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Bertollo AG, Mingoti MED, Ignácio ZM. Neurobiological mechanisms in the kynurenine pathway and major depressive disorder. Rev Neurosci 2024:revneuro-2024-0065. [PMID: 39245854 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that has damage to people's quality of life. Tryptophan is the precursor to serotonin, a critical neurotransmitter in mood modulation. In mammals, most free tryptophan is degraded by the kynurenine pathway (KP), resulting in a range of metabolites involved in inflammation, immune response, and neurotransmission. The imbalance between quinolinic acid (QA), a toxic metabolite, and kynurenic acid (KynA), a protective metabolite, is a relevant phenomenon involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. Proinflammatory cytokines increase the activity of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), leading to the degradation of tryptophan in the KP and an increase in the release of QA. IDO activates proinflammatory genes, potentiating neuroinflammation and deregulating other physiological mechanisms related to chronic stress and MDD. This review highlights the physiological mechanisms involved with stress and MDD, which are underlying an imbalance of the KP and discuss potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gollo Bertollo
- Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Maiqueli Eduarda Dama Mingoti
- Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Zuleide Maria Ignácio
- Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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Yin Y, Ju T, Zeng D, Duan F, Zhu Y, Liu J, Li Y, Lu W. "Inflamed" depression: A review of the interactions between depression and inflammation and current anti-inflammatory strategies for depression. Pharmacol Res 2024; 207:107322. [PMID: 39038630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder, the effective treatment of which remains a challenging issue worldwide. The clinical pathogenesis of depression has been deeply explored, leading to the formulation of various pathogenic hypotheses. Among these, the monoamine neurotransmitter hypothesis holds a prominent position, yet it has significant limitations as more than one-third of patients do not respond to conventional treatments targeting monoamine transmission disturbances. Over the past few decades, a growing body of research has highlighted the link between inflammation and depression as a potential key factor in the pathophysiology of depression. In this review, we first summarize the relationship between inflammation and depression, with a focus on the pathophysiological changes mediated by inflammation in depression. The mechanisms linking inflammation to depression as well as multiple anti-inflammatory strategies are also discussed, and their efficacy and safety are assessed. This review broadens the perspective on specific aspects of using anti-inflammatory strategies for treating depression, laying the groundwork for advancing precision medicine for individuals suffering from "inflamed" depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishu Yin
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ting Ju
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Deyong Zeng
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fangyuan Duan
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yuanbing Zhu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Junlian Liu
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yongzhi Li
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Weihong Lu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, Harbin 150001, China.
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Palepu MSK, Bhalerao HA, Sonti R, Dandekar MP. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, FOS and GOS loaded synbiotic reverses treatment-resistant depression in rats: Restoration of gut-brain crosstalk. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 983:176960. [PMID: 39214274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in commensal gut microbiota, such as butyrate-producing bacteria and its metabolites, have been linked to stress-related brain disorders, including depression. Herein, we investigated the effect of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (ATCC-27766) administered along with fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) in a rat model of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The behavioral changes related to anxiety-, anhedonia- and despair-like phenotypes were recorded employing elevated plus maze, sucrose-preference test, and forced-swim test, respectively. Rats exposed to unpredictable chronic mild-stress (UCMS) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injections exhibited a TRD-like phenotype. Six-week administration of F. prausnitzii and FOS + GOS ameliorated TRD-like conditions in rats. This synbiotic treatment also restored the decreased levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the fecal samples of TRD rats. Synbiotic-recipient TRD rats displayed an increased abundance of Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus hamsteri, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Moreover, more mucus-producing goblet cells were seen in the colon of synbiotic-treated rats, suggesting improved gut health. The synbiotic treatment effectively modulated neuroinflammation by reducing proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, CRP, and IL-6). It normalized the altered levels of key neurotransmitters such as serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, noradrenaline, and dopamine in the hippocampus and/or frontal cortex. The enhanced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tryptophan hydroxylase 1, and serotonin transporter-3 (SERT-3), and reduced levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) and kynurenine metabolite were observed in the synbiotic-treated group. We suggest that F. prausnitzii and FOS + GOS-loaded synbiotic may reverse the TRD-like symptoms in rats by positively impacting gut health, neuroinflammation, neurotransmitters, and gut microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Surya Kumar Palepu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Harshada Anil Bhalerao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Liu J, Si J, Zhao W. Investigation of the Effect of Tai Chi Training on Depressive Symptoms in Perimenopausal Women on the Basis of Serum Kynurenine Metabolites. Exp Aging Res 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39023066 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2024.2377427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effects of Tai Chi training on depression symptoms and serum kynurenine metabolites in perimenopausal women and explore the mechanism of Tai Chi training in anti-depression. METHODS A total of 72 perimenopausal women with depression were randomly selected from Lishi District and divided into a Tai Chi training group (36 cases) and a control group (36 cases). At the same time, 36 perimenopausal healthy women were randomly selected as the normal group. The Tai Chi training group was intervened with 24 simplified Tai Chi exercises, and the depression self-rating scale was used to evaluate the depression status. The levels of tryptophan (Trp) and kynurenine (KYN) metabolites in serum were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. RESULTS Before the experiment, compared with the normal healthy group, the depression self-rating scale scores, serum KYN and quinolinic acid (QUIN) levels, and KYN/Trp ratio of the control group and Tai Chi group were significantly increased (p < .01), and the serum kynurenic acid (KYNA) level was significantly decreased (p < .01). After the experiment, compared with the normal healthy group, the depression self-rating scale scores of the Tai Chi group were significantly decreased (p < .01), the serum KYNA content was increased (p < .01), the serum KYN and QUIN contents were significantly decreased (p < .01), and the KYN/Trp ratio was significantly decreased (p < .01). CONCLUSION Tai Chi training can significantly improve depression symptoms in perimenopausal women. The mechanism of Tai Chi training in improving depression symptoms in perimenopausal women may be achieved by regulating abnormal kynurenine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Lyuliang University, Lv Liang, Shan, China
| | - Jingmei Si
- Department of Physical Education, Lyuliang University, Lv Liang, Shan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Luliang People's Hospital, Lv Liang, Shan, China
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Devereaux J, Robinson AM, Stavely R, Davidson M, Dargahi N, Ephraim R, Kiatos D, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Alterations in tryptophan metabolism and de novo NAD + biosynthesis within the microbiota-gut-brain axis in chronic intestinal inflammation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1379335. [PMID: 39015786 PMCID: PMC11250461 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1379335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease is an incurable and idiopathic disease characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal tract inflammation. Tryptophan metabolism in mammalian cells and some gut microbes comprise intricate chemical networks facilitated by catalytic enzymes that affect the downstream metabolic pathways of de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis. It is hypothesized that a correlation exists between tryptophan de novo NAD+ synthesis and chronic intestinal inflammation. Methods Transcriptome analysis was performed using high-throughput sequencing of mRNA extracted from the distal colon and brain tissue of Winnie mice with spontaneous chronic colitis and C57BL/6 littermates. Metabolites were assessed using ultra-fast liquid chromatography to determine differences in concentrations of tryptophan metabolites. To evaluate the relative abundance of gut microbial genera involved in tryptophan and nicotinamide metabolism, we performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of fecal samples from C57BL/6 and Winnie mice. Results Tryptophan and nicotinamide metabolism-associated gene expression was altered in distal colons and brains of Winnie mice with chronic intestinal inflammation. Changes in these metabolic pathways were reflected by increases in colon tryptophan metabolites and decreases in brain tryptophan metabolites in Winnie mice. Furthermore, dysbiosis of gut microbiota involved in tryptophan and nicotinamide metabolism was evident in fecal samples from Winnie mice. Our findings shed light on the physiological alterations in tryptophan metabolism, specifically, its diversion from the serotonergic pathway toward the kynurenine pathway and consequential effects on de novo NAD+ synthesis in chronic intestinal inflammation. Conclusion The results of this study reveal differential expression of tryptophan and nicotinamide metabolism-associated genes in the distal colon and brain in Winnie mice with chronic intestinal inflammation. These data provide evidence supporting the role of tryptophan metabolism and de novo NAD+ synthesis in IBD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie Devereaux
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ainsley M. Robinson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Rural Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Majid Davidson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramya Ephraim
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dimitros Kiatos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Sha Q, Escobar Galvis ML, Madaj ZB, Keaton SA, Smart L, Edgerly YM, Anis E, Leach R, Osborne LM, Achtyes E, Brundin L. Dysregulated placental expression of kynurenine pathway enzymes is associated with inflammation and depression in pregnancy. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:146-153. [PMID: 38555986 PMCID: PMC11210184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal depression (including antenatal-, postnatal-, and depression that spans both timepoints) is a prevalent disorder with high morbidity that affects both mother and child. Even though the full biological blueprints of perinatal depression remain incomplete, multiple studies indicate that, at least for antenatal depression, the disorder has an inflammatory component likely linked to a dysregulation of the enzymatic kynurenine pathway. The production of neuroactive metabolites in this pathway, including quinolinic acid (QUIN), is upregulated in the placenta due to the multiple immunological roles of the metabolites during pregnancy. Since neuroactive metabolites produced by the pathway also may affect mood by directly affecting glutamate neurotransmission, we sought to investigate whether the placental expression of kynurenine pathway enzymes controlling QUIN production was associated with both peripheral inflammation and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. METHODS 68 placentas obtained at birth were analyzed using qPCR to determine the expression of kynurenine pathway enzymes. Cytokines and metabolites were quantified in plasma using high-sensitivity electroluminescence and ultra-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) throughout pregnancy and the post-partum. Associations between these factors were assessed using robust linear regression with ranked enzymes. RESULTS Low placental quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase (QPRT), the enzyme responsible for degrading QUIN, was associated with higher IL-6 and higher QUIN/kynurenic acid ratios at the 3rd trimester. Moreover, women with severe depressive symptoms in the 3rd trimester had significantly lower placental expression of both QPRT and 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD); impaired activity of these two enzymes leads to QUIN accumulation. CONCLUSION Overall, our data support that a compromised placental environment, featuring low expression of critical kynurenine pathway enzymes is associated with increased levels of plasma cytokines and the dysregulated kynurenine metabolite pattern observed in depressed women during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Sha
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Zachary B Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sarah A Keaton
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - LeAnn Smart
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Ehraz Anis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Richard Leach
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lauren M Osborne
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Achtyes
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Zhou X, Ganz AB, Rayner A, Cheng TY, Oba H, Rolnik B, Lancaster S, Lu X, Li Y, Johnson JS, Hoyd R, Spakowicz DJ, Slavich GM, Snyder MP. Dynamic Human Gut Microbiome and Immune Shifts During an Immersive Psychosocial Therapeutic Program. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600881. [PMID: 38979211 PMCID: PMC11230355 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide yet its underlying factors, particularly microbial associations, are poorly understood. Methods We examined the longitudinal interplay between the microbiome and immune system in the context of depression during an immersive psychosocial intervention. 142 multi-omics samples were collected from 52 well-characterized participants before, during, and three months after a nine-day inquiry-based stress reduction program. Results We found that depression was associated with both an increased presence of putatively pathogenic bacteria and reduced microbial beta-diversity. Following the intervention, we observed reductions in neuroinflammatory cytokines and improvements in several mental health indicators. Interestingly, participants with a Prevotella-dominant microbiome showed milder symptoms when depressed, along with a more resilient microbiome and more favorable inflammatory cytokine profile, including reduced levels of CXCL-1. Conclusions Our findings reveal a protective link between the Prevotella-dominant microbiome and depression, associated with a less inflammatory environment and moderated symptoms. These insights, coupled with observed improvements in neuroinflammatory markers and mental health from the intervention, highlight potential avenues for microbiome-targeted therapies in depression management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford university School of Medicine, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Ariel B. Ganz
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to the work
| | - Andre Rayner
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Tess Yan Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, WA, USA
| | - Haley Oba
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin Rolnik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Lancaster
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Xinrui Lu
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yizhou Li
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jethro S. Johnson
- Oxford Centre for Microbiome Studies, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Hoyd
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, OH, USA
| | | | - George M. Slavich
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford university School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Stanford Healthcare Innovation Lab, Stanford University, CA, USA
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Reininghaus EZ, Lenger M, Schönthaler EMD, Fellendorf FT, Stross T, Schwarz M, Moll N, Reininghaus B, Dalkner N. Changes in tryptophan breakdown associated with response to multimodal treatment in depression. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1380620. [PMID: 38974918 PMCID: PMC11224482 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1380620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Research on depression showed that dysregulations in tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), and its KYN pathway metabolites are key aspects in the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. In our previous reports, we described sex-specific changes in TRP breakdown as well as changes in KYN and KYN/TRP in association with treatment response and inflammatory and metabolic parameters. However, results of treatment effects on KYN pathway metabolites as well as how pathway changes are related to treatment response remain sparse. Objective We investigated potential changes of KYN and KYN pathway metabolites in association with therapeutic response of individuals with depression during a six-week multimodal psychiatric rehabilitation program. Methods 87 participants were divided into treatment responders and non-responders (48 responders, 39 non-responders; 38 male, 49 female; M age = 51.09; SD age = 7.70) using scores of psychological questionnaires. KYN pathway metabolites serum concentrations as well as their ratios were collected using high performance liquid chromatography. Changes over time (time of admission (t1) vs. time of discharge (t2)) were calculated using repeated measure analyses of (co)variance. Results Non-responders exhibited higher levels of 3-Hydroxyanthralinic acid (3-HAA), nicotinic acid (NA), and 3-HAA/KYN, independently of measurement time. NA levels decreased, while 3-HAA levels increased over time in both groups, independently of treatment response. 3-HK/KYN levels decreased, while KYN levels increased in non-responders, but not in responders over time. Discussion The results indicate that some compounds of the KYN pathway metabolites can be altered through multimodal long-term interventions in association with treatment response. Especially the pathway degrading KYN further down to 3-HAA and 3-HK/KYN might be decisive for treatment response in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Z. Reininghaus
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elena M. D. Schönthaler
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frederike T. Fellendorf
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stross
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Schwarz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Moll
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Reininghaus
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Schwartz JJ, Roske C, Liu Q, Tobe RH, Ely BA, Gabbay V. C-Reactive Protein Does Not Predict Future Depression Onset in Adolescents: Preliminary Findings from a Longitudinal Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2024; 34:233-240. [PMID: 38669109 PMCID: PMC11322627 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2023.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroinflammatory processes have been extensively implicated in the underlying neurobiology of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), an indicator of nonspecific inflammation commonly utilized in clinical practice, has been associated with depression in adults. In adolescents, our group previously found CRP to be associated with altered neural reward function but not with mood and anxiety symptoms assessed cross-sectionally. We hypothesized that the distinct CRP findings in adolescent versus adult depression may be due to chronicity, with neuroinflammatory effects on psychiatric disorders gradually accumulating over time. Here, we conducted a longitudinal study to evaluate if CRP levels predicted future onset or progression of depression in adolescents. Methods: Participants were 53 adolescents (age = 14.74 ± 1.92 years, 35 female), 40 with psychiatric symptoms and 13 healthy controls. At baseline, participants completed semistructured diagnostic evaluations; dimensional assessments for anxiety, depression, anhedonia, and suicidality severity; and bloodwork to quantify CRP levels. Clinical assessments were repeated at longitudinal follow-up after ∼1.5 years. Spearman's correlation between CRP levels and follow-up symptom severity were controlled for body mass index, age, sex, and follow-up interval and considered significant at the two-tailed, Bonferroni-adjusted p < 0.05 level. Results: After correction for multiple comparisons, no relationships were identified between baseline CRP levels and follow-up symptom severity. Conclusion: CRP levels were not significantly associated with future psychiatric symptoms in adolescents in this preliminary analysis. This may suggest that CRP is not a useful biomarker for adolescent depression and anxiety. However, future longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and incorporating additional indicators of neuroinflammation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Chloe Roske
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Russel H. Tobe
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Ely
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
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10
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Holthuijsen DDB, van Roekel EH, Bours MJL, Ueland PM, Breukink SO, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Keulen ETP, Gigic B, Gsur A, Meyer K, Ose J, Ulvik A, Weijenberg MP, Eussen SJPM. Longitudinal associations of plasma kynurenines and ratios with anxiety and depression scores in colorectal cancer survivors up to 12 months post-treatment. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 163:106981. [PMID: 38335827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.106981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors often experience neuropsychological symptoms, including anxiety and depression. Mounting evidence suggests a role for the kynurenine pathway in these symptoms due to potential neuroprotective and neurotoxic roles of involved metabolites. However, evidence remains inconclusive and insufficient in cancer survivors. Thus, we aimed to explore longitudinal associations of plasma tryptophan, kynurenines, and their established ratios with anxiety and depression in CRC survivors up to 12 months post-treatment. METHODS In 249 stage I-III CRC survivors, blood samples were collected at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months post-treatment to analyze plasma concentrations of tryptophan and kynurenines using liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS). At the same timepoints, anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Confounder-adjusted linear mixed models were used to analyze longitudinal associations. Sensitivity analyses with false discovery rate (FDR) correction were conducted to adjust for multiple testing. RESULTS Higher plasma tryptophan concentrations were associated with lower depression scores (β as change in depression score per 1 SD increase in the ln-transformed kynurenine concentration: -0.31; 95%CI: -0.56,-0.05), and higher plasma 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid concentrations with lower anxiety scores (-0.26; -0.52,-0.01). A higher 3-hydroxykynurenine ratio (HKr; the ratio of 3-hydroxykynurenine to the sum of kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, anthranilic acid, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid) was associated with higher depression scores (0.34; 0.04,0.63) and higher total anxiety and depression scores (0.53; 0.02,1.04). Overall associations appeared to be mainly driven by inter-individual associations, which were statistically significant for tryptophan with depression (-0.60; -1.12,-0.09), xanthurenic acid with total anxiety and depression (-1.04; -1.99,-0.10), anxiety (-0.51; -1.01,-0.01), and depression (-0.56; -1.08,-0.05), and kynurenic-acid-to-quinolinic-acid ratio with depression (-0.47; -0.93,-0.01). In sensitivity analyses, associations did not remain statistically significant after FDR adjustment. CONCLUSION We observed that plasma concentrations of tryptophan, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine ratio, and kynurenic-acid-to-quinolinic-acid ratio tended to be longitudinally associated with anxiety and depression in CRC survivors up to 12 months post-treatment. Future studies are warranted to further elucidate the association of plasma kynurenines with anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle D B Holthuijsen
- Department of Epidemiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Eline H van Roekel
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn J L Bours
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stéphanie O Breukink
- Department of Surgery, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maryska L G Janssen-Heijnen
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, VieCuri Medical Centre, Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - Eric T P Keulen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Zuyderland Medical Centre Sittard-Geleen, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Biljana Gigic
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jennifer Ose
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Matty P Weijenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, GROW School for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Simone J P M Eussen
- Department of Epidemiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI School for Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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11
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Paiva IHRD, Maciel LM, Silva RSD, Mendonça IP, Souza JRBD, Peixoto CA. Prebiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behavior in HFD-fed mice. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114153. [PMID: 38519181 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that Prebiotics can influence the composition of the gut microbiota, consequently impacting mood regulation. This study aimed to assess the effects of Prebiotics, specifically Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on neuroinflammation, depression, and anxiety-like behavior in a mouse model fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Initially, mice were divided into two groups: a control group on a standard diet (n = 15) and a group on an HFD for 18 weeks (n = 45). By the 13th week, the HFD group was further divided into experimental groups: Control (n = 15), HFD (n = 15), HFD receiving Prebiotics (n = 15), and HFD receiving Fluoxetine (n = 15). From the 13th week onward, the HFD + Prebiotics group received both the high-fat diet and a combination of FOS and GOS, while the HFD + Fluoxetine group received Fluoxetine in their drinking water. In the 18th week, all mice underwent tests to evaluate behavior, including the Tail Suspension Test (TST), Forced Swimming Test (FST), Sucrose Preference Test (SPT), and the Plus Maze Test (PMT), after which they were euthanized. Mice on the HFD exhibited increased body weight, abdominal size, blood glucose, triglyceride levels, cholesterol, insulin, HOMA index, and higher serum IL-1β. These obese mice also displayed an increased number of microglia and astrocytes, activation of the TLR4 pathway, and elevated levels of neuroinflammatory markers like TNF-α, IL-1β, and COX-2. Moreover, obese mice showed increased activation of the IDO pathway and decreased levels of NMDA receptors. Additionally, markers of neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, such as PSD, SAP 102, CREB-p, and BDNF, were lower. Treatment with FOS and GOS reversed symptoms of depression and anxiety in mice subjected to HD. This improvement in behavior resulted from a reduction in dysbiosis with an increase in acetate-producing bacteria (B. acidifaciens and B. dorei) and intestinal permeability, leading to a decrease in chronic peripheral and central inflammation. Furthermore, the modulation of the gut-brain axis by FOS and GOS promoted elevated acetate and GPR43 levels in the brain and a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, positively impacting signaling pathways of neuronal proliferation and survival in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Henrique Rodrigues de Paiva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences/Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Laís Macedo Maciel
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), PE, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares da Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences/Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Prata Mendonça
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), PE, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences/Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), PE, Brazil; Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Brazil.
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Palepu MSK, Gajula SNR, K M, Sonti R, Dandekar MP. SCFAs Supplementation Rescues Anxiety- and Depression-like Phenotypes Generated by Fecal Engraftment of Treatment-Resistant Depression Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1010-1025. [PMID: 38382546 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alteration of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) coexisted with stress-generated brain disorders, including depression. Herein, we investigated the effect of SCFAs in a treatment-resistant depression (TRD) model of rat. Rats were exposed to chronic-unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and repeated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injections to generate a TRD-like phenotype. The cecal contents of these animals were engrafted into healthy-recipient rats and allowed to colonize for 4 weeks (TRD-FMT group). Blood, brain, colon, fecal, and cecal samples were collected for molecular studies. Rats exposed to CUMS + ACTH showed TRD-like phenotypes in sucrose-preference (SPT), forced swim (FST), and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. The TRD-FMT group also exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Administration of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate at 67.5, 25, and 40 mM, respectively) for 7 days exerted robust antidepressant and antianxiety effects by restoring the levels of SCFAs in plasma and fecal samples, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the hippocampus and/or frontal cortex of TRD and TRD-FMT animals. SCFAs treatment elevated the expression of free-fatty acid receptors 2/3, BDNF, doublecortin, and zonula-occludens, and reduced the elevated plasma levels of kynurenine and quinolinic acid and increased mucus-producing goblet cells in TRD and TRD-FMT animals. In 16S sequencing results, decreased microbial diversity in TRD rats corresponds with differences in the genus of Faecalibacterium, Anaerostipes, Allobaculum, Blautia, Peptococcus, Rombustia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, Solobacterium, Subdolibacterium, and Eubacterium ventriosum. SCFAs may impart beneficial effects via modulation of tryptophan metabolism, inflammation, neurotransmitters, and microbiota-gut-brain axis in TRD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Surya Kumar Palepu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Malleshwari K
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
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13
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Kouba BR, de Araujo Borba L, Borges de Souza P, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets. Cells 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38474387 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) in individuals with depression may elicit neuroinflammatory processes and peripheral inflammation, mechanisms that, in turn, can contribute to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Together, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis induce alterations in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in decreased serotonin synthesis, impairments in neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. This review aims to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms (neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, and gut dysbiosis) involved in the pathophysiology of MDD and to explore novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for this psychiatric disturbance. Several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to antidepressants, physical exercise, probiotics, and nutraceuticals (agmatine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin D) possess anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to their antidepressant properties. Further studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic benefits of these alternative therapies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Kouba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Laura de Araujo Borba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro Borges de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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14
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Pastis I, Santos MG, Paruchuri A. Exploring the role of inflammation in major depressive disorder: beyond the monoamine hypothesis. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 17:1282242. [PMID: 38299049 PMCID: PMC10829100 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1282242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder affects approximately 8.4% of the United States population. The World Health Organization estimates that 280 million adults worldwide are suffering from depression. They have estimated that by 2030 it will be the second most serious condition. Current treatment relies on the monoamine hypothesis, however, one-third of patients with MDD do not respond to monoamine-based antidepressants. For years, it was hypothesized that the primary pathway of MDD involved serotonin as the main neurotransmitter. The monoamine hypothesis, a widely accepted theory, sought to explain the biological basis of MDD as being caused by the depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters, namely norepinephrine and serotonin. This hypothesis regarding monoamines as the pathophysiological basis of MDD led to the design and widespread use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, given that only one-third of patients improve with SSRI it is reasonable to infer that the pathway involved is more complex than once hypothesized and there are more neurotransmitters, receptors, and molecules involved. The monoamine hypothesis does not explain why there is a delay in the onset of effect and action of SSRIs. Several studies have demonstrated that chronic stress is a risk factor for the development of MDD. Thus the monoamine hypothesis alone is not enough to fully account for the pathophysiology of MDD highlighting the need for further research involving the pathways of MDD. In this paper, we review the role of inflammation and cytokines on MDD and discuss other pathways involved in the development and persistence of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pastis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Melody G. Santos
- Internal Medicine and Psychiatry Combined Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Akshita Paruchuri
- East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC, United States
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15
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Lee J, Kim EJ, Park GS, Kim J, Kim TE, Lee YJ, Park J, Kang J, Koo JW, Choi TY. Lactobacillus reuteri ATG-F4 Alleviates Chronic Stress-induced Anhedonia by Modulating the Prefrontal Serotonergic System. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:313-327. [PMID: 37927130 PMCID: PMC10628864 DOI: 10.5607/en23028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental health is influenced by the gut-brain axis; for example, gut dysbiosis has been observed in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Gut microbial changes by fecal microbiota transplantation or probiotics treatment reportedly modulates depressive symptoms. However, it remains unclear how gut dysbiosis contributes to mental dysfunction, and how correction of the gut microbiota alleviates neuropsychiatric disorders. Our previous study showed that chronic consumption of Lactobacillus reuteri ATG-F4 (F4) induced neurometabolic alterations in healthy mice. Here, we investigated whether F4 exerted therapeutic effects on depressive-like behavior by influencing the central nervous system. Using chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) to induce anhedonia, a key symptom of MDD, we found that chronic F4 consumption alleviated CUS-induced anhedonic behaviors, accompanied by biochemical changes in the gut, serum, and brain. Serum and brain metabolite concentrations involved in tryptophan metabolism were regulated by CUS and F4. F4 consumption reduced the elevated levels of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain observed in the CUS group. Additionally, the increased expression of Htr1a, a subtype of the 5-HT receptor, in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of stressed mice was restored to levels observed in stress-naïve mice following F4 supplementation. We further demonstrated the role of Htr1a using AAV-shRNA to downregulate Htr1a in the mPFC of CUS mice, effectively reversing CUS-induced anhedonic behavior. Together, our findings suggest F4 as a potential therapeutic approach for relieving some depressive symptoms and highlight the involvement of the tryptophan metabolism in mitigating CUS-induced depressive-like behaviors through the action of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lee
- Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Eum-Ji Kim
- Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | | | - Jeongseop Kim
- Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Lee
- Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Juyi Park
- AtoGen Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34015, Korea
| | | | - Ja Wook Koo
- Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Choi
- Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
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16
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Bjørke-Monsen AL, Varsi K, Sakkestad ST, Ulvik A, Ebbing C, Ueland PM. Lower levels of the neuroprotective tryptophan metabolite, kynurenic acid, in users of estrogen contraceptives. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16370. [PMID: 37773439 PMCID: PMC10541439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in kynurenine metabolites are reported in users of estrogen containing contraception. We have assessed kynurenines, vitamin B6, vitamin B2 and the inflammation markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin, in healthy, never-pregnant women between 18 and 40 years (n = 123) and related this to their use of hormonal contraception. The population included 58 women, who did not use hormonal contraceptives (non-users), 51 users of estrogen-containing contraceptives (EC-users), and 14 users of progestin only contraceptives (PC-users). EC-users had significantly lower plasma kynurenic acid (KA) and higher xanthurenic acid (XA) levels compared to non-users. Serum CRP was significantly higher and negatively associated with both vitamin B6 and B2 status in EC-user compared to non-users. No significant differences in any parameters were seen between PC-users and non-users (p > 0.1). The low KA and high XA concentration in users of estrogen containing contraception resemble the biochemical profile observed in vitamin B6 deficiency. The hormonal effect may result from interference with the coenzyme function of vitamin B6 and B2 for particular enzymes in the kynurenine metabolism. KA has been suggested to be neuroprotective and the significantly reduced concentration in EC-users may be of importance in the observed increased risk of mood disorders among users of oral contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lise Bjørke-Monsen
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway.
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Førde Central Hospital, Førde, Norway.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Kristin Varsi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Cathrine Ebbing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Shadboorestan A, Koual M, Dairou J, Coumoul X. The Role of the Kynurenine/AhR Pathway in Diseases Related to Metabolism and Cancer. Int J Tryptophan Res 2023; 16:11786469231185102. [PMID: 37719171 PMCID: PMC10503295 DOI: 10.1177/11786469231185102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a xenobiotic and endobiotic receptor, which regulates many cellular processes from contaminant metabolism to immunomodulation. Consequently, it is also involved in pathophysiological pathways and now represents a potential therapeutical target. In this review, we will highlight the ancestral function of the protein together with an illustration of its ligand's battery, emphasizing the different responses triggered by these high diverse molecules. Among them, several members of the kynurenine pathway (one key process of tryptophan catabolism) are AhR agonists and are subsequently involved in regulatory functions. We will finally display the interplay between Tryptophan (Trp) catabolism and dysregulation in metabolic pathways drawing hypothesis on the involvement of the AhR pathway in these cancer-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shadboorestan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meriem Koual
- T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges-Pompidou, Gynecologic and Breast Oncologic Surgery Department, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- T3S, INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Scala M, Fanelli G, De Ronchi D, Serretti A, Fabbri C. Clinical specificity profile for novel rapid acting antidepressant drugs. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 38:297-328. [PMID: 37381161 PMCID: PMC10373854 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mood disorders are recurrent/chronic diseases with variable clinical remission rates. Available antidepressants are not effective in all patients and often show a relevant response latency, with a range of adverse events, including weight gain and sexual dysfunction. Novel rapid agents were developed with the aim of overcoming at least in part these issues. Novel drugs target glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, orexin, and other receptors, providing a broader range of pharmacodynamic mechanisms, that is, expected to increase the possibility of personalizing treatments on the individual clinical profile. These new drugs were developed with the aim of combining a rapid action, a tolerable profile, and higher effectiveness on specific symptoms, which were relatively poorly targeted by standard antidepressants, such as anhedonia and response to reward, suicidal ideation/behaviours, insomnia, cognitive deficits, and irritability. This review discusses the clinical specificity profile of new antidepressants, namely 4-chlorokynurenine (AV-101), dextromethorphan-bupropion, pregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one (PH-10), pimavanserin, PRAX-114, psilocybin, esmethadone (REL-1017/dextromethadone), seltorexant (JNJ-42847922/MIN-202), and zuranolone (SAGE-217). The main aim is to provide an overview of the efficacy/tolerability of these compounds in patients with mood disorders having different symptom/comorbidity patterns, to help clinicians in the optimization of the risk/benefit ratio when prescribing these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Scala
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana De Ronchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Fabbri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Gao H, He C, Xin S, Hua R, Du Y, Wang B, Gong F, Yu X, Pan L, Gao L, Xu J. Current Insights into the Use of Probiotics and Fatty Acids in Alleviating Depression. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2018. [PMID: 37630578 PMCID: PMC10459535 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric symptom present among individuals of all ages and backgrounds, impacting an estimated 300 million people globally. Therefore, it demands a significant amount of attention when it comes to managing depression. A growing amount of data reveal that probiotics and fatty acids could be beneficial to depression. However, the opposing position maintains that they have no influence on depression. A network meta-analyses of existing datasets aid in the estimation of comparative efficacy as well as in achieving an understanding of the relative merits of different therapies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the current evidence for probiotic or fatty acid depression therapy and to establish a practical alternative for depression patients using a meta-analysis and metagenomic data from a Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) depressed rat model. (2) Methods: Probiotic data were obtained from seven randomized controlled trial studies (n = 394), and fatty acid data were obtained from 24 randomized controlled trial studies (n = 1876). Meanwhile, a metagenomics analysis of data on animal gut flora was also applied to validate the preceding evidence. (3) Results: The fatty acid studies were separated into three sections based on the duration of probiotic delivery: ≤8 weeks, 9-12 weeks, and >12 weeks. The results were as follows: for ≤8 weeks, MD = -1.65 (95% CI: -2.96--0.15), p = 0.01; for 9-12 weeks, MD = -2.22 (95% CI: -3.03--1.22), p < 0.001; for >12 weeks, MD = -1.23 (95% CI: -2.85-0.39), p = 0.14. Regarding the probiotics, the meta-analysis revealed MD = -2.19 (95% CI: -3.38--2.43), p < 0.001. The research presented herein illustrates that probiotics and fatty acids may successfully lower depression scores. Additionally, the probiotics were drastically reduced in the WKY rats. (4) Conclusions: According to the data, a depression intervention utilizing probiotics outperformed the control, implying that the use of probiotics and fatty acids may be a successful strategy for depression treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing 100049, China;
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.)
| | - Chengwei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.)
| | - Shuzi Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.)
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Yixuan Du
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Boya Wang
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Fengrong Gong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Xinyi Yu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Luming Pan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (R.H.); (Y.D.); (F.G.); (X.Y.); (L.P.)
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Jingdong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (C.H.); (S.X.)
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20
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Favole A, Testori C, Bergagna S, Gennero MS, Ingravalle F, Costa B, Barresi S, Curti P, Barberis F, Ganio S, Orusa R, Vallino Costassa E, Berrone E, Vernè M, Scaglia M, Palmitessa C, Gallo M, Tessarolo C, Pederiva S, Ferrari A, Lorenzi V, Fusi F, Brunelli L, Pastorelli R, Cagnotti G, Casalone C, Caramelli M, Corona C. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Kynurenine Pathway, and Lipid-Profiling Alterations as Potential Animal Welfare Indicators in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071167. [PMID: 37048423 PMCID: PMC10093196 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete animal welfare evaluation in intensive farming is challenging. With this study, we investigate new biomarkers for animal physical and mental health by comparing plasma expression of biochemical indicators in dairy cows reared in three different systems: (A) semi-intensive free-stall, (B) non-intensive tie-stall, and (C) intensive free-stall. Additionally, protein levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) and its precursor form (proBDNF) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) specific activity were evaluated in brain samples collected from 12 cattle culled between 73 and 138 months of age. Alterations in plasma lipid composition and in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism were observed in the tie-stall-reared animals. The total plasma BDNF concentration was higher in tie-stall group compared to the two free-housing groups. Brain analysis of the tie-stall animals revealed a different mBDNF/proBDNF ratio, with a higher level of proBDNF (p < 0.001). Our data are similar to previous studies on animal models of depression, which reported that inhibition of the conversion of proBDNF in its mature form and/or elevated peripheral kynurenine pathway activation may underlie cerebral biochemical changes and induce depressive-like state behavior in animals.
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21
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Li H, Lockwood MB, Schlaeger JM, Liu T, Danciu OC, Doorenbos AZ. Tryptophan and Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites and Psychoneurological Symptoms Among Breast Cancer Survivors. Pain Manag Nurs 2023; 24:52-59. [PMID: 36229337 PMCID: PMC9925397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among breast cancer survivors, pain, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance are common psychoneurological symptoms that cluster together. Inflammation-induced activation of the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolomic pathway may play an important role in these symptoms. AIMS This study investigated the relationship between the metabolites involved in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and psychoneurological symptoms among breast cancer survivors. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Participants were recruited at the oncology clinic at the University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System. PARTICIPANTS/SUBJECTS 79 breast cancer survivors after major cancer treatment. METHODS We assessed psychoneurological symptoms with the PROMIS-29 and collected metabolites from fasting blood among breast cancer survivors after major cancer treatment, then analyzed four major metabolites involved in the tryptophankynurenine pathway (tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid). Latent profile analysis identified subgroups based on the five psychoneurological symptoms. Mann-Whitney U tests and multivariable logistic regression compared targeted metabolites between subgroups. RESULTS We identified two distinct symptom subgroups (low, 81%; high, 19%). Compared with participants in the low symptom subgroup, patients in the high symptom subgroup had higher BMI (p = .024) and were currently using antidepressants (p = .008). Using multivariable analysis, lower tryptophan levels (p = .019) and higher kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (p = .028) were associated with increased risk of being in the high symptom subgroup after adjusting for BMI and antidepressant status. CONCLUSION The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and impaired tryptophan availability may contribute to the development of psychoneurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Li
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Mark B Lockwood
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Judith M Schlaeger
- Department of Human Development Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Oana C Danciu
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ardith Z Doorenbos
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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22
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Michal M, Schulz A, Wild PS, Koeck T, Münzel T, Schuster AK, Strauch K, Lackner K, Süssmuth SD, Niessen HG, Borta A, Allers KA, Zahn D, Beutel ME. Tryptophan catabolites and depression in the general population: results from the Gutenberg Health Study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:27. [PMID: 36631760 PMCID: PMC9835277 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported significantly altered tryptophan catabolite concentrations in major depression. Thus, tryptophan catabolites were considered as potential biomarkers of depression and their modulators as potential targets for psychopharmacotherapy. However, the results were based mainly on studies with small sample sizes limiting their generalizability. Against this background, we investigated the relationship of peripheral tryptophan catabolites with depression in a population-based sample with n = 3,389 participants (with fasting status ≥ 8 h and C-reactive protein < 10 mg/L). N = 248 had clinically significant depression according to a PHQ-9 score of ≥ 10, n = 1,101 subjects had mild depressive symptoms with PHQ-9 scores between 5 and 9, and n = 2,040 had no depression. After multivariable adjustment, clinically significant depression was associated with lower kynurenine and kynurenic acid. Spearman correlation coefficients of the tryptophan catabolites with the severity of depression were very small (rho ≤ 0.080, p ≤ 0.015). None of the tryptophan catabolites could diagnostically separate depressed from not depressed persons. Concerning linear associations, kynurenine and kynurenic acid were associated only with the severity and the cognitive dimension of depression but not its somatic dimension. Tryptophan catabolites were not associated with persistence or recurrence of depression at the 5 year follow-up. The results replicated the association between kynurenine and kynurenic acid with depression. However, the associations were small raising doubts about their clinical utility. Findings underline the complexity of the relationships between depression and tryptophan catabolites. The search for subgroups of depression with a potentially higher impact of depression might be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Michal
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schulz
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp S. Wild
- grid.410607.4German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, Germany ,grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Koeck
- grid.410607.4German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, Germany ,grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- grid.410607.4Center for Cardiology – Cardiology I, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K. Schuster
- grid.410607.4Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- grid.5802.f0000 0001 1941 7111Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Lackner
- grid.410607.4Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sigurd D. Süssmuth
- Clinical Development, uniQure NV, Allschwil, Switzerland ,grid.410712.10000 0004 0473 882XDepartment of Neurology, Univeristy Hospital of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko G. Niessen
- grid.420061.10000 0001 2171 7500Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an Der Riss, Germany
| | - Andreas Borta
- Clinical Development, uniQure NV, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kelly A. Allers
- grid.420061.10000 0001 2171 7500CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an Der Riss, Germany
| | - Daniela Zahn
- grid.410607.4Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred E. Beutel
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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23
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Caldiroli A, Capuzzi E, Affaticati LM, Surace T, Di Forti CL, Dakanalis A, Clerici M, Buoli M. Candidate Biological Markers for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:835. [PMID: 36614278 PMCID: PMC9821596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common psychiatric condition associated with a high risk of psychiatric comorbidity and impaired social/occupational functioning when not promptly treated. The identification of biological markers may facilitate the diagnostic process, leading to an early and proper treatment. Our aim was to systematically review the available literature about potential biomarkers for SAD. A search in the main online repositories (PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsychInfo, etc.) was performed. Of the 662 records screened, 61 were included. Results concerning cortisol, neuropeptides and inflammatory/immunological/neurotrophic markers remain inconsistent. Preliminary evidence emerged about the role of chromosome 16 and the endomannosidase gene, as well as of epigenetic factors, in increasing vulnerability to SAD. Neuroimaging findings revealed an altered connectivity of different cerebral areas in SAD patients and amygdala activation under social threat. Some parameters such as salivary alpha amylase levels, changes in antioxidant defenses, increased gaze avoidance and QT dispersion seem to be associated with SAD and may represent promising biomarkers of this condition. However, the preliminary positive correlations have been poorly replicated. Further studies on larger samples and investigating the same biomarkers are needed to identify more specific biological markers for SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Caldiroli
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.C.); (T.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Enrico Capuzzi
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.C.); (T.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Letizia M. Affaticati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.A.); (C.L.D.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Teresa Surace
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.C.); (T.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Carla L. Di Forti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.A.); (C.L.D.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonios Dakanalis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.A.); (C.L.D.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Massimo Clerici
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Via G.B. Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy; (E.C.); (T.S.); (M.C.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Via Cadore 38, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.A.); (C.L.D.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Massimiliano Buoli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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24
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Cheng D, Qin ZS, Zheng Y, Xie JY, Liang SS, Zhang JL, Feng YB, Zhang ZJ. Minocycline, a classic antibiotic, exerts psychotropic effects by normalizing microglial neuroinflammation-evoked tryptophan-kynurenine pathway dysregulation in chronically stressed male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:305-318. [PMID: 36332817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of tryptophan-kynurenine pathway (TKP) is extensively involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, depression, and neurodegenerative disorders. Minocycline, a classic antibiotic, may exert psychotropic effects associated with the modulation of TKP. In this study, we examined the effects of minocycline in improving behaviour and modulating TKP components in chronically stressed male mice. Following repeated treatment with 22.5 mg/kg and 45 mg/kg minocycline for 27 days, the stressed mice particularly with higher dose displayed significant improvement on cognitive impairment, depression- and anxiety-like behaviour. Minocycline suppressed stress-induced overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and restored anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chronic stress dramatically suppressed blood and prefrontal cortical levels of the primary substrate tryptophan (TRP), the neuroprotective metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA), and KYNA/KYN ratio, but increased the intermediate kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), KYN/TRP ratio, and the neurotoxic metabolite quinolinic acid (QUIN). Minocycline partially or completely reversed changes in these components. Minocycline also inhibited stress-induced overexpression of QUIN-related enzymes, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1(iDO-1), kynureninase (KYNU), kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (3-HAO), but rescued the decreased expression of kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) in brain regions. Behavioral improvements were correlated with multiple TKP metabolites and enzymes. These results suggest that the psychotropic effects of minocycline are mainly associated with the restoration of biodistribution of the primary substrate in the brain and normalization of neuroinflammation-evoked TKP dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zong-Shi Qin
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Ya Xie
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sui-Sha Liang
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia-Ling Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi-Bin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhang-Jin Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China.
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25
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Mingoti MED, Bertollo AG, de Oliveira T, Ignácio ZM. Stress and Kynurenine-Inflammation Pathway in Major Depressive Disorder. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:163-190. [PMID: 36949310 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent disorders and causes severe damage to people's quality of life. Lifelong stress is one of the major villains in triggering MDD. Studies have shown that both stress and MDD, especially the more severe conditions of the disorder, are associated with inflammation and neuroinflammation and the relationship to an imbalance in tryptophan metabolism towards the kynurenine pathway (KP) through the enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which is mainly stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) which is activated primarily by glucocorticoids. Considering that several pathophysiological mechanisms of MDD underlie or interact with biological processes from KP metabolites, this chapter addresses and discusses the function of these mechanisms. Activities triggered by stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and immune and inflammatory processes, in addition to epigenetic phenomena and the gut-brain axis (GBA), are addressed. Finally, studies on the function and mechanisms of physical exercise in the KP metabolism and MDD are pointed out and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiqueli Eduarda Dama Mingoti
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Gollo Bertollo
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Tácio de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Zuleide Maria Ignácio
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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26
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Herman B, Bruni A, Zain E, Dzulhadj A, Oo AC. Post-COVID depression and its multiple factors, does Favipiravir have a protective effect? A longitudinal study of indonesia COVID-19 patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279184. [PMID: 36584099 PMCID: PMC9803217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) not only has a long-term effect on its survivors, it also affects their quality of life, including inducing depression as a possible manifestation of central nervous system disruption. Favipiravir shows promising efficacy as an antiviral drug for the treatment of COVID-19. However, its effect on the sequelae of COVID-19 has not been explored. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of Favipiravir and address the factors associated with post-COVID depression in Indonesia. METHOD This cohort study conducted a post-COVID-19 survey on Indonesian patients who were diagnosed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and antigen tests until January 2022. An online questionnaire was distributed to obtain information on demographics, comorbidities, health behavior, symptoms, and treatment. The propensity technique was used to allocate the participants into the favipiravir and nonrecipient groups (1:1). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used for outcome measurement. The cohort was followed up biweekly for 60 days after onset/diagnosis to determine the occurrence of depression. Cox regression analysis with an adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval was used to estimate the effect of favipiravir on post-COVID-19 depression. RESULTS The data included the information of 712 participants, of whom 18.54% had depression within 60 days after onset/diagnosis. Depression was higher in the nonrecipient group (21.06%) than in the favipiravir group (16.01%). After adjustment by other factors, favipiravir prescription was found to be associated with depression (aOR 0.488, 95% CI 0.339-0.701 p < 0.001). In accordance with the PHQ-9 subset, favipiravir exerted a significant protective effect against depressive mood and loss of interest. However, patients living alone were prone to experiencing loss of interest (aOR 2.253, 95% CI 1.329-3.818, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION The data obtained in this preliminary survey suggested that favipiravir may be useful for preventing post-COVID depression. However, further study is needed. Moreover, the provision of mental health support, particularly to those who live alone, must be ensured. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registry NCT05060562.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumi Herman
- College of Public Health Science Chulalongkorn University Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- * E-mail: (PV); (BH)
| | - Andrea Bruni
- Mental Health Officer, World Health Organization, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ekachaeryanti Zain
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Azhar Dzulhadj
- Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Aye Chan Oo
- College of Public Health Science Chulalongkorn University Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Viwattanakulvanid
- College of Public Health Science Chulalongkorn University Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (PV); (BH)
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27
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Yun Y, Zhang Q, Zhao W, Ma T, Fan H, Bai L, Ma B, Qi S, Wang Z, An H, Yang F. Relationship between the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and painful physical symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychosom Res 2022; 163:111069. [PMID: 36335711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between the tryptophan-kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway and painful physical symptoms (PPS) in major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Eighty-four patients with MDD (40 patients with PPS and 44 without PPS) and forty-six healthy controls (HC) were recruited. The serum levels of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine(KYN), kynurenic acid (KA), quinolinic acid (QA), 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (3-HK), serotonin (5-HT) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Depression, anxiety and pain were assessed using Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SFMPQ) respectively. RESULTS Patients in the MDD group exhibited significantly lower KA and 5-HT levels than HC, whereas MDD patients with PPS showed higher KYN and QA levels, and a higher KYN/TRP ratio than those without. There was a positive correlation between the scores of SFMPQ and QA levels and a negative correlation between the scores of SFMPQ and TRP levels or KA/QA ratios in MDD patients with PPS group. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the KYN/TRP ratios, the KA/QA ratios, and the HAMD scores were significant predictor factors for SFMPQ scores. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that the TRP-KYN pathway may play a role in the pathophysiology of pain in patients with major depressive disorder, suggesting that further studies of this pathway as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Yun
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Wuxi Mental Health Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Ma
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzhen Fan
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Luyuan Bai
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Botao Ma
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Qi
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiren Wang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimei An
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Fude Yang
- Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Yilmaz NS, Sen B, Karadag RF, Aslan S, Ekmekci Ertek I, Bozkurt A, Cicek S, Bolu A, Ucar H, Kocak C, Cevik C, Bukan N. A kynurenine pathway enzyme aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase may be involved in treatment-resistant depression, and baseline inflammation status of patients predicts treatment response: a pilot study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1513-1526. [PMID: 36334154 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) and inflammation are substantial in depression pathogenesis. Although there is a crosstalk between the KP, inflammation, and neurotrophic factors, few studies examine these topics together. Novel medications may be developed by clarifying dysregulations related to inflammation, KP, and neurotrophic factors in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We aimed to evaluate the serum levels of KP metabolites, proinflammatory biomarkers, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy controls (HC) and the patients with TRD whose followed up with three different treatments. Moreover, the effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on biomarkers was investigated. Study groups comprised a total of 30 unipolar TRD patients consisting of three separate patient groups (ECT = 8, rTMS = 10, pharmacotherapy = 12), and 9 HC. The decision to administer only pharmacotherapy or ECT/rTMS besides pharmacotherapy was given independently of this research by psychiatrists. Blood samples and symptom scores were obtained three times for patients. At baseline, quinolinic acid (QUIN) was higher in the patients with TRD compared to HC, whereas picolinic acid (PIC), PIC/QUIN, and PIC/3-hydroxykynurenine were lower. Baseline interleukin-6 (IL-6), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were higher in nonresponders and non-remitters. ECT had an acute effect on cytokines. In the rTMS group, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased in time. PIC, QUIN, and aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) enzyme may play a role in TRD pathogenesis, and have diagnostic potential. rTMS and ECT have modulatory effects on low-grade inflammation seen in TRD. Baseline inflammation severity is predictive in terms of response and remission in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyazi Samet Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Bayram Sen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Selcuk Aslan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irem Ekmekci Ertek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aruz Bozkurt
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saba Cicek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Bolu
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences University Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Ucar
- Department of Psychiatry, Health Sciences University Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemal Kocak
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemal Cevik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Bukan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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29
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Aarsland TIM, Instanes JT, Posserud MBR, Ulvik A, Kessler U, Haavik J. Changes in Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism in Patients with Depression Undergoing ECT-A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1439. [PMID: 36422569 PMCID: PMC9694349 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism generates multiple biologically active metabolites (kynurenines) that have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. It has been suggested that modulation of kynurenine metabolism could be involved in the therapeutic effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). We performed a systematic review with aims of summarizing changes in Trp and/or kynurenines after ECT and assessing methodological issues. The inclusion criterium was measures of Trp and/or kynurenines before and after ECT. Animal studies and studies using Trp administration or Trp depletion were excluded. Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo and PubMed were searched, most recently in July 2022. Outcomes were levels of Trp, kynurenines and ratios before and after ECT. Data on factors affecting Trp metabolism and ECT were collected for interpretation and discussion of the reported changes. We included 17 studies with repeated measures for a total of 386 patients and 27 controls. Synthesis using vote counting based on the direction of effect found no evidence of effect of ECT on any outcome variable. There were considerable variations in design, patient characteristics and reported items. We suggest that future studies should include larger samples, assess important covariates and determine between- and within-subject variability. PROSPERO (CRD42020187003).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maj-Britt Rocio Posserud
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Arve Ulvik
- Bevital A/S, Laboratoriebygget, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ute Kessler
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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30
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Jahromy MH, Baghchesara B, Javanshir S. Effects of Allopurinol as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on depressive-like behavior of rats and changes in serum BDNF level. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:373-377. [PMCID: PMC9626926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized by low mood and loss of interest in daily activities. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase blocker, is widely administered for the treatment of hyperuricemia. Recently, its effects on serotonin and depressive like behaviors have been reported. On the other hand, the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protective and regenerative neurotrophic, has been increased by many antidepressants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antidepressant effects of allopurinol and changes in serum level of BDNF compared to those of fluoxetine. Methods Thirty-five male Wistar albino rats divided into five groups (control, 10 mg/kg fluoxetine, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg allopurinol; n = 7 per group), that received all treatments intraperitoneally, every day. Forced swimming tests (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and open field test (OFT) were performed after 21 days of drug administration. Finally, the serum BDNF levels were measured using the sandwich ELISA method. Results All doses of allopurinol and fluoxetine reduced the duration of immobility time in FST and TST. No significant changes were observed in the number of lines crossed in OFT between either allopurinol or fluoxetine groups and control group. Serum level of BDNF were significantly higher in fluoxetine and allopurinol 50 and 100 mg/kg groups. Conclusions Long-term administration of allopurinol 50 and 100 mg/kg have shown antidepressant effects in behavioral tests along with an increase in the amount of serum BDNF concentration. The OFT results suggested that allopurinol did not have any significant effects on motor activity. The increased serum level of the BDNF in the allopurinol group was correlated with FST and TST results. However, it is still not clear whether the antidepressant effects of allopurinol are due to a direct effects on serotonin and/or BDNF or an indirect effect related to its xanthin oxidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Hadipour Jahromy
- Herbal Pharmacology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Correspondence to: Department of Pharmacology, Herbal Pharmacology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, P.O. Box: 19168, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Baghchesara
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Javanshir
- School of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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31
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ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN DEPRESSION: UNDERSTANDING MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, RECENT RESEARCH, AND FUTURE DIRECTION. Behav Brain Res 2022; 436:114081. [PMID: 36037843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota, also known as the "second brain" in humans because of the regulatory role it has on the central nervous system via neuronal, chemical and immune pathways. It has been proven that there exists a bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Increasing evidence supports that this crosstalk is linked to the etiology and treatment of depression. Reports suggest that the gut microbiota control the host epigenetic machinery in depression and gut dysbiosis causes negative epigenetic modifications via mechanisms like histone acetylation, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA mediated gene inhibition. The gut microbiome can be a promising approach for the management of depression. The diet and dietary metabolites like kynurenine, tryptophan, and propionic acid also greatly influence the microbiome composition and thereby, the physiological activities. This review gives a bird-eye view on the pathological updates and currently used treatment approaches targeting the gut microbiota in depression.
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32
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen X, Chen X, Chen C, Wang L, Dong X, Wang G, Gu R, Li F, Han F, Chen D. Discovery of 1-(Hetero)aryl-β-carboline Derivatives as IDO1/TDO Dual Inhibitors with Antidepressant Activity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11214-11228. [PMID: 35938398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the leading cause of global burden of disease and disability. Abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation have been closely linked to the pathogenesis of depression. An integrative bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are potential targets for the development of antidepressants. A series of 1-(hetero)aryl-β-carboline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as novel IDO1/TDO dual inhibitors. Among them, compound 28 displayed potent inhibition of both IDO1 (IC50 = 3.53 μM) and TDO (IC50 = 1.15 μM) and had an acceptable safety profile and pharmacokinetic properties. Compound 28 also rescued lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Further studies revealed that 28 likely had unique antidepressant mechanisms involving suppressing microglial activation, lowering IDO1 expression, and reducing proinflammatory cytokine and kynurenine levels in the mouse brain. Overall, this work provides practical guidance for the development of IDO1/TDO dual inhibitors to treat inflammation-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Guoli Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Ruxin Gu
- Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215002, China
| | - Dongyin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, Drug Target and Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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33
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Kumar Palepu MS, Dandekar MP. Remodeling of microbiota gut-brain axis using psychobiotics in depression. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175171. [PMID: 35926568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a multifaceted psychiatric disorder mainly orchestrated by dysfunction of neuroendocrine, neurochemical, immune, and metabolic systems. The interconnection of gut microbiota perturbation with the central nervous system disorders has been well documented in recent times. Indeed, alteration of commensal intestinal microflora is noted in several psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, which are presumed to be routed through the enteric nervous system, autonomic nervous system, endocrine, and immune system. This review summarises the new mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between gut microbiota and brain involved in the management of depression. Depression-induced changes in the commensal intestinal microbiota are majorly linked with the disruption of gut integrity, hyperinflammation, and modulation of short-chain fatty acids, neurotransmitters, kynurenine metabolites, endocannabinoids, brain-derived neurotropic factors, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and gut peptides. The restoration of gut microbiota with prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and fermented foods (psychobiotics) has gained a considerable attention for the management of depression. Recent evidence also propose the role of gut microbiota in the process of treatment-resistant depression. Thus, remodeling of the microbiota-gut-brain axis using psychobiotics appears to be a promising therapeutic approach for the reversal of psychiatric disorders, and it is imperative to decipher the underlying mechanisms for gut-brain crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Surya Kumar Palepu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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34
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de Arruda CM, Doneda DL, de Oliveira VV, da Silva RAL, de Matos YAV, Fernandes IL, Rohden CAH, Viola GG, Rios-Santos F, de Lima E, da Silva Buss Z, Vandresen-Filho S. Involvement of kynurenine pathway and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the antidepressant-like effect of vilazodone in the tail suspension test in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173433. [PMID: 35901966 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of vilazodone using the tail suspension test in mice. We also investigated the contribution of kynurenine pathway and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors to this effect. For this purpose, we pretreated animals with sub-effective doses of L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, or quinolinic acid. We then assessed the immobility time, an indicative measure of depressive-like behavior, in the tail suspension test. We also evaluated the possible effects of sub-effective doses of vilazodone combined with sub-effective doses of ketamine (N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist) in a separate group. Vilazodone (3mg/kg, intraperitoneal) significantly reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test. L-kynurenine (1.7 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), 3-hydroxykynurenine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and quinolinic acid (3 nmol/site, intracerebroventricular) significantly increased the immobility time in the tail suspension test. The antidepressant-like effects of vilazodone (3mg/kg, intraperitoneal) were inhibited by pre-treatment with non-effective doses of L-kynurenine (0.83 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3.33 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), or quinolinic acid (1 nmol/site, intracerebroventricular). Pretreatment of mice with sub-effective doses of ketamine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) optimized the action of a sub-effective dose of vilazodone (0.3mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test. None of the drugs used in this study induced any changes in locomotor activity in the open field test. The results showed that vilazodone induced an antidepressant-like effect in the tail suspension test, which may be mediated through an interaction with the kynurenine pathway and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maria de Arruda
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Diego Luiz Doneda
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Vezzi de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Rozielly Aparecida Lemes da Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Yohan Alves Victor de Matos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Isadora Luiza Fernandes
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Christopher Alecsander Herane Rohden
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Giordano Gubert Viola
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade, Meio Ambiente e Educação, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará-Campus Acopiara, Vila Martins, 63560000 Acopiara, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Rios-Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Eliângela de Lima
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Ziliani da Silva Buss
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Imunologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, 88040900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Samuel Vandresen-Filho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Básicas em Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Boa Esperança, 78060900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
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Rani T, Behl T, Sharma N, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Alhazmi HA, Meraya AM, Bhatia S, Bungau SG. Exploring the role of biologics in depression. Cell Signal 2022; 98:110409. [PMID: 35843573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a chronic and prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder; clinical symptoms include excessive sad mood, anhedonia, increased anxiety, disturbed sleep, and cognitive deficits. The exact etiopathogenesis of depression is not well understood. Studies have suggested that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins (ILs) perform vital roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. Increasing evidence suggests the upregulation of TNF-α and ILs expression in patients with depression. Therefore, biologics like TNF inhibitors (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab) and IL inhibitors (ustekinumab) have become key compounds in the treatment of depression. Interestingly, treatment with an antidepressant has been found to decrease the TNF-α level and improve depression-like behaviors in several preclinical and clinical studies. In the current article, we have reviewed the recent findings linking TNF-α and the pathogenesis of depression proving TNF-α inhibitors as potential new therapeutic agents. Animal models and clinical studies further support that TNF-α inhibitors are effective in ameliorating depression-like behaviors. Moreover, studies showed that peripheral injection of TNF-α exhibits depressive symptoms. These symptoms have been improved by treatment with TNF-α inhibitors. Hence suggesting TNF-α inhibitors as potential new antidepressants for the management of depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarapati Rani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Pharmacy Parctice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman; School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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36
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Ullah H, Khan A, Rengasamy KRR, Di Minno A, Sacchi R, Daglia M. The Efficacy of S-Adenosyl Methionine and Probiotic Supplementation on Depression: A Synergistic Approach. Nutrients 2022; 14:2751. [PMID: 35807931 PMCID: PMC9268496 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and serious health issue affecting around 280 million people around the world. Suicidal ideation more frequently occurs in people with moderate to severe depression. Psychotherapy and pharmacological drugs are the mainstay of available treatment options for depressive disorders. However, pharmacological options do not offer complete cure, especially in moderate to severe depression, and are often seen with a range of adverse events. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) supplementation has been widely studied, and an impressive collection of literature published over the last few decades suggests its antidepressant efficacy. Probiotics have gained significant attention due to their wide array of clinical uses, and multiple studies have explored the link between probiotic species and mood disorders. Gut dysbiosis is one of the risk factors in depression by inducing systemic inflammation accompanied by an imbalance in neurotransmitter production. Thus, concomitant administration of probiotics may be an effective treatment strategy in patients with depressed mood, particularly in resistant cases, as these can aid in dysbiosis, possibly resulting in the attenuation of systemic inflammatory processes and the improvement of the therapeutic efficacy of SAMe. The current review highlights the therapeutic roles of SAMe and probiotics in depression, their mechanistic targets, and their possible synergistic effects and may help in the development of food supplements consisting of a combination of SAMe and probiotics with new dosage forms that may improve their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Ayesha Khan
- Department of Medicine, Combined Military Hospital Nowshera, Nowshera 24110, Pakistan;
| | - Kannan R. R. Rengasamy
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Sacchi
- Applied Statistic Unit, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 24, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (H.U.); (A.D.M.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Dandekar MP, Palepu MSK, Satti S, Jaiswal Y, Singh AA, Dash SP, Gajula SNR, Sonti R. Multi-strain Probiotic Formulation Reverses Maternal Separation and Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Generated Anxiety- and Depression-like Phenotypes by Modulating Gut Microbiome-Brain Activity in Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1948-1965. [PMID: 35735411 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a debilitating mental disorder that affects >322 million people worldwide. Despite the availability of several antidepressant agents, many patients remain treatment refractory. A growing literature study has indicated the role of gut microbiota in neuropsychiatric disorders. Herein, we examined the psychobiotic-like activity of multi-strain probiotic formulation in maternal separation (MS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) models of anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes in Sprague-Dawley rats. Early- and late-life stress was employed in both male and female rats by exposing them to MS and CUMS. The multi-strain probiotic formulation (Cognisol) containing Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2, Lactobacillus plantarum UBLP-40, Lactobacillus rhamnosus UBLR-58, Bifidobacterium lactis UBBLa-70, Bifidobacterium breve UBBr-01, and Bifidobacterium infantis UBBI-01 at a total strength of 10 billion cfu along with l-glutamine was administered for 6 weeks via drinking water. Neurobehavioral assessment was done using the forced swim test (FST), sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and open field test (OFT). Animals were sacrificed after behavioral assessment, and blood, brain, and intestine samples were collected to analyze the levels of cytokines, metabolites, and neurotransmitters and histology. Animals exposed to stress showed increased passivity, consumed less sucrose solution, and minimally explored the open arms in the FST, SPT, and EPM, respectively. Administration of multi-strain probiotics along with l-glutamine for 6 weeks ameliorated the behavioral abnormalities. The locomotor activity of animals in the OFT and their body weight remained unchanged across the groups. Cognisol treatment reversed the decreased BDNF and serotonin levels and increased CRP, TNF-α, and dopamine levels in the hippocampus and/or frontal cortex. Administration of Cognisol also restored the plasma levels of l-tryptophan, l-kynurenine, kynurenic-acid, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroides ratio; the levels of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in fecal samples; the villi/crypt ratio; and the goblet cell count, which manifested in the restoration of intestinal functions. We suggest that the multi-strain probiotic and glutamine formulation (Cognisol) ameliorated the MS + UCMS-generated anxiety- and depression-like phenotypes by reshaping the gut microbiome-brain activity in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Mani Surya Kumar Palepu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Srilakshmi Satti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Yash Jaiswal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Surya Prakash Dash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
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Gut microbial metabolites in Parkinson's disease: Association with lifestyle, disease characteristics, and treatment status. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105780. [PMID: 35654277 PMCID: PMC9241494 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing appreciation of the importance of the intestinal microbiota in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and one potential mechanism by which the intestinal microbiota can communicate with the brain is via bacteria-derived metabolites. In this study, plasma levels of bacterial-derived metabolites including trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), the branched chain fatty acid isovalerate, succinate, and lactate were evaluated in PD subjects (treatment naïve and treated) which were compared to (1) population controls, (2) spousal / household controls (similar lifestyle to PD subjects), and (3) subjects with multiple system atrophy (MSA). Analyses revealed an increase in the TMAO pathway in PD subjects which was independent of medication status, disease characteristics, and lifestyle. Lactic acid was decreased in treated PD subjects, succinic acid positively correlated with disease severity, and the ratio of pro-inflammatory TMAO to the putative anti-inflammatory metabolite butyric acid was significantly higher in PD subjects compared to controls indicating a pro-inflammatory shift in the metabolite profile in PD subjects. Finally, acetic and butyric acid were different between PD and MSA subjects indicating that metabolites may differentiate these synucleinopathies. In summary, (1) TMAO is elevated in PD subjects, a phenomenon independent of disease characteristics, treatment status, and lifestyle and (2) metabolites may differentiate PD and MSA subjects. Additional studies to understand the potential of TMAO and other bacterial metabolites to serve as a biomarker or therapeutic targets are warranted.
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Huang D, Wang L, Wu Y, Qin X, Du G, Zhou Y. Metabolomics Based on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Dissect the Mechanisms of Chaigui Granules for Treating Depression. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8466-8482. [PMID: 35309492 PMCID: PMC8928523 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chaigui granules were a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation with antidepressant effects derived from a famous antidepressant prescription. It was of great significance to clarify the antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules for the clinical application of this drug. In this study, a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression model was successfully established, and behavioral indicators were used to evaluate the antidepressant effect. Second, the CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ levels were detected in peripheral blood. Meanwhile, the amount of inflammatory cytokines was determined in serum. Correspondingly, LC/MS-based peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) metabolomics was used to investigate vital metabolic pathways participating in the antidepressive effects of Chaigui granules. Finally, bioinformatics technology was further employed to discover the potential antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules regulating the immune system. The results suggested that the administration of Chaigui granules significantly improved CUMS-induced depressive symptoms. Chaigui granules could improve immune function by regulating T lymphocyte subsets, increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-2 and IL-10, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. In addition, metabolomics results of PBMCs showed that Chaigui granules improved 14 of the 25 potential biomarkers induced by CUMS. Metabolic pathway analyses indicated that purine metabolism was the critical metabolic pathway regulated by Chaigui granules. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated that 13 key biomarkers were related to immune-related indicators. The metabolite-gene network of 13 key biomarkers was investigated by using bioinformatics. The investigation showed that 10 targets (5'-nucleotidase ecto; 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IB; 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II; etc.), mainly belong to the purine metabolism, might be potential targets for Chaigui granules to exert their antidepressant effects by improving immune function impairment. Together, our results suggested that Chaigui granules might exert antidepressant effects by improving immune function and regulating the purine metabolic pathway in PBMCs. This work used PBMCs metabolomics as an entry point to study the antidepressant mechanism of Chaigui granules, which provided a new way to elucidate the mechanism of a traditional Chinese medicine prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Huang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- Department
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Hospital
of Shanxi Medical University, Yingze District, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Zhou
- Modern
Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM
of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, P. R. China
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Ugwu PI, Ben-Azu B, Ugwu SU, Uruaka CI, Nworgu CC, Okorie PO, Okafor KO, Anachuna KK, Elendu MU, Ugwu AO, Anyaehie UB, Nwankwo AA, Osim EE. Putative mechanisms involved in the psychopathologies of mice passively coping with psychosocial defeat stress by quercetin. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:127-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhang ZQ, Guo ZP, Lv XY, Sörös P, Wang XX, Wang L, Liu CH. Effect and neural mechanisms of the transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation for relapse prevention in patients with remitted major depressive disorder: protocol for a longitudinal study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e050446. [PMID: 35193903 PMCID: PMC8867334 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the first episode, patients with remitted major depressive disorder (MDD) have a 60% chance of experiencing a second episode. There are currently no accepted, effective methods to prevent the recurrence of MDD in remission. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a non-invasive, safe and economical approach based on the efficacy of VNS in improving clinical depression symptoms. This clinical trial will study the efficacy of taVNS in preventing MDD relapse and investigate the underlying mechanisms of this. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct a multicentre, randomised, patient-blinded and evaluators double-blinded trial. We will randomise 90 eligible participants with recurrent MDD in remission in a 1:1 ratio into a real or sham taVNS group. All participants will be given six biopsychosocial assessments: proinflammatory cytokines, serum monoamine neurotransmitters, cognition, affective neuropsychology, multimodal neuroimaging and endocrinology. After the baseline measurements, all participants will be given corresponding interference for 6 months and then complete a 1-year follow-up. The assessments will be performed three times: at baseline, post-treatment and at the end of 1-year follow-up (except for multimodal MRI scanning, which will be conducted at the first two assessments only). Change in 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores for MDD is the primary outcome parameter. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine on 18 January 2019 (2018BL-076). The trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1900022618.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Qing Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Guo
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Yu Lv
- Guang'an men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Sörös
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Xiao-Xu Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chun-Hong Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Wang Q, Sun YN, Zou CM, Zhang TL, Li Z, Liu M, Shi BY, Shi SS, Yu CY, Wei TM. Regulation of the kynurenine/serotonin pathway by berberine and the underlying effect in the hippocampus of the chronic unpredictable mild stress mice. Behav Brain Res 2022; 422:113764. [PMID: 35051489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental disorder and is one of the main causes of disability. Berberine (BBR), the major constituent alkaloid originally from the famous Chinese herb Huanglian (Coptis chinensis), has been shown to exert antidepressant-like effects. This study was to investigate the hypothesis that BBR treats depressive-like behavior by shifting the balance of the kynurenine (KYN)/serotonin (5-HT) pathway toward the 5-HT pathway through downregulated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and upregulated dopamine decarboxylase (DDC) in hippocampus. METHOD A chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice model of depression was established via 21 days unpredictable stimulation. Then the mice were randomly assigned into six groups, namely control, model, fluoxetine [FLU, (10 mg/kg)], BBRL (25 mg/kg), BBRM (50 mg/kg), and BBRH (100 mg/kg) groups. Behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate the antidepressant effects of BBR. The levels of 5-HT, KYN, tryptophan (TRP), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in hippocampus were estimated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mRNA and protein levels of DDC, MAOA and IDO1 in hippocampus were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot (WB), respectively. RESULT The results showed that a successful CUMS mice model was established through 21 days of continuous unpredictable stimulation, as indicated by the significant decrease in locomotor activity and increase in immobility time, reduction in body weight and sucrose preference rate etc. Compared with the normal group, the concentrations of KYN/TRP had significantly increased (p## <0.01) and 5-HT/5-HIAA had decreased (p#<0.05) at day 21 in the control group, but then improved after drug treatment with FLU and BBR. Compared with the normal group, the mRNA of IDO1 and MAOA were significantly upregulated (p#<0.05) in the control group, MAOA and IDO1 gene were downregulated by FLU and BBR treatment. Protein expressions of IDO1 and MAOA was significantly increased (p#<0.05) and DDC downregulated (p##<0.01). BBR treatment downregulated IDO1 and MAOA, upregulated DDC. CONCLUSIONS BBR reversed the abnormalities of the KYN/5-HT pathway in depressed mice and achieved an excellent antidepressant effect. Its direct impact may be observed as changes in biological indicators in mice hippocampus tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ya-Nan Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chun-Ming Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Te-Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of human resource, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Bi-Ying Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shan-Shan Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chun-Yue Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Tai-Ming Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing 163319, China.
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Fukushima T, Umino M, Sakamoto T, Onozato M. A review of chromatographic methods for bioactive tryptophan metabolites, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, and others, in biological fluids. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5308. [PMID: 34978092 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
sKynurenine (KYN) is synthesized from an essential amino acid, tryptophan by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase or indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase via N-formyl- KYN in vivo. Subsequently, KYN acts as a precursor of some neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, and an important enzyme co-factor, nicotine adenine dinucleotide. These metabolites of tryptophan are a part of the "kynurenine pathway." In addition, KYN functions as an endogenous ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which acts as a transcription factor. The levels of tryptophan metabolites are important for the assessment of the stage of neurological disorders, and hence, have garnered significant interest for clinical diagnosis. In this review, the detection of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, and other tryptophan metabolites performed via chromatographic methods such as HPLC using UV absorbance, fluorescence, and chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maho Umino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakamoto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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Dogrul BN. Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors as a potential treatment for somatic symptoms. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang Y, Li X, Jing R, Yang W, Wang Y, Wang C, Yao L, Cui X, Hu Y. KXS Balances the Tryptophan Metabolism in Mild to Moderate Depressed Patients and Chronic Restraint Stress Induced Depressive Rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2485-2496. [PMID: 36345420 PMCID: PMC9636882 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s377982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tryptophan metabolism is involved in the etiology and exacerbation of depressive disorders. Kai-Xin-San (KXS), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been widely used to treat depression and modulate serotonin simultaneously, but how it regulates depressive-like behavior by shifting the balance of the tryptophan-serotonin metabolism and kynurenine pathway remains vague. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ten participants with mild to moderate depression treated with KXS (KXS preparation) were analyzed in this study. Depression rating scale score and the concentration of serum tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan and kynurenine was measured at baseline and the endpoint of KXS treatment. To explore the specific regulatory mechanism of KXS in tryptophan metabolism, the chronic restraint stress (CRS) was used to induce depressive-like syndrome in rats and the hippocampus level of tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, kynurenine with downstream metabolites (kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid) and key enzymes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, kynurenine aminotransferase) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-electros pray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay respectively. RESULTS KXS significantly decreased depression rating scale scores and increased the serum tryptophan and kynurenine concentration in depressive patients compared to baseline. Also, it alleviated the depressive behavior in CRS rats obviously. Comparing with CRS group, KXS increased tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, kynurenine level in rat hippocampus. Furthermore, in kynurenine pathway, KXS decreased the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, increased kynurenic acid by upregulating the expression of kynurenine aminotransferase while decreased quinolinic acid level in hippocampus, which suggested that KXS more favored improving serotonin pathway, and neuroprotective kynurenic acid branch in the tryptophan metabolism. CONCLUSION This is the first tryptophan metabolomic study of patients with depression undergoing KXS treatment. Combining these clinical results with CRS induced rat model studies, it verified that KXS achieves an excellent antidepressant effect and balances tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathways by regulating some key metabolic products and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Wang
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshan Yang
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaochen Wang
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yao
- Graduate School of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- Department of Health Medicine, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
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Huang Y, Zhao M, Chen X, Zhang R, Le A, Hong M, Zhang Y, Jia L, Zang W, Jiang C, Wang J, Fan X, Wang J. Tryptophan Metabolism in Central Nervous System Diseases: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Aging Dis 2022; 14:858-878. [PMID: 37191427 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of L-tryptophan (TRP) regulates homeostasis, immunity, and neuronal function. Altered TRP metabolism has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various diseases of the central nervous system. TRP is metabolized through two main pathways, the kynurenine pathway and the methoxyindole pathway. First, TRP is metabolized to kynurenine, then kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and finally 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid along the kynurenine pathway. Second, TRP is metabolized to serotonin and melatonin along the methoxyindole pathway. In this review, we summarize the biological properties of key metabolites and their pathogenic functions in 12 disorders of the central nervous system: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Furthermore, we summarize preclinical and clinical studies, mainly since 2015, that investigated the metabolic pathway of TRP, focusing on changes in biomarkers of these neurologic disorders, their pathogenic implications, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting this metabolic pathway. This critical, comprehensive, and up-to-date review helps identify promising directions for future preclinical, clinical, and translational research on neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Rengasamy M, Marsland A, Spada M, Hsiung K, Kovats T, Price RB. A chicken and egg scenario in psychoneuroimmunology: Bidirectional mechanisms linking cytokines and depression. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Bou Khalil R, El Khoury R. δ EPCD: the electrophysiologic coefficient of depressiveness. Biomarkers 2021; 26:752-759. [PMID: 34664533 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1995497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite research advances, recently identified biological markers for depression are either non-specific or impractical in daily clinical practice. Hence, we aim to identify a novel biomarker: δEPCD, the electrophysiologic coefficient of depressiveness. δEPCD must be sensitive and specific to the vulnerability towards depression. It should also detect the presence of a depressive clinical state and be able to quantify its severity. Moreover, it should be easily accessible and cost-effective. Accordingly, combining high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), which reflects a reduction in vagal tone, and tryptophan metabolism, which influences serotonin synthesis pathway, may have a good diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in depression. δEPCD is the multiplication of the intrinsic difference between state 0 (rest) and state 1 (exposure to stress) of HF-HRV and the plasma concentration ratio between quinolinic acid and kynurenine. δEPCD theoretically fluctuates between -1000 and 0 where being closer to 0 signifies no vulnerability to depression. Individuals with a score between -16.7 and -167 have a high vulnerability to depression. Finally, individuals with a δEPCD closer to -1000 have the most severe forms of depression. δEPCD is theoretically conceived to be easy to assess and monitor which makes it a candidate for further evaluation of reliability and validity.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEDepression is currently diagnosed based on emotional and behavioural symptoms; however there is currently a rising interest in the field of neurobiological markers that could improve diagnostic accuracy.Many current biological approaches are primarily based on single neurobiological markers that are either non-specific or impractical in daily clinical practice.Among other neurological effects, depression may modify the parasympathetic nervous system tone and disturb the tryptophan metabolism.The electrophysiological coefficient of depressiveness δEPCD combines heart rate variability (HRV) and tryptophan metabolism to reflect the intrinsic individual vulnerability towards depression and the inherent severity of an index depressive disorder.δEPCD is the intrinsic difference between state 0 (without stress) and state 1 (exposed to a stressful task) of the high-frequency heart rate variability multiplied by the intrinsic difference between both states, e.g. state 0 and 1, of the plasma concentration ratio of quinolinic acid over kynurenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Bou Khalil
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rhéa El Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
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Eroğlu İ, Eroğlu BÇ, Güven GS. Altered tryptophan absorption and metabolism could underlie long-term symptoms in survivors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nutrition 2021; 90:111308. [PMID: 34111831 PMCID: PMC8087860 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has been lasting for more than one year and there is little known about the long-term health effects of the disease. Long-COVID is a new term that is used to describe the enduring symptoms of COVID-19 survivors. Huang et al. reported that fatigue, muscle weakness, sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression were the most common complaints in COVID-19 survivors after 6 months of the infection. A recent meta-analysis showed that 80% of COVID-19 survivors have developed at least one long-term symptom and the most common five were fatigue, headache, attention deficit disorder, hair loss, and dyspnea. In this paper, we discuss the hypothesis that altered tryptophan absorption and metabolism could be the main contributor to the long-term symptoms in COVID-19 survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- İmdat Eroğlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Çelik Eroğlu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülay Sain Güven
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Strollo HC, Nouraie SM, Hoth KF, Riley CM, Karoleski C, Zhang Y, Hanania NA, Bowler RP, Bon J, Sciurba FC. Association of Systemic Inflammation with Depressive Symptoms in Individuals with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:2515-2522. [PMID: 34511896 PMCID: PMC8423410 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s322144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Depression is a prevalent comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that, along with COPD, has been associated with inflammation. An association between inflammation and depression in COPD has not been validated in a large COPD cohort. Methods Individuals from the University of Pittsburgh SCCOR cohort and the COPDGene cohort with tobacco use history and airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC <0.7) were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), respectively. Participants completed symptom-related questionnaires and plasma IL-6 measurements. T-test, Fisher’s Exact tests and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results The SCCOR cohort included 220 obstructed participants: 44% female and 21.4% with elevated depressive symptoms. GOLD staging distribution was predominantly stage I and II. The COPDGene cohort included 745 obstructed participants: 44% female and 13.0% with elevated depressive symptoms. GOLD distribution was predominantly stage II and III. In the SCCOR cohort, correlation between IL-6 and depressive symptoms trended toward significance (p= 0.08). Multivariable modeling adjusted for FEV1, age, gender and medical comorbidities showed a significant association (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.08–2.69). IL-6 was significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms in COPDGene in both univariate (p=0.001) and multivariable modeling (OR = 1.52, 95% CI =1.13–2.04). Conclusion Elevated plasma IL-6 levels are associated with depressive symptoms in individuals with COPD independent of airflow limitation and comorbid risk factors for depression. Our results suggest that systemic inflammation may play a significant and possibly bidirectional role in depression associated with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary C Strollo
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seyed M Nouraie
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karin F Hoth
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Craig M Riley
- Chester County Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Health System, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Chad Karoleski
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yingze Zhang
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicola A Hanania
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Russell P Bowler
- National Jewish Health, Department of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jessica Bon
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Frank C Sciurba
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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