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Zhang N, Hu W, Wu K, Wang K, Miao X, Wang Y, Zhong X, Lin F, Zhang Z, Xu H. The Amino Acid Transporter PtCAT7 and Ammonium Nutrition Enhance the Uptake of Thiamethoxam in Citrus Rootstock Seedlings. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6942-6953. [PMID: 38506763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam (THX), when applied to the soil, can be taken up by citrus roots and subsequently transported to the leaves, providing effective protection of plants against the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama). In this study, the field experiments showed that the coapplication of THX and nitrogen fertilizer (AN) did not affect THX uptake in six-year-old citrus plants. However, their coapplication promoted THX uptake in three-year-old Potassium trifoliate rootstocks and relieved the inhibition of AN at a higher level on plant growth characteristics, including biomass and growth of root and stem. RNA-seq analysis found that THX induced upregulation of a cationic amino acid transporter (PtCAT7) in citrus leaves. PtCAT7 facilitated THX uptake in the yeast strain to inhibit its growth, and the PtCAT7 protein was localized on the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrate that THX and N fertilizer can be coapplied and PtCAT7 may be involved in THX uptake in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wei Hu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Keer Wu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Kejing Wang
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiaoran Miao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhong
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Fei Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Li ZG, Lu XQ, Chen J. Gasotransmitter ammonia accelerates seed germination, seedling growth, and thermotolerance acquirement in maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2163338. [PMID: 36682345 PMCID: PMC9869984 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2163338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3), as an intermediate product of nitrogen metabolism, is recognized as a novel gasotransmitter (namely gaseous signaling molecule), its signaling role being revealed in plants. NH3 exists in two different chemical forms, namely the weak base (free molecule: NH3) and the weak acid (ammonium: NH4+), which are generally in equilibrium with each other in plants. However, the effect of NH3 on seed germination, seedling growth, and thermotolerance acquirement in maize remains unclear. Here, maize seeds were imbibed in the different concentrations of NH3·H2O (NH3 donor), and then germinated and calculated seed germination rate at the various time points. Also, the 60-h-old seedlings were irrigated in the different concentrations of NH3·H2O, and then subjected to heat stress and counted survival rate. The data implied that the appropriate concentrations (6, 9, and 12 mM) of NH3·H2O accelerated seed germination as well as increased seedling height and root length compared with the control without NH3 treatment. Also, the suitable concentrations (2 and 4 mM) of NH3·H2O improved tissue vitality, relieved an increase in malondialdehyde content, and enhanced survival rate of maize seedlings under heat stress compared with the control. These results firstly suggest that NH3 could accelerate seed germination, seedling growth, and thermotolerance acquirement in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Guang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Ji Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P.R. China
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Lu Z, He S, Kashif M, Zhang Z, Mo S, Su G, Du L, Jiang C. Effect of ammonium stress on phosphorus solubilization of a novel marine mangrove microorganism Bacillus aryabhattai NM1-A2 as revealed by integrated omics analysis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:550. [PMID: 37723472 PMCID: PMC10506230 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) can alleviate available P deficiency and enhance plant growth in an eco-friendly way. Although ammonium toxicity is widespread, there is little understanding about the effect of ammonium stress on phosphorus solubilization (PS) of PSMs. RESULTS In this study, seven PSMs were isolated from mangrove sediments. The soluble phosphate concentration in culture supernatant of Bacillus aryabhattai NM1-A2 reached a maximum of 196.96 mg/L at 250 mM (NH4)2SO4. Whole-genome analysis showed that B. aryabhattai NM1-A2 contained various genes related to ammonium transporter (amt), ammonium assimilation (i.e., gdhA, gltB, and gltD), organic acid synthesis (i.e., ackA, fdhD, and idh), and phosphate transport (i.e., pstB and pstS). Transcriptome data showed that the expression levels of amt, gltB, gltD, ackA and idh were downregulated, while gdhA and fdhD were upregulated. The inhibition of ammonium transporter and glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase (GS/GOGAT) pathway contributed to reducing energy loss. For ammonium assimilation under ammonium stress, accompanied by protons efflux, the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway was the main approach. More 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) was induced to provide abundant carbon skeletons. The downregulation of formate dehydrogenase and high glycolytic rate resulted in the accumulation of formic acid and acetic acid, which played key roles in PS under ammonium stress. CONCLUSIONS The accumulation of 2-OG and the inhibition of GS/GOGAT pathway played a key role in ammonium detoxification. The secretion of protons, formic acid and acetic acid was related to PS. Our work provides new insights into the PS mechanism, which will provide theoretical guidance for the application of PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaomei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Sheng He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research and Prevention, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Birth Defect prevention, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Women and Children Health Care Hospital, Nanning, 530033, China
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China
| | - Zufan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shuming Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Guijiao Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Linfang Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Chengjian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545006, China.
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Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of AMT Gene Family in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium is one of the prevalent nitrogen sources for growth and development of higher plants. Ammonium acquisition from soil is facilitated by ammonium transporters (AMTs), which are plasma membrane proteins that exclusively transport ammonium/ammonia. However, the functional characteristics and molecular mechanisms of AMTs in apple remain unclear. In this work, 15 putative AMT genes were identified and classified into four clusters (AMT1–AMT4) in apple. According to expression analysis, these AMTs had varying expressions in roots, leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. Some of them were strongly affected by diurnal cycles. AMT genes showed multiple transcript patterns to N regimes and were quite responsive to osmotic stress. In addition, phosphorylation analysis revealed that there were some conserved phosphorylation residues within the C-terminal of AMT proteins. Furthermore, detailed research was conducted on AMT1;2 functioning by heterologous expression in yeast. The present study is expected to provide basic bioinformatic information and expression profiles for the apple AMT family and to lay a basis for exploring the functional roles and regulation mechanisms of AMTs in apple.
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Hessini K. Nitrogen form differently modulates growth, metabolite profile, and antioxidant and nitrogen metabolism activities in roots of Spartina alterniflora in response to increasing salinity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 174:35-42. [PMID: 35121483 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium tolerance and nitrogen-source preferences are two of the most fascinating and ecologically important areas in plant physiology. Spartina alterniflora is a highly salt-tolerant species and appears to prefer ammonium (NH4+) over nitrate (NO3-) as an inorganic N source, presenting a suite of aboveground physiological and biochemical mechanisms that allows growth in saline environments. Here, we tested the interactive effects of salinity (0, 200, 500 mM NaCl) and nitrogen source (NO3-, NH4+, NH4NO3) on some physiological and biochemical parameters of S. alterniflora at the root level. After three months of treatments, plants were harvested to determine root growth parameters and total amino acids, proline, total soluble sugars, sucrose, and root enzyme activity. The control (0 mM NaCl) had the highest root growth rate in the medium containing only ammonium and the lowest in the medium containing only nitrate. Except for NO3--fed plants, the 200 mM NaCl treatment generally had less root growth than the control. Under high salinity, NH4+-fed plants had better root growth than NO3--fed plants. In the absence of salinity, NH4+-fed plants had higher superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities than NO3--fed plants. Salinity generally promoted the activity of the principal antioxidant enzymes, more so in NH4+-fed plants. Nitrogen metabolism was characterized by higher constitutive levels of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity under ammonia nutrition, accompanied by elevated total amino acids levels in roots. The advantage of ammonium nutrition for S. alterniflora under salinity was connected to high amino acid accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activities, together with low H2O2 concentration and increased GDH activity. Ammonium improved root performance of S. alterniflora, especially under saline conditions, and may improve root antioxidant capacity and N-assimilating enzyme activities, and adjust osmotically to salinity by accumulating amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hessini
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
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Response of Tomato-Pseudomonas Pathosystem to Mild Heat Stress. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Higher plants suffer from mild heat stress when temperatures increase by 5 °C above optimum growth temperatures. This produces changes at the cellular and metabolic levels, allowing plants to adapt to heat conditions. This study investigated an increase of 5 °C above the optimum growth temperature (26 °C) of tomato plants in the tomato–Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato pathosystem. A temperature increase above 26 °C affects plant development, the defensive pathways activated against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (PstDC3000), and the bacterial growth and virulence machinery. The results demonstrated that tomato plants were able to acclimate to mild heat stress, showing no symptoms of damage. Moreover, plants subjected to a 5 °C increase (T31 °C plants) showed higher basal levels of metabolites such as proline and putrescine, which probably act as compatible osmolytes. This demonstrates their importance as key components of thermotolerance. When grown under mild heat stress, plants were less susceptible to PstDC3000 and showed increased accumulation of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid-isoleucine, and spermine. In addition, the temperature increase negatively affected the infectivity of PstDC3000. Inhibition of the genes responsible for quorum sensing establishment and synthesis of flagellin and coronatine was observed in bacteria extracted from T31 °C plants. Analysis of the genes involved in the synthesis of the type III secretion system indicates the important role of this system in bacterial growth under these conditions. As the known resistance mechanisms involved in the defense against PstDC3000 were not activated, the changes in its virulence mechanisms under high temperatures may explain the lower infection observed in the T31 °C plants.
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Liu M, Zhao Y, Liu X, Korpelainen H, Li C. Ammonium and nitrate affect sexually different responses to salt stress in Populus cathayana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13626. [PMID: 35023578 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilization is a promising approach to improve salt tolerance. However, it is poorly known how plant sex and inorganic N alter salt stress-induced Na+ uptake, distribution and tolerance. This study employed Populus cathayana Rehder females and males to examine sex-related mechanisms of salt tolerance under nitrate (NO3 - ) and ammonium (NH4 + ) nutrition. Males had a higher root Na+ efflux, lower root-to-shoot translocation of Na+ , and higher K+ /Na+ , which enhanced salt tolerance under both N forms compared to females. On the other hand, decreased root Na+ efflux and K+ retention, and an increased ratio of Na+ in leaves relative to shoots in females caused greater salt sensitivity. Females receiving NH4 + rather than NO3 - had greater net root Na+ uptake, K+ efflux, and translocation to the shoots, especially in leaves. In contrast, males receiving NO3 - rather than NH4 + had increased Na+ translocation to the shoots, especially in the bark, which may narrow the difference in leaf damage by salt stress between N forms despite a higher shoot Na+ accumulation and lower root Na+ efflux. Genes related to cell wall synthesis, K+ and Na+ transporters, and denaturized protein scavenging in the barks showed differential expression between females and males in response to salt stress under both N forms. These results suggested that the regulation of N forms in salt stress tolerance was sex-dependent, which was related to the maintenance of the K+ /Na+ ratio in tissues, the ability of Na+ translocation to the shoots, and the transcriptional regulation of bark cell wall and proteolysis profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiucheng Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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González-Hernández AI, Scalschi L, Troncho P, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. Putrescine biosynthetic pathways modulate root growth differently in tomato seedlings grown under different N sources. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153560. [PMID: 34798464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of putrescine is mainly driven by arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Hence, in this study, we generated independent ADC and ODC transgenic silenced tomato lines (SilADC and SilODC, respectively) to test the effect of defective ADC and ODC gene expression on root development under nitrate (NN) or ammonium (NA) conditions. The results showed that SilODC seedlings displayed an increase in ADC expression that led to polyamine accumulation, suggesting a compensatory effect of ADC. However, this effect was not observed in SilADC seedlings. These pathways are involved in different growth processes. The SilADC seedlings showed an increase in fresh weight, shoot length, lateral root number and shoot:root ratio under the NN source and an enhancement in fresh weight, and shoot and root length under NA conditions. However, SilODC seedlings displayed greater weight and shoot length under the NN source, whereas a decrease in lateral root density was found under NA conditions. Moreover, two overexpressed ODC lines were generated to check the relevance of the compensatory effect of the ADC pathway when ODC was silenced. These overexpressed lines showed not only an enhancement of almost all the studied growth parameters under both N sources but also an amelioration of ammonium syndrome under NA conditions. Together, these results reflect the importance of both pathways in plant growth, particularly ODC silencing, which requires compensation by ADC induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar Troncho
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y Del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
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Fernandes CS, Sá FVS, Ferreira Neto M, Dias NS, Reges LBL, Gheyi HR, Paiva EP, Silva AA, Melo AS. Ionic homeostasis, biochemical components and yield of Italian zucchini under nitrogen forms and salt stress. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e233567. [PMID: 34105657 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.233567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was carried out aiming at evaluating the effects of nitrate and ammonium ions on nutrient accumulation, biochemical components and yield of Italian zucchini (cv. Caserta) grown in a hydroponic system under salt stress conditions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse utilizing an experimental design in randomized blocks, arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with 4 replications. The treatments consisted of two forms of nitrogen (nitrate - NO3- and ammonium - NH4+) and 5 electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water (ECw) (0.5, 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 6.5 dS m-1). The analysis of the results indicated that supply of N exclusively in NH4+ form promotes greater damage to the leaf membrane and reduction in accumulation of macronutrients and higher Na+/K+, Na+/Ca++ and Na+/Mg++ ratios in the shoots of zucchini plants. Electrical conductivity of irrigation water above 2.0 dS m-1 reduces the accumulation of nutrients in shoot and yield of Italian zucchini plant. The toxicity of NH4+ under Italian zucchini plants overlap the toxicity of the salinity, since its fertilization exclusively with this form of nitrogen inhibits its production, being the NO3- form the most suitable for the cultivation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Fernandes
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - F V S Sá
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - M Ferreira Neto
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - N S Dias
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - L B L Reges
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - H R Gheyi
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia- UFRB, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Cruz da Almas, BA, Brasil
| | - E P Paiva
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - A A Silva
- Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - A S Melo
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Departamento de Biologia, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil
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Paponov M, Arakelyan A, Dobrev PI, Verheul MJ, Paponov IA. Nitrogen Deficiency and Synergism between Continuous Light and Root Ammonium Supply Modulate Distinct but Overlapping Patterns of Phytohormone Composition in Xylem Sap of Tomato Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:573. [PMID: 33803638 PMCID: PMC8003008 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous light (CL) or a predominant nitrogen supply as ammonium (NH4+) can induce leaf chlorosis and inhibit plant growth. The similarity in injuries caused by CL and NH4+ suggests involvement of overlapping mechanisms in plant responses to these conditions; however, these mechanisms are poorly understood. We addressed this topic by conducting full factorial experiments with tomato plants to investigate the effects of NO3- or NH4+ supply under diurnal light (DL) or CL. We used plants at ages of 26 and 15 days after sowing to initiate the treatments, and we modulated the intensity of the stress induced by CL and an exclusive NH4+ supply from mild to strong. Under DL, we also studied the effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency and mixed application of NO3- and NH4+. Under strong stress, CL and exclusive NH4+ supply synergistically inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll content. Under mild stress, when no synergetic effect between CL and NH4+ was apparent on plant growth and chlorophyll content, we found a synergetic effect of CL and NH4+ on the accumulation of several plant stress hormones, with an especially strong effect for jasmonic acid (JA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, in xylem sap. This modulation of the hormonal composition suggests a potential role for these plant hormones in plant growth responses to the combined application of CL and NH4+. No synergetic effect was observed between CL and NH4+ for the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates or of mineral ions, indicating that these plant traits are less sensitive than the modulation of hormonal composition in xylem sap to the combined CL and NH4+ application. Under diurnal light, NH4+ did not affect the hormonal composition of xylem sap; however, N deficiency strongly increased the concentrations of phaseic acid (PA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA), indicating that decreased N concentration rather than the presence of NO3- or NH4+ in the nutrient solution drives the hormone composition of the xylem sap. In conclusion, N deficiency or a combined application of CL and NH4+ induced the accumulation of JA in xylem sap. This accumulation, in combination with other plant hormones, defines the specific plant response to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Paponov
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Food Production and Society, P.O. Box 115, NO 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.P.); (M.J.V.)
| | - Aleksandr Arakelyan
- Department of Agronomy, Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan 0009, Armenia;
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Michel J. Verheul
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Food Production and Society, P.O. Box 115, NO 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.P.); (M.J.V.)
| | - Ivan A. Paponov
- NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Food Production and Society, P.O. Box 115, NO 1431 Ås, Norway; (M.P.); (M.J.V.)
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Wang F, Gao J, Yong JWH, Wang Q, Ma J, He X. Higher Atmospheric CO 2 Levels Favor C 3 Plants Over C 4 Plants in Utilizing Ammonium as a Nitrogen Source. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:537443. [PMID: 33343587 PMCID: PMC7738331 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.537443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis of wheat and maize declined when grown with NH4 + as a nitrogen (N) source at ambient CO2 concentration compared to those grown with a mixture of NO3 - and NH4 +, or NO3 - as the sole N source. Interestingly, these N nutritional physiological responses changed when the atmospheric CO2 concentration increases. We studied the photosynthetic responses of wheat and maize growing with various N forms at three levels of growth CO2 levels. Hydroponic experiments were carried out using a C3 plant (wheat, Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chuanmai 58) and a C4 plant (maize, Zea mays L. cv. Zhongdan 808) given three types of N nutrition: sole NO3 - (NN), sole NH4 + (AN) and a mixture of both NO3 - and NH4 + (Mix-N). The test plants were grown using custom-built chambers where a continuous and desired atmospheric CO2 (C a ) concentration could be maintained: 280 μmol mol-1 (representing the pre-Industrial Revolution CO2 concentration of the 18th century), 400 μmol mol-1 (present level) and 550 μmol mol-1 (representing the anticipated futuristic concentration in 2050). Under AN, the decrease in net photosynthetic rate (P n ) was attributed to a reduction in the maximum RuBP-regeneration rate, which then caused reductions in the maximum Rubisco-carboxylation rates for both species. Decreases in electron transport rate, reduction of electron flux to the photosynthetic carbon [Je(PCR)] and electron flux for photorespiratory carbon oxidation [Je(PCO)] were also observed under AN for both species. However, the intercellular (C i ) and chloroplast (C c ) CO2 concentration increased with increasing atmospheric CO2 in C3 wheat but not in C4 maize, leading to a higher Je(PCR)/ Je(PCO) ratio. Interestingly, the reduction of P n under AN was relieved in wheat through higher CO2 levels, but that was not the case in maize. In conclusion, elevating atmospheric CO2 concentration increased C i and C c in wheat, but not in maize, with enhanced electron fluxes towards photosynthesis, rather than photorespiration, thereby relieving the inhibition of photosynthesis under AN. Our results contributed to a better understanding of NH4 + involvement in N nutrition of crops growing under different levels of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Institute of Environmental Resources, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Institute of Environmental Resources, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jean W. H. Yong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Environmental Resources, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junwei Ma
- Institute of Environmental Resources, Soil and Fertilizer, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua He
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Liu XX, Zhu YX, Fang XZ, Ye JY, Du WX, Zhu QY, Lin XY, Jin CW. Ammonium aggravates salt stress in plants by entrapping them in a chloride over-accumulation state in an NRT1.1-dependent manner. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141244. [PMID: 32768787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has exacerbated flooding in coastal areas affected by soil salinization. Ammonium (NH4+) is the predominant form of nitrogen in flooded soils, but the role played by NH4+ in the plant response to salt stress has not been fully clarified. We investigated the responses of Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Nicotiana benthamiana plants fed with NH4+. All species were hypersensitive to NaCl stress and accumulated more Cl- and less Na+ than those fed with NO3-. Further investigation of A. thaliana indicated that salt hypersensitivity induced by the presence of NH4+ was abolished by removing the Cl- but was not affected by the removal of Na+, suggesting that excess accumulation of Cl- rather than Na+ is involved in NH4+-conferred salt hypersensitivity. The expression of nitrate transporter NRT1.1 protein was also up-regulated by NH4+ treatment, which increased root Cl- uptake due to the Cl- uptake activity of NRT1.1 and the absence of uptake competition from NO3-. Knockout of NRT1.1 in plants decreased their root Cl- uptake and retracted the NH4+-conferred salt hypersensitivity. Our findings revealed that NH4+-aggravated salt stress in plants is associated with Cl- over-accumulation through the up-regulation of NRT1.1-mediated Cl- uptake. These findings suggest the significant impact of Cl- toxicity in flooded coastal areas, an issue of ecological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xian Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia Yuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Yang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xian Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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13
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Oliveira FDBD, Miranda RDS, Araújo GDS, Coelho DG, Lobo MDP, Paula-Marinho SDO, Lopes LDS, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Carvalho HHD, Gomes-Filho E. New insights into molecular targets of salt tolerance in sorghum leaves elicited by ammonium nutrition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:723-734. [PMID: 32763797 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the proteome modulation and physiological responses of Sorghum bicolor plants grown in nutrient solutions containing nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+) at 5.0 mM, and subjected to salinity with 75 mM NaCl for ten days. Salinity promoted significant reductions in leaf area, root and shoot dry mass of sorghum plants, regardless of nitrogen source; however, higher growth was observed in ammonium-grown plants. The better performance of ammonium-fed stressed plants was associated with low hydrogen peroxide accumulation, and improved CO2 assimilation and K+/Na+ homeostasis under salinity. Proteomic study revealed a nitrogen source-induced differential modulation in proteins related to photosynthesis/carbon metabolism, energy metabolism, response to stress and other cellular processes. Nitrate-fed plants induced thylakoidal electron transport chain proteins and structural and carbon assimilation enzymes, but these mechanisms seemed to be insufficient to mitigate salt damage in photosynthetic performance. In contrast, the greater tolerance to salinity of ammonium-grown plants may have arisen from: i.) de novo synthesis or upregulation of enzymes from photosynthetic/carbon metabolism, which resulted in better CO2 assimilation rates under NaCl-stress; ii.) activation of proteins involved in energy metabolism which made available energy for salt responses, most likely by proton pumps and Na+/H+ antiporters; and iii.) reprogramming of proteins involved in response to stress and other metabolic processes, constituting intricate pathways of salt responses. Overall, our findings not only provide new insights of molecular basis of salt tolerance in sorghum plants induced by ammonium nutrition, but also give new perspectives to develop biotechnological strategies to generate more salt-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael de Souza Miranda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Agrárias, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Bom Jesus, Brazil.
| | - Gyedre Dos Santos Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lineker de Sousa Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Enéas Gomes-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Salinidade (INCTSal), Fortaleza, Brazil.
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14
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Sigala JA, Uscola M, Oliet JA, Jacobs DF. Drought tolerance and acclimation in Pinus ponderosa seedlings: the influence of nitrogen form. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1165-1177. [PMID: 32333785 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a limiting factor to forest regeneration and restoration, which is likely to increase in intensity and duration under future climates. Nitrogen (N) nutrition is related to drought-resistance mechanisms in trees. However, the influence of chemical N form (inorganic and organic N) on physiological traits related to drought resistance has been sparsely studied in conifer seedlings. We investigated the effect of N forms on morpho-physiological traits of Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. seedlings and subsequent influences in drought tolerance and acclimation. One-year-old seedlings were fertilized during 10 weeks at 9 mM N with different N forms [either NH4+, NO3- or organic N (amino acids mixture)] in their second year of growth. After fertilization, we measured traits associated with intrinsic drought tolerance (shoot water relations, osmotic regulation, photosynthesis and cell membrane stability). Seedlings were then subjected to an 8-week drought period at varying drought intensities to evaluate plant acclimation mechanisms. We demonstrated that P. ponderosa seedlings could efficiently use amino acids as a primary N source, showing similar performance to those grown with inorganic N forms. Nitrogen form influenced mainly drought-acclimation mechanisms rather than intrinsic drought tolerance. Osmotic potential at saturation (Ψπsat) was marginally affected by N form, and a significant relationship between proline concentration in needles and Ψπsat was found. During acclimation, seedlings fertilized with organic N minimized needle senescence, retained more nutrients in the oldest needles, had maximum increments in proline concentration and hastened the development of water-use efficiency mechanisms compared with those fertilized with inorganic N sources. Our results suggest an improved physiological drought acclimation of organic N-fertilized seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Sigala
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETS Ingenieros de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Forest Plantations and Agroforestry Program, Campo Experimental Valle del Guadiana, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), km 4.5 Carretera Durango-El Mezquital, 34170 Durango, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Uscola
- Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá Apdo. 20 Campus Universitario, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Oliet
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, ETS Ingenieros de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglass F Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, 47907 Indiana, USA
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15
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. The unknown soldier in citrus plants: polyamines-based defensive mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses and their relationship with other stress-associated metabolites. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1761080. [PMID: 32408848 PMCID: PMC8570725 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1761080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus plants are challenged by a broad diversity of abiotic and biotic stresses, which definitely alter their growth, development, and productivity. In order to survive the various stressful conditions, citrus plants relay on multi-layered adaptive strategies, among which is the accumulation of stress-associated metabolites that play vital and complex roles in citrus defensive responses. These metabolites included amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, phytohormones, polyamines (PAs), and other secondary metabolites. However, the contribution of PAs pathways in citrus defense responses is poorly understood. In this review article, we will discuss the recent metabolic, genetic, and molecular evidence illustrating the potential roles of PAs in citrus defensive responses against biotic and abiotic stressors. We believe that PAs-based defensive role, against biotic and abiotic stress in citrus, is involving the interaction with other stress-associated metabolites, particularly phytohormones. The knowledge gained so far about PAs-based defensive responses in citrus underpins our need for further genetic manipulation of PAs biosynthetic genes to produce transgenic citrus plants with modulated PAs content that may enhance the tolerance of citrus plants against stressful conditions. In addition, it provides valuable information for the potential use of PAs or their synthetic analogs and their emergence as a promising approach to practical applications in citriculture to enhance stress tolerance in citrus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center and Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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16
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Sikder RK, Wang X, Zhang H, Gui H, Dong Q, Jin D, Song M. Nitrogen Enhances Salt Tolerance by Modulating the Antioxidant Defense System and Osmoregulation Substance Content in Gossypium hirsutum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E450. [PMID: 32260233 PMCID: PMC7238023 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Increasing soil salinity suppresses both productivity and fiber quality of cotton, thus, an appropriate management approach needs to be developed to lessen the detrimental effect of salinity stress. This study assessed two cotton genotypes with different salt sensitivities to investigate the possible role of nitrogen supplementation at the seedling stage. Salt stress induced by sodium chloride (NaCl, 200 mmol·L-1) decreased the growth traits and dry mass production of both genotypes. Nitrogen supplementation increased the plant water status, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, and gas exchange attributes. Addition of nitrogen to the saline media significantly decreased the generation of lethal oxidative stress biomarkers such as hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage ratio. The activity of the antioxidant defense system was upregulated in both saline and non-saline growth media as a result of nitrogen application. Furthermore, nitrogen supplementation enhanced the accumulation of osmolytes, such as soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and free amino acids. This established the beneficial role of nitrogen by retaining additional osmolality to uphold the relative water content and protect the photosynthetic apparatus, particularly in the salt-sensitive genotype. In summary, nitrogen application may represent a potential strategy to overcome the salinity-mediated impairment of cotton to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripon Kumar Sikder
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; (R.K.S.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (H.G.); (Q.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; (R.K.S.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (H.G.); (Q.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Hengheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; (R.K.S.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (H.G.); (Q.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Huiping Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; (R.K.S.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (H.G.); (Q.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Qiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; (R.K.S.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (H.G.); (Q.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Dingsha Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; (R.K.S.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (H.G.); (Q.D.); (D.J.)
| | - Meizhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan, China; (R.K.S.); (X.W.); (H.Z.); (H.G.); (Q.D.); (D.J.)
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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17
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Ma J, Cirillo V, Zhang D, Maggio A, Wang L, Xiao X, Yao Y. Regulation of Ammonium Cellular Levels is An Important Adaptive Trait for the Euhalophytic Behavior of Salicornia europaea. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E257. [PMID: 32079337 PMCID: PMC7076498 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salinization of agricultural land is a devastating phenomenon which will affect future food security. Understanding how plants survive and thrive in response to salinity is therefore critical to potentiate tolerance traits in crop species. The halophyte Salicornia europaea has been used as model system for this purpose. High salinity causes NH4+ accumulation in plant tissues and consequent toxicity symptoms that may further exacerbate those caused by NaCl. In this experiment we exposed Salicornia plants to five concentrations of NaCl (0, 1, 10, 50 and 200 mM) in combination with two concentrations of NH4Cl (1 and 50 mM). We confirmed the euhalophytic behavior of Salicornia that grew better at 200 vs. 0 mM NaCl in terms of both fresh (+34%) and dry (+46%) weights. Addition of 50 mM NH4Cl to the growth medium caused a general growth reduction, which was likely caused by NH4+ accumulation and toxicity in roots and shoots. When plants were exposed to high NH4Cl, high salinity reduced roots NH4+ concentration (-50%) compared to 0 mM NaCl. This correlates with the activation of the NH4+ assimilation enzymes, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase, and the growth inhibition was partially recovered. We argue that NH4+ detoxification is an important trait under high salinity that may differentiate halophytes from glycophytes and we present a possible model for NH4+ detoxification in response to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Valerio Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (V.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Dayong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Hybrid R & D Engineering Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Albino Maggio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (V.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Xinlong Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China;
| | - Yinan Yao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest University of Sciences and Technology, Mianyang 62101, China
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18
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Kerchev P, van der Meer T, Sujeeth N, Verlee A, Stevens CV, Van Breusegem F, Gechev T. Molecular priming as an approach to induce tolerance against abiotic and oxidative stresses in crop plants. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 40:107503. [PMID: 31901371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, extreme temperature, and pollutants, are the main cause of crop losses worldwide. Novel climate-adapted crops and stress tolerance-enhancing compounds are increasingly needed to counteract the negative effects of unfavorable stressful environments. A number of natural products and synthetic chemicals can protect model and crop plants against abiotic stresses through induction of molecular and physiological defense mechanisms, a process known as molecular priming. In addition to their stress-protective effect, some of these compounds can also stimulate plant growth. Here, we provide an overview of the known physiological and molecular mechanisms that induce molecular priming, together with a survey of the approaches aimed to discover and functionally study new stress-alleviating chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kerchev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tom van der Meer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Plant Systems Biology,VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Arno Verlee
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Plant Systems Biology,VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tsanko Gechev
- Department of Molecular Stress Physiology, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria; Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
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19
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Zhu XF, Dong XY, Wu Q, Shen RF. Ammonium regulates Fe deficiency responses by enhancing nitric oxide signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2019; 250:1089-1102. [PMID: 31168664 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of NH4+ in response to Fe deficiency plays a role not only in the remobilization of Fe from the root cell wall, but also in the transportation of Fe from root to shoot. Ammonium (NH4+) plays an important role in phosphorus-deficiency responses in rice, but its role in responses to Fe deficiency remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the accumulation of NH4+ plays a pivotal role when Arabidopsis thaliana plants are subject to Fe deficiency. The Arabidopsis amt1-3 mutant, which is defective in endogenous NH4+ sensing, exhibited increased sensitivity to Fe deficiency compared to WT (wild type; Col-0). In addition, exogenous application of NH4+ significantly alleviated Fe deficiency symptoms in plants. NH4+ triggers the production of nitric oxide (NO), which then induces ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) activity and accelerates the release of Fe from the cell wall, especially hemicellulose, thereby increasing the availability of soluble Fe in roots. NH4+ also increases soluble Fe levels in shoots by upregulating genes involved in Fe translocation, such as FRD3 (FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE3) and NAS1 (NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE1), hence, alleviating leaf chlorosis. Overall, NH4+ plays an important role in the reutilization of Fe from the cell wall and the redistribution of Fe from root to shoot in Fe-deficient Arabidopsis, a process dependent on NO accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiao Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ren Fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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20
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Ding F, Wang R, Chen B. Effect of exogenous ammonium gluconate on growth, ion flux and antioxidant enzymes of maize (Zea Mays L.) seedlings under NaCl stress. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:643-651. [PMID: 30663821 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium gluconate (AG) provides both an organic carbon source and a nitrogen source, which can positively improve soil fertility and delay soil degradation. We investigated the underlying mechanisms of both NH4 + - and C6 H11 O7 - -mediated resistance to high salt concentrations in maize (Zea mays L.), and how they relate to antioxidant cellular machinery, root system architecture, root activity and lignin content in roots. Seedlings treated with AG maintained lower Na+ content, higher chlorophyll content, higher CAT and POD activity, compared with those without AG and ammonium carbonate (AC). The total size of the root system, primary root length and number of lateral roots detected on the primary root treated with AG decreased compared with those not treated with AG at the same NaCl concentration. However, average root diameter and root activity when treated with AG were significantly higher than roots without AG at the same NaCl concentration. Furthermore, total size of the root system, primary root length and number of lateral roots detected on primary rootsof seedlings treated with AG were higher than those treated with AC at the same NaCl concentration. These results suggested that AG may be a good organic fertiliser under salt stress by decreasing Na+ content and increasing chlorophyll content, activity of antioxidant enzymes, root diameter and root activity in maize seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - R Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - B Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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21
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Hessini K, Issaoui K, Ferchichi S, Saif T, Abdelly C, Siddique KHM, Cruz C. Interactive effects of salinity and nitrogen forms on plant growth, photosynthesis and osmotic adjustment in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:171-178. [PMID: 30897508 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To enhance crop productivity and minimize the harmful effects of various environmental stresses, such as salinity and drought, farmers often use mineral fertilizers. However, inadequate or excessive fertilization can reduce plant growth and nutritive quality and contribute to soil degradation and environmental pollution. This study investigated the effects of salinity (0, 100 or 150 mM NaCl) and nitrogen form (sole NO3- or NH4+, or combined NO3-:NH4+ at 25:75 or 50:50) on growth, photosynthesis, and water and ion status of a commercial variety of maize (Zea mays SY Sincero). In the absence of NaCl, the media containing ammonium only or both nitrogen forms had higher aboveground growth rates than that containing nitrate only. Indeed, the maize growth, expressed as leaf dry matter, seen on NH4+ in the absence of salinity, was nearly double the biomass compared to that with NO3-treatment. Irrespective of N form, the presence of NaCl severely reduced leaf and roots growth; the presence of ammonium in the nutrient solution diminished these negative effects. Compared to the NH4+ only and combined treatments, the leaves of plants in the NO3--only medium showed signs of nitrogen deficiency (general chlorosis), which was more pronounced in the lower than upper leaves, indicating that nitrate is partly replaced by chloride during root uptake. NH4+ favored maize growth more than NO3-, especially when exposed to saline conditions, and may improve the plant's capacity to osmotically adjust to salinity by accumulating inorganic solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hessini
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, 21974, Taif, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Khawla Issaoui
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Selma Ferchichi
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Tarek Saif
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, 21974, Taif, PO Box 888, Saudi Arabia; National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa, Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais - cE3c, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
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22
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Piñero MC, Porras ME, López-Marín J, Sánchez-Guerrero MC, Medrano E, Lorenzo P, del Amor FM. Differential Nitrogen Nutrition Modifies Polyamines and the Amino-Acid Profile of Sweet Pepper Under Salinity Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:301. [PMID: 31001289 PMCID: PMC6454138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The horticultural industry demands high-quality resources to achieve excellence in yield and optimal revenues. Nitrogen is a pivotal nutrient to accomplish these goals for plant growth and product quality. However, competition for water in semi-arid regions can force the use of brackish waters, which can impair N uptake. The lower N uptake can be due to several reasons, such as an antagonism between ions, an absence of ATP, and/or alteration of N metabolism. The effect of supplying N asNO 3 - alone or in combination withNH 4 + , coupled with low or high salinity (8 or 20 mM NaCl), has been studied in sweet pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Melchor). The application ofNH 4 + at high salinity affected chromatic parameters (a∗, b∗, and C∗), while chlorophyll a and b levels declined and β-carotene increased. The concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, and Cu were reduced in the fruits of plants irrigated withNH 4 + . The concentration of Na was only reduced whenNH 4 + was supplied. Likewise, the concentration of total phenolics was also reduced at high salinity. However, total protein was unaffected. The amino acid profile was altered by the supply ofNH 4 + , which reduced the concentrations of histidine and phenylalanine. Moreover, the concentrations of putrescine and cadaverine were increased byNH 4 + at high salinity, whereas that of cadaverine was reduced byNH 4 + at low salinity. The observed changes in fruit quality triggered by salinity, under the conditions of this study, should be borne in mind for this crop with regard to the envisaged palliative effect of the supply of N-NH 4 + .
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Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Piñero
- Department of Crop Production and Agri-Tecnology, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel E. Porras
- Agricultural Research and Development Centre of Almería (IFAPA), Almería, Spain
| | - Josefa López-Marín
- Department of Crop Production and Agri-Tecnology, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Evangelina Medrano
- Agricultural Research and Development Centre of Almería (IFAPA), Almería, Spain
| | - Pilar Lorenzo
- Agricultural Research and Development Centre of Almería (IFAPA), Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco M. del Amor
- Department of Crop Production and Agri-Tecnology, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development, Murcia, Spain
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23
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Coleto I, Vega-Mas I, Glauser G, González-Moro MB, Marino D, Ariz I. New Insights on Arabidopsis thaliana Root Adaption to Ammonium Nutrition by the Use of a Quantitative Proteomic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040814. [PMID: 30769801 PMCID: PMC6412517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential element for plant nutrition. Nitrate and ammonium are the two major inorganic nitrogen forms available for plant growth. Plant preference for one or the other form depends on the interplay between plant genetic background and environmental variables. Ammonium-based fertilization has been shown less environmentally harmful compared to nitrate fertilization, because of reducing, among others, nitrate leaching and nitrous oxide emissions. However, ammonium nutrition may become a stressful situation for a wide range of plant species when the ion is present at high concentrations. Although studied for long time, there is still an important lack of knowledge to explain plant tolerance or sensitivity towards ammonium nutrition. In this context, we performed a comparative proteomic study in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under exclusive ammonium or nitrate supply. We identified and quantified 68 proteins with differential abundance between both conditions. These proteins revealed new potential important players on root response to ammonium nutrition, such as H⁺-consuming metabolic pathways to regulate pH homeostasis and specific secondary metabolic pathways like brassinosteroid and glucosinolate biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Coleto
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Izargi Vega-Mas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - María Begoña González-Moro
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Daniel Marino
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Idoia Ariz
- Departamento de Biología Ambiental. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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24
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Huang L, Li M, Zhou K, Sun T, Hu L, Li C, Ma F. Uptake and metabolism of ammonium and nitrate in response to drought stress in Malus prunifolia. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:185-193. [PMID: 29609174 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a hydroponics culture system, we monitored morphological, physiological, and molecular changes in Malus prunifolia seedlings when drought conditions induced by 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) were combined with a low or normal supply of N (0.05 mM or 1 mM NH4NO3, respectively). Under either nutrient level, drought stress negatively inhibited seedling performance, as manifested by reduced photosynthesis and biomass production, decreased accumulations of total N, and inhibited root growth. Concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ and the activities of enzymes involved in N metabolism (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase) were also significantly decreased under drought stress. The net influx of NO3- at the surface of the fine roots declined while that of NH4+ rose markedly, suggesting that the latter may play a more important role in improving drought tolerance in M. prunifolia. Consistently, two ammonium transporters (AMT1;2 and AMT4;2) were notably up-regulated in response to drought stress, whereas most genes related to nitrate uptake, reduction, and N metabolism were down-regulated. At the normal N level, PEG-treated plants showed higher values for biomass production, root growth, and N uptake/reduction when compared with plants exposed to the lower N supply. These results suggest that the negative effect of drought stress on M. prunifolia may be alleviated when more nitrogen is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Kun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Tingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Lingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Cuiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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25
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Pereira PN, Gaspar M, Smith JAC, Mercier H. Ammonium intensifies CAM photosynthesis and counteracts drought effects by increasing malate transport and antioxidant capacity in Guzmania monostachia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1993-2003. [PMID: 29462338 PMCID: PMC6018993 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Guzmania monostachia (Bromeliaceae) is a tropical epiphyte capable of up-regulating crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in its photosynthetic tissues in response to changing nutrient and water availability. Previous studies have shown that under drought there is a gradient of increasing CAM expression from the basal (youngest) to the apical (oldest) portion of the leaves, and additionally that nitrogen deficiency can further increase CAM intensity in the leaf apex of this bromeliad. The present study investigated the inter-relationships between nitrogen source (nitrate and/or ammonium) and water deficit in regulating CAM expression in G. monostachia leaves. The highest CAM activity was observed under ammonium nutrition in combination with water deficit. This was associated with enhanced activity of the key enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, elevated rates of ATP- and PPi-dependent proton transport at the vacuolar membrane in the presence of malate, and increased transcript levels of the vacuolar malate channel-encoding gene, ALMT. Water deficit was consistently associated with higher levels of total soluble sugars, which were maximal under ammonium nutrition, as were the activities of several antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase). Thus, ammonium nutrition, whilst associated with the highest degree of CAM induction in G. monostachia, also mitigates the effects of water deficit by osmotic adjustment and can limit oxidative damage in the leaves of this bromeliad under conditions that may be typical of its epiphytic habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Natália Pereira
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, CEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília Gaspar
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Botany, CEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Helenice Mercier
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, CEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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Arias-Baldrich C, de la Osa C, Bosch N, Ruiz-Ballesta I, Monreal JA, García-Mauriño S. Enzymatic activity, gene expression and posttranslational modifications of photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in ammonium-stressed sorghum plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 214:39-47. [PMID: 28431276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum plants grown with 5mM (NH4)2SO4 showed symptoms of stress, such as reduced growth and photosynthesis, leaf chlorosis, and reddish roots. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity, by supplying carbon skeletons for ammonium assimilation, plays a pivotal role in tolerance to ammonium stress. This work investigated the effect of ammonium nutrition on PPC and PPCK gene expression, on PEPC activity, and on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PEPC in leaves and roots of sorghum plants. Ammonium increased PEPC kinase (PEPCk) activity and the phosphorylation state of PEPC in leaves, both in light and in the dark, due to increased PPCK1 expression in leaves. This result resembled the effect of salinity on sorghum leaf PEPC and PEPCk, which is thought to allow a better functioning of PEPC in conditions that limit the income of reduced C. In roots, ammonium increased PEPC activity and the amount of monoubiquitinated PEPC. The first effect was related to increased PPC3 expression in roots. These results highlight the relevance of this specific isoenzyme (PPC3) in sorghum responses to ammonium stress. Although the role of monoubiquitination is not fully understood, it also increased in germinating seeds along with massive mobilization of reserves, a process in which the anaplerotic function of PEPC is of major importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cirenia Arias-Baldrich
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Clara de la Osa
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Nadja Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain; Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), Campus UAB Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Ballesta
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - José A Monreal
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Sofía García-Mauriño
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes n° 6, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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27
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Hessini K, Kronzucker HJ, Abdelly C, Cruz C. Drought stress obliterates the preference for ammonium as an N source in the C 4 plant Spartina alterniflora. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:98-107. [PMID: 28342331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The C4 grass Spartina alterniflora is known for its unique salt tolerance and strong preference for ammonium (NH4+) as a nitrogen (N) source. We here examined whether Spartina's unique preference for NH4+ results in improved performance under drought stress. Manipulative greenhouse experiments were carried out to measure the effects of variable water availability and inorganic N sources on plant performance (growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant, and N metabolism). Drought strongly reduced leaf number and area, plant fresh and dry weight, and photosynthetic activity on all N sources, but the reduction was most pronounced on NH4+. Indeed, the growth advantage seen on NH4+ in the absence of drought, producing nearly double the biomass compared to growth on NO3-, was entirely obliterated under both intermediate and severe drought conditions (50 and 25% field capacity, respectively). Both fresh and dry weight became indistinguishable among N sources under drought. Major markers of the antioxidant capacity of the plant, the activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, showed higher constitutive levels on NH4+. Catalase and glutathione reductase were specifically upregulated in NH4+-fed plants with increasing drought stress. This upregulation, however, failed to protect the plants from drought stress. Nitrogen metabolism was characterized by lower constitutive levels of glutamine synthetase in NH4+-fed plants, and a rise in glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity under drought, accompanied by elevated proline levels in leaves. Our results support postulates on the important role of GDH induction, and its involvement in the synthesis of compatible solutes, under abiotic stress. We show that, despite this metabolic shift, S. alterniflora's sensitivity to drought does not benefit from growth on NH4+ and that the imposition of drought stress equalizes all N-source-related growth differences observed under non-drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Hessini
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 888, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences & Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada; School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratory of Extremophiles Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Departamento de BiologiaVegetal, Faculdade de Ciencias de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental-CBA, Campo Grande, Bloco C-2, Piso 4, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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28
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Miranda RDS, Mesquita RO, Costa JH, Alvarez-Pizarro JC, Prisco JT, Gomes-Filho E. Integrative Control Between Proton Pumps and SOS1 Antiporters in Roots is Crucial for Maintaining Low Na+ Accumulation and Salt Tolerance in Ammonium-Supplied Sorghum bicolor. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:522-536. [PMID: 28158828 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An effective strategy for re-establishing K+ and Na+ homeostasis is a challenge for the improvement of plant performance in saline soil. Specifically, attempts to understand the mechanisms of Na+ extrusion from plant cells, the control of Na+ loading in the xylem and the partitioning of the accumulated Na+ between different plant organs are ongoing. Our goal was to provide insight into how an external nitrogen source affects Na+ accumulation in Sorghum bicolor under saline conditions. The NH4+ supply improved the salt tolerance of the plant by restricting Na+ accumulation and improving the K+/Na+ homeostasis in shoots, which was consistent with the high activity and expression of Na+/H+ antiporters and proton pumps in the plasma membrane and vacuoles in the roots, resulting in low Na+ loading in the xylem. Conversely, although NO3--grown plants had exclusion and sequestration mechanisms for Na+, these responses were not sufficient to reduce Na+ accumulation. In conclusion, NH4+ acts as an efficient signal to activate co-ordinately responses involved in the regulation of Na+ homeostasis in sorghum plants under salt stress, which leads to salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Souza Miranda
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Salinidade (INCTSal/CNPq), Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - José Hélio Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Salinidade (INCTSal/CNPq), Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarez-Pizarro
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, 63133-610, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - José Tarquinio Prisco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Salinidade (INCTSal/CNPq), Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Enéas Gomes-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Salinidade (INCTSal/CNPq), Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60440-554, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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29
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Piñero MC, Pérez-Jiménez M, López-Marín J, Del Amor FM. Changes in the salinity tolerance of sweet pepper plants as affected by nitrogen form and high CO2 concentration. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 200:18-27. [PMID: 27317970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The assimilation and availability of nitrogen in its different forms can significantly affect the response of primary productivity under the current atmospheric alteration and soil degradation. An elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) triggers changes in the efficiency and efficacy of photosynthetic processes, water use and product yield, the plant response to stress being altered with respect to ambient CO2 conditions (a[CO2]). Additionally, NH4(+) has been related to improved plant responses to stress, considering both energy efficiency in N-assimilation and the overcoming of the inhibition of photorespiration at e[CO2]. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the response of sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) receiving an additional supply of NH4(+) (90/10 NO3(-)/NH4(+)) to salinity stress (60mM NaCl) under a[CO2] (400μmolmol(-1)) or e[CO2] (800μmolmol(-1)). Salt-stressed plants grown at e[CO2] showed DW accumulation similar to that of the non-stressed plants at a[CO2]. The supply of NH4(+) reduced growth at e[CO2] when salinity was imposed. Moreover, NH4(+) differentially affected the stomatal conductance and water use efficiency and the leaf Cl(-), K(+), and Na(+) concentrations, but the extent of the effects was influenced by the [CO2]. An antioxidant-related response was prompted by salinity, the total phenolics and proline concentrations being reduced by NH4(+) at e[CO2]. Our results show that the effect of NH4(+) on plant salinity tolerance should be globally re-evaluated as e[CO2] can significantly alter the response, when compared with previous studies at a[CO2].
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Piñero
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura. Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), C/Mayor s/n, 30150 Murcia, Spain
| | - Margarita Pérez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura. Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), C/Mayor s/n, 30150 Murcia, Spain
| | - Josefa López-Marín
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura. Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), C/Mayor s/n, 30150 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M Del Amor
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura. Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), C/Mayor s/n, 30150 Murcia, Spain.
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30
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Fernández-Crespo E, Scalschi L, Llorens E, García-Agustín P, Camañes G. NH4+ protects tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae by activation of systemic acquired acclimation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6777-90. [PMID: 26246613 PMCID: PMC4623687 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
NH4 (+) nutrition provokes mild toxicity by enhancing H2O2 accumulation, which acts as a signal activating systemic acquired acclimation (SAA). Until now, induced resistance mechanisms in response to an abiotic stimulus and related to SAA were only reported for exposure to a subsequent abiotic stress. Herein, the first evidence is provided that this acclimation to an abiotic stimulus induces resistance to later pathogen infection, since NH4 (+) nutrition (N-NH4 (+))-induced resistance (NH4 (+)-IR) against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 (Pst) in tomato plants was demonstrated. N-NH4 (+) plants displayed basal H2O2, abscisic acid (ABA), and putrescine (Put) accumulation. H2O2 accumulation acted as a signal to induce ABA-dependent signalling pathways required to prevent NH4 (+) toxicity. This acclimatory event provoked an increase in resistance against later pathogen infection. N-NH4 (+) plants displayed basal stomatal closure produced by H2O2 derived from enhanced CuAO and rboh1 activity that may reduce the entry of bacteria into the mesophyll, diminishing the disease symptoms as well as strongly inducing the oxidative burst upon Pst infection, favouring NH4 (+)-IR. Experiments with inhibitors of Put accumulation and the ABA-deficient mutant flacca demonstrated that Put and ABA downstream signalling pathways are required to complete NH4 (+)-IR. The metabolic profile revealed that infected N-NH4 (+) plants showed greater ferulic acid accumulation compared with control plants. Although classical salicylic acid (SA)-dependent responses against biotrophic pathogens were not found, the important role of Put in the resistance of tomato against Pst was demonstrated. Moreover, this work revealed the cross-talk between abiotic stress acclimation (NH4 (+) nutrition) and resistance to subsequent Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Fernández-Crespo
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE. Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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Alvarez-Gerding X, Espinoza C, Inostroza-Blancheteau C, Arce-Johnson P. Molecular and physiological changes in response to salt stress in Citrus macrophylla W plants overexpressing Arabidopsis CBF3/DREB1A. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 92:71-80. [PMID: 25914135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress induced by high salinity has leading to an important reduction in crop yields. Due to their tropical origin, citrus fruits are highly sensitive to salts. Rootstocks are the root system of fruit trees, regulating ion uptake and transport to the canopy. Therefore, increasing their salt tolerance could improve the salt tolerance of the fruit tree. For this, we genetically-transformed an important rootstock for lemon, Citrus macrophylla W, to constitutively express the CBF3/DREB1A gene from Arabidopsis, a well-studied salinity tolerance transcription factor. Transgenic lines showed normal size, with no dwarfism. Under salt stress, some transgenic lines showed greater growth, similar accumulation of chloride and sodium in the leaves and better stomatal conductance, in comparison to wild-type plants. Quantitative real-time analyses showed a similar expression of several CBF3/DREB1A target genes, such as COR15A, LEA 4/5, INV, SIP1, P5CS, GOLS, ADC2 and LKR/SDH, in transgenic lines and wild type plants, with the exception of INV that shows increased expression in line 4C15. Under salt stress, all measured transcript increased in both wild type and transgenics lines, with the exception of INV. Altogether, these results suggest a higher salt tolerance of transgenic C. macrophylla plants induced by the overexpression of AtCBF3/DREB1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Alvarez-Gerding
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4560, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Espinoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Agronomía, Universidad Católica de Temuco, P.O. Box 56-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Patricio Arce-Johnson
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Alameda 340, P.O. Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
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Bittsánszky A, Pilinszky K, Gyulai G, Komives T. Overcoming ammonium toxicity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 231:184-90. [PMID: 25576003 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (ammonium ion under physiological conditions) is one of the key nitrogen sources in cellular amino acid biosynthesis. It is continuously produced in living organisms by a number of biochemical processes, but its accumulation in cells leads to tissue damage. Current knowledge suggests that a few enzymes and transporters are responsible for maintaining the delicate balance of ammonium fluxes in plant tissues. In this study we analyze the data in the scientific literature and the publicly available information on the dozens of biochemical reactions in which endogenous ammonium is produced or consumed, the enzymes that catalyze them, and the enzyme and transporter mutants listed in plant metabolic and genetic databases (Plant Metabolic Network, TAIR, and Genevestigator). Our compiled data show a surprisingly high number of little-studied reactions that might influence cellular ammonium concentrations. The role of ammonium in apoptosis, its relation to oxidative stress, and alterations in ammonium metabolism induced by environmental stress need to be explored in order to develop methods to manage ammonium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Bittsánszky
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Pilinszky
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gyulai
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Szent István University, Páter K. 1, 2103 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Tamas Komives
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary.
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Llorens E, Fernández-Crespo E, Vicedo B, Lapeña L, García-Agustín P. Enhancement of the citrus immune system provides effective resistance against Alternaria brown spot disease. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:146-54. [PMID: 23260526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In addition to basal defense mechanisms, plants are able to develop enhanced defense mechanisms such as induced resistance (IR) upon appropriate stimulation. We recently described the means by which several carboxylic acids protect Arabidopsis and tomato plants against fungi. In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of hexanoic acid (Hx) in the control of Alternaria brown spot (ABS) disease via enhancement of the immune system of Fortune mandarin. The application of 1mM Hx in irrigation water to 2-year-old Fortune plants clearly reduced the incidence of the disease and led to smaller lesions. We observed that several of the most important mechanisms involved in induced resistance were affected by Hx application. Our results demonstrate enhanced callose deposition in infected plants treated with Hx, which suggests an Hx priming mechanism. Plants treated with the callose inhibitor 2-DDG were more susceptible to the fungus. Moreover, polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) gene expression was rapidly and significantly upregulated in treated plants. However, treatment with Hx decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected plants. Hormonal and gene analyses revealed that the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway was activated due to a greater accumulation of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and JA along with a rapid accumulation of JA-isoleucine (JA-Ile). Furthermore, we observed a more rapid accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), which could act as a positive regulator of callose deposition. Thus, our results support the hypothesis that both enhanced physical barriers and the JA signaling pathway are involved in hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) to Alternaria alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
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