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Hoe FM, Darbinian JA, Greenspan LC, Lo JC. Hemoglobin A1c and Type 2 Diabetes Incidence Among Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2351322. [PMID: 38231515 PMCID: PMC10794942 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.51322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance With the increase in prediabetes among adolescents with overweight and obesity, identifying those at highest risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) can support prevention strategies. Objective To assess T2D risk by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels among adolescents with overweight and obesity. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study was conducted using data for January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2019, from a large California health care system. The study population comprised adolescents aged 10 to 17 years who had a body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) at or above the 85th percentile, had HbA1c measured during 2010 to 2018, and did not have preexisting diabetes. Data abstraction and analyses were conducted from January 1, 2020, to November 16, 2023. Exposures Baseline HbA1c, with covariates including BMI category (overweight: 85th to <95th percentile; moderate obesity: 100% to <120% of 95th percentile; or severe obesity: ≥120% of 95th percentile), age, sex, race and ethnicity, and Neighborhood Deprivation Index score. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome was incident T2D during follow-up through 2019, including cumulative incidence and multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs using Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. Results This study included 74 552 adolescents with a mean (SD) age of 13.4 (2.3) years. More than half (50.6%) were female; 26.9% of individuals had overweight, 42.3% had moderate obesity, and 30.8% had severe obesity. Individuals identified as Asian or Pacific Islander (17.6%), Black (11.1%), Hispanic (43.6%), White (21.6%), and other or unknown race or ethnicity (6.1%). During follow-up, 698 adolescents (0.9%) developed diabetes, and 626 (89.7%) had T2D; 72 individuals (10.3%) who had type 1, secondary, or other diabetes were censored. The overall T2D incidence was 2.1 (95% CI, 1.9-2.3) per 1000 person-years, with a 5-year cumulative incidence of 1.0% (95% CI, 0.9%-1.1%). Higher baseline HbA1c (from <5.5% to 5.5%-5.6%, 5.7%-5.8%, 5.9%-6.0%, 6.1%-6.2%, and 6.3-6.4%) was associated with higher 5-year cumulative T2D incidence (from 0.3% [95% CI, 0.2%-0.4%] to 0.5% [0.4%-0.7%], 1.1% [0.8%-1.3%], 3.8% [3.2%-4.7%], 11.0% [8.9%-13.7%], and 28.5% [21.9%-36.5%], respectively). In addition, higher baseline HbA1c was associated with greater T2D risk (reference [HbA1c <5.5%]: HR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.3-2.2], 2.8 [2.1-3.6], 9.3 [7.2-12.1], 23.3 [17.4-31.3], and 71.9 [51.1-101.1], respectively). Higher BMI category, older age, female sex, and Asian or Pacific Islander race (HR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.3-2.2]), but not Black race or Hispanic ethnicity (compared with White race), were also independent indicators of T2D. In stratified analyses, incremental risk associated with higher HbA1c was greater for Asian or Pacific Islander and White adolescents than for Black and Hispanic adolescents. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of adolescents with overweight and obesity, T2D risk increased substantially with baseline HbA1c above 6.0%. Risk varied by BMI, age, sex, and race and ethnicity. These findings suggest that diabetes surveillance in adolescents should be tailored to optimize identification among high-risk subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M. Hoe
- Department of Pediatric Specialties, Kaiser Permanente Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, California
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
| | - Jeanne A. Darbinian
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Louise C. Greenspan
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Joan C. Lo
- The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
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Christakis NJ, Gioe M, Gomez R, Felipe D, Soros A, McCarter R, Chalew S. Determination of Glucose-Independent Racial Disparity in HbA1c for Youth With Type 1 Diabetes in the Era of Continuous Glucose Monitoring. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2023:19322968231199113. [PMID: 37700590 DOI: 10.1177/19322968231199113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The magnitude and importance of higher HbA1c levels not due to mean blood glucose (MBG) in non-Hispanic black (B) versus non-Hispanic white (W) individuals is controversial. We sought to clarify the relationship of HbA1c with glucose data from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in a young biracial population. METHODS Glycemic data of 33 B and 85 W, healthy youth with type 1 diabetes (age 14.7 ± 4.8 years, M/F = 51/67, duration of diabetes 5.4 ± 4.7 years) from a factory-calibrated CGM was compared with HbA1c. Hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) = assayed HbA1c - glucose management index (GMI). RESULTS B patients had higher unadjusted levels of HbA1c, MBG, MBGSD, GMI, and HGI than W patients. Percent glucose time in range (TIR) and percent sensor use (PSU) were lower for B patients. Average HbA1c in B patients 8.3% was higher than 7.7% for W (P < .0001) after statistical adjustment for MBG, age, gender, insulin delivery method, and accounting for a race by PSU interaction effect. Higher HbA1c persisted in B patients when TIR was substituted for MBG. Predicted MBG was higher in B patients at any level of PSU. The 95th percentile for HGI was 0.47 in W patients, and 52% of B patients had HGI ≥ 0.5. Time below range was similar for both. CONCLUSIONS Young B patients have clinically relevant higher average HbA1c at any given level of MBG or TIR than W patients, which may pose an additional risk for diabetes complications development. HGI ≥ 0.5 may be an easy way to identify high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Christakis
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marcella Gioe
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Dania Felipe
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Arlette Soros
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert McCarter
- Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stuart Chalew
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Alaqeel A, Gomez R, Chalew SA. Glucose-independent racial disparity in HbA1c is evident at onset of type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2022; 36:108229. [PMID: 35821186 PMCID: PMC9996669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher levels of HbA1c, independent of blood glucose levels, have been described in Blacks compared to Whites patients with established diabetes. The goal of this study was to determine if glucose-independent racial disparity in HbA1C is evident at diabetes onset. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective single-center chart review of 189 youth with new onset Type 1 diabetes (T1D) 60 % Whites and 40 % Blacks. HbA1c, glucose and other biochemistry measures were obtained at presentation in the Emergency Department before initiation of any therapy. HbA1c levels were adjusted for presenting glucose, self-identified race, age, gender, hematocrit, and RDW-CV. RESULTS Blacks with T1D had statistically significant higher unadjusted HbA1c (11.9 ± 1.9 vs 11.04 ± 2.0 %, p = 0.004), initial glucose (530.6 ± 230.4 vs 442 ± 211.3 mg/dL, p = 0.0075) and lower pHs (7.28 ± 0.15 vs 7.33 ± 0.12, p = 0.02) compared to white patients. Least squares means of HbA1c remained higher in Black patients even after statistical adjustment for presenting glucose, age, gender, RDW-CV, and pH. In a multiple variable model (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.0001) c-peptide was influenced by HCO3 (p = 0.0035), gender (p = 0.0092), BMI (p < 0.0001), but not race or glucose. CONCLUSIONS HbA1c at initial presentation of T1D is higher in young Black patients compared to Whites even after adjustment for glucose, age, gender, and RDW-CV. This racial disparity is consistent with other studies in individuals without diabetes and patients with long-standing diabetes under treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeel Alaqeel
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Stuart A Chalew
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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Chalew S, Delamater AM, Washington S, Bhat J, Franz D, Gomez R, Felipe D, Tieh P, Finger L. Can Innovative Technologies Overcome HbA1c Disparity for African-American Youth with Type 1 Diabetes? J Diabetes Sci Technol 2021; 15:1069-1075. [PMID: 34137288 PMCID: PMC8442203 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211021386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Achieving normal or near-normal glycemic control as reflected by HbA1c levels in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is important for preventing the development and progression of chronic complications. Despite delineation and dissemination of HbA1c management targets and advances in insulin pharmacology, insulin delivery systems, and glucose monitoring, the majority of children with T1D do not achieve HbA1c goals. In particular, African Americans are more likely not to reach HbA1c goals and have persistently higher HbA1c than Non-Hispanic Whites. Availability of pumps and other technology has not eliminated the disparity in HbA1c. Multiple factors play a role in the persisting racial disparity in HbA1c outcome. The carefully designed application and deployment of new technology to help the patient/family and facilitate the supportive role of the diabetes management team may be able to overcome racial disparity in glycemic outcome and improve patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Chalew
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children’s Hospital of
New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Stuart Chalew, MD, Department of
Pediatrics, Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine, Louisiana
State University Health Sciences Center, Children’s Hospital of New
Orleans, 200 Henry Clay Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Alan M. Delamater
- Department of Pediatrics,
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sonja Washington
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, The
Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jayalakshmi Bhat
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children’s Hospital of
New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Diane Franz
- Department of Psychology, The
Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children’s Hospital of
New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Dania Felipe
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children’s Hospital of
New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Peter Tieh
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, School of Medicine,
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Children’s Hospital of
New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Laurie Finger
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, The
Children’s Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Xu Y, Hirota Y, Ajjan RA, Yamamoto A, Matsuoka A, Ogawa W, Dunn TC. Accurate prediction of HbA1c by continuous glucose monitoring using a kinetic model with patient-specific parameters for red blood cell lifespan and glucose uptake. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2021; 18:14791641211013734. [PMID: 33960242 PMCID: PMC8481730 DOI: 10.1177/14791641211013734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent kinetic model proposed a new individualized glycaemic marker, calculated HbA1c (cHbA1c), based on kinetic parameters and glucose levels that are specific to each person. The aims of the current work were to validate the accuracy of this glucose metric for clinical use and evaluate data requirements for the estimation of personal kinetic factors. METHODS We retrieved HbA1c and glucose data from a group of 51 Japanese T1D patients under sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy. Two patient-specific kinetic parameters were identified by data sections, defined as continuous glucose data between two laboratory HbA1c measurements. The cHbA1c was prospectively validated employing subsequent HbA1c data that were not originally used to determine personal kinetic parameters. RESULTS Compared to estimated HbA1c (eHbA1c) and glucose management indicator (GMI), cHbA1c showed clinically relevant accuracy improvement, with 20% or more within ±0.5% (±5.5 mmol/mol) of laboratory HbA1c. The mean absolute deviation of the cHbA1c calculation was 0.11% (1.2 mmol/mol), substantially less than for eHbA1c and GMI at 0.54% (5.9 mmol/mol) and 0.47% (5.1 mmol/mol), respectively. CONCLUSION Our study shows superior performance of cHbA1c compared with eHbA1c and GMI at reflecting laboratory HbA1c, making it a credible glucose metric for routine clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yushi Hirota
- Division of Diabetes and endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Ramzi A Ajjan, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, The LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Akane Yamamoto
- Division of Diabetes and endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsuko Matsuoka
- Division of Diabetes and endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogawa
- Division of Diabetes and endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Hamdan MA, Gomez R, Chalew SA. Mean blood glucose-independent HbA1c racial disparity and iron status in youth with Type 1 DM. Pediatr Diabetes 2020; 21:615-620. [PMID: 32134541 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Black patients have higher HbA1c than Whites even after adjustment for mean blood glucose (MBG). Decreased iron status has been associated with increased HbA1c independently of glucose. We hypothesized that decreased iron status might account for higher HbA1c in Black patients. METHODS Pediatric patients with T1D in the Diabetes Center at Children's Hospital of New Orleans who self-identified as either Black or White were recruited for the study. At the time of their clinic visit labs were obtained for ferritin (Fer), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), HbA1c, and CBC. MBG was derived from patient's home glucose meter records over the last 30 days. Total body iron (TBI) and sTfr/log10 Fer (R/lFer) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 80 (35 Blacks/45 Whites; 41 female/39 male) patients were recruited. Unadjusted levels of HbA1c, MBG, sTfR, Fer, RDW-CV, and RDW-SD were all higher in Blacks than Whites. TBI and R/lFer were not different between groups. Fer was correlated with Hb, MBG but not HbA1c. sTfR was correlated with HbA1c, MCV, MCH, and RDW-SD. In multiple variable analysis with HbA1c as the dependent variable, race and MBG were statistically significant in the model. However, measures of iron status: Fer, sTfR, R/lFer and TBI were not statistically influential. CONCLUSION After adjustment for race, MBG and RDW-CV, iron indices were not statistically significant independent predictors of HbA1c levels. These observations indicate that factors besides iron status and CBC indices contribute to MBG-independent racial disparity in HbA1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Adeeb Hamdan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology/Diabetes, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology/Diabetes, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stuart A Chalew
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology/Diabetes, LSUHSC, School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Chalew S, Gomez R. A labile form of hemoglobin A1c is higher in African-American youth with type 1 diabetes compared to Caucasian patients at similar glucose levels. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:736-742. [PMID: 31038272 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are higher in African-American (AA) individuals compared to Caucasians (EA) even after adjustment for blood glucose levels. To better understand the mechanism of this disparity we examined the relationship of an unstable (labile) form of HbA1c (L-HbA1c) with race and glucose. METHODS Samples for HbA1c were collected from pediatric patients self-identified as either AA (15F, 12M, age 13.4 ± 3.5 years) or EA (22F, 30M, age 14.6 ± 3.4 years) with type 1 diabetes at the time of a clinic visit. Clinic HbA1c (HbA1c) was performed by immunoassay. L-HbA1c equaled the difference in the HbA1c fraction by dynamic capillary isoelectric focusing before and after incubation in a low pH buffer. A capillary glucose (Clinic-BG) was measured at clinic visit. Mean blood glucose (MBG) was calculated from the last 30 days of the patient's glucose meter data. The influence of race on L-HbA1c was assessed in a multiple variable regression model adjusted for Clinic-BG. RESULTS The groups were similar for age and duration of diabetes. L-HbA1c was correlated with Clinic-BG, MBG, and HbA1c. The mean levels of L-HbA1c, HbA1c, MBG, but not Clinic-BG were higher in AA patients compared to EA. After adjustment for Clinic-BG, L-HbA1c was still higher in AA (2.8 ± 0.7% AA vs 2.1 ± 0.7% EA, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS L-HbA1c is correlated with Clinic-BG. At any given level of Clinic-BG, AA patients have higher levels of L-HbA1c than EA. This preliminary study suggests that early factors prior to the formation of stable HbA1c may contribute to the observed glucose-independent racial disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Chalew
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Children's Hospital of New Orleans and LSU Health Sciences Center, Research Institute for Children, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Children's Hospital of New Orleans and LSU Health Sciences Center, Research Institute for Children, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Chalew S, Gomez R, Vargas A, Kamps J, Jurgen B, Scribner R, Hempe J. Hemoglobin A1c, frequency of glucose testing and social disadvantage: Metrics of racial health disparity in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:1085-1090. [PMID: 30318164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Black youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have higher HbA1c than whites. To understand HbA1c differences, we examined the relationship of psycho-social factors and glucose testing with HbA1c. METHODS Glucose tests per day (BGs/d) and mean blood glucose (MBG) were calculated from meter data of youth self-identified as black (n = 33) or white (n = 53) with T1D. HbA1c, family income, insurance status, concentrated disadvantage (CDI), psychological depression (DSC), mother educational attainment (MEA), and insulin delivery method (IDM) data was were analyzed. RESULTS Black patients had significantly higher HbA1c, MBG and disadvantage measures compared to whites. BGs/d correlated with HbA1c, MBG, age and CDI. Race (p < 0.0158), age (p < 0.0001) and IDM (p < 0.0036) accounted for 50% of the variability (R2 = 0.5, p < 0.0001) in BGs/d. Regardless of age, black patients had lower BGs/d than whites. MBG (p < 0.0001) and BGs/d (p < 0.0001) accounted for 61% of the variance in HbA1c (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS BGs/d is easily assessed and closely associated with HbA1c racial disparity. BGs/d is intricately linked with greater social disadvantage. Innovative management approaches are needed to overcome obstacles to optimal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Chalew
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of New Orleans and The Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 200 Henry Clay Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Ricardo Gomez
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of New Orleans and The Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 200 Henry Clay Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Alfonso Vargas
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of New Orleans and The Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 200 Henry Clay Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Jodi Kamps
- Department of Psychology, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, 200 Henry Clay Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Brittney Jurgen
- Department of Psychology, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, 200 Henry Clay Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Richard Scribner
- School of Public Health, The Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 433 Bolivar St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - James Hempe
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital of New Orleans and The Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 200 Henry Clay Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Chalew S, Hamdan M. Racial disparity in HbA1c persists when fructosamine is used as a surrogate for mean blood glucose in youth with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:1243-1248. [PMID: 29808574 PMCID: PMC6925540 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blacks have been reported to have higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) than Whites even after adjustment for differences in blood glucose levels. Potentially glucose-independent racial disparity in HbA1c is an artifact of glucose ascertainment methods. In order to test this possibility, we examined the relationship of HbA1c with race after adjustment for concurrent fructosamine level as a surrogate for mean blood glucose (MBG). METHODS Youth with type 1 diabetes self-identified as either Black or White had blood drawn for HbA1c, fructosamine complete blood count, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) at a clinic visit. MBG was calculated as the average of self-monitored capillary glucoses over the preceding 30 days. The effect of race on HbA1c was evaluated in a general linear model adjusting for either MBG or fructosamine, along with other covariates. RESULTS Fructosamine was correlated with both HbA1c (r = 0.73, P < .0001), MBG (r = 0.46, P < .0001), red cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) (r = 0.31, P = .0045), Fe (r = 0.27, P = .017), and sTfR (r = 0.32, P = .0042). HbA1c was approximately 0.7% higher in Blacks than Whites after adjustment for fructosamine along with age, gender, RDW-CV, Fe, sTfR. CONCLUSIONS Blacks tend to have higher HbA1c than Whites even after statistical adjustment for fructosamine levels as a surrogate for MBG. Thus, HbA1c tends to overestimate corresponding MBG or fructosamine levels in Black patients. Racial differences should be taken into consideration when using HbA1c as a guide to diagnosis and therapy of diabetes in mixed-race populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Chalew
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics; Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Children's Hospital of New Orleans; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Mahmoud Hamdan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics; Louisiana State University Health Science Center, Children's Hospital of New Orleans; New Orleans Louisiana
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Advancing the Science of Health Disparities Through Research on the Social Determinants of Health. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:S1-S4. [PMID: 27989287 PMCID: PMC5333867 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cohen RM, Smith EP, Arbabi S, Quinn CT, Franco RS. Do Red Blood Cell Indices Explain Racial Differences in the Relationship between Hemoglobin A1c and Blood Glucose? J Pediatr 2016; 176:7-9. [PMID: 27318381 PMCID: PMC5003710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Cohen
- Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Eric P Smith
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shahriar Arbabi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charles T Quinn
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert S Franco
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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