Synthesis and characterization of Reishi mushroom-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the biochemical applications

Nuclease-Mimetic Nanomaterials: From Fundamentals to Bioapplications

With the rapid development of nanozymes and nanomedicine, designing novel nanostructures directly acting on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has great therapeutic potential because DNA is the carrier of genetic information and plays a vital role on life activities of the organism. Specifically, DNA cleavage is an important step in most of these DNA engineering technologies. While nucleases play crucial roles in the cell metabolism by efficient DNA cutting, the practical applications of natural nucleases suffer from some intrinsic shortcomings such as high cost and intolerance to harsh environments. In the past 20 years, great varieties of engineered nanostructures with DNA cleavage (nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials, abbreviated as nuclease mimics) have been developed rapidly and widely used in biomedical fields. In view of the significant progress of nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials, the possible DNA cleavage mechanism mediated by nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials is systematically discussed in this review, and the classification of nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials is illustrated. Their potential biomedical applications, especially in anti-biofilms and cancer treatment, are also comprehensively summarized. Finally, the current opportunities and challenges are discussed to stimulate the research of understanding and development of nuclease-mimetic nanomaterials.

Unlocking the Potential of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis): Botanical Overview, Therapeutic Applications, and Nanotechnological Advances

Background:Ganoderma lucidum (GL), commonly known as the "Lingzhi" or "Reishi" mushroom, has long been recognized for its potential health benefits and medicinal properties in traditional Chinese medicine. The unique potential combination of bioactive compounds present in GL, such as triterpenoids, polysaccharides, and peptides, has inspired interest in leveraging their therapeutic potential In recent years, the emerging field of nanotechnology has opened up new possibilities for using the remarkable properties of GL at the nanoscale. Objetive: The main objective of this review is to explore the unique potential of GL in traditional and innovative therapies, particularly in cancer treatment, and to assess how nanotechnology-based strategies can enhance its therapeutic applications.is to explore. Results: Nanotechnology-based strategies have been investigated for the efficient extraction and purification of bioactive compounds from GL. Additionally, nanocarriers and nanoformulations have been developed to protect these sensitive bioactive compounds from degradation, ensuring their stability during storage and transportation. The use of GL-based nanomaterials has shown promising results in several biomedical applications, namely due to their anticancer activity by targeting cancer cells, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting tumor growth. Conclusions: The combination of GL and nanotechnology presents an exciting frontier in the development of novel therapeutic and biomedical applications. Nevertheless, further research and development in this interdisciplinary field are warranted to fully exploit the synergistic benefits offered by GL and nanotechnology. Future prospects include the development of robust clinical trials focused on GL nanotechnology-based cancer therapies to clarify mechanisms of actions and optimize formulations, ultimately leading to innovative solutions for human health and well-being.

Designing iron oxide & silver nanocomposites with phyto- and fungo chemicals for biomedicine: lessons learned

Multifunctional nanoparticles for biomedical applications are widely researched and constantly developed because they provide wider possibilities for therapy and diagnostics. This work aims to summarise our findings towards the design of multifunctional complex iron oxide and silver nanoparticles (NPs) produced from the plants Zingiber officinale and Hypericum perforatum and mushrooms Amanita muscaria and Sparassis crispa. It was revealed that the antimicrobial and anticancer properties of the NPs were a consequence of the combination of silver and phyto- and fungo-chemicals originating from natural species. Moreover, the photoactive properties of the complex iron oxide and silver nanoparticles promoted photodynamic therapy (λexc = 405 nm) that significantly improved the antibacterial (E. coli, S. aureus, B. pumilus, P. fluorescence) and anticancer (HeLa, U2OS cells) effects. Notably, the gel formulations of the NPs based on hyaluronic and alginic acids had advantages over the aqueous dispersions of the NPs. For instance, being embedded into a hyaluronic acid gel, the NPs were more effective against cancer cells due to the improved uptake of hyaluronic acid by cancer cells. Another advantage of gel formulations of the NPs was connected with their microstructural properties; the nanocomposite gel adjusted its microstructure to the substrate topology, mimicking the substrate scale and pattern. Thus, complex ultrasmall iron oxide and silver nanoparticle NPs synthesized with natural extracts and their gel formulations may find diverse applications in the biomedical field, particularly for local cancer treatment and as post-operative bone or tissue scaffold after cancer or chronic osteomyelitis surgery.

RES-CMCNPs Enhance Antioxidant, Proinflammatory, and Sensitivity of Tumor Solids to γ-irradiation in EAC-Bearing Mice

OBJECTIVES

Resveratrol (Res) is a bifunctional compound found in numerous plants, including grapes and mulberries. Nanotechnology has promising applications in medicine. The ability of various nanomaterials to serve as radiosensitizers against tumor cells were reported in several manuscripts. The present investigation aimed to assess the antitumor and radiosensitizing effects of Res-CMCNPs on EAC-bearing mice.

METHODS

Res-CMCNPs have been developed using the CMC emulsification cross-linking technique. Entrapment efficiency (%), particle size, Polydispersity index and ZETA potential, UV, FTIR spectra, and drug release were evaluated and described for RES-CMCNPs. The radiosensitizing properties of RES-CMCNPs were also evaluated in vitro and in vivo against EAC-carrying rodents. The LD50 of Res-CMCNPs was estimated and its 1/20 LD50 was prepared for treating EAC transplanted mice.

RESULTS

The results revealed that the Res-CMCNPs exhibited a high entrapment efficiency (85.46%) and a size of approximately 184.60 ±17.36 nm with zeta potential value equals -51.866 mv. Also, the UV spectra of Res and Res-CMCNPs have strong absorption at 225 and 290 nm. The percentage of resveratrol release at pHs 5.8 and 7.4 was found to be 56.73% and 51.60%, respectively, after 24 h at 100 rpm. Also, the FTIR analysis confirmed the chemical stability of resveratrol in Res-CMCNPs cross-linking. The IC50 values of Res-CMCNPs against EAC cells viability were 32.99, 25.46, and 22.21 μg after 24-, 48- and 72 h incubation, respectively, whereas those of Res- CMCNPs in combination with γ-irradiation after 6-, 10 and 12-mins exposure were 24.07, 16.06 and 7.48 μg, respectively. Also, the LD50 of Res-CMCNPs was 2180 mg/kg.b.w. The treatment of EAC-bearing mice with Res-CMCNPs plus γ-irradiation improved plasma levels of NO, caspase-3, P53 and NF-kB levels as well as liver MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, LT-B4, aromatase, Bax, Bcl2 and TGF-β levels and exhibited more significant anticancer activity than administration of Res- CMCNPs and/or exposure to γ-irradiation individually. On the other hand, administration of Res- CMCNPs in combination with γ-irradiation attenuated liver mRNAs (21, 29b, 181a, and 451) gene expression.

CONCLUSION

Grafting resveratrol onto carboxymethyl chitosan appears to be a promising strategy for cancer therapy as a radiosensitizer, potentiating tumor cells' sensitivity to radiation by improving levels of proinflammatory features and antioxidant biomarkers.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Aqueous Extract of Turkey Tail Medicinal Mushroom Trametes versicolor (Agaricomycetes)

The turkey tail mushroom (Trametes versicolor) is one of the most important medicinal mushrooms because it contains a variety of effective bioactive compounds. This study aimed to produce a novel biomaterial to combat microbial infections without any harmful effects. Accordingly, an eco-friendly and non-toxic silver nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) was synthesized using the aqueous extract of T. versicolor. In this study, the qualitative tests of T. versicolor were analyzed and AgNPs was synthesized. The T. versicolor mushroom extract showed positive tests for the bioactive compounds phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and saponins. The myco-synthesized AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy and a strong absorbance peak was found at 423 nanometers. The biosynthetic method developed in this study for producing AgNPs has distinct advantages over chemical methods such as high biosafety, being ecofriendly and non-toxic to the environment.

Green Silver Nanoparticles: An Antibacterial Mechanism

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a promising tool in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms. "Green" nanoparticles are especially valuable due to their environmental friendliness and lower energy consumption during production, as well as their ability to minimize the number of toxic by-products. This review focuses on the features of AgNP synthesis using living organisms (bacteria, fungi, plants) and the involvement of various biological compounds in this process. The mechanism of antibacterial activity is also discussed in detail with special attention given to anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing activities. The toxicity of silver nanoparticles is considered in light of their further biomedical applications.

Embedment of Biosynthesised Silver Nanoparticles in PolyNIPAAm/Chitosan Hydrogel for Development of Proactive Smart Textiles

A smart viscose fabric with temperature and pH responsiveness and proactive antibacterial and UV protection was developed. PNCS (poly-(N-isopropylakrylamide)/chitosan) hydrogel was used as the carrier of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), synthesised in an environmentally friendly manner using AgNO3 and a sumac leaf extract. PNCS hydrogel and Ag NPs were applied to the viscose fabric by either in situ synthesis of Ag NPs on the surface of viscose fibres previously modified with PNCS hydrogel, or by the direct immobilisation of Ag NPs by the dehydration/hydration of the PNCS hydrogel with the nanodispersion of Ag NPs in the sumac leaf extract and subsequent application to the viscose fibres. Compared to the pre-functionalised PNCS application method, the in situ functionalisation imparted much higher concentration of Ag NPs on the fibres, colouring the samples brown to brown-green. These samples showed more than 90% reduction in the test bacteria E. coli and S. aureus and provided excellent UV protection. In this case, the PNCS hydrogel acted as a reservoir for Ag NPs, whose release was based on a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Despite the Ag NPs decreasing the responsiveness of the PNCS hydrogel, the moisture management was still preserved in the modified samples. Accordingly, the PNCS hydrogel is a suitable carrier for biosynthesized Ag NPs to tailor the protective smart surface of viscose fibres.

Updated Review of Metal Nanoparticles Fabricated by Green Chemistry Using Natural Extracts: Biosynthesis, Mechanisms, and Applications

Metallic nanoparticles have found wide applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Green biosynthesis using plants, microbes, and plant/microbial extracts provides an environmentally friendly approach for nanoparticle synthesis. This review discusses the mechanisms and factors governing the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles such as silver, gold, and zinc using various plant extracts and microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae. The phytochemicals and biomolecules responsible for reducing metal ions and stabilizing nanoparticles are discussed. Key process parameters like pH, temperature, and precursor concentration affecting particle size are highlighted. Characterization techniques for confirming the formation and properties of nanoparticles are also mentioned. Applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles in areas such as antibacterial delivery, cancer therapy, biosensors, and environmental remediation are reviewed. Challenges in scaling up production and regulating nanoparticle properties are addressed. Power Point 365 was used for creating graphics. Overall, green biosynthesis is an emerging field with opportunities for developing eco-friendly nanomanufacturing platforms using abundant natural resources. Further work on optimizing conditions, standardizing protocols, and exploring new biosources is needed to realize the full potential of this approach.

Biomimetic synthesis of nanoparticles: A comprehensive review on green synthesis of nanoparticles with a focus on Prosopis farcta plant extracts and biomedical applications

The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using environmentally friendly methods has garnered significant attention in response to concerns about the environmental impact of various nanomaterial manufacturing techniques. To address this issue, natural resources like extracts from plants, fungi, and bacteria are employed as a green alternative for nanoparticle synthesis. Plant extracts, which contain active components such as terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and vitamins, operate as coating and reducing agents. Bacteria and fungi, on the other hand, rely on internal enzymes, sugar molecules, membrane proteins, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) dependent enzymes to play critical roles as reducing agents. This review collects recent advancements in biomimetic methods for nanoparticle synthesis, critically discussing the preparation approaches, the type of particles obtained, and their envisaged applications. A specific focus is given on using Prosopis fractal plant extracts to synthesize nanoparticles tailored for biomedical applications. The applications of this plant and its role in the biomimetic manufacturing of nanoparticles have not been reported yet, making this review a pioneering and valuable contribution to the field.

Antibacterial Efficacy and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized via Methanolic Extract of Fomes fomentarius L. Fr

Green synthesis employs environmentally friendly, biodegradable substances for the production of nanomaterials. This study aims to develop an innovative method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a methanolic extract of Fomes fomentarius L. Fr. as the reducing agent and to assess the potential antibacterial properties of the resulting nanoparticles. The successful synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed through characterization techniques such as UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The UV-Vis analysis revealed an absorption peak at 423 nm, while FT-IR identified key phytochemical compounds involved in the reduction process. PXRD analysis indicated a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure with prominent peaks observed at 2θ = 38°, 44.6°, 64.6°, and 78°, confirming the crystalline nature of the AgNPs, with a crystallite diameter of approximately 24 nm, consistent with TEM analysis. The synthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, particularly against S. aureus, with higher efficacy against gram-positive bacteria.

Biogenic nanoparticles: pioneering a new era in breast cancer therapeutics-a comprehensive review

Breast cancer, a widespread malignancy affecting women globally, often arises from mutations in estrogen/progesterone receptors. Conventional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy face limitations such as low efficacy and adverse effects. However, nanotechnology offers promise with its unique attributes like targeted delivery and controlled drug release. Yet, challenges like poor size distribution and environmental concerns exist. Biogenic nanotechnology, using natural materials or living cells, is gaining traction for its safety and efficacy in cancer treatment. Biogenic nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts offer a sustainable and eco-friendly approach, demonstrating significant toxicity against breast cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. They surpass traditional drugs, providing benefits like biocompatibility and targeted delivery. Thus, this current review summarizes the available knowledge on breast cancer (its types, stages, histopathology, symptoms, etiology and epidemiology) with the importance of using biogenic nanomaterials as a new and improved therapy. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive examination of the challenges and strategies for advancing the industrial utilization of biogenic metal and metal oxide NPs. Additionally; it underscores the potential of plant-mediated synthesis of biogenic NPs as effective therapies for breast cancer, detailing their mechanisms of action, advantages, and areas for further research.

A review of microbes mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their enhanced antimicrobial activities

In recent decades, biosynthesis of metal and (or) metal oxide nanoparticles using microbes is accepted as one of the most sustainable, cost-effective, robust, and green processes as it does not encompass the usage of largely hazardous chemicals. Accordingly, numerous simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly approaches for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were reported using microbes avoiding conventional (chemical) methods. This comprehensive review detailed an advance made in recent years in the microbes-mediated biosynthesis of AgNPs and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities covering the literature from 2015-till date. It also aimed at elaborating the possible effect of the different phytochemicals, their concentrations, extraction temperature, extraction solvent, pH, reaction time, reaction temperature, and concentration of precursor on the shape, size, and stability of the synthesized AgNPs. In addition, while trying to understand the antimicrobial activities against targeted pathogenic microbes the probable mechanism of the interaction of produced AgNPs with the cell wall of targeted microbes that led to the cell's reputed and death have also been detailed. Lastly, this review detailed the shape and size-dependent antimicrobial activities of the microbes-mediated AgNPs and their enhanced antimicrobial activities by synergetic interaction with known commercially available antibiotic drugs.

Mucoadhesive, antioxidant, and lubricant catechol-functionalized poly(phosphobetaine) as biomaterial nanotherapeutics for treating ocular dryness

Dry eye disease (DED) is associated with ocular hyperosmolarity and inflammation. The marketed topical eye drops for DED treatment often lack bioavailability and precorneal residence time. In this study, we investigated catechol-functionalized polyzwitterion p(MPC-co-DMA), composed of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and dopamine methacrylamide (DMA) monomers, as potential topical nanotherapeutics for DED. The copolymers were synthesized via random free-radical copolymerization, producing different proportions of catecholic functionalization. All as-prepared polymer compositions displayed good ocular biocompatibility. At a feeding ratio of 1:1, p(MPC1-co-DMA1) can facilitate a robust mucoadhesion via Michael addition and/or Schiff base reaction, thus prolonging ocular residence time after 4 days of topical instillation. The hydration lubrication of MPC and radical-scavenging DMA endow the nano-agent to ease tear-film hyperosmolarity and corneal inflammation. A single dose of p(MPC1-co-DMA1) (1 mg/mL) after 4 days post-instillation can protect the cornea against reactive oxygen species, inhibiting cell apoptosis and the over-expression of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α). In clinical assessment, DED-induced rabbit eyes receiving p(MPC1-co-DMA1) could increase lacrimal fluid secretion by 5-fold higher than cyclosporine A. The catechol-functionalized polyzwitterion with enhanced lubricity, mucoadhesion, and anti-oxidation/anti-inflammation properties has shown high promise as a bioactive eye drop formulation for treating DED.

Plackett-Burman screening of physico-chemical variables affecting Citrus peel-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity

With the growing resistance of pathogenic microbes to traditional drugs, biogenic silver nanoparticles (SNPs) have recently drawn attention as potent antimicrobial agents. In the present study, SNPs synthesized with the aid of orange (Citrus sinensis) peel were engineered by screening variables affecting their properties via Plackett-Burman design. Among the variables screened (temperature, pH, shaking speed, incubation time, peel extract concentration, AgNO3 concentration and extract/AgNO3 volume ratio), pH was the only variable with significant effect on SNPs synthesis. Therefore, SNPs properties could be enhanced to possess highly regular shape with zeta size of 11.44 nm and zeta potential of - 23.7 mV. SNPs purified, capped and stabilized by cloud point extraction technique were then checked for their antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Listeria innocua, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans. The maximum antimicrobial activity of SNPs was recorded against E. coli, L. monocytogenes and C. albicans with clear zone diameter of 33.2, 31.8 and 31.7 mm, respectively. Based on minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of SNPs (300 mg/l) as well as their effect on respiratory chain dehydrogenases, cellular sugar leakage, protein leakage and lipid peroxidation of microbial cells, E. coli was the most affected. Scanning electron microscopy, protein banding and DNA fragmentation proved obvious ultrastructural and molecular alterations of E. coli treated with SNPs. Thus, biogenic SNPs with enhanced properties can be synthesized with the aid of Citrus peel; and such engineered nanoparticles can be used as potent antimicrobial drug against E. coli.

Green Synthesis of Ganoderma Lucidum-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles and its Microbial Activity against Oral Pathogenic Microbes: An In Vitro Study

Nanotechnology is developing into a fast-expanding discipline with applications in science and technology, and nanostructures are a crucial research tool in many fields. Due to their remarkable electrical, optical, magnetic, catalytic, and pharmacological capabilities, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn study interest. Natural elements (plants, microorganisms, fungi, etc.) are utilized in a chemical-free, environmentally benign way to synthesize metals and metal oxides. The optical, electrical, and antimicrobial qualities of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) make them a popular choice. More than 200 active ingredients, including water-soluble, organic-soluble, and volatile chemicals, are found in Ganoderma. The main components are polysaccharides, adenosine, and terpenoids, each of which has exceptional therapeutic properties. This article explains the synthesis of Ag NPs by Ganoderma lucidum and tests the antibacterial effectiveness for use in biological applications.

Refining shape and size of silver nanoparticles using ion irradiation for enhanced and homogeneous SERS activity

We present green synthesis of silver nanoparticles in water using unirradiated and Ag15 + ion irradiated phytoextracts of Bergenia Ciliata leaf, Eupatorium adenophorum leaf, Rhododendron arboreum leaf and flower. The use of different plant extracts and their subsequent ion irradiation allow for successful refinement of nanoparticle size and morphology. Due to changes in reducing and capping agents the nanoparticle surface functionalization also varies which not only controls the morphology but also allows for surface oxidation and aggregation processes. In this work, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles which exhibit sizes in the range from 13 to 24 nm and having shapes like spherical, quasispherical, trigonal, hexagonal, cylindrical, dendritic assemblies, and porous nanoparticles. Owing to changes in the size and shape of the nanoparticles, their direct bandgap (2.05 eV - 2.48 eV) and local surface plasmon resonance (420 nm - 490 nm) could also be tuned. These nanoparticles are examined as SERS substrates, where their enhancement factors, limit of detection for methylene blue, and SERS substrate homogeneity have been tested. It has been observed the nanoparticles synthesized using unirradiated plant extracts present an enhancement factor of 106 with a limit of detection 10- 8 M. Whereas nanoparticles with refined morphology and shapes upon irradiation present high enhancement factors of >107 and detection limit down to 10- 9 M. In addition, uniformity in Raman spectra over the SERS substrates has been obtained for selected Ag NPs substrates synthesized using irradiated extracts with minimum relative standard deviation in enhancement factor < 12%.

Himalayan lichen biomass for green synthesis of silver nanocolloids: growth kinetics, effect of pH and metal sensing

Lichen is one of the most abundant non-vascular biomasses; however, a systematic study on the application of biomass in nanomaterial synthesis is very limited. In this study, an aqueous lichen extract was obtained from Hypotrachyna cirrhata, one of the most abundant Himalayan lichen biomasses, using a simple cold percolation method. The effects of extract-to-silver nitrate mixing ratio, pH and waiting time on the growth and stability of nanoparticles were systematically explored. The rate constant for bio-reduction was found to be 5.3 × 10-3 min-1. Transmission electron microscopy showed a narrow particle size distribution with a mean particle size of 11.1 ± 3.6 nm (n = 200). The X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction techniques confirmed the formation of cubic crystals. The synthesized colloidal solution showed excellent response to Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions in spiked water samples. The limit of detection and calibration sensitivity for Hg2+ and Cu2+ ions were found to be 1 and 5 mg l-1 and 2.9 × 10-3 and 1.6 × 10-3 units ppm-1, respectively. These findings suggested that spherical silver nanoparticles with a narrow particle size distribution can be synthesized on a laboratory scale using an aqueous H. cirrhata lichen extract, and the colloidal solution can be used for the detection of selected heavy metals in water samples.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of gold and silver nanoparticles in dextran-polyacrylamide copolymers

Search for new antimicrobial agents is of great significance due to the issue of antimicrobial resistance, which nowadays has become more important than many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and biological effects of a dextran-graft-polyacrylamide (D-PAA) polymer-nanocarrier with/without silver or gold nanoparticles (AgNPs/D-PAA and AuNPs/D-PAA, respectively) to analyze their potential to replace or supplement conventional antibiotic therapy. The toxicity of nanocomplexes against eukaryotic cells was assessed on primary dermal fibroblasts using scratch, micronucleus and proliferation assays. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of D-PAA, AgNPs/D-PAA and AuNPs/D-PAA. DNA cleavage, antimicrobial and biofilm inhibition effects of nanocomplexes were investigated. Nanocomplexes were found to be of moderate toxicity against fibroblasts with no genotoxicity observed. AgNPs/D-PAA reduced motility and proliferation at lower concentrations compared with the other studied nanomaterials. AgNPs/D-PAA and AuNPs/D-PAA showed radical scavenging capacities in a dose-dependent manner. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs/D-PAA against various bacteria was found to be much higher compared to D-PAA and AuNPs/D-PAA, especially against E. hirae, E. faecalis and S. aureus, respectively. D-PAA, AgNPs/D-PAA and AuNPs/D-PAA showed DNA-cleaving and biofilm inhibitory activity, while AgNPs/D-PAA displayed the highest anti-biofilm activity. AgNPs/D-PAA and AuNPs/D-PAA were characterized by good antimicrobial activity. According to the findings of the study, AgNPs/D-PAA and AuNPs/D-PAA can be evaluated as alternatives for the preparation of new antimicrobial agents, the fight against biofilms, sterilization and disinfection processes. Our findings confirm the versatility of nanosystems based on dextran-polyacrylamide polymers and indicate that AgNPs/D-PAA and AuNPs/D-PAA can be evaluated as alternatives for the preparation of novel antimicrobial agents.

Boosting Solanum tuberosum resistance to Alternaria solani through green synthesized ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third crucial global crop facing threats from Alternaria solani, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing early blight disease. Beyond crop impact, it leads to substantial production reduction and economic losses worldwide. This study introduces a green synthesis method for producing Ferric Oxide nanoparticles (FNPs) using dried Guava (Psidium guajava) leaves. Guava leaf extract acts as a reducing agent, with iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) as the oxidizing agent. This study employed various characterization techniques for Ferric Oxide nanoparticles (FNPs). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed peaks at 877 cm-1, 1180 cm-1, 1630 cm-1, 1833 cm-1, 2344 cm-1, and 3614 cm-1, associated with Maghemite vibrations, polyphenol compounds, and amino acids. UV-Vis spectroscopy exhibited a characteristic absorbance peak at 252 nm for FNPs. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images illustrated particle sizes of 29-41 nm, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) indicated elemental composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed crystalline FNPs with peaks at 26.78, 30.64, 36.06, 38.21, 43.64, 53.52, 57.42, 63.14 and 78.32. Disease resistance assays demonstrated FNPs' effectiveness against A. solani, reducing disease incidence and severity. In the leaf detach assay, concentrations of 15, 10 and 5 mg/L showed a dose-dependent reduction in disease severity and incidence. The Greenhouse Assay confirmed FNPs' concentration-dependent effect on disease incidence and severity. The study also explored FNPs' potential as biocontrol agents showing no adverse effects on overall plant development. Additionally, the study highlighted the agronomic potential of FNPs in enhancing plant growth and development emphasizing their role as micronutrients in biofortification. The findings suggest the promising application of FNPs in plant protection and biofortification strategies.

Characterization, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities of silver nanoparticles using the whole biofilm layer as a macromolecule in biosynthesis

Recently, multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria are responsible for a large number of infectious diseases that can be life-threatening. Globally, new approaches are targeted to solve this essential issue. This study aims to discover novel antibiotic alternatives by using the whole components of the biofilm layer as a macromolecule to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a promising agent against MDR. In particular, the biosynthesized biofilm-AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, electron microscopes, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), zeta sizer and potential while their effect on bacterial strains and normal cell lines was identified. Accordingly, biofilm-AgNPs have a lavender-colored solution, spherical shape, with a size range of 20-60 nm. Notably, they have inhibitory effects when used on various bacterial strains with concentrations ranging between 12.5 and 25 µg/mL. In addition, they have an effective synergistic effect when combined with phage ZCSE9 to inhibit and kill Salmonella enterica with a concentration of 3.1 µg/mL. In conclusion, this work presents a novel biosynthesis preparation of AgNPs using biofilm for antibacterial purposes to reduce the possible toxicity by reducing the MICs using phage ZCSE9.

Application of Nanomaterials in the Production of Biomolecules in Microalgae: A Review

Nanomaterials (NMs) are becoming more commonly used in microalgal biotechnology to empower the production of algal biomass and valuable metabolites, such as lipids, proteins, and exopolysaccharides. It provides an effective and promising supplement to the existing algal biotechnology. In this review, the potential for NMs to enhance microalgal growth by improving photosynthetic utilization efficiency and removing reactive oxygen species is first summarized. Then, their positive roles in accumulation, bioactivity modification, and extraction of valuable microalgal metabolites are presented. After the application of NMs in microalgae cultivation, the extracted metabolites, particularly exopolysaccharides, contain trace amounts of NM residues, and thus, the impact of these residues on the functional properties of the metabolites is also evaluated. Finally, the methods for removing NM residues from the extracted metabolites are summarized. This review provides insights into the application of nanotechnology for sustainable production of valuable metabolites in microalgae and will contribute useful information for ongoing and future practice.

Mapping the Progress in Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles with Colorimetric Sensing Applications

Nanotechnology is gaining enormous attention as the most dynamic research area in science and technology. It involves the synthesis and applications of nanomaterials in diverse fields including medical, agriculture, textiles, food technology, cosmetics, aerospace, electronics, etc. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively used in such applications due to their excellent physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties. The use of plant extract as a biological reactor is one of the most promising solutions for the synthesis of AgNPs because this process overcomes the drawbacks of physical and chemical methods. This review article summarizes the plant-mediated synthesis process, the probable reaction mechanism, and the colorimetric sensing applications of AgNPs. Plant-mediated synthesis parameters largely affect the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristic due to the changes in the size and shape of AgNPs. These changes in the size and shape of plant-mediated AgNPs are elaborately discussed here by analyzing the surface plasmon resonance characteristics. Furthermore, this article also highlights the promising applications of plant-mediated AgNPs in sensing applications regarding the detection of mercury, hydrogen peroxide, lead, and glucose. Finally, it describes the future perspective of plant-mediated AgNPs for the development of green chemistry.

Biotechnological Applications of Mushrooms under the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Crucial Aspects and Prospects from Farm to Pharmacy

Mushrooms have always been an important source of food, with high nutritional value and medicinal attributes. With the use of biotechnological applications, mushrooms have gained further attention as a source of healthy food and bioenergy. This review presents different biotechnological applications and explores how these can support global food, energy, and water security. It highlights mushroom's relevance to meet the sustainable development goals of the UN. This review also discusses mushroom farming and its requirements. The biotechnology review includes sections on how to use mushrooms in producing nanoparticles, bioenergy, and bioactive compounds, as well as how to use mushrooms in bioremediation. The different applications are discussed under the water, energy, and food (WEF) nexus. As far as we know, this is the first report on mushroom biotechnology and its relationships to the WEF nexus. Finally, the review valorizes mushroom biotechnology and suggests different possibilities for mushroom farming integration.

Eco-friendly approaches of mycosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushroom extracts and their biological applications

This current study aims to develop a unique biomaterial that can fight against oxidative stress and microbial infections without causing any harm. As a result, an easy-to-make, environment-friendly, long-lasting, and non-toxic copper oxide nanoparticle (CuONP) was synthesized using an edible mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus extract. The UV-visa spectroscopy analyses reflected a sharp absorbance peak at 250 nm. The FTIR, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM, and EDX instrumental tools were used to characterize the myco-produced CuONPs. The face-centred cubic (FCC) CuONPs were found to have diffraction peaks at the planes of (110), (002), (111), (112), (020), (202), (113), (310), (220), and (004). The HR-TEM result showed the particles having a spherical structure and an average nanoparticles size of 20 nm. The antimicrobial activity results expressed the broad spectrum of antibacterial effect and the better growth inhibition zone was recorded in P. aeruginosa (8.3 ± 0.1), E. coli (7.4 ± 0.3), K. pneumoniae (7.2 ± 0.1), S. aureus (7.1 ± 0.3), S. pneumoniae (6.3 ± 0.2), and B. cereus (6.2 ± 0.3). The cytotoxicity efficacy of myco-synthesized CuONPs tested against a cancer cell line (HT-29) observed the best result in low doses of mushroom extract (45.62 μg/mL). Based on the outcome of the study suggests that the mycosynthesized CuONPs using Pleurotus mushroom extract might serve as an alternative agent for biomedical applications in the near future.

Eco-friendly synthesis of Ag-NPs using Endostemon viscosus (Lamiaceae): Antibacterial, antioxidant, larvicidal, photocatalytic dye degradation activity and toxicity in zebrafish embryos

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary area of study that has grown significantly in serving many functions and impacting human society. New fields of science have been facilitated by the clean, non-toxic, and biocompatible nature of plant-derived nanoparticles. The present study deals with the first green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Endostemon viscosus, and their synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by different spectral methods (UV-vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX). The change initially observed the production of Ag-NPs in color from green to ash and then confirmed by SPR band at 435 nm in UV-vis spectral analysis. The FTIR findings indicate that many functional groups belong to the pharmaceutically useful phytochemicals, which interact as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents in synthesizing silver nanoparticles. The predominant peaks in the XRD pattern belong to the planes 210°, 111°, 200°, 241°, and 311° and thus demonstrated the Ag-NPs FCC crystal structure. TEM analysis exhibited spherical-shaped particles with an average size of 13 nm, and the EDAX band showed a distinctive metallic silver peak at 3.0 keV. The antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs tested to show a maximum zone of inhibition of 19 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and 15 mm for Escherichia coli at 100 μg/mL, respectively. Bio-fabricated Ag-NPs were assessed for antioxidant activity (DPPH with % inhibition 57.54% and FRAP with % inhibition 70.89%). The biosynthesized Ag-NPs demonstrated potential larvicidal efficacy against Aedes aegypti with more than 90% at 250 μg/mL. Histological profiles were altered while treating with Ag-NPs at 250 μg/mL. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized E. viscosus Ag-NPs was tested against methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV), and the maximum degradation efficiency was found as 90 and 94%, respectively. Furthermore, the toxicity test on zebrafish embryos demonstrated that aberrations have only been induced at concentrations higher than 500 μg/mL. We conclude that the greenly produced Ag-NPs may find use in biomedical applications based on bacteria and cost-effective industrial wastewater treatment.

Biosynthesis and Bioapplications of Nanomaterials from Mushroom Products

The production of nanoparticles (NPs) from chemical and physical synthesis has ended due to the involvement of toxic byproducts and harsh analytical conditions. Innovation and research in nanoparticle synthesis are derived from biomaterials that have gained attention due to their novel features, such as ease of synthesis, low-cost, eco-friendly approach, and high water solubility. Nanoparticles obtained through macrofungi involve several mushroom species, i.e., Pleurotus spp., Ganoderma spp., Lentinus spp., and Agaricus bisporus. It is well-known that macrofungi possess high nutritional, antimicrobial, anti-cancerous, and immune-modulatory properties. Nanoparticle synthesis via medicinal and edible mushrooms is a striking research field, as macrofungi act as an eco-friendly biofilm that secretes essential enzymes to reduce metal ions. The mushroom-isolated nanoparticles exhibit longer shelf life, higher stability, and increased biological activities. The synthesis mechanisms are still unknown; evidence suggests that fungal flavones and reductases have a significant role. Several macrofungi have been utilized for metal synthesis (such as Ag, Au, Pt, Fe) and non-metal nanoparticles (Cd, Se, etc.). These nanoparticles have found significant applications in advancing industrial and bio-medical ventures. A complete understanding of the synthesis mechanism will help optimize the synthesis protocols and control the shape and size of nanoparticles. This review highlights various aspects of NP production via mushrooms, including its synthesis from mycelium and the fruiting body of macrofungi. Also, we discuss the applications of different technologies in NP high-scale production via mushrooms.

Diversity of Biogenic Nanoparticles Obtained by the Fungi-Mediated Synthesis: A Review

Fungi are very promising biological objects for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using different mycological cultures and substances obtained from them is a promising, easy and environmentally friendly method. By varying the synthesis conditions, the same culture can be used to produce nanoparticles with different sizes, shapes, stability in colloids and, therefore, different biological activity. Fungi are capable of producing a wide range of biologically active compounds and have a powerful enzymatic system that allows them to form nanoparticles of various chemical elements. This review attempts to summarize and provide a comparative analysis of the currently accumulated data, including, among others, our research group's works, on the variety of the characteristics of the nanoparticles produced by various fungal species, their mycelium, fruiting bodies, extracts and purified fungal metabolites.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dietary antioxidant rutin and its biological contour

Background

Dietary and wholesome antioxidant rutin is considered advantageous due to its potential protective role for numerous diseases related to oxidative stress, high safety, cost-effectiveness, and extensive biological effects. The present study accounts for an expeditious method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using rutin.

Results

The presence of AgNPs was affirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy at 425 nm, and FESEM and zeta sizer analysis revealed the average size of the AgNPs 80–85 nm and 160 d.nm, respectively. Zeta potential measurements (− 30.3 mV) showed that the AgNPs have reasonably good stability. Element mapping analysis of the AgNPs was confirmed by XRD and AFM, while FTIR spectra of the AgNPs showed the existence of functional groups. In the DPPH assay, highest radical scavenging activity of AgNPs, 86.95 ± 01.60%, was confirmed. The interaction of AgNPs with CT-DNA and HS-DNA was studied spectrophotometrically, and the data display a shift in the respective spectra. Furthermore, interaction with pBR322 DNA, λ DNA, CT-DNA, and HS-DNA was deliberated by a nicking assay that shows the physicochemical properties of AgNPs. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by the standard well-diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and cytotoxicity was assessed against human WBCs by MTT assay.

Conclusion

As per this appraisal, it can be concluded that it is a cost-effective, simple, and eco-friendly tactic and such NPs are beneficial to improve therapeutics since the antioxidant, DNA interaction, antibacterial, and cytotoxic exploits offer a new horizon of euthenics.

Green synthesis, characterizations of silver nanoparticles using sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) plant extract and their antimicrobial and DNA damage protective effects

Today, antimicrobial resistance against bacteria has become an important global public health problem. In this sense, the development of new biomedical solutions is becoming increasingly important. Especially plant-based nanoparticles produced by green synthesis are used in many fields. AgNPs have an important place in nanoscience and nanotechnology, especially in nanomedicine. Therefore, the present study was conducted to synthesize AgNPs using the medicinal plant extract sumac and to characterize them using advanced techniques and to determine the antibacterial activity of some bacteria that cause disease. Nanoparticles produced by green synthesis are used in a wide area around the world due to their many advantages such as environmentally friendly, economically and non-toxically. In this study, AgNPs were biosynthesized using sumac extract and evaluated for their antibacterial potency against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginos, and Candida albicans. UV-Vis spectroscopy of the prepared sumac-mediated silver solution showed the absorption maximum at about 400 nm. According to the TEM results obtained, it was observed that the particles were spherical, approximately 4 nm in size, and showed a homogeneous distribution. The sizes of nanoparticles formed by XRD pattern were supported and silver nanoparticles were obtained. According to the obtained XRD results, the crystal nature of nanoparticles in face-centered cubic structure was confirmed by the peaks in the XRD model corresponding to the planes (111) (200) (220) and (311). It was observed that the synthesized AgNPs provided a strong protection against plasmid DNA damage. It was determined that the inhibition zone diameters of biosynthesized nanoparticles measured in terms of antibacterial activity were between 10 and 14 mm. As a result, the study revealed significant antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs due to extensive membrane damage.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using three different fruit extracts: Characterization, formation mechanism and estrogen removal

Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is a green and economically viable method, which can offer numerous benefits over traditional chemical and physical methods. In this paper, three fruit extracts (tomato, orange, and grapefruit) served simultaneously as stabilizing and reducing agents during the biosynthesis of Ag NPs. The formation of Ag NPs, were monitored using the UV-visible absorption spectra of Ag NPs which exhibited three distinct bands centered at 439, 413, and 410 nm. SEM and TEM analysis indicated that these bands corresponded to three distinct spherical-shaped Ag NPs having average particle sizes of 73, 24, and 31 nm, respectively. XRD and EDS spectral analyses were used to verify the degree of crystallinity, nanostructure, and presence of Ag NPs. Advanced analysis using XPS, FTIR, and GC-MS indicated that the Ag NPs were coated with a variety of organic compounds including acids, aldehydes, esters, and ketones, indicating that fruit derived phytochemicals had a significant role in synthesis, and subsequently a mechanism of Ag NPs formation was proposed. The fabricated nanoparticles were also successfully used in Fenton-like oxidation for the environmental remediation of estrone and estriol, with removal efficiencies of 52.1 and 35.9%, respectively.

Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anticancer potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized using pigment-producing Micromonospora sp. SH121

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained interest as an alternative pharmaceutical agent because of antimicrobial resistance and drug toxicity. Considering the increasing request, eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective synthesis of versatile AgNPs has become necessary. In this study, green-made AgNPs were successfully synthesized using Micromonospora sp. SH121 (Mm-AgNPs). Synthesis was verified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 402 nm wavelength in the UV-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectrum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis depicted that Mm-AgNPs were in the size range of 10-30 nm and spherical. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the existence of bioactive molecules on the surface of nanoparticles. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of the Mm-AgNPs. Their polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 0. 284 and -35.3 mV, respectively. Mm-AgNPs (4-32 µg/mL) exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas putida, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Aspergillus flavus. Mm-AgNPs partially inhibited the biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, results showed that low concentrations of Mm-AgNPs (1 and 10 µg/mL) caused higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis in DU 145 cells than human fibroblast cells. Based on the results, Mm-AgNPs have an excellent potential for treating infectious diseases and prostate cancer.

Optimized Synthesis of Small and Stable Silver Nanoparticles Using Intracellular and Extracellular Components of Fungi: An Alternative for Bacterial Inhibition

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent an excellent option to solve microbial resistance problems to traditionally used antibiotics. In this work, we report optimized protocols for the production of AgNPs using extracts and supernatants of Trichoderma harzianum and Ganoderma sessile. AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the hydrodynamic diameter and Z potential were also determined. The obtained AgNPs were slightly larger using the fungal extract, and in all cases, a quasi-spherical shape was obtained. The mean sizes of AgNPs were 9.6 and 19.1 nm for T. harzianum and 5.4 and 8.9 nm for G. sessile using supernatant and extract, respectively. The AgNPs were evaluated to determine their in vitro antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined, and in all cases the AgNPs showed an antimicrobial effect, with a MIC varying from 1.26–5.0 µg/mL, depending on the bacterial strain and type of nanoparticle used. Cytotoxicity analyses of AgNPs were carried out using macrophages and fibroblast cell lines. It was determined that the cell viability of fibroblasts exposed for 24 h to different concentrations of AgNPs was more than 50%, even at concentrations of up to 20 µg/mL of silver. However, macrophages were more susceptible to exposure at higher concentrations of AgNPs as their viability decreased at concentrations of 10 µg/mL. The results presented here demonstrate that small AgNPs are obtained using either supernatants or extracts of both fungal strains. A remarkable result is that very low concentrations of AgNPs were necessary for bacterial inhibition. Furthermore, AgNPs were stable for more than a year, preserving their antibacterial properties. Therefore, the reported optimized protocol using fungal supernatants or extracts may be used as a fast method for synthesizing small AgNPs with high potential to use in the clinic.

Plant Extract-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanomaterials, Their Applications, and Safety Concerns

Nanotechnology has attracted the attention of researchers from different scientific fields because of the escalated properties of nanomaterials compared with the properties of macromolecules. Nanomaterials can be prepared through different approaches involving physical and chemical methods. The development of nanomaterials through plant-based green chemistry approaches is more advantageous than other methods from the perspectives of environmental safety, animal, and human health. The biomolecules and metabolites of plants act as reducing and capping agents for the synthesis of metallic green nanomaterials. Plant-based synthesis is a preferred approach as it is not only cost-effective, easy, safe, clean, and eco-friendly but also provides pure nanomaterials in high yield. Since nanomaterials have antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, green nanomaterials synthesized from plants can be used for a variety of biomedical and environmental remediation applications. Past studies have focused mainly on the overall biogenic synthesis of individual or combinations of metallic nanomaterials and their oxides from different biological sources, including microorganisms and biomolecules. Moreover, from the viewpoint of biomedical applications, the literature is mainly focusing on synthetic nanomaterials. Herein, we discuss the extraction of green molecules and recent developments in the synthesis of different plant-based metallic nanomaterials, including silver, gold, platinum, palladium, copper, zinc, iron, and carbon. Apart from the biomedical applications of metallic nanomaterials, including antimicrobial, anticancer, diagnostic, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine applications, their environmental remediation potential is also discussed. Furthermore, safety concerns and safety regulations pertaining to green nanomaterials are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Phyto-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their applications on hydrogen generation on NaBH4, biological activities and photodegradation on azo dyes: Development of machine learning model

This work reports the synthesis of the silver-platinum bimetallic nanoparticles (N@Pt-Ag BNPs) reduced by an ethanolic extract of black seed (Nigella sativa, N) using the green synthesis method, these nanoparticles show a great antibacterial, anticancer, and catalytic activity. The characterization of physicochemical properties of Ag-Pt BNP was carried out using UV-visible spectroscopy (Uv-vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. The structural morphology shows that the N@Pt-Ag BNPs are spherical particles with a diameter of 5.6 nm. The cytotoxic effects of N@Pt-Ag BNPs were examined by MTT test in human breast cancer, human colon cancer, human pancreatic cancer, L929-Murine fibroblast cells. N@Pt-Ag BNPs have been observed to be much more effective in breast cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effect of N@Pt-Ag BNPs against healthy L929-murine fibroblast cell lines was not observed. Also, high antibacterial activity on each of the bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), where we note that most strains of E. coli and S. aureus were damaged with a 73% percentage, 67% bacterial inhibition respectively. The results of the catalytic activities of N@Pt-Ag BNPs were obtained by performing the hydrolysis experiments of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄). According to the results obtained, TOF, enthalpy, entropy, and activation energy, values were found to be 2497.14 h^-1, 13.52 kJ/mol, -137.47 J/mol.K, 16.02 kJ/mol, respectively. N@Pt-Ag BNPs were found to be highly effective catalysts for hydrogen production which this was also confirmed by the machine learning model. The photocatalytic activity of N@Pt-Ag BNPs was tested against methylene blue (MB) dye and the highest activity was found as 80%.

Green Metallic Nanoparticles: Biosynthesis to Applications

Current advancements in nanotechnology and nanoscience have resulted in new nanomaterials, which may pose health and environmental risks. Furthermore, several researchers are working to optimize ecologically friendly procedures for creating metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The primary goal is to decrease the adverse effects of synthetic processes, their accompanying chemicals, and the resulting complexes. Utilizing various biomaterials for nanoparticle preparation is a beneficial approach in green nanotechnology. Furthermore, using the biological qualities of nature through a variety of activities is an excellent way to achieve this goal. Algae, plants, bacteria, and fungus have been employed to make energy-efficient, low-cost, and nontoxic metallic nanoparticles in the last few decades. Despite the environmental advantages of using green chemistry-based biological synthesis over traditional methods as discussed in this article, there are some unresolved issues such as particle size and shape consistency, reproducibility of the synthesis process, and understanding of the mechanisms involved in producing metallic nanoparticles via biological entities. Consequently, there is a need for further research to analyze and comprehend the real biological synthesis-dependent processes. This is currently an untapped hot research topic that required more investment to properly leverage the green manufacturing of metallic nanoparticles through living entities. The review covers such green methods of synthesizing nanoparticles and their utilization in the scientific world.

Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Mushrooms: A Crucial Dimension for Sustainable Soil Management

Soil is the main component in the agroecosystem besides water, microbial communities, and cultivated plants. Several problems face soil, including soil pollution, erosion, salinization, and degradation on a global level. Many approaches have been applied to overcome these issues, such as phyto-, bio-, and nanoremediation through different soil management tools. Mushrooms can play a vital role in the soil through bio-nanoremediation, especially under the biological synthesis of nanoparticles, which could be used in the bioremediation process. This review focuses on the green synthesis of nanoparticles using mushrooms and the potential of bio-nanoremediation for polluted soils. The distinguished roles of mushrooms of soil improvement are considered a crucial dimension for sustainable soil management, which may include controlling soil erosion, improving soil aggregates, increasing soil organic matter content, enhancing the bioavailability of soil nutrients, and resorting to damaged and/or polluted soils. The field of bio-nanoremediation using mushrooms still requires further investigation, particularly regarding the sustainable management of soils.

Investigation of Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties and Specification of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Derived From Cicer arietinum L. Green Leaf Extract

Using biological materials to synthesize metallic nanoparticles has become a frequently preferred method by researchers. This synthesis method is both fast and inexpensive. In this study, an aqueous extract obtained from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (CA) leaves was used in order to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). For specification of the synthesized AgNPs, UV-vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive X-ray (EDX), and zeta potential (ZP) analyses data were used. Biologically synthesized AgNPs demonstrated a maximum surface plasmon resonance of 417.47 nm after 3 h. With the powder XRD model, the mean crystallite dimension of nanoparticles was determined as 12.17 mm with a cubic structure. According to the TEM results, the dimensions of the obtained silver nanoparticles were found to be 6.11-9.66 nm. The ZP of the electric charge on the surface of AgNPs was measured as -19.6 mV. The inhibition effect of AgNPs on food pathogen strains and yeast was determined with the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) method. AgNPs demonstrated highly effective inhibition at low concentrations especially against the growth of B. subtilis (0.0625) and S. aureus (0.125) strains. The cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles on cancerous cell lines (CaCo-2, U118, Sk-ov-3) and healthy cell lines (HDF) were revealed. Despite the increase of AgNPs used against cancerous and healthy cell lines, no significant decrease in the percentage of viability was detected.

Facile synthesis of bromelain copper nanoparticles to improve the primordial therapeutic potential of copper against acute myocardial infarction in diabetic rats

Our current investigation comprises the synthesis and pharmacological impact of bromelain copper nanoparticles (BrCuNP) against diabetes mellitus (DM) and associated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) - induced myocardial infarction. Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme obtained from Ananas comosus L. Merr., which has blood platelet aggregation inhibiting and arterial thrombolytic potential. Moreover, copper is well-known to facilitate glucose metabolism and strengthen cardiac muscle and antioxidant activity; although, chronic or long-term exposure to high doses of copper may lead to copperiedus. To restrict these potential hazards, we synthesized herbal nano-formulation which convincingly indicated the improved primordial therapeutic potential of copper by reformulating the treatment carrier with bromelain, resulting in facile synthesis of BrCuNP. DM was induced by administration of double cycle repetitive dose of low dose streptozotocin (20 mg/kg, i.p.) in high-fat diet- fed animals. DM and associated myocardial I/R injury were estimated by increased serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase myocardial band, cardiac troponin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and reduced serum level of high-density lipoprotein and nitrite/nitrate concentration. However, treatment with BrCuNP ameliorates various serum biomarkers by approving cardioprotective potential against DM- and I/R-associated injury. Furthermore, upturn of histopathological changes were observed in cardiac tissue of BrCuNP-treated rats in comparison to disease models.

Biosustainable production of nanoparticles via mycogenesis for biotechnological applications: A critical review

The demand for the green synthesis of nanoparticles has gained prominence over the conventional chemical and physical syntheses, which often entails toxic chemicals, energy consumption and ultimately lead to negative environmental impact. In the green synthesis approach, naturally available bio-compounds found in plants and fungi can be effective and have been proven to be alternative reducing agents. Fungi or mushrooms are particularly interesting due to their high content of bioactive compounds, which can serve as excellent reducing agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Apart from the economic and environmental benefits, such as ease of availability, low synthesis/production cost, safe and no toxicity, the nanoparticles synthesized from this green method have unique physical and chemical properties. Stabilisation of the nanoparticles in an aqueous solution is exceedingly high, even after prolonged storage with unperturbed size uniformity. Biological properties were significantly improved with higher biocompatibility, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties. These remarkable properties allow further exploration in their applications both in the medical and agricultural fields. This review aims to explore the mushroom-mediated biosynthesis of nanomaterials, specifically the mechanism and bio-compounds involved in the synthesis and their interactions for the stabilisation of nanoparticles. Various metal and non-metal nanoparticles have been discussed along with their synthesis techniques and parameters, making them ideal for specific industrial, agricultural, and medical applications. Only recent developments have been explored in this review.