive metabolites. Based on a literature review, this may be the first study of in vitro phase I metabolites, detailed structural characterizations, and NQT reactive intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 1146 76 220 +966 1146 77343
- Students' University Hospital, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Adnan A Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 1146 76 220 +966 1146 77343
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 1146 76 220 +966 1146 77343
| | - Hany W Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University P. O. Box 2457 Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia +966 1146 76 220 +966 1146 77343
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Kasr El-Aini St. Cairo 11562 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li L, Feng X, Chen Y, Li S, Sun Y, Zhang L. A comprehensive study of eriocitrin metabolism in vivo and in vitro based on an efficient UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS strategy. RSC Adv 2019; 9:24963-24980. [PMID: 35528661 PMCID: PMC9069865 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eriocitrin, a main flavonoid in lemons, possesses strong antioxidant, lipid-lowering and anticancer activities and has long been used in food, beverages and wine. However, its metabolism in vivo and in vitro is still unclear. In this study, an efficient strategy was developed to detect and identify metabolites of eriocitrin by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) based on online data acquisition and multiple data processing techniques. A total of 32 metabolites in vivo and 27 metabolites in vitro were obtained based on the above method. Furthermore, the main metabolic pathways of eriocitrin included reduction, hydrogenation, N-acetylation, ketone formation, oxidation, methylation, sulfate conjugation, glutamine conjugation, glycine conjugation, desaturation and demethylation to carboxylic acid. This study will lay a foundation for further studies on the metabolic mechanisms of eriocitrin. 41 metabolites of eriocitrin in vivo and in vitro was identified based on the efficient UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS strategy.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luya Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| | - Shenghao Li
- Department of Pathobiology and Immunology
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| | - Lantong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- School of Pharmacy
- Hebei Medical University
- Shijiazhuang 050017
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kadi AA, Darwish HW, Abuelizz HA, Alsubi TA, Attwa MW. Identification of reactive intermediate formation and bioactivation pathways in Abemaciclib metabolism by LC-MS/MS: in vitro metabolic investigation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181714. [PMID: 30800400 PMCID: PMC6366225 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Abemaciclib (Verzenio®) is approved as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for breast cancer treatment. In this study, in vitro phase I metabolic profiling of Abemaciclib (ABC) was done using rat liver microsomes (RLMs). We checked the formation of reactive intermediates in ABC metabolism using RLMs in the presence of potassium cyanide (KCN) that was used as a capturing agent for iminium reactive intermediates forming a stable complex that can be characterized by LC-MS/MS. Nine in vitro phase I metabolites and three cyano adducts were identified. The metabolic reactions involved in the formation of these metabolites and adducts are reduction, oxidation, hydroxylation and cyanide addition. The bioactivation pathway was also proposed. Knowing the electrodeficient bioactive centre in ABC structure helped in making targeted modifications to improve its safety and retain its efficacy. Blocking or isosteric replacement of α-carbon to the tertiary nitrogen atoms of piperazine ring can aid in reducing toxic side effects of ABC. No previous articles were found about in vitro metabolic profiling for ABC or structural identification of the formed reactive metabolites for ABC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany W. Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer A. Alsubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Attwa MW, Kadi AA. Sapitinib: reactive intermediates and bioactivation pathways characterized by LC-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2019; 9:32995-33006. [PMID: 35529145 PMCID: PMC9073192 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03926k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapitinib is a competitive ATP inhibitor of EGFR and receptor tyrosine-protein kinase (erbB-2). Two cyano and one oxime adducts, and six in vitro metabolites of sapitinib were identified using LC-MS/MS. The bioactivation pathways were characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
- Students' University Hospital
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
AlRabiah H, Kadi AA, Attwa M, Abdelhameed AS, Mostafa GAE. Reactive intermediates in copanlisib metabolism identified by LC-MS/MS: phase I metabolic profiling. RSC Adv 2019; 9:6409-6418. [PMID: 35517257 PMCID: PMC9060959 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copanlisib (CNB; Aliqopa™) is a novel, intravenous phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor used to treat various solid and hematological malignancies. CNB was recently approved by the U.S. FDA to treat adults that relapsed after two preceding systemic therapies. Using LC-MS/MS, we screened for the in vitro metabolites of CNB formed in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and probed for the generation of reactive electrophiles using methoxyamine and potassium cyanide as nucleophiles to capture reactive electrophiles by forming stable adducts that are suitable for identification by LC-MS/MS. Seven CNB phase I metabolites generated by oxidation, hydroxylation, oxidative dealkylation, reduction, and N-oxidation were identified. In addition, four reactive electrophiles, 2 aldehydes and 2 iminium ions, were identified, and a prediction of the corresponding bioactivation mechanism is presented. The formation of reactive metabolites may be associated with the side effects reported for CNB. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detailed structural characterization of reactive intermediates generated in CNB metabolism. Copanlisib (CNB; Aliqopa™) is a novel, intravenous phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor used to treat various solid and hematological malignancies.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali S. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A. E. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Riyadh
- Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|