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Falala A, Lannes A, Bui E, Revet A. Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in bereaved children and adolescents: A systematic review. L'ENCEPHALE 2024; 50:557-565. [PMID: 38413249 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is a condition recently introduced in international classifications of mental disorders. Although PGD is associated with significant distress and impairment that may have developmental consequences, to date, little is known about its prevalence and associated factors in children and adolescents. The present systematic review registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021236026) aimed to: (i) review existing data on the prevalence of PGD in bereaved children and adolescents; and (ii) identify factors associated with PGD in this population. METHODS Six electronic databases, grey literature and a manually searched journal identified 1,716 articles with no backward limit to September 2021. Epidemiological studies were included if they reported the prevalence of PGD in bereaved children and adolescents. Study characteristics, diagnostic and assessment tools, population, loss-related characteristics and prevalence of PGD were reviewed. RESULTS Five studies met our inclusion criteria. The reported prevalences of PGD ranged from 10.4% to 32%. Female gender, cognitive avoidance, chronic stressors such as economic hardship, exposure to trauma or other losses appear to be associated with more severe symptoms or even a higher risk of PGD. Conversely, data suggest social support may be protective. CONCLUSION This first systematic review found a relatively high prevalence of PGD in bereaved children and adolescents. While further large epidemiological studies are needed, this review highlights the importance of evaluating PGD in current clinical practice and suggests that further research into diagnostic and therapeutic approaches targeting this disorder is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Falala
- Service universitaire de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, place du Dr-Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Alice Lannes
- Unité d'hospitalisation pour adolescents, pôle de pédopsychiatrie, hôpitaux de Lannemezan, Lannemezan, France; Inserm, UPS, CERPOP, université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Bui
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Caen-Normandy & Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Alexis Revet
- Service universitaire de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse, place du Dr-Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Inserm, UPS, CERPOP, université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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2
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Juen F, Hecker T, Hermenau K, Teicher MH, Mikinga G, Nkuba M, Masath FB, Schalinski I. Child maltreatment in a high adversity context: Associations of age, type and timing of exposure with psychopathology in middle childhood. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 157:107060. [PMID: 39299064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cumulative childhood maltreatment (CM) has been linked to psychopathological outcomes, recent studies point to the relevance of the type and timing of exposure. The aim of the current study was to better understand their importance beyond the cumulative burden of CM for psychopathological symptoms in middle childhood. METHODS A total of N = 341 children (M = 9.92, SD = 1.51) were interviewed to assess trauma load (UCLA - University of California at Los Angeles Event List), exposure to CM (pediMACE - Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure - Pediatric Interview) and different outcomes of psychopathology (UCLA Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We employed conditioned random forest regression, incorporating type, timing, and cumulative indicators of CM, to assess the importance of each predictor simultaneously. RESULTS Exposure to CM (abuse, neglect and cumulative indicators) exhibited a robust association with psychopathological outcomes. Recent abuse and recent neglect showed most robust associations with outcomes, neglect was stronger related to internalizing problems and timing of exposure showed clear associations with diverse pathological outcomes. CONCLUSION Beyond the cumulative burden, type and timing of CM show direct and diverse associations to pathological outcomes in middle childhood. Our results highlight the critical importance of early and detailed identification of CM, particularly recent exposure. This finding is valuable for researchers and clinicians, as it can refine diagnostic assessments and pave the way for effective early intervention strategies for affected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Juen
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hecker
- Department of Psychology, University of Bielefeld, Germany; Institute for interdisciplinary Research on Conflict & Violence, University of Bielefeld, Germany; Non-Governmental Organization Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany
| | - Katharin Hermenau
- Non-Governmental Organization Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Protestant Hospital Bethel, University Hospital EWL, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Marty H Teicher
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Developmental Biopsychiatry Research Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States of America
| | - Getrude Mikinga
- Non-Governmental Organization Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany; Department of Educational Psychology and Curriculum Studies, Mkwawa University College of Education, Iringa, Tanzania
| | - Mabula Nkuba
- Non-Governmental Organization Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany; Department of Educational Psychology and Curriculum Studies, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Faustine B Masath
- Department of Educational Psychology and Curriculum Studies, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Inga Schalinski
- Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Germany; Non-Governmental Organization Vivo International e.V., Konstanz, Germany
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Soubelet A. What Predicts COVID-Specific Symptoms of Stress in Children and Adolescents, Virus Threats or Social Distancing? JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:957-967. [PMID: 39309349 PMCID: PMC11413290 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-024-00623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis may have deleterious effects on children's and adolescents' mental health. However, there have been no published studies in which the COVID-related stress symptoms were investigated in a French ordinary pediatric population. The main objective of this study was to examine virus threats and social distancing measures to determine which were more disturbing for children and adolescents, and which were better predictors of post traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). 1639 parents of children aged between 1 and 18 participated in an online survey. Parents completed questionnaires regarding their children's and adolescents' mental health while in the first French confinement. The data showed that most children and adolescents had PTSS, such as irritability and tantrums, intrusive thoughts or memories, difficulties in falling asleep, aggression, trouble concentrating, and negative emotions. Multiple linear models supported that both virus threats and social distancing- related disturbances were predictors of PTSS scores, with social distancing being a stronger predictor of PTSS scores than virus threats. Additional analyses across age groups revealed that social distancing measures predicted two times more PTSS than virus threat measures in toddlers, while virus threat measures were a stronger predictor of PTSS in adolescents. This is the first study that has investigated stress symptoms in a French pediatric population during the first French confinement episode because of the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Soubelet
- University of Cote d’Azur, 98 bd Edouard Herriot, Nice, 06000 France
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4
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Galvan T, La Barrie DL. Trauma Exposure and the Mental Health Needs of Latinx Youth: A Systematic Review of the Literature. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:969-979. [PMID: 39309347 PMCID: PMC11413269 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-024-00635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Although trauma exposure is common among youth in the United States, it is not evenly distributed. In fact, Latinx youth have higher rates of trauma exposure than their non-Latinx White counterparts with approximately 78% of Latinx youth experiencing one traumatic event by the time they are 18 years old. Despite this, the impact of trauma exposure on Latinx youth's mental health needs is not well-established. This is largely because Latinx youth are vastly underrepresented in many of the large-scale, epidemiological studies on childhood trauma exposure. To address this gap in the literature, this study applied PRISMA protocol guidelines to systematically review the methodologies, participant characteristics, and findings from 22 studies examining the relation between Latinx youths' trauma exposure and their mental health needs. Results revealed that while trauma exposure is common among Latinx youth, its association to Latinx youth's mental health needs is not well understood. Indeed, while some studies found a positive association between Latinx youth's trauma exposure and their mental health risk, other studies found no such relation. An examination of the included studies' methodologies and participant characteristics revealed several limitations in the existing research that are likely contributing to these inconsistencies. Concrete recommendations for how future research can address these limitations are put forth. Taken together, the results of this study underscore the urgent need to understand the role that trauma exposure plays in contributing to and/or maintaining mental health disparities among Latinx youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thania Galvan
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 125 Baldwin St., Athens, GA 30602 USA
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5
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Rowland GE, Purcell JB, Lebois LM, Kaufman ML, Harnett NG. Child sexual abuse versus adult sexual assault: A review of psychological and neurobiological sequelae. MENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 2:e51. [PMID: 39006552 PMCID: PMC11244653 DOI: 10.1002/mhs2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Sexual trauma (ST) occurs with alarming frequency in the United States (U.S.) in the form of both childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adulthood sexual assault (ASA). It is well-established that the effects of ST are pervasive, and that ST can be a risk factor for the development of several psychiatric disorders. However, the potential for distinct psychological consequences or neural correlates between CSA and ASA has received little attention. Furthermore, despite the high prevalence of sexual revictimization, the combinatorial effects of CSA and ASA are understudied in comparison to each form of ST on its own. In the current review, we present results from both clinical psychology and neuroscience research on the impacts of CSA and ASA, describing major psychological, biopsychosocial, and neuroimaging findings for each form of ST. We further highlight limitations in the current state of the research and needed areas of future research to better understand the distinct, overlapping, and cumulative effects of ST in both childhood and adulthood. The present study summarizes the state of the literature on this critical form of trauma and provides recommendations for future clinical research practices to mitigate the deleterious outcomes of ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Rowland
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Juliann B Purcell
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lauren M Lebois
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Milissa L Kaufman
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nathaniel G Harnett
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Prachason T, Mutlu I, Fusar-Poli L, Menne-Lothmann C, Decoster J, van Winkel R, Collip D, Delespaul P, De Hert M, Derom C, Thiery E, Jacobs N, Wichers M, van Os J, Rutten BPF, Pries LK, Guloksuz S. Gender differences in the associations between childhood adversity and psychopathology in the general population. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:847-858. [PMID: 37624463 PMCID: PMC11087312 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore gender differences of the associations between childhood adversity (CA) subtypes and psychiatric symptoms in the general population. METHODS Data of 791 participants were retrieved from a general population twin cohort. The Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were used to assess overall psychopathology with nine symptom domains scores and total CA with exposure to five CA subtypes, respectively. The associations between CA and psychopathology were analyzed in men and women separately and were subsequently compared. RESULTS Total CA was associated with total SCL-90 and all symptom domains without significant gender differences. However, the analyses of CA subtypes showed that the association between emotional abuse and total SCL-90 was stronger in women compared to men [χ2(1) = 4.10, P = 0.043]. Sexual abuse was significantly associated with total SCL-90 in women, but emotional neglect and physical neglect were associated with total SCL-90 in men. Exploratory analyses of CA subtypes and SCL-90 subdomains confirmed the pattern of gender-specific associations. In women, emotional abuse was associated with all symptom domains, and sexual abuse was associated with all except phobic anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity. In men, emotional neglect was associated with depression, and physical neglect was associated with phobic anxiety, anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid ideation, and hostility subdomains. CONCLUSION CA is a trans-syndromal risk factor regardless of gender. However, differential associations between CA subtypes and symptom manifestation might exist. Abuse might be particularly associated with psychopathology in women, whereas neglect might be associated with psychopathology in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanavadee Prachason
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Irem Mutlu
- Institute of Graduate Programs, Department of Clinical Psychology, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Laura Fusar-Poli
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Menne-Lothmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud van Winkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dina Collip
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Delespaul
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc De Hert
- University Psychiatric Centre Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Centre for Clinical Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Antwerp Health Law and Ethics Chair, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Catherine Derom
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ghent University Hospitals, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evert Thiery
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Jacobs
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Wichers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotta-Katrin Pries
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sinan Guloksuz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Zarchev M, Grootendorst-van Mil NH, Bouter DC, Hoogendijk WJG, Mulder CL, Kamperman AM. Childhood adversity and psychopathology: the dimensions of timing, type and chronicity in a population-based sample of high-risk adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2024; 18:37. [PMID: 38500125 PMCID: PMC10949567 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-024-00727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on childhood adversity and psychopathology has begun investigating the dimension of timing, however the results have been contradictory depending on the study population, outcome and how adverse life events (ALEs) were operationalized. Additionally, studies so far typically focus only on a narrow range of psychiatric diagnoses or symptoms. The current cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between timing, type and chronicity of ALEs and adolescent mental health problems. METHODS Adolescents from a population-based cohort oversampled on emotional and behavioral problems (mean age 14.8; range 12-17, N = 861) were included in the current analysis. Primary caregivers were interviewed on what ALEs adolescents experienced. ALEs were defined in two ways: (1) broad operationalization, including school difficulties, parental divorce, and family sickness; and (2) physically threatening abuse only, including physical and sexual violence. After looking at lifetime ALEs, we turned to chronicity, timing and sex differences. We focused on overall psychiatric symptoms as well as specific domains of emotional and behavioral problems, assessed using the Youth Self Report (YSR) and psychotic experiences assessed using the Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16). A series of linear models adjusted for sociodemographic and parental factors were used. RESULTS Lifetime ALEs were associated with all types of psychopathology, with relatively bigger effect sizes for broad than for physical ALEs. The latter associations were found to be more robust to unmeasured confounding. The 9-12 age period of experiencing both broad and physical ALE's was most saliently associated with any psychopathology. Girls were more at risk after experiencing any ALEs, especially if the adversity was chronic or ALEs took place after the age of 12. CONCLUSIONS Broad as well as physical ALEs are associated with psychopathology, especially ALEs experienced during the 9-12 age period. Physical ALEs may be more useful in investigating specific etiological factors than broad ALEs. Sex differences may not emerge in lifetime measures of ALEs, but can be important for chronic and later childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Zarchev
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nina H Grootendorst-van Mil
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Diandra C Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Witte J G Hoogendijk
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis L Mulder
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Antes Mental Health Care, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Albrandswaardsedijk 74, 3172 AA, Poortugaal, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid M Kamperman
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Epidemiological and Social Psychiatric Research Institute (ESPRi), Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Yuan Y, Yu X, Liang Z, Zhang L. The different role of adversity before and after birth in adolescent depression. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:116-124. [PMID: 38160891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early adversity is strongly linked to adolescent depression, but there is limited research on the impact of indirect exposure to adversity before birth and the distinct role of adversity before and after birth. METHODS A total of 1911 Chinese adolescents (48.8 % males; ages 11 to 19, Mean = 13.96) reported early adversities before and after birth, depression, negative self-cognition and perceived school climate. Structural equation model was used to test the association between early adversity before/after birth and adolescent depression, with negative self-cognition serving as a mediator and school climate as a moderator. RESULTS Adversity before birth was related to adolescent depression through the full mediating role of negative self-cognition. Furthermore, it was more associated with negative self-cognition in schools with a more favorable climate. Adversity after birth was related to adolescent depression through the partial mediating role of negative self-cognition, and school climate played a nonsignificant moderating role in the mediating path. LIMITATIONS Early adversity was measured through adolescent reports, possibly generating recall bias. The cross-sectional design should be taken into consideration when drawing conclusions about causality. CONCLUSIONS Adversities before and after birth are associated with adolescent depression in distinct ways. The more association between adversity before birth and negative self-cognition in a favorable school climate supports the "healthy context paradox." Interventions that target depression should focus on promoting a positive school climate and helping adolescents who have experienced early adversity bolster positive self-cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Department of Psychology, School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, China
| | - Xiaoxia Yu
- Mental Health Education Center, Students' Affairs Division, North China Electric Power University, China
| | - Zhoujian Liang
- Department of Psychology, School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Psychology, School of Sociology and Psychology, Central University of Finance and Economics, China.
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Kowalski MA, Campagna M, Wright Steiner EM, Spohn R. Type of Victimization Exposure, Perpetrator Type, and Timing of Victimization: The Impact on Behavioral Health Outcomes. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:1132-1160. [PMID: 37804154 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231203609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of abuse victimization in correctional samples has been researched previously, particularly with an eye toward these experiences on justice-involved youth and prison samples' offending and recidivism behavior. The role of this type of victimization, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, and polyvictimization, is less studied in jail populations. The effect of abuse victimization is also less researched among other outcomes, including behavioral health disorders (BHDs) and substance use disorder (SUD). While the effect of abuse, generally, has been examined, less is known about how abuse perpetrator type and timing of abuse impact justice-involved individuals' outcomes. Using logistic regressions, we examined the influence of abuse perpetrator type (non-stranger or stranger) and timing (before childhood, after childhood, or before and after childhood) in a population of jailed adults from one state (n = 4,713). Outcomes studied included internalizing BHDs, externalizing BHDs, and severe SUD. Results indicated that abuse perpetrated by a non-stranger yielded a greater impact on mental illness compared to abuse perpetrated by a stranger. In contrast to abuse experienced as an adult, childhood abuse was more consistently associated with internalizing and externalizing disorders but was not related to severe SUD, with an exception of physical abuse. Further, BHDs and SUD were strongly associated with each other. Overall, polyvictimization had the strongest effect on the outcomes compared to either physical abuse or sexual abuse alone. Our findings suggest that screening for abuse experiences as a potential destabilizing factor in justice-involved populations could improve case management and interventions for people incarcerated in jails. Results also highlight the importance of distinguishing between the perpetrator type of abuse and timing of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryan Spohn
- University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, USA
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Doubková N, Heissler R, Sanders E, Preiss M. In the shadow of dissidence: exploring the experiences of descendants of Czechoslovakian dissidents. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1310238. [PMID: 38445052 PMCID: PMC10913190 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1310238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Communist Party's reign in Czechoslovakia (1948-1989) saw the persecution of thousands of individuals. The State Security campaign "Asanace" (meaning "sanitation") was conducted to expel critics of the regime from the country using psychological and physical terror. Although stories of dissidents are frequently presented in public spaces, little is known about the experiences of their children. Methods To address this gap, we conducted interpretative phenomenological analyses of semi-structured in-depth interviews with five adult descendants of Czechoslovakian dissidents. Results Our analyses revealed that while participants appreciated and were inspired by their parents' dissident activities, they tend to distance themselves from it in order not to live in their parents' shadow. Furthermore, for them, the "Asanace" campaign primarily meant emigration, which in turn affected their sense of self and (national) identity dispersion. Consequently, they experienced feelings of being uprooted and different. Furthermore, they faced challenges acculturating. However, they also recognized their resilience as being rooted in their migration experience and the legacy of their parents' dissidence. Discussion By highlighting intergenerational differences and the impact of family legacy on individuals' strengths and weaknesses, this study contributes to our understanding of the psychological consequences of living in, escaping from and adjusting to life beyond oppressive regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edel Sanders
- School of Psychology, University of New York in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Preiss
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- School of Psychology, University of New York in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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11
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Hong SH, Yu CL, Rousson AN, Bender AE, Fedina L, Herrenkohl TI. Examining the Association Between Trauma Characteristics and Adult Depression and Anxiety: Analysis of Types, Variety, Repetition, and Timing of Past Trauma. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:569-586. [PMID: 37728007 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231198056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Past research has emphasized the impact of prior trauma on adult depression and anxiety rates. However, few studies have examined the simultaneous connection between various trauma characteristics (e.g., type, variety, repetition, timing) and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults. Understanding how these different trauma characteristics relate to mental health issues can offer valuable insight into predicting the onset of such problems. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis with 356 adult participants to explore the associations between lifetime trauma history and depression/anxiety scores. Participants retrospectively reported on five different traumatic experiences from birth to the present, including childhood physical abuse, witnessing parental violence, lifetime experiences of rape, witnessing trauma to loved ones, and the unexpected death of loved ones. For each trauma type, participants indicated the timing of their first exposure and the frequency of subsequent occurrences. Depression and anxiety symptoms in the past 2 weeks were also self-reported. Multiple regression analyses with covariates were employed. On average, participants experienced two out of the five trauma types. Regardless of the type, having at least one traumatic experience was linked to higher depression and anxiety scores. Those who experienced all five trauma types reported the highest levels of depression and anxiety. Repeated instances of rape, witnessing trauma to loved ones, and the death of loved ones were significantly associated with elevated depression and anxiety scores. The timing of exposure to the unexpected death of loved ones predicted higher depression scores in childhood compared to adulthood, while no relationship between timing and anxiety scores was observed. Other trauma types did not show significant associations. Our study enhances knowledge of the link between trauma and depression/anxiety by elucidating how various trauma characteristics, such as type, variety, repetition, and timing of trauma, have differential influences on depression and anxiety scores.
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Ponting C, Bond M, Rogowski B, Chu A, Lieberman AF. Childhood and adulthood trauma exposure: Associations with perinatal mental health and psychotherapy response. J Trauma Stress 2024; 37:178-186. [PMID: 37908028 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Trauma exposure is strongly linked to maternal posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms during the perinatal period; however, childhood trauma exposure is often assessed without accounting for adult exposure. This study tested the unique impacts of childhood and adulthood trauma exposure on PTSD and depressive symptoms among pregnant women (N = 107, 82.9% Latina) enrolled in a nonrandomized intervention study. Regression analyses at baseline showed positive associations between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms irrespective of trauma timing, childhood: B = 1.62, t(91) = 2.11, p = .038; adulthood: B = 2.92, t(91) = 3.04, p = .003. However only adulthood trauma exposure, B = 1.28, t(94) = 2.94, p = .004, was positively associated with depressive symptoms. Mixed-effects analyses of variance revealed interaction effects of time and adulthood trauma exposure, indicating that women with high degrees of adulthood trauma exposure had higher baseline levels of PTSD, F(1, 76.4) = 6.45, p = .013, and depressive symptoms, F(1, 87.2) = 4.88, p = .030, but showed a more precipitous decrease posttreatment than women with lower levels of adulthood trauma exposure. These findings support the clinical relevance of assessing both childhood and adulthood trauma exposure during the perinatal period given their impacts on baseline symptoms and psychotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Ponting
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Melissa Bond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Belén Rogowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Ann Chu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Alicia F Lieberman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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13
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Santacroce LA, Tamber-Rosenau BJ. Crisis-related stimuli do not increase the emotional attentional blink in a general university student population. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38191858 PMCID: PMC10774501 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-023-00525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Crises such as natural disasters or pandemics negatively impact the mental health of the affected community, increasing rates of depression, anxiety, or stress. It has been proposed that this stems in part from crisis-related stimuli triggering negative reactions that interrupt daily life. Given the frequency and prominence of crisis events, it is crucial to understand when crisis-related stimuli involuntarily capture attention and trigger increased stress and distraction from obligations. The emotional attentional blink (EAB) paradigm-in which emotional distractors hinder report of subsequent targets in streams of rapidly displayed stimuli-allows examination of such attentional capture in a rapidly changing dynamic environment. EABs are typically observed with generally disturbing stimuli, but stimuli related to personal traumas yield similar or greater effects, indicating strong attentional capture by stimuli related to individual trauma history. The current study investigated whether a similar comparable or increased crisis-related EAB exists within a community affected by large-scale crisis. Specifically, effects of conventional emotional distractors and distractors related to recent crises were compared using EABs in university students without a mental health diagnosis. Experiment 1 used images related to Hurricane Harvey, evaluating a crisis 4 years prior to data collection. Experiment 2 used words related to the COVID pandemic, evaluating an ongoing crisis at the time of data collection. In both experiments, the conventional EAB distractors yielded strong EABs, while the crisis-related distractors yielded absent or weak EABs in the same participants. This suggests that crisis-related stimuli do not have special potency for capturing attention in the general university student population. More generally, crises affecting communities do not necessarily yield widespread, strong reactivity to crisis-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Santacroce
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Fred J. Heyne Building, Room 126, 3695 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Jorgenson Hall, 9th Floor, 380 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Benjamin J Tamber-Rosenau
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Fred J. Heyne Building, Room 126, 3695 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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14
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Guzman JM, Boone MH, Suarez GL, Mitchell C, Monk CS, Hyde LW, Lopez-Duran NL. Relationship between COVID-related stressors and internalizing symptoms: Gendered neuroendocrine risk profiles. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 159:106668. [PMID: 37944209 PMCID: PMC11214276 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic generated significant life stress and increases in internalizing disorders. Moreover, COVID-related stressors disproportionately impacted women, consistent with outcomes showing a gender gap in stress-related disorders. Gender-related stress vulnerability emerges in adolescence alongside gender-specific changes in neuroendocrine signaling. Most research on the neuroendocrinology of stress-related disorders has focused on differences in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis effector hormone cortisol. More recent studies, however, emphasize dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a neuroprotective and neuroactive hormone released concurrently with cortisol that balances its biobehavioral actions during stress. Notably, women show lower cortisol responses and higher DHEA responses to stress. However, lower cortisol and higher DHEA are associated with internalizing disorders in women, while those associations are opposite in men. Thus, gender-specific factors perhaps result in a neuroendocrine profile that places women at greater risk for stress-related disorders. The current study prospectively examined socially evaluated cold-pressor task (SECPT) induced neuroendocrine responses at age 15 and internalizing symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic at age 21 in a cohort of 175 primarily Black low-socioeconomic status participants, while controlling for internalizing symptoms at age 15. The association between COVID-related stress and internalizing symptoms was not stronger in women. Lower DHEA-cortisol ratios were associated with a weaker relationship between COVID-related stress and internalizing symptoms in women, while higher ratios were associated with a weaker relationship in men. These findings suggest gender differences in the relationship between DHEA and cortisol and internalizing outcomes during a stressful period, and support differential neuroendocrine protective and risk pathways for young men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Guzman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Montana H Boone
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriela L Suarez
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Colter Mitchell
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher S Monk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luke W Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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15
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Miller LN, Forbes D, McFarlane AC, Lawrence-Wood E, Simmons JG, Felmingham K. Cumulative trauma load and timing of trauma prior to military deployment differentially influences inhibitory control processing across deployment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21414. [PMID: 38049477 PMCID: PMC10696090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Military personnel experience high trauma load that can change brain circuitry leading to impaired inhibitory control and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Inhibitory control processing may be particularly vulnerable to developmental and interpersonal trauma. This study examines the differential role of cumulative pre-deployment trauma and timing of trauma on inhibitory control using the Go/NoGo paradigm in a military population. The Go/NoGo paradigm was administered to 166 predominately male army combat personnel at pre- and post-deployment. Linear mixed models analyze cumulative trauma, trauma onset, and post-deployment PTSD symptoms on NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3 amplitude and latency across deployment. Here we report, NoGo-N2 amplitude increases and NoGo-P3 amplitude and latency decreases in those with high prior interpersonal trauma across deployment. Increases in NoGo-P3 amplitude following adolescent-onset trauma and NoGo-P3 latency following childhood-onset and adolescent-onset trauma are seen across deployment. Arousal symptoms positively correlated with conflict monitoring. Our findings support the cumulative trauma load and sensitive period of trauma exposure models for inhibitory control processing in a military population. High cumulative interpersonal trauma impacts conflict monitoring and response suppression and increases PTSD symptoms whereas developmental trauma differentially impacts response suppression. This research highlights the need for tailored strategies for strengthening inhibitory control, and that consider timing and type of trauma in military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Miller
- Melbourne School of Psychological Science, Trauma Anxiety and Stress Lab, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Redmond Barry Building, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - David Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Phoenix Australia, Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander C McFarlane
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ellie Lawrence-Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Phoenix Australia, Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julian G Simmons
- Melbourne School of Psychological Science, Trauma Anxiety and Stress Lab, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Redmond Barry Building, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kim Felmingham
- Melbourne School of Psychological Science, Trauma Anxiety and Stress Lab, The University of Melbourne, Level 7, Redmond Barry Building, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Yang S, Wang Y, Lu Y, Zhang H, Wang F, Liu Z. Long-term effects of the left-behind experience on health and its mechanisms: Empirical evidence from China. Soc Sci Med 2023; 338:116315. [PMID: 37952432 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have primarily focused on the contemporaneous, short-term and medium-term effects of the childhood left-behind experience on subsequent health, but ignored its long-term effects and the mediating mechanisms of health outcomes. Using nationally representative data from the 2018 China Labor-force Dynamic Survey, this study uses self-rated health as a measure of health outcomes to examine the long-term effects of the left-behind experience and elucidate the underlying mechanisms that contribute to health inequality from a life-course perspective. The results show: (1) the childhood left-behind experience exerts a long-term negative impact on self-rated health in adulthood, and this impact persists and does not fade over time after ending the left-behind status; (2) the influence of the childhood left-behind experience on self-rated health demonstrates a cumulative disadvantage effect, with longer duration of being left-behind resulting in greater negative impacts; additionally, there's a critical window effect, with earlier left-behind experience leading to more significant negative outcomes; (3) the experience of being left behind during childhood has a negative impact and threshold effect on social trust in adulthood, meaning that the left-behind experience negatively affects social trust, but the duration of being left behind doesn't exacerbate this reduction; and (4) social trust is a key mediating factor between left-behind experiences and health, explaining 8.70% of this effect, and explaining 12.15% and 7.71% of mediation effects for adults with left-behind experience in middle and primary school stages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yang
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Sociology and Culturology, Zhejiang Institute of Adminstration, China.
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hanhan Zhang
- School of Sociology and Population Studies, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Social Survey and Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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17
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Smith AB, Cooley DT, Mesman GR, John SG, Wilburn EH, Vanderzee KL, Pemberton JR. Behavior Management in Young Children Exposed to Trauma: A Case Study of Three Evidence-Based Treatments. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:839-852. [PMID: 38045836 PMCID: PMC10689672 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Young children are particularly vulnerable to traumatic events and the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms, including comorbid disruptive behaviors. Fortunately, several evidence-based interventions have been shown to be effective at decreasing both posttraumatic stress symptoms and disruptive behaviors in young children. This paper provides an overview of three such interventions-Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), and Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT). An illustrative case study is used to compare how each intervention addresses disruptive behaviors, with a focus on theoretical underpinnings, model similarities, and model differences. The models each have empirical evidence for the treatment of disruptive behavior in young children, and therefore, may be appropriate for treating children with a history of trauma exposure and comorbid disruptive behaviors. Child, caregiver, and environmental factors are essential to consider when identifying an evidence-based intervention for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1210 Wolfe Street, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Daryl T. Cooley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1210 Wolfe Street, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Glenn R. Mesman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1210 Wolfe Street, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Sufna G. John
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1210 Wolfe Street, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Elissa H. Wilburn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1210 Wolfe Street, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Karin L. Vanderzee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1210 Wolfe Street, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Joy R. Pemberton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1210 Wolfe Street, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
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18
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Palmer CA, Bahn A, Deutchman D, Bower JL, Weems CF, Alfano CA. Sleep Disturbances and Delayed Sleep Timing are Associated with Greater Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Youth Following Hurricane Harvey. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1534-1545. [PMID: 35435538 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sleep patterns following a natural disaster are associated with mental health difficulties, but research in youth samples has been limited to subjective reports of sleep. Participants (N = 68, 8-17 years old) completed an assessment 6-9 months after Hurricane Harvey, which included subjective measures of sleep, chronotype, hurricane-related post-traumatic stress symptoms, and one week of actigraphy. Prior to the hurricane, parents provided reports on emotional symptoms. Controlling for age, sex, socioeconomic status, participation time, and pre-hurricane emotional symptoms, subjective sleep disturbances and an eveningness chronotype were associated with greater post-traumatic stress, with the strongest effects observed for re-experiencing, negative cognitions/mood, and arousal/reactivity symptoms. Later sleep timing as measured by actigraphy was associated with greater arousal/reactivity symptoms and shorter sleep duration was associated with greater avoidance symptoms. As extreme weather-related events are expected to become more frequent and severe, these findings contribute to models of youth risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A Palmer
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, 319 Traphagen Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
| | - Alexis Bahn
- Psychology Neurosciences Department, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dagny Deutchman
- Department of Psychology, Montana State University, 319 Traphagen Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Joanne L Bower
- School of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Carl F Weems
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Candice A Alfano
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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19
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Nobels A, Meersman C, Lemmens G, Keygnaert I. "Just something that happened?": Mental health impact of disclosure and framing of sexual violence in older victims. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 38:e6036. [PMID: 38088814 DOI: 10.1002/gps.6036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the important impact of sexual violence (SV) on mental health, few victims disclose their experiences. Although research in adult victims suggests that SV disclosure could protect against long-term mental health problems, studies in older adults are lacking. OBJECTIVES To establish the prevalence of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide attempts, and self-harm, their association with SV disclosure, and the moderating effect of sociodemographic characteristics and SV framing in the relation between SV disclosure and the different mental health outcomes in older SV victims. METHODS Data on sexual victimisation, mental health, SV framing, and disclosure were collected through structured face-to-face interviews with 171 randomly selected sexually victimised adults of 70 years and older living in Belgium. SV was measured using behaviourally specific questions based on a broad definition. Mental health outcomes were measured using validated scales. RESULTS Depression, anxiety and PTSD were reported by 34%, 33% and 9% of participants respectively, 5% had attempted suicide and 1% reported self-harm during lifetime. SV framing was associated with the kind of help victims consulted. SV disclosure was not linked with depression and anxiety, but was associated with an increase of PTSD symptoms in older victims with care dependency (p = 0.004) or a chronic illness and/or disability (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS SV disclosure in itself does not protect against adverse mental health outcomes in old age. Capacity building of professionals trough training and development of clinical guidelines and care procedures may increase appropriate response to SV disclosure by older victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nobels
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Gilbert Lemmens
- Department of Psychiatry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Head and Skin, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ines Keygnaert
- International Centre for Reproductive Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Women's Clinic, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Brieant A, Clinchard C, Deater-Deckard K, Lee J, King-Casas B, Kim-Spoon J. Differential Associations of Adversity Profiles with Adolescent Cognitive Control and Psychopathology. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1725-1738. [PMID: 36107273 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences are common and have long-term consequences for biological and psychosocial adjustment. We used a person-centered approach to characterize distinct profiles of adversity in early adolescence and examined associations with later cognitive control and psychopathology. The sample included 167 adolescents (47% female) and their primary caregivers who participated in a longitudinal study across four time points (approximately one year between assessments). At Time 1 (Mage = 14 years), we measured seven indicators of adversity: socioeconomic disadvantage, abuse, neglect, household chaos, parent substance use, parent depression, and negative life events. At Times 2-4, adolescents' behavioral performance and functional activation during a cognitive control task were measured. At Time 5, adolescents and their caregiver reported on adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. Using latent profile analysis, we identified four distinct adversity subgroups: a low exposure group, a neglect group, a household instability group, and a poly-adversity group. These groups significantly differed on subsequent levels of psychopathology, but not cognitive control. Specifically, the poly-adversity group reported significantly higher levels of both internalizing and externalizing symptomatology relative to the low exposure group, and the household instability group demonstrated elevated risk for externalizing symptomatology. When using a cumulative risk approach, higher levels of adversity exposure were associated with significantly worse cognitive control performance (but not neural activation). These results suggest that psychopathology outcomes may be differentially predicted by distinct patterns of risk, and that cognitive control impairment may be more strongly predicted by cumulative risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | | | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, Amherst, USA
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, USA
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Mertz LGB, Carstensen TBW, Frostholm L, Ørnbøl E, Rask CU. Examining associations between early adverse life events and health anxiety using the DanFund study. J Psychosom Res 2023; 174:111496. [PMID: 37729751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adverse life events, in particular illness-related events, have been proposed as a risk factor for development of health anxiety. OBJECTIVE To examine: 1) The association between accumulated early adverse life events and health anxiety in adulthood and 2) The influence of specific types of life events, i.e., illness, injury, loss, and the impact of their exposure time on health anxiety in adulthood. METHOD A population-based, cross-sectional study including 7454 participants from the Danish study of Functional Disorders (DanFunD). Health anxiety was assessed with Whiteley-6-R and early adverse life events with the Cumulative Lifetime Adversity Measure. Caseness was defined as a Whiteley-6-R score ≥ 90%ile. Generalised linear models were used to estimate the association with relative risk (RRa, adjusted for sociodemographics). RESULTS A cumulative effect was found for each additional adverse life event with 8.03% increased risk of health anxiety. Two categories were associated with a higher risk: violence (RRa = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.37-1.99, P < 0.001) and relationship stress (RRa = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.15-1.57, P < 0.001). Respondents with self-reported childhood illness were also more likely to report health anxiety (RRa = 1.52, 95% CI 1.11-2.09, P = 0.009). Timewise, health anxiety seemed associated with illness during school age and injury during adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Accumulated adverse life events, early exposure to specific categories and specific health-related life events were associated with self-reported health anxiety in adulthood. Our findings provide new knowledge on the potential role of early life events in health anxiety which could inform early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Granild Bie Mertz
- The Research Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Birgitte Wisbech Carstensen
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Frostholm
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eva Ørnbøl
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ulrikka Rask
- The Research Unit, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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22
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Li M, Gao T, Su Y, Zhang Y, Yang G, D'Arcy C, Meng X. The Timing Effect of Childhood Maltreatment in Depression: A Systematic Review and meta-Analysis. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2560-2580. [PMID: 35608502 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although empirical evidence has confirmed the causal relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression, findings are inconsistent on the magnitude of the effect of age of exposure to childhood maltreatment on psychological development. This systematic review with meta-analysis aims to comprehensively synthesize the literature on the relationship between exposure age of maltreatment and depression and to quantitatively compare the magnitude of effect sizes across exposure age groups. Electronic databases and grey literature up to April 6th, 2022, were searched for English-language studies. Studies were included if they: 1) provided the information on exposure age; and 2) provided statistical indicators to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression. Fifty-eight articles met eligibility criteria and were included in meta-analyses. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on subtypes of maltreatment and measurements of depression. Any kind of maltreatment (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.15-0.18), physical abuse (r =0.13, 95% CI = 0.10-0.15), sexual abuse (r = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.15-0.21), emotional abuse (r = 0.17, 95% CI=0.11-0.23), and neglect (r = 0.08, 95% CI=0.06-0.11) were associated with an increased risk of depression. Significant differential effects of maltreatment in depression were found across age groups of exposure to maltreatment (Q = 34.81, p < 0.001). Age of exposure in middle childhood (6-13 years) had the highest risk of depression, followed by late childhood (12-19 years) and early childhood (0-6 years). Implications of the findings provide robust evidence to support targeting victimized children of all ages and paying closer attention to those in middle childhood to effectively reduce the risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tingting Gao
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yingzhe Zhang
- School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carl D'Arcy
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Xiangfei Meng
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Douglas Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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King LS, Humphreys KL, Shaw GM, Stevenson DK, Gotlib IH. Validation of the Assessment of Parent and Child Adversity (APCA) in Mothers and Young Children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2023; 52:686-701. [PMID: 35500216 PMCID: PMC9626394 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2042696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Advancing understanding of how early adversity arises, manifests, and contributes to health difficulties depends on accurate measurement of children's experiences. In early life, exposure to adversity is often intertwined with that of one's caregivers. We present preliminary psychometric properties of a novel measure of adversity, the Assessment of Parent and Child Adversity (APCA), which simultaneously characterizes parents' and children's adversity. METHODS During pregnancy, women reported their past adverse experiences. When their children were ages 3-5 years (47% female), 97 mothers (71% White, 17% Hispanic/Latinx) completed the APCA, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Benevolent Childhood Experiences scale. They reported their current symptoms of depression and anxiety and their child's emotional and behavioral problems. Using the APCA, we distinguished between maternal adversity during different life periods and obtained metrics of child witnessing of and direct exposure to adversity. RESULTS The APCA demonstrated validity with other measures of maternal adverse experiences, maternal positive childhood experiences, and maternal symptoms of psychopathology. Children whose mothers experienced greater adversity, particularly in the prenatal period, had more emotional and behavioral problems, as did children who were directly exposed to greater adversity. CONCLUSIONS The APCA has good usability and validity. Leveraging the ability of the APCA to distinguish between adversity during different life stages and originating from different sources, our findings highlight potentially distinct effects of different aspects of maternal and child adversity on difficulties in maternal and child mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy S. King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Kathryn L. Humphreys
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - David K. Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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24
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Tracy M, Gordis E, Strully K, Marshall BDL, Cerdá M. Applications of agent-based modeling in trauma research. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2023; 15:939-950. [PMID: 36136775 PMCID: PMC10030380 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trauma, violence, and their consequences for population health are shaped by complex, intersecting forces across the life span. We aimed to illustrate the strengths of agent-based modeling (ABM), a computational approach in which population-level patterns emerge from the behaviors and interactions of simulated individuals, for advancing trauma research; Method: We provide an overview of agent-based modeling for trauma research, including a discussion of the model development process, ABM as a complement to other causal inference and complex systems approaches in trauma research, and past ABM applications in the trauma literature; Results: We use existing ABM applications to illustrate the strengths of ABM for trauma research, including incorporating interactions between individuals, simulating processes across multiple scales, examining life-course effects, testing alternate theories, comparing intervention strategies in a virtual laboratory, and guiding decision making. We also discuss the challenges of applying ABM to trauma research and offer specific suggestions for incorporating ABM into future studies of trauma and violence; Conclusion: Agent-based modeling is a useful complement to other methodological advances in trauma research. We recommend a more widespread adoption of ABM, particularly for research into patterns and consequences of individual traumatic experiences across the life course and understanding the effects of interventions that may be influenced by social norms and social network structures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Elana Gordis
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Kate Strully
- Department of Sociology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Brandon D. L. Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main St, Providence, RI, 02912, United States
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016, United States
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25
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Marchese S, Huckins LM. Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:2200017. [PMID: 37766803 PMCID: PMC10520418 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Trauma is ubiquitous, but only a subset of those who experience trauma will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this review, it is argued that to determine who is at risk of developing PTSD, it is critical to examine the genetic etiology of the disorder and individual trauma profiles of those who are susceptible. First, the state of current PTSD genetic research is described, with a particular focus on studies that present evidence for trauma type specificity, or for differential genetic etiology according to gender or race. Next, approaches that leverage non-traditional phenotyping approaches are reviewed to identify PTSD-associated variants and biology, and the relative advantages and limitations inherent in these studies are reflected on. Finally, it is discussed how trauma might influence the heritability of PTSD, through type, risk factors, genetics, and associations with PTSD symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Marchese
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric GenomicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
| | - Laura M. Huckins
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric GenomicsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Department of PsychiatryIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and TreatmentIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY10029USA
- Present address:
Department of PsychiatryYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT06511USA
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26
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Lacey RE, Gondek D, Smith BJ, Smith ADAC, Dunn EC, Sacker A. Testing lifecourse theories characterising associations between maternal depression and offspring depression in emerging adulthood: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1149-1158. [PMID: 36094018 PMCID: PMC10008452 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression is a major determinant of offspring mental health. Yet, little is understood about how the duration and timing of maternal depression shapes youth risk for depressive symptoms, which if understood could inform when best to intervene. This study aimed to determine how the timing and duration of maternal depression was related to offspring depression in emerging adulthood, and if these associations varied by sex. METHODS We analysed data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (a prenatal cohort in the Avon area of England, 1991-2003), n = 3,301. We applied the structured lifecourse modelling approach to maternal depression (assessed at 13 points from prenatal period to adolescence) and emerging adult depressive symptoms (age 21). Lifecourse models assessed were accumulation (sum of timepoints when maternal depression was reported), sensitive periods (each period assessed as one during which maternal depression has a stronger effect) and instability (frequent fluctuations in maternal depression). RESULTS Female adolescents (n = 2,132) had higher SMFQ scores (mean = 6.15, SD = 5.90) than males (n = 1,169, mean = 4.87, SD = 4.82). Maternal depression was most common in the infancy period (21.2% males; 21.4% females). For males, accumulation was the most appropriate lifecourse model; for each additional period of maternal depression, depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood increased by 0.11 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.15, one-sided p value ≤ .001). For females, exposure to maternal depression was associated with increasing depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood, with the largest effect in mid-childhood (increase of 0.27 units, 95% CI 0.03-0.50, p = .015 for difference between mid-childhood and other time-periods) and a smaller, equal effect at all other time-periods (increase of 0.07 units per time-period, 95% CI: 0.03-0.12, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of ongoing maternal depression for the development of depression in offspring through to emerging adulthood. Because long-term exposure to maternal depression was particularly important, early interventions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Lacey
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Dawid Gondek
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Brooke J. Smith
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics UnitCenter for Genomic MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
| | | | - Erin C. Dunn
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics UnitCenter for Genomic MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryHarvard Medical School and the Massachusetts General HospitalBostonMAUSA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric ResearchThe Broad Institute of Harvard and MITCambridgeMAUSA
- Center on the Developing Child at Harvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Amanda Sacker
- Research Department of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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27
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Weber S, Bühler J, Vanini G, Loukas S, Bruckmaier R, Aybek S. Identification of biopsychological trait markers in functional neurological disorders. Brain 2023; 146:2627-2641. [PMID: 36417451 PMCID: PMC10232283 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a well-known risk factor to develop a functional neurological disorder, a frequent neuropsychiatric medical condition in which patients experience a variety of disabling neurological symptoms. Only little is known about biological stress regulation, and how it interacts with predisposing biological and psychosocial risk factors. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with functional neurological disorders has been postulated, but its relationship to preceding psychological trauma and brain anatomical changes remains to be elucidated. We set out to study the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis analysing the cortisol awakening response and diurnal baseline cortisol in 86 patients with mixed functional neurological symptoms compared to 76 healthy controls. We then examined the association between cortisol regulation and the severity and duration of traumatic life events. Finally, we analysed volumetric brain alterations in brain regions particularly sensitive to psychosocial stress, acting on the assumption of the neurotoxic effect of prolonged cortisol exposure. Overall, patients had a significantly flatter cortisol awakening response (P < 0.001) and reported longer (P = 0.01) and more severe (P < 0.001) emotional neglect as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, volumes of the bilateral amygdala and hippocampus were found to be reduced in patients. Using a partial least squares correlation, we found that in patients, emotional neglect plays a role in the multivariate pattern between trauma history and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, while cortisol did not relate to reduced brain volumes. This suggests that psychological stress acts as a precipitating psychosocial risk factor, whereas a reduced brain volume rather represents a biological predisposing trait marker for the disorder. Contrarily, an inverse relationship between brain volume and cortisol was found in healthy controls, representing a potential neurotoxic effect of cortisol. These findings support the theory of reduced subcortical volumes representing a predisposing trait factor in functional neurological disorders, rather than a state effect of the illness. In summary, this study supports a stress-diathesis model for functional neurological disorders and showed an association between different attributes of trauma history and abnormalities in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function. Moreover, we suggest that reduced hippocampal and amygdalar volumes represent a biological 'trait marker' for functional neurological disorder patients, which might contribute to a reduced resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Weber
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Janine Bühler
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences (GHS), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Vanini
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Serafeim Loukas
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Selma Aybek
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Wells J, Knoll MA, Lyons-Ruth K, Obsuth I. History of abuse and adolescent hostile-helpless attachment: The mediating role of mother-adolescent punitive interactions. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106190. [PMID: 37060688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hostile-Helpless (HH) state of mind is a form of disorganised attachment that is strongly associated with prior experiences of abuse. However, how abuse experiences contribute toward HH states of mind in late adolescence is unknown. Punitive control in adolescent-mother dyads has been implicated in the development of HH states of mind and adolescent sex/gender may influence how punitive interactions contribute to HH mind states. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore how adolescent sex/gender and punitive control within adolescent-mother dyads are related to the links between HH states of mind and childhood abuse. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A sample of 109 low-moderate income late adolescents (aged 18-23 years, 65 females, 44 males) and their mothers were assessed in a conflict-resolution paradigm. METHODS Recordings of the interactions were coded using the Goal-Corrected Partnership in Adolescence Coding System for different aspects of attachment-based interactions including punitive control. Late-adolescent HH states of mind features were coded from Adult Attachment Interviews (AAI) and experiences of abuse were coded from adolescent self-reports and the AAI. RESULTS Moderated mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect pathway from abuse to HH states of mind through punitive control in late adolescent females (B = 0.06, SEBoot = 0.04, 95 % CIBoot 0.01, 0.15), but not males (B = -0.02, SEBoot = 0.02, 95 % CIBoot - 0.07, 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that there are sex/gender-specific pathways to developing HH states of mind. Hostile behavior within mother-daughter dyads therefore may play an important role in linking abuse experiences and contradictory attachment representations in late adolescent females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Wells
- Section of Clinical & Health Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quad, Edinburgh EH89AG, Scotland, UK.
| | - Monja Angelika Knoll
- Section of Clinical & Health Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quad, Edinburgh EH89AG, Scotland, UK.
| | - Karlen Lyons-Ruth
- Harvard Medical School, CHA Family Studies Lab, 1493 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Ingrid Obsuth
- Section of Clinical & Health Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Elsie Inglis Quad, Edinburgh EH89AG, Scotland, UK.
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29
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Metcalfe RE, Muentner LD, Reino C, Schweer-Collins ML, Kjellstrand JM, Eddy JM. Witnessing Parental Arrest As a Predictor of Child Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms During and After Parental Incarceration. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:329-338. [PMID: 36157296 PMCID: PMC9483368 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Purpose One in fourteen children in the United States experiences the incarceration of a parent with whom they have lived. Although prior research has established that witnessing the arrest of a parent is a common occurrence for children of criminal justice-involved parents, child outcomes following such an event are understudied. Little is known about the long-term impacts of witnessing an arrest on children and the extent to which they may vary by child age. Methods Using longitudinal data from the Parent Child Study of mothers and fathers incarcerated in state prison, we examine the witnessing of parental arrest as an acute traumatic event and identify the extent to which this type of trauma predicts externalizing and internalizing symptoms for children during their parents' incarceration and following release. Results Witnessing a parent's arrest predicted greater internalizing behavior concerns while parents were incarcerated, with a greater magnitude of effect for children under eight years of age. Six months post-release of the parent, children younger than age eight who witnessed the arrest showed significantly higher internalizing and externalizing behaviors. No effect was found for children ages eight years or older. Conclusion Implications for future policies to reduce the likelihood of children witnessing parental arrests, as well as the potential benefit of screening for trauma when working with children with incarcerated parents, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn E. Metcalfe
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, University of Oregon, OR Eugene, USA
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA
| | - Luke D. Muentner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Claudia Reino
- Texas Center for Equity Promotion, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | | | - Jean M. Kjellstrand
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education, University of Oregon, OR Eugene, USA
- Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA
| | - J. Mark Eddy
- Texas Center for Equity Promotion, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
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30
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Streit F, Völker MP, Klinger-König J, Zillich L, Frank J, Reinhard I, Foo JC, Witt SH, Sirignano L, Becher H, Obi N, Riedel O, Do S, Castell S, Hassenstein MJ, Karch A, Stang A, Schmidt B, Schikowski T, Stahl-Pehe A, Brenner H, Perna L, Greiser KH, Kaaks R, Michels KB, Franzke CW, Peters A, Fischer B, Konzok J, Mikolajczyk R, Führer A, Keil T, Fricke J, Willich SN, Pischon T, Völzke H, Meinke-Franze C, Loeffler M, Wirkner K, Berger K, Grabe HJ, Rietschel M. The interplay of family history of depression and early trauma: associations with lifetime and current depression in the German national cohort (NAKO). FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1099235. [PMID: 38523800 PMCID: PMC10959537 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1099235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Family history of depression and childhood maltreatment are established risk factors for depression. However, how these factors are interrelated and jointly influence depression risk is not well understood. The present study investigated (i) if childhood maltreatment is associated with a family history of depression (ii) if family history and childhood maltreatment are associated with increased lifetime and current depression, and whether both factors interact beyond their main effects, and (iii) if family history affects lifetime and current depression via childhood maltreatment. Methods Analyses were based on a subgroup of the first 100,000 participants of the German National Cohort (NAKO), with complete information (58,703 participants, mean age = 51.2 years, 53% female). Parental family history of depression was assessed via self-report, childhood maltreatment with the Childhood Trauma Screener (CTS), lifetime depression with self-reported physician's diagnosis and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and current depressive symptoms with the depression scale of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Generalized linear models were used to test main and interaction effects. Mediation was tested using causal mediation analyses. Results Higher frequencies of the childhood maltreatment measures were found in subjects reporting a positive family history of depression. Family history and childhood maltreatment were independently associated with increased depression. No statistical interactions of family history and childhood maltreatment were found for the lifetime depression measures. For current depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 sum score), an interaction was found, with stronger associations of childhood maltreatment and depression in subjects with a positive family history. Childhood maltreatment was estimated to mediate 7%-12% of the effect of family history on depression, with higher mediated proportions in subjects whose parents had a depression onset below 40 years. Abuse showed stronger associations with family history and depression, and higher mediated proportions of family history effects on depression than neglect. Discussion The present study confirms the association of childhood maltreatment and family history with depression in a large population-based cohort. While analyses provide little evidence for the joint effects of both risk factors on depression beyond their individual effects, results are consistent with family history affecting depression via childhood maltreatment to a small extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maja P. Völker
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johanna Klinger-König
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lea Zillich
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Iris Reinhard
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jerome C. Foo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H. Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lea Sirignano
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heiko Becher
- Institute of Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadia Obi
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Riedel
- Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie – BIPS, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Do
- Leibniz-Institut für Präventionsforschung und Epidemiologie – BIPS, Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Stefanie Castell
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Max J. Hassenstein
- Department for Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
- PhD Programme “Epidemiology”, Braunschweig-Hannover, Germany
| | - André Karch
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Stang
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tamara Schikowski
- IUF—Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Stahl-Pehe
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Network Ageing Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology & Ageing Research, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Perna
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Halina Greiser
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Div. of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Div. of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin B. Michels
- Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claus-Werner Franzke
- Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Epidemiology, Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Beate Fischer
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian Konzok
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health, Site Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Jena, Germany
| | - Amand Führer
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Centre for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Julia Fricke
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan N. Willich
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Max-Delbrueck-Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrueck-Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Biobank Technology Platform, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Meinke-Franze
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology & Social Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Leung KL, Yang JJ, Chen FR, Kim E, Gosman AA. Psychosocial Burden of Pediatric and Adult Patients With Congenital Versus Traumatic Facial Differences: Assessment of Psychiatric Distress and Healthcare Utilization in the United States From 2004 to 2012. Ann Plast Surg 2023; 90:S305-S311. [PMID: 36921336 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric distress and its effects on healthcare utilization in pediatric patients with congenital and traumatic facial differences remain poorly understood. This study analyzes the psychosocial burden along with mental health and reconstructive surgery services utilization of this patient population in comparison with adult patients with such facial differences. METHODS The 2004-2012 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey was queried for all patients with facial differences. Socioeconomic variables, Patient Health Questionnaire 2 and Kessler 6 scores, responses from validated screening surveys, and utilization of mental health and reconstructive surgery (ie, plastic surgery and otolaryngology) services were compared between pediatric and adult patients with congenital and traumatic facial differences. RESULTS Children ages 5 to 12 years were more likely to be affected by facial trauma, whereas adolescents aged 13 to 17 years were more affected by congenital facial conditions. Pediatric patients with congenital facial conditions had higher rates of medical care, education, and special therapy utilization ( P < 0.0001), although their facial trauma counterparts used mental health services more often ( P < 0.0001). In adults, more facial trauma patients reported poorer perceived mental health status ( P = 0.01). Among patients with any facial difference, distressed adult patients were less likely to see a reconstructive surgeon even when controlling for socioeconomic variables (0.55 [0.31-0.97], P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In the pediatric population, psychosocial considerations should include both age and etiology of facial differences to best optimize care. Among adults with facial trauma, poor mental health may contribute to lower rates of surgical follow-up, highlighting a potential benefit for provision of mental health services earlier for these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Leung
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego San Diego, CA
| | - Jason J Yang
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego San Diego, CA
| | - Frank R Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Erinn Kim
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego San Diego, CA
| | - Amanda A Gosman
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, UC San Diego San Diego, CA
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Hicks EM, Seah C, Cote A, Marchese S, Brennand KJ, Nestler EJ, Girgenti MJ, Huckins LM. Integrating genetics and transcriptomics to study major depressive disorder: a conceptual framework, bioinformatic approaches, and recent findings. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:129. [PMID: 37076454 PMCID: PMC10115809 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous psychiatric syndrome with genetic and environmental influences. In addition to neuroanatomical and circuit-level disturbances, dysregulation of the brain transcriptome is a key phenotypic signature of MDD. Postmortem brain gene expression data are uniquely valuable resources for identifying this signature and key genomic drivers in human depression; however, the scarcity of brain tissue limits our capacity to observe the dynamic transcriptional landscape of MDD. It is therefore crucial to explore and integrate depression and stress transcriptomic data from numerous, complementary perspectives to construct a richer understanding of the pathophysiology of depression. In this review, we discuss multiple approaches for exploring the brain transcriptome reflecting dynamic stages of MDD: predisposition, onset, and illness. We next highlight bioinformatic approaches for hypothesis-free, genome-wide analyses of genomic and transcriptomic data and their integration. Last, we summarize the findings of recent genetic and transcriptomic studies within this conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Hicks
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Carina Seah
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Alanna Cote
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Shelby Marchese
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Matthew J Girgenti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Laura M Huckins
- Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Departments of Psychiatry and of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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Tannahill HS, Barrett TS, Zalta AK, Tehee M, Blais RK. Posttraumatic Cognitions Differ Between Men and Women after Military Sexual Assault Revictimization in Their Contribution to PTSD Symptoms. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6038-6061. [PMID: 36210787 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221127211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sexual revictimization is heightened among military service members and veterans and is associated with greater posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and severity. The heightened distress following revictimization may be due to posttraumatic cognitions (PTC), which include negative beliefs about the self and world, and self-blame. Moreover, it is unclear whether men and women experience different levels of PTC. The current study tested PTC (overall and subdomains) as a possible mediator between sexual revictimization and PTSS severity, and gender as a possible moderator of these associations. Revictimization was defined across time periods (military sexual assault [MSA] only vs. premilitary sexual trauma + MSA) and in military rape frequency (0, 1, 2+). Participants were 400 (n = 200 [50%] male) service members/veterans with a history of MSA and completed online, anonymous, self-report questionnaires. PTC mediated the association between revictimization and PTSS severity. A significant interaction of gender suggested that men reported high overall PTC and PTC about the self regardless of revictimization; by contrast, overall PTC and PTC about the self were lower for women in response to MSA only and increased with revictimization. Results also showed men were more sensitive to PTC about self-blame as it pertains to more severe PTSS compared to women. There were no unique gender interactions when assessing revictimization by rape frequency, although PTC (overall, all subdomains) significantly mediated the association between rape frequency and PTSS severity. PTC may be a beneficial target when treating PTSS in men, and may be especially heightened in women who have experienced revictimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca K Blais
- Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Yurtbasi MK, Melvin G, Pavlou C, Gordon M. Staff perspectives on the effects of seclusion in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2023; 32:567-578. [PMID: 36524302 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nurses are at the forefront of seclusion in adolescent psychiatric units. Understanding nurses and other staff perspectives on the effects of seclusion is critical in the ongoing effort to minimize and eliminate seclusion. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of staff attitudes, experiences, and beliefs about the effects of seclusion on both themselves and patients. Thirty-one staff members (including 20 nurses) completed the Attitudes to Seclusion Survey and 24 participated in semi-structured interviews to explore their beliefs and experiences of seclusion use in adolescent psychiatric inpatient care. Analysis of the questionnaire showed overwhelming agreement in the negative impacts of seclusion on patients, while there was uncertainty around the positive impacts of seclusion. Using a combination of the intuitive approach and thematic analysis, five themes were identified from interviews with staff, three unique to nurses: (i) staff were reluctant to use seclusion but felt it was necessary, (ii) nurses felt under-resourcing led to increased chances of seclusion, (iii) staff believed seclusion negatively impacted the patients, (iv) nurses felt their relationships with patients were negatively impacted, and (v) seclusion also had a negative effect on nurses. Clinical recommendations included a systematic and structured approach to debriefing to repair ruptures in the therapeutic relationship; staffing to be based on the acuity of the unit rather than occupancy; alternatives to seclusion that meet the needs of service providers and consumers. Future research should compare staff and patient perspectives, include multiple sites, and greater participation of non-nursing staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam K Yurtbasi
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn Melvin
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Pavlou
- Early in Life Mental Health Service, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Gordon
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Early in Life Mental Health Service, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Feiler T, Vanacore S, Dolbier C. Relationships Among Adverse and Benevolent Childhood Experiences, Emotion Dysregulation, and Psychopathology Symptoms. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2023; 4:1-17. [PMID: 37361560 PMCID: PMC10063933 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study sought to examine adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), benevolent childhood experiences (BCEs), and emotion dysregulation as they relate to psychopathology symptoms (posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], anxiety, depression) in university students in emerging adulthood. Students at a United States university (N = 1,498) completed an online survey during the fall 2021 and spring 2022 semesters. Measures include the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, Benevolent Childhood Experiences Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Short Form, PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition, Patient Health Questionnaire 8, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 Scale. ACEs significantly related to greater symptoms and positive screens for PTSD, depression, and anxiety. BCEs significantly related to fewer symptoms and positive screens for PTSD, depression, and anxiety. Emotion dysregulation was a significant mediator of relationships between ACEs and all symptom types (direct and indirect effects were both significant, supporting partial mediation). Emotion dysregulation was a significant partial mediator of relationships between BCEs and all symptom types (direct and indirect effects were both significant, supporting partial mediation). Results showed significant small moderation effects of BCEs on the relationships of ACEs-emotion dysregulation, ACEs-depression symptoms, ACEs-anxiety symptoms, and emotion dysregulation-PTSD symptoms. Implications for colleges and universities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatum Feiler
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC USA
| | - Sarah Vanacore
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC USA
| | - Christyn Dolbier
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC USA
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36
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Nweze T, Ezenwa M, Ajaelu C, Okoye C. Childhood mental health difficulties mediate the long-term association between early-life adversity at age 3 and poorer cognitive functioning at ages 11 and 14. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:952-965. [PMID: 36751886 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life adversity is associated with adverse mental health outcomes and poorer cognitive functioning in later development. However, little is known about how early-life adversity, mental health, and cognition affect one another or how the effects unfold over time. Here, we test the hypothesis that early-life adversity may lead to mental health challenges which in turn have adverse consequences for the development of cognitive abilities. METHODS In a large (N = 13,287) longitudinal (5 wave) sample assessed at ages 3, 5, 7, 11 and 14, we use both path analysis approach and latent growth curve mediation model to study whether poorer mental health in childhood may mediate the effects of early-life adversity on later working memory and vocabulary outcomes. RESULTS We found a significant total association between early-life adversity and poorer performance on working memory (β = .123, p < .001, [95% CI 0.106, 0.141]) and vocabulary scores (β = -.111, p < .001, [95% CI -0.129, -0.093]). Notably, current and previous mental health mediated a substantial proportion (working memory: 59%; vocabulary: 70%) of these effects. Further longitudinal modeling showed that early-life adversity has an enduring adverse effect on mental health, and that poorer mental health is associated with poorer cognitive performance later on in development. In a complementary analysis using latent growth curve mediation model, we found indirect associations between early-life adversity and working memory through baseline mental health at age 3 (intercept: β = .083, p < .001, [95% CI 0.072, 0.094]) and change in mental health across ages 3-11 (slope: β = -.012, p = .001, [95% CI -0.019, -0.005]). Likewise, baseline mental health at age 3 (intercept: β = -.095, p < .001, [95% CI -0.107, -0.083]) and change in mental health across ages 3-14 (slope: β = .007, p = .001, [95% CI 0.003, 0.011]) significantly and completely mediated the relation between early-life adversity and vocabulary outcome. CONCLUSIONS These findings have important potential clinical and educational implications, because they suggest that academic and cognitive resilience may be supported through early mental health interventions in vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tochukwu Nweze
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Michael Ezenwa
- Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Cyriacus Ajaelu
- Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
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37
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Baldwin JR, Wang B, Karwatowska L, Schoeler T, Tsaligopoulou A, Munafò MR, Pingault JB. Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies. Am J Psychiatry 2023; 180:117-126. [PMID: 36628513 PMCID: PMC7614155 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20220174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood maltreatment is associated with mental health problems, but the extent to which this relationship is causal remains unclear. To strengthen causal inference, the authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies examining the relationship between childhood maltreatment and mental health problems. METHODS A search of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase was conducted for peer-reviewed, English-language articles from database inception until January 1, 2022. Studies were included if they examined the association between childhood maltreatment and mental health problems using a quasi-experimental method (e.g., twin/sibling differences design, children of twins design, adoption design, fixed-effects design, random-intercept cross-lagged panel model, natural experiment, propensity score matching, or inverse probability weighting). RESULTS Thirty-four quasi-experimental studies were identified, comprising 54,646 independent participants. Before quasi-experimental adjustment for confounding, childhood maltreatment was moderately associated with mental health problems (Cohen's d=0.56, 95% CI=0.41, 0.71). After quasi-experimental adjustment, a small association between childhood maltreatment and mental health problems remained (Cohen's d=0.31, 95% CI=0.24, 0.37). This adjusted association between childhood maltreatment and mental health was consistent across different quasi-experimental methods, and generalized across different psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with a small, causal contribution of childhood maltreatment to mental health problems. Furthermore, the findings suggest that part of the overall risk of mental health problems in individuals exposed to maltreatment is due to wider genetic and environmental risk factors. Therefore, preventing childhood maltreatment and addressing wider psychiatric risk factors in individuals exposed to maltreatment could help to prevent psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R Baldwin
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (Baldwin, Wang, Schoeler, Tsaligopoulou, Pingault); Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Baldwin, Pingault); Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (Karwatowska); Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (Schoeler); Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Tsaligopoulou); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. (Munafò)
| | - Biyao Wang
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (Baldwin, Wang, Schoeler, Tsaligopoulou, Pingault); Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Baldwin, Pingault); Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (Karwatowska); Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (Schoeler); Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Tsaligopoulou); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. (Munafò)
| | - Lucy Karwatowska
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (Baldwin, Wang, Schoeler, Tsaligopoulou, Pingault); Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Baldwin, Pingault); Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (Karwatowska); Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (Schoeler); Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Tsaligopoulou); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. (Munafò)
| | - Tabea Schoeler
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (Baldwin, Wang, Schoeler, Tsaligopoulou, Pingault); Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Baldwin, Pingault); Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (Karwatowska); Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (Schoeler); Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Tsaligopoulou); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. (Munafò)
| | - Anna Tsaligopoulou
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (Baldwin, Wang, Schoeler, Tsaligopoulou, Pingault); Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Baldwin, Pingault); Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (Karwatowska); Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (Schoeler); Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Tsaligopoulou); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. (Munafò)
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (Baldwin, Wang, Schoeler, Tsaligopoulou, Pingault); Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Baldwin, Pingault); Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (Karwatowska); Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (Schoeler); Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Tsaligopoulou); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. (Munafò)
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London (Baldwin, Wang, Schoeler, Tsaligopoulou, Pingault); Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London (Baldwin, Pingault); Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (Karwatowska); Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland (Schoeler); Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. (Tsaligopoulou); MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K. (Munafò)
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Salimi Y, Hoeboer C, Motevalli Haghi SA, Williamson RE, Rahimi MD, Rajabi-Gilan N, Almasi A, Olff M. Trauma and its consequences in Iran: cross-cultural adaption and validation of the Global Psychotrauma Screen in a representative sample. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:65. [PMID: 36694179 PMCID: PMC9873548 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potentially traumatic events may lead to the development of a wide range of adverse psychological responses, including symptoms of anxiety, depression, and (complex) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the high prevalence of potentially traumatic events in Iran, there is no population data nor evidence-based instrument to screen for cross-diagnostic psychological responses to trauma. The Global Psychotrauma Screen (GPS) is a transdiagnostic self-report instrument for the detection of trauma-related symptoms, as well as risk and protective factors related to the impact of potentially traumatic events. OBJECTIVE The present study seeks to 1) translate and cross-culturally adapt the GPS in the Persian (Farsi) language and 2) examine the psychometric properties of the Persian GPS. METHOD The translation and adaptation were performed using the Sousa and Rojjanasrirat (2011) method. A pilot study (n = 30) was carried out to test the content validity and test-retest reliability of the GPS. Next, in a representative sample (n = 800) of residents of Kermanshah City, the GPS, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) were administered. Construct validity of the Persian GPS was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, we evaluated the convergent validity and internal consistency of the GPS. RESULTS Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated a three-factor model as the best solution with factors representing 1) Negative Affect, 2) Core PTSD symptoms and 3) Dissociative symptoms. The GPS total symptom score had high internal consistency and high convergent validity with related measures. A GPS total symptom cut-off score of nine was optimal for indicating a probable PTSD diagnosis based on the PCL-5. About half (52%) of the current sample met criteria for probable PTSD. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that the GPS can be effectively adapted for use in a non-Western society and, specifically, that the Persian GPS represents a useful, reliable and valid tool for screening of trauma-related symptoms in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Salimi
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - C. Hoeboer
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Seyed Ali Motevalli Haghi
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Cognitive Neuroscience and Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - R. E. Williamson
- grid.253613.00000 0001 2192 5772Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT USA
| | - Mohammad Dawood Rahimi
- grid.411301.60000 0001 0666 1211Cognitive Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nader Rajabi-Gilan
- grid.412112.50000 0001 2012 5829Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran ,grid.411189.40000 0000 9352 9878Sociology Department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Almasi
- grid.412112.50000 0001 2012 5829Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M. Olff
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Li Y, Yuan M, Chang J, Zhang T, Chen L, Xie G, Chen S, He Y, Su P. Association of Child Sexual Abuse Victimization and Murderous Behaviors and the Mediating Role of Psychological Adjustment among College Students in China. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1842-NP1867. [PMID: 35465755 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221093684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A history of child sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with a variety of psychological issues and conduct disorders in adolescents. However, little is known about the association between CSA and its characteristics and murderous behaviors in young adults. The purpose of this study was to examine this relationship and explore the mediating effect of psychological adjustment (PA). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4034 college students in Anhui Province, China. The participants were invited to complete self-report questionnaires regarding the history of CSA, self-perceived PA and murderous behaviors. PA was evaluated by two of the most important indicators: resilience and emotional release. Mediation analyses were computed via parallel mediation models. Of the participants, 14.1% reported experiencing CSA. After controlling for potential confounders, CSA victimization was robustly and positively associated with murderous ideation (OR: 2.36, 95% CI: 1.77-3.14), murderous plans (OR: 4.02, 95% CI: 2.63-6.12), murderous preparation (OR: 3.87, 95% CI: 2.37-6.31), and murderous attempts (OR: 5.35, 95% CI: 3.11-9.21). CSA victimization that was persistent and of the combined contact or noncontact types greatly increased the risk of murderous behaviors. A dose-response relationship was observed between the duration of experienced CSA and murderous behaviors. Furthermore, the results of the mediation analysis revealed that PA partially mediated the relationship between CSA victimization and murderous behaviors. Therefore, PA protects against the development of murderous behaviors in abused individuals. These findings have important implications for the prevention and intervention of murderous behaviors in adolescents who experienced CSA, highlighting the importance of considering PA as a protective role in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyuan Yuan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Chang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liru Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guodie Xie
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Puyu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, 12485Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Laham BJ, Murthy SS, Hanani M, Clappier M, Boyer S, Vasquez B, Gould E. The estrous cycle modulates early-life adversity effects on mouse avoidance behavior through progesterone signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7537. [PMID: 36476469 PMCID: PMC9729614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity (ELA) increases the likelihood of neuropsychiatric diagnoses, which are more prevalent in women than men. Since changes in reproductive hormone levels can also increase the probability of anxiety disorders in women, we examined the effects of ELA on adult female mice across the estrous cycle. We found that during diestrus, when progesterone levels are relatively high, ELA mice exhibit increased avoidance behavior and increased theta oscillation power in the ventral hippocampus (vHIP). We also found that diestrus ELA mice had higher levels of progesterone and lower levels of allopregnanolone, a neurosteroid metabolite of progesterone, in the vHIP compared with control-reared mice. Progesterone receptor antagonism normalized avoidance behavior in ELA mice, while treatment with a negative allosteric modulator of allopregnanolone promoted avoidance behavior in control mice. These results suggest that altered vHIP progesterone and allopregnanolone signaling during diestrus increases avoidance behavior in ELA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake J Laham
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, 08450, USA
| | | | - Monica Hanani
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, 08450, USA
| | - Mona Clappier
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, 08450, USA
| | - Sydney Boyer
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, 08450, USA
| | - Betsy Vasquez
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, 08450, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton, NJ, 08450, USA.
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Schaefer JD, Cheng TW, Dunn EC. Sensitive periods in development and risk for psychiatric disorders and related endpoints: a systematic review of child maltreatment findings. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:978-991. [PMID: 36403600 PMCID: PMC10443538 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(22)00362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the mental health of people who have experienced childhood maltreatment is substantial. One hypothesis is that this variation is attributable, in part, to the timing of maltreatment-specifically, whether maltreatment occurs during sensitive periods in development when the brain is maximally sensitive to particular types of environmental input. To determine whether there is scientific consensus around when periods of peak sensitivity occur, we did a systematic review of human observational studies. Although 89 (75%) of the 118 unique cross-sectional or longitudinal cohort studies we identified reported timing effects, no consistent sensitive periods were identified for any of the most studied outcomes. Thus, observational research on childhood maltreatment has yet to converge on a single period (or set of periods) of increased vulnerability. We identified study characteristics that might contribute to these between-study differences and used observations from our Review to suggest a comprehensive set of recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa W. Cheng
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erin C. Dunn
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Zhang J, Sami S, Meiser-Stedman R. Acute stress and PTSD among trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Computational prediction and interpretation. J Anxiety Disord 2022; 92:102642. [PMID: 36356479 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth receiving medical care for injury are at risk of PTSD. Therefore, accurate prediction of chronic PTSD at an early stage is needed. Machine learning (ML) offers a promising approach to precise prediction and interpretation. AIMS The study proposes a clinically useful predictive model for PTSD 6-12 months after injury, analyzing the relationship among predictors, and between predictors and outcomes. METHODS A ML approach was utilized to train models based on 1167 children and adolescents of nine perspective studies. Demographics, trauma characteristics and acute traumatic stress (ASD) symptoms were used as initial predictors. PTSD diagnosis at six months was derived using DSM-IV PTSD diagnostic criteria. Models were validated on external datasets. Shapley value and partial dependency plot (PDP) were applied to interpret the final model. RESULTS A random forest model with 13 predictors (age, ethnicity, trauma type, intrusive memories, nightmares, reliving, distress, dissociation, cognitive avoidance, sleep, irritability, hypervigilance and startle) yielded F-scores of.973,0.902 and.961 with training and two external datasets. Shapley values were calculated for individual and grouped predictors. A cumulative effect for intrusion symptoms was observed. PDP showed a non-linear relationship between age and PTSD, and between ASD symptom severity and PTSD. A 43 % difference in the risk between non-minority and minority ethnic groups was detected. CONCLUSIONS A ML model demonstrated excellent classification performance and good potential for clinical utility, using a few easily obtainable variables. Model interpretation gave a comprehensive quantitative analysis on the operations among predictors, in particular ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK.
| | - Saber Sami
- Dementia Research, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
| | - Richard Meiser-Stedman
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, UK
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Rowland GE, Mekawi Y, Michopoulos V, Powers A, Fani N, Bradley B, Ressler KJ, Jovanovic T, Stevens JS. Distinctive impacts of sexual trauma versus non-sexual trauma on PTSD profiles in highly trauma-exposed, Black women. J Affect Disord 2022; 317:329-338. [PMID: 36055528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior findings suggest that psychopathology following interpersonal trauma or assaultive violence may present differently from prototypical posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, whether this is true for sexual trauma (ST) in the context of other salient lifetime traumatic experiences is yet unknown. We predicted that ST exposure may result in higher avoidance and numbing symptoms and blunted fear responses, relative to non-sexual trauma (NST), particularly if ST occurred during childhood. METHODS Participants were n = 5163 Black women recruited in an urban public hospital. We investigated effects of ST on PTSD symptoms, fear-potentiated startle (FPS) response (n = 285), and amygdala reactivity and habituation to social threat cues with fMRI (n = 95). RESULTS ST was associated with greater PTSD symptoms (p = 2.64 × 10-21), but this was observed across all symptom clusters. Women who experienced repeated ST in both childhood and adulthood showed greater PTSD (p = .0009) and numbing symptoms (p = .002). In the FPS paradigm, the ST group startled more on all blocks and stimulus types than the NST group (p = .004). Developmental timing of ST did not influence startle magnitude. ST was not associated with amygdala habituation or reactivity. LIMITATIONS Generalizability is limited to Black women with a high trauma burden. Associations are cross-sectional, limiting causal conclusions. CONCLUSION While survivors of ST may present with more severe PTSD symptoms, their profiles are not characteristically different from similar NST controls. Childhood sexual abuse exposure alone did not result in a unique symptom profile. ST represents a uniquely high-burden stressor with likelihood for more severe posttraumatic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Rowland
- Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer S Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta VA Health Care System, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Pfeiffer JR, van Rooij SJH, Mekawi Y, Fani N, Jovanovic T, Michopoulos V, Smith AK, Stevens JS, Uddin M. Blood-derived deoxyribonucleic acid methylation clusters associate with adverse social exposures and endophenotypes of stress-related psychiatric illness in a trauma-exposed cohort of women. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:892302. [PMID: 36405926 PMCID: PMC9668877 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.892302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse social exposures (ASEs) such as low income, low educational attainment, and childhood/adult trauma exposure are associated with variability in brain region measurements of gray matter volume (GMV), surface area (SA), and cortical thickness (CT). These CNS morphometries are associated with stress-related psychiatric illnesses and represent endophenotypes of stress-related psychiatric illness development. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as 5-methyl-cytosine (5mC), may contribute to the biological embedding of the environment but are understudied and not well understood. How 5mC relates to CNS endophenotypes of psychiatric illness is also unclear. In 97 female, African American, trauma-exposed participants from the Grady Trauma Project, we examined the associations of childhood trauma burden (CTQ), adult trauma burden, low income, and low education with blood-derived 5mC clusters and variability in brain region measurements in the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex subregions. To elucidate whether peripheral 5mC indexes central nervous system (CNS) endophenotypes of psychiatric illness, we tested whether 73 brain/blood correlated 5mC clusters, defined by networks of correlated 5mC probes measured on Illumina's HumanMethylation Epic Beadchip, mediated the relationship between ASEs and brain measurements. CTQ was negatively associated with rostral middle frontal gyrus (RMFG) SA (β =-0.231, p = 0.041). Low income and low education were also associated with SA or CT in a number of brain regions. Seven 5mC clusters were associated with CTQ (pmin = 0.002), two with low education (pmin = 0.010), and three with low income (pmin = 0.007). Two clusters fully mediated the relation between CTQ and RMFG SA, accounting for 47 and 35% of variability, respectively. These clusters were enriched for probes falling in DNA regulatory regions, as well as signal transduction and immune signaling gene ontology functions. Methylome-network analyses showed enrichment of macrophage migration (p = 9 × 10-8), T cell receptor complex (p = 6 × 10-6), and chemokine-mediated signaling (p = 7 × 10-4) pathway enrichment in association with CTQ. Our results support prior work highlighting brain region variability associated with ASEs, while informing a peripheral inflammation-based epigenetic mechanism of biological embedding of such exposures. These findings could also serve to potentiate increased investigation of understudied populations at elevated risk for stress-related psychiatric illness development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Pfeiffer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sanne J. H. van Rooij
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Monica Uddin
- Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Ozakar Akca S, Oztas G, Karadere ME, Yazla Asafov E. Childhood trauma and its relationship with suicide probability and Self-Esteem: A case study in a university in Turkey. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:1839-1846. [PMID: 34904227 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent childhood trauma affects suicide probability and self-esteem of university students. DESIGN AND METHODS In this descriptive study, 3602 university students continuing their education in the 2019-2020 academic year were selected into the sample. The data in the study were collected using a personal information form, "Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)", "Suicide Probability Scale (SPS)" and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The data were evaluated using appropriate statistical methods, and p < 0.05 value was considered statistically significant. FINDINGS In the study, students' mean scale scores of CTQ and SPS were found high (38.1 ± 13.7; 87.7 ± 10.7, respectively), and the RSES total mean scale score was found average (1.7 ± 1.4). CTQ total mean score was found to show a positive correlation between SPS and RSES total mean scores. It has been established that the past traumatic experiences of university students decrease self-esteem and are associated with suicide probability. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Risk management programs for university students should be organized by determining the risk groups exposed to Childhood Trauma by psychiatric and child nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Ozakar Akca
- Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Gulay Oztas
- Department of Child Health and Diseases Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emrah Karadere
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical, Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Yazla Asafov
- Department of Mental Health and Disease, Faculty of Medical, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
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Clark HM, Grogan-Kaylor AC, Galano MM, Stein SF, Graham-Bermann SA. Preschoolers' Intimate Partner Violence Exposure and Their Speeded Control Abilities Eight Years Later: A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18496-NP18523. [PMID: 34351251 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211035883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Executive functioning (EF), or a set of related cognitive skills that facilitate goal-oriented behavior, is a critical aspect of adaptive development. Mounting research indicates that exposure to environmental threats during the preschool years jeopardizes EF; however, the extent and mechanisms through which early exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) influences children's EF are unknown. Using data from an eight-year longitudinal investigation of mothers who had experienced IPV and their preschool-aged children (N = 120), this study examined the relative influence of recent and remote IPV exposure on speeded control-a component of EF influenced by processing speed-in late childhood. Results indicated that preschoolers' IPV exposure had a significant negative impact on their speeded control eight years later, and this relation was mediated by the remote effects of IPV on their mothers. Specifically, IPV was positively associated with maternal depression, which in turn contributed to greater use of negative parenting strategies when children were of preschool age. Children's IPV exposure during late childhood was not predictive of their concurrent speeded control. These findings lend further evidence to the notion that the preschool years are a sensitive period for the mastery of EF skills and that IPV exposure is a distinct risk factor that can have protracted effects on children's cognitive development. Further, this study points to modifiable environmental risk factors, which, through targeted prevention and intervention efforts, could promote EF across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara F Stein
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Li YH, Wang GF, Yuan MY, Chang JJ, Wang SJ, Cao LL, Li Y, Su PY. Psychological adjustment mediating the relationship between childhood maltreatment and borderline personality features among Chinese early adolescents. J Affect Disord 2022; 314:249-252. [PMID: 35878835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A strong link between childhood maltreatment (CM) and borderline personality features (BPF) has been consistently demonstrated. However, little is known about the role of psychological adjustment (PA) as a mediator of this relationship. The purpose of the study was to explore the mediating role of PA in the CM-BPF linkage in a large sample of early adolescents. METHODS A total of 5724 students (mean age = 13.5, SD = 1.0) were recruited from three middle schools by using the multistage random cluster sampling method in Anhui Province, China. Participants were required to complete self-report questionnaires regarding CM experience, self-perceived PA and BPF. Mediation analyses were computed via structural equation modelling. RESULTS CM victimization was positively associated with BPF, and individuals with lower levels of PA were more likely to present with BPF. Mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of CM on BPF via PA (effect = 0.047, 95 % CI: 0.035, 0.058). LIMITATION The cross-sectional design of this study did not allow testing causality. The retrospective investigation of CM history could cause recall bias. CONCLUSIONS PA partially mediates the relationship between CM and BPF. These findings have important implications for considering PA as a protective factor in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Han Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Geng-Fu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Yuan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jun-Jie Chang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shao-Jie Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lei-Lei Cao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Pu-Yu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No.81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Yoon Y. Time Dimension of Childhood Adversities and Externalizing Behavior Among Children of Teen Mothers: Sensitive Period Hypothesis vs. Accumulation Hypothesis. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:389-399. [PMID: 33371724 DOI: 10.1177/1077559520984249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversities are associated with compromised behavioral health later in life. However, less attention has been paid to how time contributes to the damaging effects of adversity exposure. In addition, the differential impact of childhood maltreatment and household dysfunction has been understudied. The current study tested (a) the sensitive period hypothesis regarding timing of childhood adversity on externalizing behavior, (b) the accumulation hypothesis regarding the associations between the duration of childhood adversity and externalizing behavior, and (c) the domain-specific impact of childhood adversity on externalizing behavior. Data came from the Young Women and Child Development Study (N = 240). Childhood adversity was measured at seven periods (age range: 5.5-16), which were used to test the sensitive period hypothesis. Childhood adversity at each time period was summed across seven time periods to test the accumulation measure representing the duration of childhood adversity. Least angle and multiple regression analyses were conducted. Results supported the sensitive period hypothesis-the effect of childhood adversity was the most prominent at age 11.5, whereas the accumulation of childhood adversity time periods was not a significant predictor of later externalizing behavior. Probing childhood adversity by subdomains revealed maltreatment primarily accounted for externalizing behavior (p < .05). Findings suggest intervention efforts for children of teen mothers during early adolescence to prevent externalizing behavior in later adolescence. Unpacking childhood adversity may illuminate key areas of vulnerability to externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoewon Yoon
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, 5116University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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49
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Tabb LP, Rich JA, Waite D, Alberto C, Harris E, Gardner J, Gentile N, Corbin TJ. Examining Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Young Survivors of Urban Violence. J Urban Health 2022; 99:669-679. [PMID: 35699886 PMCID: PMC9360210 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-022-00628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our study examines the association between Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among survivors of violence. In this cross-sectional study, an ACE questionnaire and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) were completed by 147 participants ≤ 3 months after presenting to a Philadelphia, PA emergency department between 2014 and 2019 with a violent injury. This study treated ACEs, both separate and cumulative, as exposures and PTSD symptom severity as the outcome. Most participants (63.3%) met criteria for provisional PTSD, 90% reported experiencing ≥ 1 ACE, and 39% reported experiencing ≥ 6 ACEs. Specific ACEs were associated with increasing PCL-5 scores and increased risk for provisional PTSD. Additionally, as participants' cumulative ACE scores increased, their PCL-5 scores worsened (b = 0.16; p < 0.05), and incremental ACE score increases predicted increased odds for a positive provisional PTSD screen. Results provide further evidence that ACEs exacerbate the development of PTSD in young survivors of violence. Future research should explore targeted interventions to treat PTSD among survivors of interpersonal violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loni Philip Tabb
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John A Rich
- Center for Nonviolence & Social Justice, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daria Waite
- Center for Nonviolence & Social Justice, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cinthya Alberto
- Department of Health Management & Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erica Harris
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Gardner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nina Gentile
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Theodore J Corbin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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The Chinese version of the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) scale: Psychometric properties in a sample of young adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270709. [PMID: 35771860 PMCID: PMC9246159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several effective self-report instruments used by Chinese researchers to retrospectively assess exposure to childhood maltreatment. However, these measures do not assess the timing of exposure, restricting efforts to identify periods of development when childhood maltreatment maximally increases vulnerability to psychopathology and health outcomes. In the current study we created a Chinese version of the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE) scale, which assesses multiplicity (number of types of maltreatment experienced) and severity of maltreatment as well as when it occurred during childhood and adolescence. Rasch modeling was used for scale development in a sample of 812 undergraduate students. Item reduction analysis of the original 75 items produced a 58-item Chinese version with ten subdimensions. The new scale showed good three-week test-retest reliability, and good convergent validity with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the revised Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACEQ-R). Variance decomposition analyses found that compared to the CTQ and ACE, the MACE Severity and Multiplicity scores explained higher variance in self-reported depression and anxiety symptom ratings on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). The results of the present study confirmed that the Chinese version of the MACE has sound psychometric properties in the Chinese cultural context. This new instrument will be a valuable tool for Chinese researchers, psychiatrists and psychologists to ascertain the type and timing of exposure to maltreatment.
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