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Farina EA, Mourgues-Codern C, Sibarium E, Powers AR. Recent social stress and severity of auditory hallucinations. Schizophr Res 2024; 269:64-70. [PMID: 38733801 PMCID: PMC11180583 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Hearing voices is a common and often distressing experience for people with psychosis, and many individuals experience medication-resistant auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). Psychosocial interventions are often employed to address distress over hearing voices. However, although links have been made between adverse social experiences and psychosis broadly, no work has yet delineated the relationship between day-to-day social stress and hallucination severity. We aimed to define that relationship in both clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers. STUDY DESIGN A sample of 278 participants with a history of hearing voices was selected from the Yale Control Over Perceptual Experiences (COPE) Project. They were administered self-report measures of recent stress and recent auditory experiences within a cross-sectional design. Regression models were used to evaluate whether self-reported aspects of recent stress-and social stress in particular-were related to recent frequency of and distress over hearing voices. Related demographics and clinical characteristics were included as covariates. STUDY RESULTS A significant relationship was observed between recent social stress and both recent frequency of and distress over hearing voices. While other aspects of recent stress were also related to recent distress over voices, social stressors uniquely predicted distress over voice-hearing, beyond the influence of other stressors. Depressive symptom severity was also related to distress over voices. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that daily social stress may be an important consideration and a potential treatment target for individuals experiencing clinical distress over auditory hallucinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Farina
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ely Sibarium
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert R Powers
- Yale University School of Medicine and the Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Oliver D, Chesney E, Cullen AE, Davies C, Englund A, Gifford G, Kerins S, Lalousis PA, Logeswaran Y, Merritt K, Zahid U, Crossley NA, McCutcheon RA, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P. Exploring causal mechanisms of psychosis risk. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105699. [PMID: 38710421 PMCID: PMC11250118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Robust epidemiological evidence of risk and protective factors for psychosis is essential to inform preventive interventions. Previous evidence syntheses have classified these risk and protective factors according to their strength of association with psychosis. In this critical review we appraise the distinct and overlapping mechanisms of 25 key environmental risk factors for psychosis, and link these to mechanistic pathways that may contribute to neurochemical alterations hypothesised to underlie psychotic symptoms. We then discuss the implications of our findings for future research, specifically considering interactions between factors, exploring universal and subgroup-specific factors, improving understanding of temporality and risk dynamics, standardising operationalisation and measurement of risk and protective factors, and developing preventive interventions targeting risk and protective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Oliver
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; OPEN Early Detection Service, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Edward Chesney
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Alexis E Cullen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Cathy Davies
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Amir Englund
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - George Gifford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Kerins
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paris Alexandros Lalousis
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yanakan Logeswaran
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kate Merritt
- Division of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Uzma Zahid
- Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicolas A Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; OPEN Early Detection Service, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London SE11 5DL, UK
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3
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Kotov R, Carpenter WT, Cicero DC, Correll CU, Martin EA, Young JW, Zald DH, Jonas KG. Psychosis superspectrum II: neurobiology, treatment, and implications. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1293-1309. [PMID: 38351173 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Alternatives to traditional categorical diagnoses have been proposed to improve the validity and utility of psychiatric nosology. This paper continues the companion review of an alternative model, the psychosis superspectrum of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP). The superspectrum model aims to describe psychosis-related psychopathology according to data on distributions and associations among signs and symptoms. The superspectrum includes psychoticism and detachment spectra as well as narrow subdimensions within them. Auxiliary domains of cognitive deficit and functional impairment complete the psychopathology profile. The current paper reviews evidence on this model from neurobiology, treatment response, clinical utility, and measure development. Neurobiology research suggests that psychopathology included in the superspectrum shows similar patterns of neural alterations. Treatment response often mirrors the hierarchy of the superspectrum with some treatments being efficacious for psychoticism, others for detachment, and others for a specific subdimension. Compared to traditional diagnostic systems, the quantitative nosology shows an approximately 2-fold increase in reliability, explanatory power, and prognostic accuracy. Clinicians consistently report that the quantitative nosology has more utility than traditional diagnoses, but studies of patients with frank psychosis are currently lacking. Validated measures are available to implement the superspectrum model in practice. The dimensional conceptualization of psychosis-related psychopathology has implications for research, clinical practice, and public health programs. For example, it encourages use of the cohort study design (rather than case-control), transdiagnostic treatment strategies, and selective prevention based on subclinical symptoms. These approaches are already used in the field, and the superspectrum provides further impetus and guidance for their implementation. Existing knowledge on this model is substantial, but significant gaps remain. We identify outstanding questions and propose testable hypotheses to guide further research. Overall, we predict that the more informative, reliable, and valid characterization of psychopathology offered by the superspectrum model will facilitate progress in research and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | | | - David C Cicero
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Martin
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David H Zald
- Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Katherine G Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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4
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Jonas KG, Cannon TD, Docherty AR, Dwyer D, Gur RC, Gur RE, Nelson B, Reininghaus U, Kotov R. Psychosis superspectrum I: Nosology, etiology, and lifespan development. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1005-1019. [PMID: 38200290 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This review describes the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model of psychosis-related psychopathology, the psychosis superspectrum. The HiTOP psychosis superspectrum was developed to address shortcomings of traditional diagnoses for psychotic disorders and related conditions including low reliability, arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, high symptom co-occurrence, and heterogeneity within diagnostic categories. The psychosis superspectrum is a transdiagnostic dimensional model comprising two spectra-psychoticism and detachment-which are in turn broken down into fourteen narrow components, and two auxiliary domains-cognition and functional impairment. The structure of the spectra and their components are shown to parallel the genetic structure of psychosis and related traits. Psychoticism and detachment have distinct patterns of association with urbanicity, migrant and ethnic minority status, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. The superspectrum also provides a useful model for describing the emergence and course of psychosis, as components of the superspectrum are relatively stable over time. Changes in psychoticism predict the onset of psychosis-related psychopathology, whereas changes in detachment and cognition define later course. Implications of the superspectrum for genetic, socio-environmental, and longitudinal research are discussed. A companion review focuses on neurobiology, treatment response, and clinical utility of the superspectrum, and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anna R Docherty
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dominic Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and the Penn-CHOP Lifespan Brain Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health and Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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5
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Jimenez AM, Clayson PE, Hasratian AS, Lee J, Reavis EA, Wynn JK, Green MF, Horan WP. Neuroimaging of social motivation during winning and losing: Associations with social anhedonia across the psychosis spectrum. Neuropsychologia 2023; 188:108621. [PMID: 37321406 PMCID: PMC10527321 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with psychosis spectrum disorders (PSD) have difficulty developing social relationships. This difficulty may reflect reduced response to social feedback involving functional alterations in brain regions that support the social motivation system: ventral striatum, orbital frontal cortex, insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala. Whether these alterations span PSD is unknown. METHODS 71 individuals with PSD, 27 unaffected siblings, and 37 control participants completed a team-based fMRI task. After each trial, participants received performance feedback paired with the expressive face of a teammate or opponent. A 2 × 2 (win versus loss outcome x teammate versus opponent) repeated measures ANOVA by group was performed on activation in the five key regions of interest during receipt of feedback. RESULTS Across groups, three social motivation regions, ventral striatum, orbital frontal cortex, and amygdala, showed sensitivity to feedback (significant main effect of outcome), with greater activation during win versus loss trials, regardless of whether the feedback was from a teammate or opponent. In PSD, ventral striatum and orbital frontal cortex activation to win feedback was negatively correlated with social anhedonia scores. CONCLUSIONS Patterns of neural activation during social feedback were similar in PSD, their unaffected siblings, and healthy controls. Across the psychosis spectrum, activity in key social motivation regions during social feedback was associated with individual differences in social anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Jimenez
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Peter E Clayson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Arpi S Hasratian
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric A Reavis
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Catalano LT, Green MF. Approaches to Studying and Improving Social Motivation in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2023; 49:1108-1111. [PMID: 37410026 PMCID: PMC10483455 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Social motivation impairments, or "asociality," have long been considered a core clinical feature of schizophrenia. Although the prevalence and pervasive negative impact of poor social motivation is well-documented, our understanding is limited regarding causal mechanisms. Advances in definition, conceptualization, and characterization are needed to inform research aimed at understanding these mechanisms and developing effective interventions. This theme issue is intended to accelerate efforts to study and treat social motivation in schizophrenia by synthesizing the current knowledge and providing new frameworks to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T Catalano
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Georgiades A, Almuqrin A, Rubinic P, Mouhitzadeh K, Tognin S, Mechelli A. Psychosocial stress, interpersonal sensitivity, and social withdrawal in clinical high risk for psychosis: a systematic review. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 9:38. [PMID: 37330526 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Stress has repeatedly been implicated in the onset and exacerbation of positive symptoms of psychosis. Increasing interest is growing for the role of psychosocial stress in the development of psychosis symptoms in individuals at Clinical High Risk (CHR) for psychosis. A systematic review was therefore conducted to summarize the existing evidence base regarding psychosocial stress, interpersonal sensitivity, and social withdrawal in individuals at CHR for psychosis. An electronic search of Ovid (PsychINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and GLOBAL HEALTH) was conducted until February 2022. Studies that examined psychosocial stress in CHR were included. Twenty-nine studies were eligible for inclusion. Psychosocial stress, interpersonal sensitivity, and social withdrawal were higher in CHR individuals compared to healthy controls and there was some evidence of their association with positive symptoms of psychosis. Two types of psychosocial stressors were found to occur more frequently with CHR status, namely daily stressors, and early and recent trauma, while significant life events did not appear to be significant. Greater exposure to psychosocial stress, emotional abuse, and perceived discrimination significantly increased risk of transition to psychosis in CHR. No studies examined the role of interpersonal sensitivity on transition to psychosis in CHR. This systematic review provides evidence for the association of trauma, daily stressors, social withdrawal, and interpersonal sensitivity with CHR status. Further studies investigating the impact of psychosocial stress on psychosis symptom expression in individuals at CHR and its effects on transition to psychosis are therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Georgiades
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK.
- Brent Early Intervention Service, CNWL, NHS Foundation Trust, 27-29 Fairlight Avenue, London, NW10 8AL, UK.
| | - A Almuqrin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - P Rubinic
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - K Mouhitzadeh
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Tognin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Mechelli
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK
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Hunter SK, Hoffman MC, D’Alessandro A, Wyrwa A, Noonan K, Zeisel SH, Law AJ, Freedman R. Prenatal choline, cannabis, and infection, and their association with offspring development of attention and social problems through 4 years of age. Psychol Med 2022; 52:3019-3028. [PMID: 33491615 PMCID: PMC8310535 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720005061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal choline is a key nutrient, like folic acid and vitamin D, for fetal brain development and subsequent mental function. We sought to determine whether effects of higher maternal plasma choline concentrations on childhood attention and social problems, found in an initial clinical trial of choline supplementation, are observed in a second cohort. METHODS Of 183 mothers enrolled from an urban safety net hospital clinic, 162 complied with gestational assessments and brought their newborns for study at 1 month of age; 83 continued assessments through 4 years of age. Effects of maternal 16 weeks of gestation plasma choline concentrations ⩾7.07 μM, 1 s.d. below the mean level obtained with supplementation in the previous trial, were compared to lower levels. The Attention Problems and Withdrawn Syndrome scales on Child Behavior Checklist 1½-5 were the principal outcomes. RESULTS Higher maternal plasma choline was associated with lower mean Attention Problems percentiles in children, and for male children, with lower Withdrawn percentiles. Higher plasma choline concentrations also reduced Attention Problems percentiles for children of mothers who used cannabis during gestation as well as children of mothers who had gestational infection. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal choline's positive associations with early childhood behaviors are found in a second, more diverse cohort. Increases in attention problems and social withdrawal in early childhood are associated with later mental illnesses including attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia. Choline concentrations in the pregnant women in this study replicate other research findings suggesting that most pregnant women do not have adequate choline in their diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Hunter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - M. Camille Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Anna Wyrwa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kathleen Noonan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Steven H. Zeisel
- Departments of Nutrition and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amanda J. Law
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
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Amendola S, Presaghi F, Teo AR, Cerutti R. Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the 25-Item Hikikomori Questionnaire for Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191610408. [PMID: 36012042 PMCID: PMC9408307 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hikikomori is a form of social withdrawal that is commonly described as having an onset during adolescence, a life stage when other psychiatric problems can also emerge. This study aimed to adapt the 25-item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25) for the Italian adolescent population, examining its psychometric properties; associations between hikikomori and psychoticism, depression, anxiety, problematic internet use (PIU), psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), to confirm convergent validity of the HQ-25; and the interaction effect between symptoms of hikikomori and PIU in predicting PLEs. Two-hundred and twenty-one adolescents participated in the study. Measures included the HQ-25, the Psychoticism subscale of the Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the Depression and Anxiety subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Internet Disorder Scale, and the Brief Prodromal Questionnaire. Data showed a satisfactory fit for a three-factor model for the HQ-25 that is consistent with the original study on the HQ-25. Three factors (socialization, isolation, and emotional support) were associated with psychopathology measures. Six participants reported lifetime history of hikikomori. Symptoms of hikikomori and PIU did not interact in predicting PLEs. This is the first study to validate the HQ-25 in a population of adolescents. Findings provide initial evidence of the adequate psychometric properties of the Italian version of the HQ-25 for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Amendola
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Presaghi
- Department of Psychology of Development and Socialization Processes, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alan Robert Teo
- Center to Improve Veteran Involvement in Care (CIVIC), VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rita Cerutti
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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10
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Hazani R, Lavidor M, Weller A. Treatments for Social Interaction Impairment in Animal Models of Schizophrenia: A Critical Review and Meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:1179-1193. [PMID: 35925025 PMCID: PMC9673263 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While pharmacological treatments for positive symptoms of schizophrenia are widely used, their beneficial effect on negative symptoms, particularly social impairment, is insufficiently studied. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in preclinical research of potentially beneficial treatments, with mixed results. The current review aims to evaluate the efficacy of available treatments for social deficits in different animal models of schizophrenia. STUDY DESIGN A systematic literature search generated 145 outcomes for the measures "total time" and "number" of social interactions. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated, and heterogeneity was tested using Q statistics in a random-effect meta-analytic model. Given the vast heterogeneity in effect sizes, the animal model, treatment group, and sample size were all examined as potential moderators. STUDY RESULTS The results showed that in almost all models, treatment significantly improved social deficit (total time: SMD = 1.24; number: SMD = 1.1). The moderator analyses discovered significant subgroup differences across models and treatment subgroups. Perinatal and adult pharmacological models showed the most substantial influence of treatments on social deficits, reflecting relative pharmacological validity. Furthermore, atypical antipsychotic drugs had the highest SMD within each model subgroup. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the improvement in social interaction behaviors is dependent on the animal model and treatment family used. Implications for the preclinical and clinical fields are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Hazani
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; tel: 972-3-531-8548, fax: 972-3-738-4173, e-mail:
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Psychology Department and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Psychology Department and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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11
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Hamasaki Y, Pionnié-Dax N, Dorard G, Tajan N, Hikida T. Preliminary study of the social withdrawal (hikikomori) spectrum in French adolescents: focusing on the differences in pathology and related factors compared with Japanese adolescents. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:477. [PMID: 35842596 PMCID: PMC9287690 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social withdrawal (hikikomori) has become an internationally recognized phenomenon, but its pathology and related factors are not yet fully known. We previously conducted a statistical case-control study on adolescent patients with hikikomori in Japan, which revealed the non-specificity of pathology in patients with hikikomori. Further, environmental factors, such as the lack of communication between parents and Internet overuse, were found to be significant predictors of hikikomori severity. Here, we aimed to conduct a similar preliminary case-control study in France and to compare the results with those from the study conducted in Japan. METHODS Parents of middle school students who underwent psychiatric outpatient treatment for hikikomori (n = 10) and control group parents (n = 115) completed the Child Behavior Checklist to evaluate their child's psychopathological characteristics and the Parental Assessment of Environment and Hikikomori Severity Scales, as in our previous study in Japan. We compared the descriptive statistics and intergroup differences in France with those from the previous study conducted in Japan. In the multiple regression analysis to find predictors of hikikomori severity in French and also Japanese subjects, the same dependent and independent variables were chosen for the present study (both differed from the previous study). These were used in order to make accurate intercountry comparisons. RESULTS The comparisons revealed no differences in the pathology of hikikomori between Japan and France. Specifically, both studies found similarly increased scores for all symptom scales, with no specific bias. However, the statistical predictors of hikikomori severity in France (lack of communication between parents and child and lack of communication with the community) differed from those in Japan (lack of communication between parents). CONCLUSION Hikikomori in Japan and France could be considered essentially the same phenomenon; moreover, our findings demonstrated the universal non-specificity and unbiasedness of the hikikomori pathology. This suggests that hikikomori is not a single clinical category with a specific psychopathology; instead, it is a common phenotype with various underlying pathologies. However, different strategies may be required in each country to prevent the onset and progression of hikikomori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hamasaki
- Faculty of Contemporary Society, Kyoto Women's University, 35, Kitahiyoshi-cho, Imakumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, 605-8501, Japan. .,Shigasato Hospital, 1 Chome-18-41 Shigasato, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0006, Japan.
| | - Nancy Pionnié-Dax
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, EPS ERASME, Antony, France
| | - Géraldine Dorard
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, EPS ERASME, Antony, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université Paris Cité, LPPS, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Nicolas Tajan
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Psychopathology and Psychoanalysis Laboratory, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Farina EA, Assaf M, Corbera S, Chen CM. Factors Related to Passive Social Withdrawal and Active Social Avoidance in Schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2022; 210:490-496. [PMID: 35766542 PMCID: PMC9243431 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Social withdrawal in schizophrenia may be a result of "passive" motivation (reduced drive to engage) or "active" motivation (increased drive to avoid). We conducted a cross-sectional, between-subjects study using self-report measures and social cognition tasks to evaluate the relationships between motivational subtypes, social abilities, and social functioning in schizophrenia spectrum (n = 52, ages 19-34). Regression models showed significant differences in passive and active withdrawal. Passive, but not active, motivation predicted social functioning as measured by a clinical interview. This suggests that motivation, especially passive type, plays an important role in social withdrawal in schizophrenia. However, on a self-report measure of social functioning, neither passive nor active motivation predicted outcomes, suggesting a potential disconnect between observer versus self-report measures when assessing social motivation. Furthermore, performance on tasks of social abilities did not predict motivation, which supports the idea that motivation is distinct from social ability and should be specifically addressed in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Farina
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital, 400 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Michal Assaf
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital, 400 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Silvia Corbera
- Department of Psychological Science, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, USA
| | - Chi-Ming Chen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT, USA
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13
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Wu Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Long YJ, Zhao JP, Wu RR. Developments in Biological Mechanisms and Treatments for Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Dysfunction of Schizophrenia. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1609-1624. [PMID: 34227057 PMCID: PMC8566616 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal mechanisms and treatment for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia are the main issues attracting the attention of psychiatrists over the last decade. The first part of this review summarizes the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction from the perspectives of genetics and epigenetics. The second part describes the novel medications and several advanced physical therapies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation) for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction that will optimize the therapeutic strategy for patients with schizophrenia in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yu-Jun Long
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
| | - Ren-Rong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China.
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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14
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Developmental Psychotic Risk: Toward a Neurodevelopmentally Informed Staging of Vulnerability to Psychosis. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2021; 28:271-278. [PMID: 32692090 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Hamasaki Y, Pionnié-Dax N, Dorard G, Tajan N, Hikida T. Identifying Social Withdrawal (Hikikomori) Factors in Adolescents: Understanding the Hikikomori Spectrum. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:808-817. [PMID: 32959142 PMCID: PMC8405474 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hikikomori is a Japanese term for social withdrawal, ranging from complete inability to venture outdoors to preferring to stay inside. The prevalence of hikikomori is high, up to 1.2% of the Japanese population, but only few studies have examined its emergence in adolescents. Therefore, we sought to identify environmental and psycho-behavioral characteristics related to hikikomori during adolescence. Parents of middle school students who underwent psychiatric outpatient treatment for hikikomori (n = 20) and control group parents (n = 88) completed the Child Behavior Checklist to evaluate their child's psycho-behavioral characteristics and novel scales to evaluate environmental characteristics and hikikomori severity. Scores for all eight Child Behavior Checklist subscales were significantly higher in the experimental group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that "anxious/depressed," "somatic complaints," "lack of communication between parents" and "overuse of the Internet" were significant predictors of hikikomori severity. These findings can help identify individuals who are at risk of developing hikikomori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hamasaki
- Faculty of Contemporary Society, Kyoto Women's University, 35, Kitahiyoshi-cho, Imakumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, 605-8501, Japan.
- Shigasato Hospital, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Nancy Pionnié-Dax
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, EPS ERASME, Antony, France
| | - Géraldine Dorard
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, EPS ERASME, Antony, France
- Université de Paris, LPPS, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Nicolas Tajan
- Psychopathology and Psychoanalysis Laboratory, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Internalizing and externalizing problems across childhood and psychotic-like experiences in young-adulthood: The role of developmental period. Schizophr Res 2021; 231:108-114. [PMID: 33838519 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathology in childhood and adolescence, commonly indexed by co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, has been found to predict psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in adults. However, studies to date have rarely examined internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors simultaneously or identified in which developmental period do these problem behaviors predict PLEs in adults. This study tests to what extent internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in childhood (4-9 years) or adolescence (11-16 years) predict PLEs in young-adulthood (18 years). METHODS Parent-rated child internalizing and externalizing problems on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at ages 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 16 years from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 4717) were modelled using two-piece latent growth curve modelling to predict clinician-rated PLEs at age 18 years, controlling for confounders (gender, ethnicity, socio-economic status, parental education and stressful life events) assessed prior to baseline at age 4 years. RESULTS Controlling for confounders, an increase in childhood internalizing problems from 4 to 9 years and externalizing problems at baseline (at 4 years) predicted PLEs at 18 years, explaining 9.5% of the variance in adult PLEs. These associations were independent to controls for any changes in adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems from 11 to 16 years. CONCLUSIONS High baseline levels of externalizing problems and increasing internalizing problems throughout childhood can predict PLEs at 18 years. Externalizing problems around the transition to primary school and internalizing problems throughout childhood may be particularly helpful in informing risk of PLEs in young-adulthood.
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17
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Paquin V, Lapierre M, Veru F, King S. Early Environmental Upheaval and the Risk for Schizophrenia. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2021; 17:285-311. [PMID: 33544627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Why does prenatal exposure to wars, natural disasters, urbanicity, or winter increase the risk for schizophrenia? Research from the last two decades has provided rich insight about the underlying chains of causation at play during environmental upheaval, from conception to early infancy. In this review, we appraise the evidence linking schizophrenia spectrum disorder to prenatal maternal stress, obstetric complications, early infections, and maternal nutrition and other lifestyle factors. We discuss putative mechanisms, including the maternal stress system, perinatal hypoxia, and maternal-offspring immune activation. We propose that gene-environment interactions, timing during development, and sex differentiate the neuropsychiatric outcomes. Future research should pursue the translation of animal studies to humans and the longitudinal associations between early exposures, intermediate phenotypes, and psychiatric disorders. Finally, to paint a comprehensive model of risk and to harness targets for prevention, we argue that risk factors should be situated within the individual's personal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Paquin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada; .,Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Mylène Lapierre
- Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Franz Veru
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada; .,Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Suzanne King
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1A1, Canada; .,Douglas Research Centre, Montréal, Québec H4H 1R3, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2V 2S9, Canada
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18
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Hamasaki Y, Nakayama T, Hikida T, Murai T. Combined pattern of childhood psycho-behavioral characteristics in patients with schizophrenia: a retrospective study in Japan. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 33499818 PMCID: PMC7836163 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although epidemiological and genetic studies have provided scientific evidence that places schizophrenia into the framework of early neurodevelopmental disorders, the psycho-behavioral characteristics of children that later go on to develop schizophrenia have not been sufficiently clarified. This study aimed to retrospectively identify characteristics specific to patients with schizophrenia during childhood via their guardians' reporting of these characteristics. METHODS Participants included 54 outpatients with schizophrenia in their twenties who fulfilled DSM-IV-TR criteria. Additionally, 192 normal healthy subjects participated as sex- and age-matched controls. The guardians of all participants were recruited to rate participants' childhood characteristics from 6 to 8 years of age on a modified version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), which was used as a retrospective assessment questionnaire. Using t-tests, logistic regression, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we estimated the psycho-behavioral characteristics specific to schizophrenia during childhood. Using the obtained logistic regression model, we prototyped a risk-predicting algorithm based on the CBCL scores. RESULTS Among the eight CBCL subscale t-scores, "withdrawn" (p = 0.002), "thought problems" (p = 0.001), and "lack of aggressive behavior" (p = 0.002) were each significantly associated with the later diagnosis of schizophrenia, although none of these mean scores were in the clinical range at the time of childhood. The algorithm of the logistic regression model, based on eight CBCL subscales, had an area under the ROC curve of 82.8% (95% CI: 76-89%), which indicated that this algorithm's prediction of late development of schizophrenia has moderate accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that according to guardian reports, participants showed psycho-behavioral characteristics during childhood, different to those of healthy controls, which could be predictive of the later development of schizophrenia. Our newly developed algorithm is available to use in future studies to further test its validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hamasaki
- Faculty of Contemporary Society, Kyoto Women's University, 35, Kitahiyoshi-cho, Imakumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, 605-8501, Japan.
- Shigasato Hospital, 1-18-41 Shigasato, Otsu, Shiga, 520-0006, Japan.
| | - Takao Nakayama
- Faculty of Contemporary Society, Kyoto Women's University, 35, Kitahiyoshi-cho, Imakumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, 605-8501, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiya Murai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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19
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Mallet J, Guessoum SB, Tebeka S, Le Strat Y, Dubertret C. Self-evaluation of negative symptoms in adolescent and young adult first psychiatric episodes. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 103:109988. [PMID: 32474008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative Symptoms (blunted affect, alogia, anhedonia, avolition, and asociality) are usually described in schizophrenia but they are also present in other psychiatric disorders. The diagnosis and prognosis relevance of negative symptoms (NS) self-assessment during a first psychiatric episode is still unknown. AIMS To determine (i) the rate of self-assessed NS in a first psychiatric episode among adolescents and young adults compared to control subjects; and (ii), whether there is a difference in the prevalence of NS between schizophrenia and major depressive disorder first episodes. METHODS The population included patients aged 15-25 years, with no psychiatric history and no history of medication. A dimensional evaluation was assessed during hospitalization, including depressive (Hamilton Depression Scale), psychotic symptoms (Prodromal Questionnaire, 16 items) and the self-evaluation of negative symptoms (SNS scale). Prospective categorical diagnoses were updated 6 months after hospitalization. The population included 117 individuals (58 patients and 59 healthy controls). RESULTS Among healthy individuals, 47.5% reported at least one NS, the most reported being amotivation. After binary logistic regression, Negative Symptoms (SNS score) were associated with a diagnostic of psychiatric disorder at the 6-months follow-up (OR = 1.163, p = .001), whereas depressive symptoms and psychotic experiences were not. A SNS threshold allowed to screen first episode patients and SZ patients in the general population (assessed with ROC curve). A high prevalence of self-reported NS was observed across diagnostic boundaries in first psychiatric episodes, with a mean SNS score of 19.3 ± 7.1 for schizophrenic disorders and 20.7 ± 8.6 for depressive disorders. The prevalence of NS was not significantly different between depressive disorders and schizophrenic disorders (p > .05). CONCLUSION NS are an important transnosographic dimension during first psychiatric episodes among adolescents and young adults. Negative symptoms self-assessment with the SNS scale is relevant during a first psychiatric episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina Mallet
- AP-HP Greater Paris University Hospital, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier, France; University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), Paris, France.
| | - Sélim Benjamin Guessoum
- AP-HP Greater Paris University Hospital, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier, France
| | - Sarah Tebeka
- AP-HP Greater Paris University Hospital, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier, France; University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- AP-HP Greater Paris University Hospital, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier, France; University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- AP-HP Greater Paris University Hospital, Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier, France; University of Paris, INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), Paris, France
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20
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Kotov R, Jonas KG, Carpenter WT, Dretsch MN, Eaton NR, Forbes MK, Forbush KT, Hobbs K, Reininghaus U, Slade T, South SC, Sunderland M, Waszczuk MA, Widiger TA, Wright AGC, Zald DH, Krueger RF, Watson D. Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum. World Psychiatry 2020; 19:151-172. [PMID: 32394571 PMCID: PMC7214958 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) is a scientific effort to address shortcomings of traditional mental disorder diagnoses, which suffer from arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, frequent disorder co-occurrence, heterogeneity within disorders, and diagnostic instability. This paper synthesizes evidence on the validity and utility of the thought disorder and detachment spectra of HiTOP. These spectra are composed of symptoms and maladaptive traits currently subsumed within schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, and schizotypal, paranoid and schizoid personality disorders. Thought disorder ranges from normal reality testing, to maladaptive trait psychoticism, to hallucinations and delusions. Detachment ranges from introversion, to maladaptive detachment, to blunted affect and avolition. Extensive evidence supports the validity of thought disorder and detachment spectra, as each spectrum reflects common genetics, environmental risk factors, childhood antecedents, cognitive abnormalities, neural alterations, biomarkers, and treatment response. Some of these characteristics are specific to one spectrum and others are shared, suggesting the existence of an overarching psychosis superspectrum. Further research is needed to extend this model, such as clarifying whether mania and dissociation belong to thought disorder, and explicating processes that drive development of the spectra and their subdimensions. Compared to traditional diagnoses, the thought disorder and detachment spectra demonstrated substantially improved utility: greater reliability, larger explanatory and predictive power, and higher acceptability to clinicians. Validated measures are available to implement the system in practice. The more informative, reliable and valid characterization of psychosis-related psychopathology offered by HiTOP can make diagnosis more useful for research and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Katherine G Jonas
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael N Dretsch
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, US Army Medical Research Directorate - West, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas R Eaton
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Miriam K Forbes
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kelsie T Forbush
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kelsey Hobbs
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Slade
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan C South
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew Sunderland
- Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Abuse, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Monika A Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Thomas A Widiger
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David H Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
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21
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Guessoum SB, Le Strat Y, Dubertret C, Mallet J. A transnosographic approach of negative symptoms pathophysiology in schizophrenia and depressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109862. [PMID: 31927053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negative Symptoms (blunted affect, alogia, anhedonia, avolition and asociality) are observed in schizophrenia but also in depressive disorders. OBJECTIVE To gather cognitive, neuroanatomical, neurofunctional and neurobiological knowledge of negative symptoms in studies on schizophrenia, depressive disorder, and transnosographic studies. RESULTS Blunted affect in schizophrenia is characterized by amygdala hyperactivation and frontal hypoactivation, also found in depressive disorder. Mirror neurons, may be related to blunted affect in schizophrenia. Alogia may be related to cognitive dysfunction and basal ganglia area impairments in schizophrenia. Data surrounding alogia in depressive disorder is scarce; wider speech deficits are often studied instead. Consummatory Anhedonia may be less affected than Anticipatory Anhedonia in schizophrenia. Anhedonia is associated with reward impairments and altered striatal functions in both diagnostics. Amotivation is associated with Corticostriatal Hypoactivation in both disorders. Anhedonia and amotivation are transnosographically associated with dopamine dysregulation. Asociality may be related to oxytocin. CONCLUSION Pathophysiological hypotheses are specific to each dimension of negative symptoms and overlap across diagnostic boundaries, possibly underpinning the observed clinical continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sélim Benjamin Guessoum
- AP-HP; Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier; University of Paris, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Yann Le Strat
- AP-HP; Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier; University of Paris, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- AP-HP; Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier; University of Paris, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Jasmina Mallet
- AP-HP; Psychiatry Department, University Hospital Louis Mourier; University of Paris, 178 rue des Renouillers, 92700 Colombes, France; INSERM UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France.
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22
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Dodell-Feder D, Shovestul B, Woodyatt J, Popov V, Germine L. Social anhedonia, social networks, and psychotic-like experiences: A test of social deafferentation. Psychiatry Res 2020; 284:112682. [PMID: 31735375 PMCID: PMC7012747 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social connection is robustly associated with physical and mental health. So important is social connection that it features prominently in several etiological theories of serious psychopathology. Most notably, the social deafferentation hypothesis of schizophrenia posits that social anhedonia (SA) and isolation cause neural changes that produce psychosis. Here, we test several tenants of this theory by examining the relation between SA, psychotic-like experiences (PLE), and social networks. We find that SA and PLE are related to social networks, and that the relation between SA and PLE can be explained, in part, by the impact of SA on social networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dodell-Feder
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Bridget Shovestul
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Woodyatt
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Popov
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Laura Germine
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Dodell-Feder D, Saxena A, Rutter L, Germine L. The network structure of schizotypal personality traits in a population-based sample. Schizophr Res 2019; 208:258-267. [PMID: 30733170 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes for people with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs) are generally poor, making it important to understand risk states and illness transition. The network approach, which conceptualizes psychopathology as a network of causally interacting symptoms, may hold promise in this regard. Here, we present a network analysis of schizotypal personality traits (i.e., schizophrenia-like cognitive, perceptual, affective, interpersonal, and behavioral anomalies that may index one's vulnerability for a SSD) using an international sample. We analyzed data from 9505 participants between the ages of 14-70 who completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief on TestMyBrain.org. In line with other research, we find that the network of schizotypal traits is densely connected, characterized by three communities of items-interpersonal (I), disorganized (D), cognitive-perceptual (CP)-with I and D features exhibiting the greatest centrality (z-scored M strength: I = 0.56, D = 0.29, CP = -0.84; expected influence: I = 0.54, D = 0.33, CP = -0.84) and predictability (M I = 0.37, D = 0.43, CP = 0.23). Importantly, within our sample, we found the estimated network to be replicable (Network Comparison Test: network structure difference: M = 0.304, p = .420; global strength difference: S = 0.904, p = .530), and estimates of node centrality to be stable (correlation-stability coefficient = 0.75). Further, we find network differences between certain groups differing in levels of SSD risk as a function of age (network structure: difference M = 0.562, p < .001; global strength difference: S = 3.483, p = .012) and ethnic minority status (global strength difference: S = 11.488, p = .004). Together, these findings demonstrate the utility of using network approaches to understand SSD risk states as well as the replicability of network findings on schizotypal personality traits and related SSD risk concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dodell-Feder
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, 453 Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY 14607, United States of America.
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, 453 Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY 14607, United States of America
| | - Lauren Rutter
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Laura Germine
- Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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Poletti M, Gebhardt E, Iannuzzi V, Tortorella A, Raballo A. Social dysfunction in preclinical, at risk stages of psychosis: A developmental view. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:456-457. [PMID: 30473211 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Poletti
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCSS di Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Eva Gebhardt
- Melograno Medical Psychotherapy Centre, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Iannuzzi
- Department of Mental Health, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCSS di Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alfonso Tortorella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Psychiatry, Clinical Psychology and Rehabilitation, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Bruni A, Carbone EA, Pugliese V, Aloi M, Calabrò G, Cerminara G, Segura-García C, De Fazio P. Childhood adversities are different in Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:391. [PMID: 30567512 PMCID: PMC6300034 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that a history of childhood adversities is common in patients with psychiatric disorders but few studies have investigated links between specific types of adversity and specific psychiatric disorders. METHODS We investigated the frequency of early childhood adversities in a sample consisting of 91 patients with diagnosis of schizophrenic spectrum disorders (SSD), 74 patients with bipolar disorder (BD), 83 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 85 healthy controls and sought to identify adverse early childhood life events that predict the development of major psychiatric disorders. The Childhood Experiences of Care and Abuse questionnaire was used to collect data on traumatic experiences occurring before the age of 17 years and comprehensive demographic data were also collected. The data were analyzed with chi-squared tests, t-tests, post-hoc and logistic regression. RESULTS Maternal absence/loss and economic difficulties in the early life were more prevalent in the BD group than other groups. Escape from home, cannabis abuse, psychological abuse, physical abuse and loneliness were more frequent in the SSD group than in other groups. Paternal absence, neglect of core needs, serious familial tension and absence of adult and peer confidants were all less common in the HC group than in the other groups. The regression model confirmed that different types of adversities play a crucial role in the development of the three investigated disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that SSD, BD and MDD are associated to different childhood adversities. This suggests that psychosocial interventions that reduce the incidence of these early life adversities might reduce the incidence of severe and disabling psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Bruni
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elvira Anna Carbone
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valentina Pugliese
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Matteo Aloi
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Calabrò
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gregorio Cerminara
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Segura-García
- 0000 0001 2168 2547grid.411489.1Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Fazio
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Galderisi S, Mucci A, Buchanan RW, Arango C. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: new developments and unanswered research questions. Lancet Psychiatry 2018; 5:664-677. [PMID: 29602739 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with poor functional outcome and place a substantial burden on people with this disorder, their families, and health-care systems. We summarise the evolution of the conceptualisation of negative symptoms, the most important findings, and the remaining open questions. Several studies have shown that negative symptoms might be primary to schizophrenia or secondary to other factors, and that they cluster in the domains of avolition-apathy and expressive deficit. Failure to take this heterogeneity into account might hinder progress in research on neurobiological substrates and discoveries of treatments for primary or enduring negative symptoms. Improvement in recognition and routine assessment of negative symptoms is instrumental for correct management of secondary negative symptoms that are amenable to treatment. If substantial progress is to be made in the understanding and treatment of negative symptoms, then advances in concepts and assessment should be integrated into the design of future studies of these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Galderisi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Armida Mucci
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Robert W Buchanan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Crespi BJ. The Paradox of Copy Number Variants in ASD and Schizophrenia: False Facts or False Hypotheses? REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-018-0132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Radua J, Ramella-Cravaro V, Ioannidis JPA, Reichenberg A, Phiphopthatsanee N, Amir T, Yenn Thoo H, Oliver D, Davies C, Morgan C, McGuire P, Murray RM, Fusar-Poli P. What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors. World Psychiatry 2018; 17:49-66. [PMID: 29352556 PMCID: PMC5775150 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosis is a heterogeneous psychiatric condition for which a multitude of risk and protective factors have been suggested. This umbrella review aimed to classify the strength of evidence for the associations between each factor and psychotic disorders whilst controlling for several biases. The Web of Knowledge database was searched to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies which examined associations between socio-demographic, parental, perinatal, later factors or antecedents and psychotic disorders, and which included a comparison group of healthy controls, published from 1965 to January 31, 2017. The literature search and data extraction followed PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. The association between each factor and ICD or DSM diagnoses of non-organic psychotic disorders was graded into convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, or non-significant according to a standardized classification based on: number of psychotic cases, random-effects p value, largest study 95% confidence interval, heterogeneity between studies, 95% prediction interval, small study effect, and excess significance bias. In order to assess evidence for temporality of association, we also conducted sensitivity analyses restricted to data from prospective studies. Fifty-five meta-analyses or systematic reviews were included in the umbrella review, corresponding to 683 individual studies and 170 putative risk or protective factors for psychotic disorders. Only the ultra-high-risk state for psychosis (odds ratio, OR=9.32, 95% CI: 4.91-17.72) and Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England (OR=4.87, 95% CI: 3.96-6.00) showed convincing evidence of association. Six factors were highly suggestive (ethnic minority in low ethnic density area, second generation immigrants, trait anhedonia, premorbid IQ, minor physical anomalies, and olfactory identification ability), and nine were suggestive (urbanicity, ethnic minority in high ethnic density area, first generation immigrants, North-African immigrants in Europe, winter/spring season of birth in Northern hemisphere, childhood social withdrawal, childhood trauma, Toxoplasma gondii IgG, and non-right handedness). When only prospective studies were considered, the evidence was convincing for ultra-high-risk state and suggestive for urbanicity only. In summary, this umbrella review found several factors to be associated with psychotic disorders with different levels of evidence. These risk or protective factors represent a starting point for further etiopathological research and for the improvement of the prediction of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Radua
- Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Ramella-Cravaro
- Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Frieman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nacharin Phiphopthatsanee
- Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Taha Amir
- Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hyi Yenn Thoo
- Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dominic Oliver
- Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Davies
- Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, London, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, London, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, London, UK
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, London, UK
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Family history of psychosis and outcome of people with schizophrenia in rural China: 14-year follow-up study. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 32:14-19. [PMID: 29197709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the differences in 14-year outcomes of persons with schizophrenia with and without family history of psychosis in a rural community in China. METHODS All participants with schizophrenia (n=510) aged 15 years and older were identified in a 1994 epidemiological investigation of 123,572 people and followed up in 2004 and 2008 in Xinjin County, Chengdu, China. RESULTS Individuals with positive family history of schizophrenia had significantly younger age of first onset than those with negative family history of schizophrenia in 1994 and 2004. Compared with individuals with negative family history of schizophrenia, those with positive family history of schizophrenia had significantly higher rate of homelessness and lower rate of death due to other reasons in 10-year (2004) and 14-year follow-up (2008). There were no significantly differences of mean scores on PANSS, SDSS and GAF in 2008 between positive and negative family history groups. CONCLUSIONS The positive family history of schizophrenia is strongly related to younger age of onset, and may predict a poorer long-term outcome (e.g., higher rate of homelessness) in persons with schizophrenia in the rural community. The findings have implications for further studies on specific family-related mechanisms on clinical treatment and rehabilitation, as well as for planning and delivering of community-based mental health services.
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Dwyer DS. Crossing the Worm-Brain Barrier by Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Explore Fundamentals of Human Psychiatric Illness. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2018; 3:170-179. [PMID: 29594136 DOI: 10.1159/000485423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endophenotypes and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) represent recent efforts to deconvolute psychiatric illnesses into fundamental symptom clusters or biological markers more closely linked to genetic influences. By taking this one step farther, these biomarkers can be reduced to protophenotypes - endophenotypes conserved during evolution - with counterparts in lower organisms including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. Striking conservation in C. elegans of genes that increase the risk for mental illness bolsters the relevance of this model system for psychiatric research. Here, I review the characterization of several protophenotypes that are relevant for asociality, avolition/anhedonia, prepulse inhibition, and anorexia. Interestingly, the analogous behavioral defects in C. elegans are also corrected by psychotropic drugs used to treat the corresponding symptoms in man and/or are mediated by the same neurotransmitters. Overall, there is much we can learn about the complex human brain by studying simpler nervous systems directing evolutionarily conserved behaviors. The potential for generating important new insights from model organisms appears limitless when we begin to recognize the vestiges of evolution in ourselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donard S Dwyer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Effects of maltreatment and parental schizophrenia spectrum disorders on early childhood social-emotional functioning: a population record linkage study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2017; 26:612-623. [PMID: 27488170 PMCID: PMC5729847 DOI: 10.1017/s204579601600055x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Childhood maltreatment and a family history of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) are each associated with social-emotional dysfunction in childhood. Both are also strong risk factors for adult SSDs, and social-emotional dysfunction in childhood may be an antecedent of these disorders. We used data from a large Australian population cohort to determine the independent and moderating effects of maltreatment and parental SSDs on early childhood social-emotional functioning. METHODS The New South Wales Child Development Study combines intergenerational multi-agency data using record linkage methods. Multiple measures of social-emotional functioning (social competency, prosocial/helping behaviour, anxious/fearful behaviour; aggressive behaviour, and hyperactivity/inattention) on 69 116 kindergarten children (age ~5 years) were linked with government records of child maltreatment and parental presentations to health services for SSD. Multivariable analyses investigated the association between maltreatment and social-emotional functioning, adjusting for demographic variables and parental SSD history, in the population sample and in sub-cohorts exposed and not exposed to parental SSD history. We also examined the association of parental SSD history and social-emotional functioning, adjusting for demographic variables and maltreatment. RESULTS Medium-sized associations were identified between maltreatment and poor social competency, aggressive behaviour and hyperactivity/inattention; small associations were revealed between maltreatment and poor prosocial/helping and anxious/fearful behaviours. These associations did not differ greatly when adjusted for parental SSD, and were greater in magnitude among children with no history of parental SSD. Small associations between parental SSD and poor social-emotional functioning remained after adjusting for demographic variables and maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS Childhood maltreatment and history of parental SSD are associated independently with poor early childhood social-emotional functioning, with the impact of exposure to maltreatment on social-emotional functioning in early childhood of greater magnitude than that observed for parental SSDs. The impact of maltreatment was reduced in the context of parental SSDs. The influence of parental SSDs on later outcomes of maltreated children may become more apparent during adolescence and young adulthood when overt symptoms of SSD are likely to emerge. Early intervention to strengthen childhood social-emotional functioning might mitigate the impact of maltreatment, and potentially also avert future psychopathology.
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Kaiser S, Lyne J, Agartz I, Clarke M, Mørch-Johnsen L, Faerden A. Individual negative symptoms and domains - Relevance for assessment, pathomechanisms and treatment. Schizophr Res 2017; 186:39-45. [PMID: 27453425 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided into two domains. Avolition/apathy includes the individual symptoms of avolition, asociality and anhedonia. Diminished expression includes blunted affect and alogia. Until now, causes and treatment of negative symptoms have remained a major challenge, which is partially related to the focus on negative symptoms as a broad entity. Here, we propose that negative symptoms may become more tractable when the different domains and individual symptoms are taken into account. There is now increasing evidence that the relationship with clinical variables - in particular outcome - differs between the domains of avolition/apathy and diminished expression. Regarding models of negative symptom formation, those relevant to avolition/apathy are now converging on processes underlying goal-directed behavior and dysfunctions of the reward system. In contrast, models of the diminished expression domains are only beginning to emerge. The aim of this article is to review the specific clinical, behavioral and neural correlates of individual symptoms and domains as a better understanding of these areas may facilitate specific treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kaiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - John Lyne
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; North Dublin Mental Health Services, Ashlin Centre, Beaumont Road, Dublin 9, Ireland; Dublin and East Treatment and Early Care Team (DETECT) Services, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mary Clarke
- Dublin and East Treatment and Early Care Team (DETECT) Services, Dublin, Ireland; College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ann Faerden
- NORMENT and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Social Preference and Glutamatergic Dysfunction: Underappreciated Prerequisites for Social Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:587-596. [PMID: 27477199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Impaired social functioning is pervasive in schizophrenia. Unfortunately, existing treatments have limited efficacy, and possible psychological or neurobiological mechanisms underlying social dysfunction in this disorder remain obscure. Here, we evaluate whether social preference, one key aspect of social processing that has been largely overlooked in schizophrenia research, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction can provide insights into the mechanism underlying social dysfunction in schizophrenia. Based on evidence from developmental psychology, and behavioral and clinical neuroscience, we propose a heuristic model in which reduced NMDAR function may induce disrupted social preference that can subsequently lead to social cognitive impairment and social disability. We discuss its implications in terms of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, other disorders with marked social disability, and potential treatments.
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Laurens KR, Cullen AE. Toward earlier identification and preventative intervention in schizophrenia: evidence from the London Child Health and Development Study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:475-91. [PMID: 26670311 PMCID: PMC4823320 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-015-1151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The London Child Health and Development Study (CHADS) is a prospective, longitudinal investigation of children, sampled from the general community aged 9-11 years and assessed biennially, who present premorbid risk markers for schizophrenia. The study aims to characterise developmental trajectories of psychological, cognitive, and biological functioning in at-risk children and identify potential targets for early preventative intervention. This review summarises CHADS findings, discusses these in the context of recent theory regarding aetiology and prevention of schizophrenia, and highlights challenges to be addressed with future research. METHODS We review (1) epidemiological information on the prevalence and correlates of developmental antecedents of schizophrenia in the general child population, (2) evidence of psychosocial, cognitive, and biological dysfunctions in at-risk children presenting multiple antecedents of schizophrenia and at-risk children with a family history of schizophrenia, and (3) related findings from an associated sample of help-seeking children receiving intervention. RESULTS Community-based screening of 9-11-year olds identified ~9 % with a triad of antecedents of schizophrenia [including psychotic-like experiences (PLEs)] who are putatively at-risk of psychosis; these children reported greater exposure and responsivity to stressors, impairments in general intelligence and specific cognitive functions, brain structure and function abnormalities, and neuromotor dysfunction. Preliminary evidence suggests distressing PLEs are a viable target for cognitive-behavioural intervention in at-risk children. CONCLUSIONS Intervention in early, premorbid phases of illness might alleviate current difficulties and avert future schizophrenia using benign treatments. The CHADS programme has identified several markers that may index early pathophysiology and constitute potential targets for preventative intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Laurens
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Alexis E Cullen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Betts KS, Williams GM, Najman JM, Alati R. Predicting spectrums of adult mania, psychosis and depression by prospectively ascertained childhood neurodevelopment. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 72:22-9. [PMID: 26519766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used a novel approach to investigate early neurodevelopmental factors of later adult spectrums of mania, depression and psychosis as a means to identify etiological similarities and differences among the three constructs. METHODS Participants were from the Mater University Study of Pregnancy (MUSP), a pre-birth cohort study started in Brisbane, Australia in 1981. A range of neurodevelopmental variables were ascertained at age 5, including measures of cognitive ability, developmental delay and behaviour problems. At age 21, offspring were assessed using a semi-structured psychiatric interview. We used structural equation modelling to establish three latent factors of mania, depression and psychotic symptoms. We then regressed these factors on the neurodevelopmental variables and covariates. RESULTS In both univariate and multivariate analysis premorbid cognitive ability predicted only psychotic symptoms, developmental delay predicted only manic symptoms, while behaviour problems predicted both depressive and psychotic symptoms. In a supplementary analysis the three factors were also found to have unique relationships with a number of outcomes also measured at age 21, including anxiety and substance use. CONCLUSION By assessing the impact of early childhood neurodevelopment on the continuous spectrums which underlie three serious adult psychiatric disorders in a general population sample, we provide unique evidence regarding potential etiological similarities and differences. Perhaps of most interest is that our findings suggest that the manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar depression, despite often overlapping in clinical presentations, may in fact be somewhat separate entities with origins that are at least partly unique to either disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Betts
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Gail M Williams
- School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Jacob M Najman
- School of Social Science and Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Rosa Alati
- School of Public Health and Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Dodell-Feder D, Felix S, Yung MG, Hooker CI. Theory-of-mind-related neural activity for one's romantic partner predicts partner well-being. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:593-603. [PMID: 26609107 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy social relationships are linked to myriad positive physical and mental health outcomes, raising the question of how to enhance relationship formation and quality. Behavioral data suggest that theory of mind (ToM) may be one such process. ToM is supported by a network of brain regions including the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus (PC). However, little research has investigated how the ToM network supports healthy social relationships. Here, we investigate whether recruitment of the ToM network when thinking about the mental states of one's romantic partner predicts the partner's well-being. We find that selectivity in left TPJ (LTPJ) and PC for beliefs vs physical attributes of one's partner is positively associated with partner well-being the day of and day after a meaningful encounter. Furthermore, LTPJ and PC selectivity moderated how the partner's perception of being understood during the encounter affected their later well-being. Finally, we find the association between ToM-related neural selectivity and well-being robust to other factors related to the relationship and the encounter. Together, these data suggest that selective engagement of the neural network supporting ToM may be a key ingredient for the development and maintenance of healthy romantic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Felix
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA and
| | - Matthew G Yung
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA and
| | - Christine I Hooker
- Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Cullen AE, Fisher HL, Roberts RE, Pariante CM, Laurens KR. Daily stressors and negative life events in children at elevated risk of developing schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 204:354-60. [PMID: 24627296 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress is implicated in the development of schizophrenia, but little is known about experiences of stress among children at elevated risk for the disorder. AIMS To examine stressor exposure and reactivity in children with different vulnerability profiles for schizophrenia: (a) children presenting multiple antecedents of schizophrenia (ASz group), (b) children with a family history of schizophrenia (FHx group) and (c) typically developing low-risk (TD) children. METHOD Ninety-five children (ASz = 29; FHx = 19; ASz+FHx = 5; TD = 42), identified aged 9-12 years using a community-based screening procedure or as relatives of individuals with schizophrenia, completed questionnaires assessing environmental stressors and psychopathology at age 11-14 years. RESULTS Relative to their typically developing peers, children in the FHx and ASz groups were exposed to a greater number of negative life events and a higher frequency of daily stressors, respectively; and were more distressed by these experiences. CONCLUSIONS Stress exposure and reactivity may constitute useful targets of early intervention for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis E Cullen
- Alexis E. Cullen, MSc, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Helen L. Fisher, PhD, CPsychol, AFBPsS, MRC Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Ruth E. Roberts, MSc, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Carmine M. Pariante, MD, MRCPsych, PhD, Section of Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology & Perinatal Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK; Kristin R. Laurens, PhD, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK, and Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
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Kaltiala-Heino R, Sumia M, Työläjärvi M, Lindberg N. Two years of gender identity service for minors: overrepresentation of natal girls with severe problems in adolescent development. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2015; 9:9. [PMID: 25873995 PMCID: PMC4396787 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-015-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing numbers of adolescents present in adolescent gender identity services, desiring sex reassignment (SR). The aim of this study is to describe the adolescent applicants for legal and medical sex reassignment during the first two years of adolescent gender identity team in Finland, in terms of sociodemographic, psychiatric and gender identity related factors and adolescent development. METHODS Structured quantitative retrospective chart review and qualitative analysis of case files of all adolescent SR applicants who entered the assessment by the end of 2013. RESULTS The number of referrals exceeded expectations in light of epidemiological knowledge. Natal girls were markedly overrepresented among applicants. Severe psychopathology preceding onset of gender dysphoria was common. Autism spectrum problems were very common. CONCLUSION The findings do not fit the commonly accepted image of a gender dysphoric minor. Treatment guidelines need to consider gender dysphoria in minors in the context of severe psychopathology and developmental difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riittakerttu Kaltiala-Heino
- />University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- />Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland
| | - Maria Sumia
- />Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland
| | - Marja Työläjärvi
- />Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland
| | - Nina Lindberg
- />Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, BOX 33, 00014 Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
- />Forensic Psychiatry, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Shevlin M, McElroy E, Murphy J. Loneliness mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and adult psychopathology: evidence from the adult psychiatric morbidity survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015; 50:591-601. [PMID: 25208908 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-014-0951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Childhood abuse (CA) has been found to be related to the development of a variety of psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Although CA is also associated with adult loneliness, few studies have investigated the role of loneliness as a mediator in the relationship between CA and adult psychopathology. Using data from a large, general population sample a mediation model was proposed and tested. Controlling for a range of background variables, the results from a series of regression analyses found that loneliness mediated the association between CA and six adult psychiatric disorders. The findings of this study highlight the importance of loneliness to the development of psychopathology. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster at Magee, Londonderry, BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland,
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Murphy S, Murphy J, Shevlin M. Negative evaluations of self and others, and peer victimization as mediators of the relationship between childhood adversity and psychotic experiences in adolescence: the moderating role of loneliness. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 54:326-44. [PMID: 25756545 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research has identified an association between traumatic experiences and psychotic symptoms. Few studies, however, have explored the underlying mechanisms and contingent nature of these associations in an integrated model. This study aimed to test a moderated mediation model of negative childhood experiences, associated cognitive processes, and psychotic experiences within a context of adolescent loneliness. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. METHODS A total of 785 Northern Irish secondary school adolescents completed the survey. A moderated mediation model was specified and tested. RESULTS Childhood experiences of threat and subordination were directly associated with psychotic experiences. Analyses indicated that peer victimization was a mediator of this effect and that loneliness moderated this mediated effect. CONCLUSION A new model is proposed to provide an alternative framework for assessing the association between trauma and psychotic experience in adolescence that recognizes loneliness as a significant contextual moderator that can potentially strengthen the trauma-psychosis relationship. PRACTITIONER POINTS Moderated mediation analyses poses an alternative framework to the understanding of trauma-psychosis associations Adolescent loneliness is a vulnerability factor within this association Data are based on a Northern Irish sample with relatively low levels of loneliness Cross-sectional data cannot explore the developmental course of these experiences in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Murphy
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK
| | - Jamie Murphy
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK
| | - Mark Shevlin
- School of Psychology and Psychology Research Institute, University of Ulster, Londonderry, UK
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Dwyer DS, Awatramani P, Thakur R, Seeni R, Aamodt EJ. Social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans is modulated by antipsychotic drugs and calmodulin and may serve as a protophenotype for asociality. Neuropharmacology 2015; 92:56-62. [PMID: 25576370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we define a protophenotype as an endophenotype that has been conserved during evolution. Social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans may be an example of a protophenotype related to asociality in schizophrenia. It is regulated by the highly conserved neuropeptide Y receptor, NPR-1, and we speculated that social feeding should be affected by antipsychotic drugs. The social feeding strain, npr-1(g320), was exposed to antipsychotic drugs, dopamine or calmodulin antagonists on plates with bacterial lawns, and the number of aggregates on the plates was counted as a measure of social feeding. First-generation antipsychotics, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, and haloperidol, and the second-generation drug, olanzapine, inhibited social feeding. Dopamine accelerated aggregation, whereas selective D2 dopamine receptor antagonists, sulpiride and raclopride, were inhibitory. Calmodulin antagonists effectively inhibited social feeding, as did RNAi knockdown of calmodulin (cmd-1) expression. In addition, gap junction inhibitors prevented aggregation, which is consistent with the hub-and-spoke arrangement of neurons that regulate social feeding via functional gap junctions. The studies described here revealed novel connections between dopaminergic signaling, the NPY receptor, calmodulin, and gap junctions in the regulation of social behavior in C. elegans. These pathways are evolutionarily-conserved, and have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donard S Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| | - Poonam Awatramani
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Rashmi Thakur
- Department of Psychiatry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Ramya Seeni
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric J Aamodt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Dodell-Feder D, DeLisi LE, Hooker CI. The relationship between default mode network connectivity and social functioning in individuals at familial high-risk for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 156:87-95. [PMID: 24768131 PMCID: PMC4082024 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Unaffected first-degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia (i.e., those at familial high-risk [FHR]), demonstrate social dysfunction qualitatively similar though less severe than that of their affected relatives. These social difficulties may be the consequence of genetically conferred disruption to aspects of the default mode network (DMN), such as the dMPFC subsystem, which overlaps with the network of brain regions recruited during social cognitive processes. In the present study, we investigate this possibility, testing DMN connectivity and its relationship to social functioning in FHR using resting-state fMRI. Twenty FHR individuals and 17 controls underwent fMRI during a resting-state scan. Hypothesis-driven functional connectivity analyses examined ROI-to-ROI correlations between the DMN's hubs, and regions of the dMPFC subsystem and MTL subsystem. Connectivity values were examined in relationship to a measure of social functioning and empathy/perspective-taking. Results demonstrate that FHR exhibit reduced connectivity specifically within the dMPFC subsystem of the DMN. Certain ROI-to-ROI correlations predicted aspects of social functioning and empathy/perspective-taking across all participants. Together, the data indicate that disruption to the dMPFC subsystem of the DMN may be associated with familial risk for schizophrenia, and that these intrinsic connections may carry measurable consequences for social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- Boston VA Medical Center, Brockton, MA 02301 USA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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Dickson H, Cullen AE, Reichenberg A, Hodgins S, Campbell DD, Morris RG, Laurens KR. Cognitive impairment among children at-risk for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 50:92-9. [PMID: 24373930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adults with schizophrenia present cognitive impairments, as do individuals at ultra-high risk for the disorder, youth with relatives with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and children with antecedents of schizophrenia. The present study aimed to determine if impairments in childhood differed depending on the definition of risk and/or on the degree of relatedness to an affected individual, and if impairments were explained by IQ. Four groups of children aged 9-12 years were studied: (1) 13 children with ≥1 first-degree or ≥2 second-degree affected relatives (high familial loading: FHx(H)); (2) 14 with ≥1 affected second-degree relative (lower familial loading: FHx(L)); (3) 32 with well-replicated antecedents of schizophrenia (ASz); and (4) 45 typically-developing (TD) children with neither a positive family history nor antecedents. Compared to TD children, both FHx(H) and ASz children exhibited significantly poorer verbal comprehension, scholastic achievement, and verbal working memory, while FHx(H) children additionally displayed significantly lower full-scale IQ, and verbal memory and executive function impairments. After adjusting statistical analyses for IQ, group differences were attenuated. Relative to TD children, FHx(L) children showed no significant differences in performance. The results imply that impairments in verbal comprehension, scholastic achievement, and verbal working memory may index vulnerability for schizophrenia among children with affected relatives with the disorder and among those with multiple antecedents of the disorder who have no affected relatives. More accurate identification of children at-risk for schizophrenia and the specific deficits that they present provides opportunities for interventions such as cognitive remediation that may impact the development of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Dickson
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexis E Cullen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham Reichenberg
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Freidman Brain Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheilagh Hodgins
- Département de Psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Robin G Morris
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin R Laurens
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom; Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
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Mismatch negativity (MMN) and sensory auditory processing in children aged 9-12 years presenting with putative antecedents of schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 89:374-80. [PMID: 23707338 PMCID: PMC3807658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of markers of abnormal brain function in children at-risk of schizophrenia may inform early intervention and prevention programs. Individuals with schizophrenia are characterised by attenuation of MMN amplitude, which indexes automatic auditory sensory processing. The current aim was to examine whether children who may be at increased risk of schizophrenia due to their presenting multiple putative antecedents of schizophrenia (ASz) are similarly characterised by MMN amplitude reductions, relative to typically developing (TD) children. EEG was recorded from 22 ASz and 24 TD children aged 9 to 12 years (matched on age, sex, and IQ) during a passive auditory oddball task (15% duration deviant). ASz children were those presenting: (1) speech and/or motor development lags/problems; (2) social, emotional, or behavioural problems in the clinical range; and (3) psychotic-like experiences. TD children presented no antecedents, and had no family history of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. MMN amplitude, but not latency, was significantly greater at frontal sites in the ASz group than in the TD group. Although the MMN exhibited by the children at risk of schizophrenia was unlike that of their typically developing peers, it also differed from the reduced MMN amplitude observed in adults with schizophrenia. This may reflect developmental and disease effects in a pre-prodromal phase of psychosis onset. Longitudinal follow-up is necessary to establish the developmental trajectory of MMN in at-risk children.
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