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Pellacani G, Lim HW, Stockfleth E, Sibaud V, Brugués AO, Saint Aroman M. Photoprotection: Current developments and controversies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38 Suppl 5:12-20. [PMID: 38924160 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This review aimed at summarizing some of the key points that were discussed during the photoprotection session at the International Forum of Dermatology in 2022. This international conference was designed to address prominent topics of clinical dermatology in a holistic way, allowing to articulate multiple viewpoints. Therefore, this review does not claim to be exhaustive, but is instead intended to give an overview of recent developments and ongoing controversies in the field of photoprotection. Cumulative ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is the major aetiological factor in the development of photoageing, photoimunosuppression and photocarcinogenesis. UVA (320-400 nm) penetrates into the dermis and damages DNA and other intracellular and acellular targets primarily by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is the major contributor to photoageing, characterized by fine and coarse wrinkles, dyspigmentation and loss of elasticity. UVB (290-320 nm) is responsible for sunburns through direct damage to DNA by the formation of 6-4 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine 6-4 pyrimidone photoproducts. Both UVA and UVB exposure increase the risk of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. In recent years, visible light (VL; 400-700 nm) has also been implicated in the exacerbation of conditions aggravated by sun exposure such as hyperpigmentation and melasma. Photoprotection is a critical health strategy to reduce the deleterious effects of UVR and VL. Comprehensive photoprotection strategies include staying in the shade when outdoors, wearing photoprotective clothing including a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses, and the use of sunscreen. Due to the absorption of UV filters, the safety of sunscreens has been questioned. Newer sunscreens are becoming available with filters with absorption even beyond the UV spectrum, offering enhanced protection compared with older products. Prevention of photocarcinogenesis, sun-induced or sunlight-exacerbated hyperpigmentary conditions and drug-induced photosensitivity is an important reason for adopting comprehensive photoprotection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vincent Sibaud
- Department of Oncodermatology, Claudius Regaud Institute and University Cancer Institute Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Ariadna Ortiz Brugués
- Department of Oncodermatology, Claudius Regaud Institute and University Cancer Institute Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoires Dermatologiques Avène, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Les Cauquillous, Lavaur, France
| | - Markéta Saint Aroman
- Medical Direction Dermo-Cosmétique & Personal Care, Pierre Fabre Group, Toulouse, France
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Ezekwe N, Pourang A, Lyons AB, Narla S, Atyam A, Zia S, Friedman BJ, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW, Kohli I. Evaluation of the protection of sunscreen products against long wavelength ultraviolet A1 and visible light-induced biological effects. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12937. [PMID: 38069506 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long wavelength ultraviolet-A1 in combination with visible light induces hyperpigmentation, particularly in dark-skin phototypes. This study evaluated the efficacy of four sunscreen formulations in protecting against VL + UVA1 (370-700 nm). METHODS The test products (A-D) were applied to the back of 12 volunteers, then irradiated with 320 J/cm2 VL + UVA1 (3.5% UVA1 [370-400 nm]). Immediately after irradiation, and at Days 1, 7, and 14, erythema and pigmentation were assessed by investigator global assessment (IGA), colorimetry (Δa* and ΔITA) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS)-measured relative dyschromia (area under the curve AUC). Control areas were irradiated without sunscreen. RESULTS Product D, containing titanium dioxide 11%, iron oxides 1%, and antioxidants, provided the highest and most consistent protection. Compared with unprotected irradiated control, it had statistically significantly less erythema on IGA, DRS (Δoxyhemoglobin), and colorimetry (Δa*) at Day 0; less pigmentation on IGA at all time points, on DRS (relative dyschromia) at Days 7 and 14, and on colorimetry (ΔITA) at Day 0. Product B, containing zinc oxide 12% plus organic UV filters, iron oxides 4%, and antioxidants, also showed some efficacy. CONCLUSION Of the sunscreens tested, the tinted products provided better protection against VL + UVA1 than the non-tinted products. Since the product with 1% iron oxides was superior to the product with 4% iron oxides, further studies are needed to evaluate whether iron oxide content correlates with better protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneamaka Ezekwe
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Aunna Pourang
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexis B Lyons
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shanthi Narla
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Amruth Atyam
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shereen Zia
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ben J Friedman
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Iltefat H Hamzavi
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Department of Dermatology, Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Goh CL, Kang HY, Morita A, Zhang C, Wu Y, Prakoeswa CRS, Sau NH, Kerob D, Flament F, Wei L. Awareness of sun exposure risks and photoprotection for preventing pigmentary disorders in Asian populations: Survey results from three Asian countries and expert panel recommendations. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12932. [PMID: 38059515 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this article, we review and discuss the photoprotection behavior of Asians based on the literature, along with a subanalysis of an original online survey, and make recommendations to optimize photoprotection for Asian populations to prevent photoaging and pigmentary disorders. METHODS An international panel of eight dermatologists from Asia (China, Korea, Japan, Singapore, Indonesia, and Vietnam) met to discuss sunscreen photoprotection for Asian patients. Additionally, a subanalysis of an online survey by 3000 respondents from three Asian countries (China, Indonesia, and Japan) investigated general public awareness and attitudes to sun exposure. RESULTS A pre-meeting survey of the eight experts from Asia showed key concerns of Asian patients consulting dermatologists are pigmentary disorders, especially actinic/senile lentigo, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, vitiligo, and Hori's nevus. The survey subanalysis of participants from China, Indonesia, and Japan with predominantly Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) II to IV revealed that they are particularly concerned about sun exposure causing photoaging and pigmentary disorders. Most of the respondents indicated they have limited knowledge on sunlight radiation and appropriate sunscreen protection factors. Only 22%, 13%, and 3% for China, Indonesia, and Japan, respectively, systematically use multiple protective measures (using sunscreen, avoiding midday sun, staying in the shade, wearing a hat, protective clothing, and sunglasses) when exposed to the sun. CONCLUSIONS Further education is needed for Asian populations on the importance of comprehensive daily photoprotection, including broad-spectrum sunscreen, with high UVA and visible light protection, to reduce and prevent photoaging and pigmentary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Akimichi Morita
- Department of Geriatric and Environmental Dermatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chengfeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga - Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Nguyen Huu Sau
- Hanoi Medical University and National Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Delphine Kerob
- Laboratoire Dermatologique La Roche-Posay, Levallois-Perret, France
| | | | - Liu Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The General Hospital of Air Force PLA, Beijing, China
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Daher CC, Barreto SMAG, de Brito Damasceno GA, de Santana Oliveira A, Leite PIP, Reginaldo FPS, Escudeiro CC, Ostrosky EA, Giordani RB, Ferrari M. Use of sisal industrial waste (Agave sisalana Perrine) in sustainable and multifunctional cosmetic products. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45:815-833. [PMID: 37565318 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sisal is a common stiff fibre produced around the world, corresponding to approximately 70% of the commercial production of all fibres of this type. The fibres are extracted from the leaves of Agave sisalana, from which approximately 4% of their weight is obtained, with the remaining 96% considered to be residues from the process of the sisal industry. The objective of this work was to obtain a polyphenol-enriched extract from the A. sisalana residue by ultrasonically assisted extraction, characterize it chemically, evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity, and develop safe and stable photoprotective formulations for future application in cosmetic preparations. METHODS Ultrasonic extraction of solid plant material was performed using 50% ethanol/water (v/v). The extract was chemically characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography equipment associated with classical molecular networking and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity by different methodologies. Ten formulations were prepared, varying the component concentrations and the shear time. The 1.0% sisal extract was incorporated into the most stable formulations, and preliminary and accelerated stability were evaluated. The emulsions were investigated for safety by assessment of primary accumulated dermal irritability and sensitization and a dermatological clinical study of phototoxicity and photosensitization. The photoprotective formulations containing or not containing the extract that were stable after 90 days had their in vivo sun protection factor (SPF), UVA protection factor, critical wavelength, and protection against visible and blue light determined. RESULTS Ultrasound extraction using 50% ethanol/water (EH 50) as an extractor vehicle showed the best yield. The extract exhibited a concentration of phenolic compounds (77.93 mg of equivalent to the standard gallic acid/g) and showed in vitro antioxidant activity. Emulsions without and with 1.0% sisal extract remained stable and safe. The addition of the extract to the photoprotective formulation statistically increased the SPF when compared to the formulation without the extract and offered protection against UVA radiation, critical wavelengths, and absorption of visible and blue light. CONCLUSION Based on the findings, the solid residue of A. sisalana may be indicated as a component of photoprotective and antioxidant cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Cecílio Daher
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Azevedo de Brito Damasceno
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Artur de Santana Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ivo Palacio Leite
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elissa Arantes Ostrosky
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Raquel Brandt Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Márcio Ferrari
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Young AR. The adverse consequences of not using sunscreens. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45 Suppl 1:11-19. [PMID: 37799076 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The adverse effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on normal skin are well established, especially in those with poorly melanized skin. Clinically, these effects may be classified as acute, such as erythema or chronic such as keratinocyte and melanocyte skin cancers. Apart from skin type genetics, clinical responses to solar UVR are dependent on geophysical (e.g., solar intensity) and behavioural factors. The latter are especially important because they may result in 'solar overload' with unwanted clinical consequences and ever greater burdens to healthcare systems. Correctly used, sunscreens can mitigate the acute and chronic effects of solar UVR exposure. Laboratory studies also show that sunscreens can inhibit the initial molecular and cellular events that are responsible for clinical outcomes. Despite public health campaigns, global trends continue to show increasing incidence of all types of skin cancer. Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown the benefits of sunscreen use in preventing skin cancer, though it is likely that sunscreen use has not been optimal in such studies. It is evident that without substantial changes in sun-seeking behaviour, sunscreen use is a very important part of the defence against the acute and chronic effects of solar exposure. Ideally, sunscreens should be able to provide the level of protection that reduces the risk of skin cancer in susceptible skin types to that observed in heavily melanized skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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Aguilera J, Gracia-Cazaña T, Gilaberte Y. New developments in sunscreens. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2473-2482. [PMID: 37543534 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Topical sunscreen application is one of the most important photoprotection tool to prevent sun damaging effects in human skin at the short and long term. Although its efficacy and cosmeticity have significantly improved in recent years, a better understanding of the biological and clinical effects of longer wavelength radiation, such as long ultraviolet A (UVA I) and blue light, has driven scientists and companies to search for effective and safe filters and substances to protect against these newly identified forms of radiation. New technologies have sought to imbue sunscreen with novel properties, such as the reduction of calorific radiation. Cutaneous penetration by sunscreens can also be reduced using hydrogels or nanocrystals that envelop the filters, or by binding filters to nanocarriers such as alginate microparticles, cyclodextrins, and methacrylate polymers. Finally, researchers have looked to nature as a source of healthier products, such as plant products (e.g., mycosporines, scytonemin, and various flavonoids) and even fungal and bacterial melanin, which could potentially be used as substitutes or enhancers of current filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Aguilera
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Zaragossa, Spain.
- University of Zaragoza, University of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Zaragossa, Spain
- University of Zaragoza, University of Medicine, Zaragoza, Spain
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Pantelic MN, Wong N, Kwa M, Lim HW. Ultraviolet filters in the United States and European Union: A review of safety and implications for the future of US sunscreens. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 88:632-646. [PMID: 36442641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Availability of new UV filters in the United States lags behind the European Union (EU), partly due to differing approval processes. OBJECTIVE To review available human safety data of all US- and EU-approved UV filters. METHODS Data from Food and Drug Administration and EU regulatory guidelines, federal governmental documentation, databases, reviews, and opinions for approval and ongoing safety evaluation were analyzed. RESULTS Currently, there are 17 US UV filters and 29 EU UV filters (18 EU-approved only filters). Almost all US filters possessed sensitization data (94%, 16/17) with the majority (76%, 13/17) showing minimal skin sensitization. The minority of EU-approved only filters (33%, 6/18) possessed sensitization data, all showing no sensitization. Some filters possessed dermal absorption data (US: 76%, 13/17; EU: 44%, 8/18). Oxybenzone, octinoxate, octisalate, homosalate, and octocrylene, approved in the US and EU, were shown to have plasma levels exceeding the Food and Drug Administration exposure threshold. LIMITATIONS Proprietary manufacturer human data were unavailable. CONCLUSIONS Many new UV filters are available in the EU, but not yet in the United States. Rigorous US and EU guidelines ensure that UV filters provide adequate photoprotection assuming consumers follow American Academy of Dermatology SPF (sun protection factor) and broad-spectrum recommendations. Human data are limited, but known human risks of sunscreen appear minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikita Wong
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Michael Kwa
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit Michigan
| | - Henry W Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit Michigan.
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Bernerd F, Passeron T, Castiel I, Marionnet C. The Damaging Effects of Long UVA (UVA1) Rays: A Major Challenge to Preserve Skin Health and Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158243. [PMID: 35897826 PMCID: PMC9368482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Within solar ultraviolet (UV) light, the longest UVA1 wavelengths, with significant and relatively constant levels all year round and large penetration properties, produce effects in all cutaneous layers. Their effects, mediated by numerous endogenous chromophores, primarily involve the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative stress is the major mode of action of UVA1, responsible for lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA lesions and subsequent intracellular signaling cascades. These molecular changes lead to mutations, apoptosis, dermis remodeling, inflammatory reactions and abnormal immune responses. The altered biological functions contribute to clinical consequences such as hyperpigmentation, inflammation, photoimmunosuppression, sun allergies, photoaging and photocancers. Such harmful impacts have also been reported after the use of UVA1 phototherapy or tanning beds. Furthermore, other external aggressors, such as pollutants and visible light (Vis), were shown to induce independent, cumulative and synergistic effects with UVA1 rays. In this review, we synthetize the biological and clinical effects of UVA1 and the complementary effects of UVA1 with pollutants or Vis. The identified deleterious biological impact of UVA1 contributing to clinical consequences, combined with the predominance of UVA1 rays in solar UV radiation, constitute a solid rational for the need for a broad photoprotection, including UVA1 up to 400 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bernerd
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-48-68-95-95
| | - Thierry Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nice, University Côte d’Azur, 151, Route de Ginestière, 06200 Nice, France;
- Research Center C3M, INSERM Unit 1065, University Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Isabelle Castiel
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 3 Rue Dora Maar, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France;
| | - Claire Marionnet
- L’Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay sous Bois, France;
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