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Zeng Z, Zhao H, Wang J, Pi P, Hao L, Wang Y, Wang Z. Cardiovascular risk and its influencing factors during exercise in apparently healthy Chinese adult population. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2378. [PMID: 39223502 PMCID: PMC11367746 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few studies on the safety of sub-maximal exercise testing of aerobic exercise in apparently healthy Chinese populations. The purpose of this study was to explore the frequency of exercise electrocardiography (ECG) abnormalities and the corresponding exercise intensities, as well as the associated influencing factors, during a symptom-limited stepwise incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in an apparently healthy Chinese population. METHODS A cross-sectional study was done in four communities, one urban and one rural in the North (Beijing) and in the South (Hezhou, Guangxi) of China from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018, respectively. Total of 1642 participants was recruited, 918 were eligible and completed demographic indicators, routine blood indicators, physical activity status, symptom-limited CPET and exercise ECG were included in the analysis. RESULTS Of the exercise ECG outcomes, 10 (1.1%) were positive and occurred at exercise intensities ≥ 62.50% heart rate reserve (HRR); 44 (4.8%) were equivocal and 864 (94.1%) were normal. Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor (CVDRF) = 3-4 were 2.6 times more likely to have a equivocal and abnormal exercise ECG than those with CVDRF = 0-2. Exercise ECGs of individuals with CVDRF = 5-7 were 5.4 times more likely to be positive and abnormal than exercise ECGs of individuals with CVDRF = 0-2. CONCLUSIONS The exercise intensity of 62.5% HRR can be used as a safe upper limit for safe participation in exercise in apparently healthy Chinese population; the greater the number of CVDRFs, the greater the likelihood of cardiovascular risk during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zeng
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peng Pi
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Li Hao
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Zhengzhen Wang
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Costa VAB, Midgley AW, Baumgart JK, Carroll S, Astorino TA, Schaun GZ, Fonseca GF, Cunha FA. Confirming the attainment of maximal oxygen uptake within special and clinical groups: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiopulmonary exercise test and verification phase protocols. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299563. [PMID: 38547136 PMCID: PMC10977812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM A plateau in oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) during an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to volitional exhaustion appears less likely to occur in special and clinical populations. Secondary maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) criteria have been shown to commonly underestimate the actual [Formula: see text]. The verification phase protocol might determine the occurrence of 'true' [Formula: see text] in these populations. The primary aim of the current study was to systematically review and provide a meta-analysis on the suitability of the verification phase for confirming 'true' [Formula: see text] in special and clinical groups. Secondary aims were to explore the applicability of the verification phase according to specific participant characteristics and investigate which test protocols and procedures minimise the differences between the highest [Formula: see text] values attained in the CPET and verification phase. METHODS Electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and EMBASE) were searched using specific search strategies and relevant data were extracted from primary studies. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were systematically reviewed. Meta-analysis techniques were applied to quantify weighted mean differences (standard deviations) in peak [Formula: see text] from a CPET and a verification phase within study groups using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses investigated the differences in [Formula: see text] according to individual characteristics and test protocols. The methodological quality of the included primary studies was assessed using a modified Downs and Black checklist to obtain a level of evidence. Participant-level [Formula: see text] data were analysed according to the threshold criteria reported by the studies or the inherent measurement error of the metabolic analysers and displayed as Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS Forty-three studies were included in the systematic review, whilst 30 presented quantitative information for meta-analysis. Within the 30 studies, the highest mean [Formula: see text] values attained in the CPET and verification phase protocols were similar (mean difference = -0.00 [95% confidence intervals, CI = -0.03 to 0.03] L·min-1, p = 0.87; level of evidence, LoE: strong). The specific clinical groups with sufficient primary studies to be meta-analysed showed a similar [Formula: see text] between the CPET and verification phase (p > 0.05, LoE: limited to strong). Across all 30 studies, [Formula: see text] was not affected by differences in test protocols (p > 0.05; LoE: moderate to strong). Only 23 (53.5%) of the 43 reviewed studies reported how many participants achieved a lower, equal, or higher [Formula: see text] value in the verification phase versus the CPET or reported or supplied participant-level [Formula: see text] data for this information to be obtained. The percentage of participants that achieved a lower, equal, or higher [Formula: see text] value in the verification phase was highly variable across studies (e.g. the percentage that achieved a higher [Formula: see text] in the verification phase ranged from 0% to 88.9%). CONCLUSION Group-level verification phase data appear useful for confirming a specific CPET protocol likely elicited [Formula: see text], or a reproducible [Formula: see text], for a given special or clinical group. Participant-level data might be useful for confirming whether specific participants have likely elicited [Formula: see text], or a reproducible [Formula: see text], however, more research reporting participant-level data is required before evidence-based guidelines can be given. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42021247658) https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. B. Costa
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adrian W. Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, England, United Kingdom
| | - Julia K. Baumgart
- Centre for Elite Sports Research, Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norway, University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sean Carroll
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, England, United Kingdom
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, CA, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Z. Schaun
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guilherme F. Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cunha
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Machado E, Guimarães P, Borba E, Tartaruga MP, Buzzachera CF, Correale L, Lanferdini FJ, da Silva ES. Biomechanical, physiological and anthropometrical predictors of performance in recreational runners. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16940. [PMID: 38426136 PMCID: PMC10903338 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The maximal running speed (VMAX) determined on a graded treadmill test is well-recognized as a running performance predictor. However, few studies have assessed the variables that predict VMAX in recreationally active runners. Methods We used a mathematical procedure combining Fick's law and metabolic cost analysis to verify the relation between (1) VMAX versus anthropometric and physiological determinants of running performance and, (2) theoretical metabolic cost versus running biomechanical parameters. Linear multiple regression and bivariate correlation were applied. We aimed to verify the biomechanical, physiological, and anthropometrical determinants of VMAX in recreationally active runners. Fifteen recreationally active runners participated in this observational study. A Conconi and a stead-steady running test were applied using a heart rate monitor and a simple video camera to register the physiological and mechanical variables, respectively. Results Statistical analysis revealed that the speed at the second ventilatory threshold, theoretical metabolic cost, and fat-mass percentage confidently estimated the individual running performance as follows: VMAX = 58.632 + (-0.183 * fat percentage) + (-0.507 * heart rate percentage at second ventilatory threshold) + (7.959 * theoretical metabolic cost) (R2 = 0.62, p = 0.011, RMSE = 1.50 km.h-1). Likewise, the theoretical metabolic cost was significantly explained (R2 = 0.91, p = 0.004, RMSE = 0.013 a.u.) by the running spatiotemporal and elastic-related parameters (contact and aerial times, stride length and frequency, and vertical oscillation) as follows: theoretical metabolic cost = 10.421 + (4.282 * contact time) + (-3.795 * aerial time) + (-2.422 * stride length) + (-1.711 * stride frequency) + (0.107 * vertical oscillation). Conclusion Critical determinants of elastic mechanism, such as maximal vertical force and vertical and leg stiffness were unrelated to the metabolic economy. VMAX, a valuable marker of running performance, and its physiological and biomechanical determinants can be effectively evaluated using a heart rate monitor, treadmill, and a digital camera, which can be used in the design of training programs to recreationally active runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga
- Human Performance Laboratory (LocoLab), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Esthevan Machado
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patrick Guimarães
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edilson Borba
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcus P. Tartaruga
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste do Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil
| | - Cosme F. Buzzachera
- Human Performance Laboratory (LocoLab), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Correale
- Human Performance Laboratory (LocoLab), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fábio Juner Lanferdini
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Edson Soares da Silva
- LaBiodin, Biodynamics Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
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Liu AI, Lee YH, Lu CY, Huda N, Huang TW. Effects of Walking Combined With Resistance Band Exercises on Alleviating Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Cancer Nurs 2023:00002820-990000000-00184. [PMID: 37938217 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common symptom, and exercise has shown potential in alleviating CRF. However, there is a need for diverse exercise options tailored to individual patient needs. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the overall effects of a combined walking and resistance band exercise intervention in relieving CRF among cancer patients through randomized controlled trials. METHODS Comprehensive searches were conducted in multiple databases to identify relevant studies up until March 2023. Inclusion criteria required the intervention to involve walking combined with elastic band training, with a clear exercise protocol description. The primary outcome was CRF, and secondary outcomes included walking steps, distance, mood distress, and quality of life. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS Ten trials were included. The intervention group showed significant improvements in CRF (SMD, -0.40; 95% CI, -0.60 to -0.20), mood distress (SMD, -0.30; 95% CI, -0.53 to -0.07), and daily walking steps (SMD, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.07-0.96) compared with the control group. Although the 6-Minute Walk Test and quality of life did not show significant differences, a trend toward improvement was observed in the intervention group. Adverse events related to the intervention were infrequent. CONCLUSION A combined walking and resistance band exercise intervention can effectively alleviate CRF and improve mood distress and daily walking steps among cancer patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE This exercise option may provide an additional strategy to manage CRF. Further research is needed to explore the optimal exercise prescription for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-I Liu
- Author Affiliations: School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University (Ms Liu and Dr Huang); School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University (Dr Lee); Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital (Dr. Lee); and Department of Nursing, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University (Ms Lu and Dr Huang), Taipei, Taiwan; Nursing Faculty, Universitas Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia (Dr Huda); and Cochrane Taiwan and Research Center in Nursing Clinical Practice, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan (Dr Huang)
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Wittels SH, Renaghan E, Wishon MJ, Wittels HL, Chong S, Wittels ED, Hendricks S, Hecocks D, Bellamy K, Girardi J, Lee S, Vo T, McDonald SM, Feigenbaum LA. A Novel Metric "Exercise Cardiac Load" Proposed to Track and Predict the Deterioration of the Autonomic Nervous System in Division I Football Athletes. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:143. [PMID: 37873902 PMCID: PMC10594468 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Current metrics like baseline heart rate (HR) and HR recovery fail in predicting overtraining (OT), a syndrome manifesting from a deteriorating autonomic nervous system (ANS). Preventing OT requires tracking the influence of internal physiological loads induced by exercise training programs on the ANS. Therefore, this study evaluated the predictability of a novel, exercise cardiac load metric on the deterioration of the ANS. Twenty male American football players, with an average age of 21.3 years and body mass indices ranging from 23.7 to 39.2 kg/m2 were included in this study. Subjects participated in 40 strength- and power-focused exercise sessions over 8 weeks and wore armband monitors (Warfighter Monitor, Tiger Tech Solutions) equipped with electrocardiography capabilities. Exercise cardiac load was the product of average training HR and duration. Baseline HR, HR variability (HRV), average HR, and peak HR were also measured. HR recovery was measured on the following day. HRV indices assessed included the standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) and root mean square of successive RR interval differences (rMSSD) Linear regression models assessed the relationships between each cardiac metric and HR recovery, with statistical significance set at α < 0.05. Subjects were predominantly non-Hispanic black (70%) and aged 21.3 (±1.4) years. Adjusted models showed that exercise cardiac load elicited the strongest negative association with HR recovery for previous day (β = -0.18 ± 0.03; p < 0.0000), one-week (β = -0.20 ± 0.03; p < 0.0000) and two-week (β = -0.26 ± 0.03; p < 0.0000) training periods compared to average HR (βetas: -0.09 to -0.02; p < 0.0000) and peak HR (βetas: -0.13 to -0.23; p < 0.0000). Statistically significant relationships were also found for baseline HR (p < 0.0000), SDNN (p < 0.0000) and rMSSD (p < 0.0000). Exercise cardiac load appears to best predict ANS deterioration across one- to two-week training periods, showing a capability for tracking an athlete's physiological tolerance and ANS response. Importantly, this information may increase the effectiveness of exercise training programs, enhance performance, and prevent OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Howard Wittels
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami, FL 33140, USA;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wertheim School of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Miami Beach Anesthesiology Associates, Miami, FL 33140, USA
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33140, USA; (M.J.W.); (H.L.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Eric Renaghan
- Department of Athletics, Sports Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (E.R.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Michael Joseph Wishon
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33140, USA; (M.J.W.); (H.L.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Harrison L. Wittels
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33140, USA; (M.J.W.); (H.L.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Stephanie Chong
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33140, USA; (M.J.W.); (H.L.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Eva Danielle Wittels
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33140, USA; (M.J.W.); (H.L.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Stephanie Hendricks
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33140, USA; (M.J.W.); (H.L.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Dustin Hecocks
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33140, USA; (M.J.W.); (H.L.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Kyle Bellamy
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (K.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Joe Girardi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (K.B.); (J.G.)
| | - Stephen Lee
- United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA;
| | - Tri Vo
- Navy Medical Center—San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134, USA;
| | - Samantha M. McDonald
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL 33140, USA; (M.J.W.); (H.L.W.); (S.C.); (E.D.W.); (S.H.); (D.H.)
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761, USA
| | - Luis A. Feigenbaum
- Department of Athletics, Sports Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (E.R.); (L.A.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (K.B.); (J.G.)
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Wittels SH, Renaghan E, Wishon MJ, Wittels HL, Chong S, Wittels ED, Hendricks S, Hecocks D, Bellamy K, Girardi J, Lee S, McDonald S, Feigenbaum LA. Recovery of the autonomic nervous system following football training among division I collegiate football athletes: The influence of intensity and time. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18125. [PMID: 37539237 PMCID: PMC10395356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is profoundly affected by high intensity exercise. However, evidence is less clear on ANS recovery and function following prolonged bouts of high intensity exercise, especially in non-endurance athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between duration and intensity of acute exercise training sessions and ANS recovery and function in Division I football athletes. Fifty, male football athletes were included in this study. Subjects participated in 135 days of exercise training sessions throughout the 25-week season and wore armband monitors (Warfighter Monitor, Tiger Tech Solutions) equipped with electrocardiography capabilities. Intensity was measured via heart rate (HR) during an 'active state', defined as HR ≥ 85 bpm. Further, data-driven intensity thresholds were used and included HR < 140 bpm, HR < 150 bpm, HR < 160 bpm, HR ≥ 140 bpm, HR ≥ 150 bpm and HR ≥ 160 bpm. Baseline HR and HR recovery were measured and represented ANS recovery and function 24h post-exercise. Linear regression models assessed the relationships between time spent at the identified intensity thresholds and ANS recovery and function 24h post-exercise. Statistical significance set at α < 0.05. Athletes participated in 128 training sessions, totaling 2735 data points analyzed. Subjects were predominantly non-Hispanic black (66.0%), aged 21.2 (±1.5) years and average body mass index of 29.2 (4.7) kg⋅(m2)-1. For baseline HR, statistically significant associations between duration and next-day ANS recovery were observed at HR < 140 bpm (β = -0.08 ± 0.02, R2 = 0.31, p < 0.001), HR above 150 and 160 bpm intensity thresholds (β = 0.25 ± 0.02, R2 = 0.69, p < 0.0000 and β = 0.59 ± 0.06, R2 = 0.71, p < 0.0000). Similar associations were observed for HR recovery: HR < 140 bpm (β = 0.15 ± 0.03, R2 = 0.43, p < 0.0000) and HR above 150 and 160 bpm (β = -0.33 ± 0.03, R2 = 0.73, p < 0.0000 and β = -0.80 ± 0.06, R2 = 0.71, p < 0.0000). The strengths of these associations increased with increasing intensity, HR ≥ 150 and 160 bpm (baseline HR: β range = 0.25 vs 0.59, R2: 0.69 vs 0.71 and HR recovery: β range = -0.33 vs -0.80, R2 = 0.73 vs 0.77). Time spent in lower intensity thresholds, elicited weaker associations with ANS recovery and function 24h post-exercise, with statistical significance observed only at HR < 140 bpm (β = -0.08 ± 0.02, R2 = 0.31, p < 0.001). The findings of this study showed that ANS recovery and function following prolonged high intensity exercise remains impaired for more than 24h. Strength and conditioning coaches should consider shorter bouts of strenuous exercise and extending recovery periods within and between exercise training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Howard Wittels
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wertheim School of Medicine, Florida International University, USA
- Miami Beach Anesthesiology Associates, USA
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Eric Renaghan
- Department of Athletics, Sports Science, University of Miami, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kyle Bellamy
- Department of Athletics, Nutrition, University of Miami, USA
| | - Joe Girardi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA
| | | | - Samantha McDonald
- Tiger Tech Solutions, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, USA
| | - Luis A. Feigenbaum
- Department of Athletics, Sports Science, University of Miami, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, USA
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7
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Yamashita Y. The 3-Minute Burpee Test: A Minimalistic Alternative to the Conventional Estimated Oxygen Uptake Test. Cureus 2023; 15:e35841. [PMID: 37033564 PMCID: PMC10080365 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Maximal oxygen uptake and muscle strength are fundamental components of physical fitness. Improving these capacities is highly beneficial to health. The validity of maximal oxygen uptake and muscle strength has been widely emphasized in clinical, sports, and research-related settings. However, many of the previous tests required special equipment and space. Aim This study examined the effectiveness of field tests that do not require special equipment or space. Materials and methods The relationship between the 3-minute burpee test (3MBT) and estimated maximal oxygen uptake (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test (Yo-Yo IRT)) using whole-body muscle groups was examined. The subjects were young men (n=127) with a history of exercising at least once a week. Results A strong relationship between 3MBT and Yo-YoIRT was shown (p<0.001). Conclusions The 3MBT is a field test that can be performed anytime and anywhere there is space for plank and standing postures. Because it is very brief, efficient, and uses muscle groups throughout the body, it is effective and potentially quite useful as a new field test.
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Thamsuwan O, Galvin K, Palmandez P, Johnson PW. Commonly Used Subjective Effort Scales May Not Predict Directly Measured Physical Workloads and Fatigue in Hispanic Farmworkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2809. [PMID: 36833506 PMCID: PMC9957310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In North America, Hispanic migrant farmworkers are being exposed to occupational ergonomic risks. Due to cultural differences in the perception and reporting of effort and pain, it was unknown whether standardized subjective ergonomic assessment tools could accurately estimate the directly measured their physical effort. This study investigated whether the subjective scales widely used in exercise physiology were associated with the direct measures of metabolic load and muscle fatigue in this population. Twenty-four migrant apple harvesters participated in this study. The Borg RPE in Spanish and the Omni RPE with pictures of tree-fruit harvesters were used for assessing overall effort at four time points during a full-day 8-h work shift. The Borg CR10 was used for assessing local discomfort at the shoulders. To determine whether there were associations between the subjective and direct measures of overall exertion measures, we conducted linear regressions of the percentage of heart rate reserve (% HRR) on the Borg RPE and Omni RPE. In terms of local discomfort, the median power frequency (MPF) of trapezius electromyography (EMG) was used for representing muscle fatigue. Then full-day measurements of muscle fatigue were regressed on the Borg CR10 changes from the beginning to the end of the work shift. The Omni RPE were found to be correlated with the % HRR. In addition, the Borg RPE were correlated to the % HRR after the break but not after the work. These scales might be useful for certain situations. In terms of local discomfort, the Borg CR10 were not correlated with the MPF of EMG and, therefore, could not replace direct measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornwipa Thamsuwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada
| | - Kit Galvin
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Pablo Palmandez
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Peter W. Johnson
- Department of Environment and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Vehrs PR, Tafuna’i ND, Fellingham GW. Bayesian Analysis of the HR-VO 2 Relationship during Cycling and Running in Males and Females. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416914. [PMID: 36554797 PMCID: PMC9779181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Professional organizations advise prescribing intensity of aerobic exercise using heart rate reserve (%HRR) which is presumed to have a 1:1 relationship with either maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max) or %VO2 reserve (%VO2R). Even though running and cycling are popular modes of training, these relationships have not been investigated in a group of males and females during both running and cycling. This study evaluated the %HRR-%VO2max and %HRR-%VO2R relationships in 41 college-aged males (n = 21) and females (n = 20) during treadmill running and cycling. Heart rate (HR) and VO2 data were collected at rest and during maximal exercise tests on a treadmill and cycle ergometer. The HR and VO2 data were analyzed using a Bayesian approach. Both the %HRR-%VO2max and %HRR-%VO2R relationships did not coincide with the line of identity in males and females in both treadmill running and cycling. %HRR was closer to %VO2max than to %VO2R. There were no significant differences in the intercepts of the %HRR-%VO2max and %HRR-%VO2R relationships between males and females during running or cycling, or between running and cycling in males or females. The credible intervals of the intercepts and slopes suggest interindividual variability in the HR-VO2 relationship that would yield significant error in the prescription of intensity of aerobic exercise for an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat R. Vehrs
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Nicole D. Tafuna’i
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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10
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Kreis C, Aguirre A, Cifuentes CA, Munera M, Jiménez MF, Schneider S. Predicting Perceived Exhaustion in Rehabilitation Exercises Using Facial Action Units. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6524. [PMID: 36080983 PMCID: PMC9459962 DOI: 10.3390/s22176524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise has become an essential tool for treating various non-communicable diseases (also known as chronic diseases). Due to this, physical exercise allows to counter different symptoms and reduce some risk of death factors without medication. A solution to support people in doing exercises is to use artificial systems that monitor their exercise progress. While one crucial aspect is to monitor the correct physical motions for rehabilitative exercise, another essential element is to give encouraging feedback during workouts. A coaching system can track a user's exhaustion and give motivating feedback accordingly to boost exercise adherence. For this purpose, this research investigates whether it is possible to predict the subjective exhaustion level based on non-invasive and non-wearable technology. A novel data set was recorded with the facial record as the primary predictor and individual exhaustion levels as the predicted variable. 60 participants (30 male, 30 female) took part in the data recording. 17 facial action units (AU) were extracted as predictor variables for the perceived subjective exhaustion measured using the BORG scale. Using the predictor and the target variables, several regression and classification methods were evaluated aiming to predict exhaustion. The results showed that the decision tree and support vector methods provide reasonable prediction results. The limitation of the results, depending on participants being in the training data set and subjective variables (e.g., participants smiling during the exercises) were further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kreis
- Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andres Aguirre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Cifuentes
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Marcela Munera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia
| | - Mario F. Jiménez
- School of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
| | - Sebastian Schneider
- Applied Informatics Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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11
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Oliveira SFM, Oliveira JIV, Haiachi M, Felder H. Heart rate, oxygen uptake, and energy expenditure response of an SL3 class parabadminton athlete to a progressive test and simulated training session: a case study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:883-887. [PMID: 35979911 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This investigation demonstrated a routine of evaluation and training of an athlete of the SL3 class of parabadminton for 2 days continuously monitored by a metabolic analyzer with measurements of oxygen consumption (V̇O2), carbon dioxide production, and heart rate (HR). The results showed HR and V̇O2 responses varying between 50% and 99.54% of HRmax (mean HR 80.92 bpm), and 6% and 104% (mean V̇O2 35.25 mL/kg/min) of V̇O2max, during the simulated game. The exercise test and the simulated training session showed significant changes in HR and V̇O2, reinforcing the need for considerable energy input to training and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo F M Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - José Igor V Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Haiachi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Hanno Felder
- Olympic Training Center Rhineland Palatinate/Saarland, Hermann Neuberger Sportschule, Saarbrücken, Germany
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12
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Ferri Marini C, Federici A, Skinner JS, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Zoffoli L, Correale L, Dell’Anna S, Naldini CA, Vandoni M, Lucertini F. Effect of steady-state aerobic exercise intensity and duration on the relationship between reserves of heart rate and oxygen uptake. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13190. [PMID: 35497191 PMCID: PMC9048681 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The percentages of heart rate (%HRR) or oxygen uptake (%V̇O2R) reserve are used interchangeably for prescribing aerobic exercise intensity due to their assumed 1:1 relationship, although its validity is debated. This study aimed to assess if %HRR and %V̇O2R show a 1:1 relationship during steady-state exercise (SSE) and if exercise intensity and duration affect their relationship. Methods Eight physically active males (age 22.6 ± 1.2 years) were enrolled. Pre-exercise and maximal HR and V̇O2 were assessed on the first day. In the following 4 days, different SSEs were performed (running) combining the following randomly assigned durations and intensities: 15 min, 45 min, 60% HRR, 80% HRR. Post-exercise maximal HR and V̇O2 were assessed after each SSE. Using pre-exercise and post-exercise maximal values, the average HR and V̇O2 of the last 5 min of each SSE were converted into percentages of the reserves (%RES), which were computed in a 3-way RM-ANOVA (α = 0.05) to assess if they were affected by the prescription parameter (HRR or V̇O2R), exercise intensity (60% or 80% HRR), and duration (15 or 45 min). Results The %RES values were not affected by the prescription parameter (p = 0.056) or its interactions with intensity (p = 0.319) or duration and intensity (p = 0.117), while parameter and duration interaction was significant (p = 0.009). %HRRs and %V̇O2Rs did not differ in the 15-min SSEs (mean difference [MD] = 0.7 percentage points, p = 0.717), whereas %HRR was higher than %V̇O2R in the 45-min SSEs (MD = 6.7 percentage points, p = 0.009). Conclusion SSE duration affects the %HRR-%V̇O2R relationship, with %HRRs higher than %V̇O2Rs in SSEs of longer duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ferri Marini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Ario Federici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - James S. Skinner
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Human Sciences for the Promotion of Quality of Life, University San Raffaele Roma, Rome, RM, Italy
| | - Luca Zoffoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy,Scientific Research & Innovation Department, Technogym S.p.A., Cesena, FC, Italy
| | - Luca Correale
- Sports Science Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Stefano Dell’Anna
- Sports Science Unit, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy,Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, Novedrate, CO, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Naldini
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Francesco Lucertini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences –Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, PU, Italy
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Mahmod SR, Narayanan LT, Abu Hasan R, Supriyanto E. Regulated Monosyllabic Talk Test vs. Counting Talk Test During Incremental Cardiorespiratory Exercise: Determining the Implications of the Utterance Rate on Exercise Intensity Estimation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:832647. [PMID: 35422713 PMCID: PMC9002174 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.832647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose When utilizing breathing for speech, the rate and volume of inhalation, as well as the rate of exhalation during the utterance, seem to be largely governed by the speech-controlling system and its requirements with respect to phrasing, loudness, and articulation. However, since the Talk Test represents a non-standardized form of assessment of exercise intensity estimation, this study aimed to compare the utterance rate and the estimated exercise intensity using a newly introduced time-controlled monosyllabic Talk Test (tMTT) versus a self-paced Counting Talk Test (CTT) across incremental exercise stages and examined their associations with the exercise physiological measures. Methods Twenty-four participants, 10 males and 14 females (25 ± 4.0 yr; 160 ± 10 cm; 62 ± 14.5 kg) performed two sessions of submaximal cardiorespiratory exercise at incremental heart rate reserve (HRR) stages ranging from 40 to 85% of HRR: one session was performed with a currently available CTT that was affixed to a wall in front of the participants, and the other session was conducted with a tMTT with a 1-s inter-stimulus interval that was displayed from a tablet. In each session, the participants performed six stages of exercise at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 85% HRR on a treadmill and were also asked to rate their perceived exertion based on Borg's 6 to 20 Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) at each exercise stage. Results The newly designed tMTT significantly delineated all the six stages of incremental exercise (p ≤ 0.017), while CTT could only delineate exercise stages at 60, 80, and 85% HRR. However, in estimations of exercise intensity, the tMTT demonstrated only moderate associations with HRR and Borg's RPE, similarly to the CTT. Conclusion If the purpose of exercise monitoring is to detect the intensity of light, moderate, and vigorous exercise intensity, the tMTT could be more universally applicable. However, due to its larger variability of speech rate across exercise intensities, the time-regulated approach may alter the speech breathing characteristics of the exercising individuals in other ways that should be investigated in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Ruzita Mahmod
- Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Leela T. Narayanan
- Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Rumaisa Abu Hasan
- Cardiorespiratory Physiotherapy Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Eko Supriyanto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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14
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Ideal Combinations of Acceleration-Based Intensity Metrics and Sensor Positions to Monitor Exercise Intensity under Different Types of Sports. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072583. [PMID: 35408199 PMCID: PMC9003469 DOI: 10.3390/s22072583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified the strength of the relationship between the percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR) and two acceleration-based intensity metrics (AIMs) at three sensor-positions during three sport types (running, basketball, and badminton) under three intensity conditions (locomotion speeds). Fourteen participants (age: 24.9 ± 2.4 years) wore a chest strap HR monitor and placed three accelerometers at the left wrist (non-dominant), trunk, and right shank, respectively. The %HRR and two different AIMs (Player Load per minute [PL/min] and mean amplitude deviation [MAD]) during exercise were calculated. During running, both AIMs at the shank and PL at the wrist had strong correlations (r = 0.777-0.778) with %HRR; while other combinations were negligible to moderate (r = 0.065-0.451). For basketball, both AIMs at the shank had stronger correlations (r = 0.604-0.628) with %HRR than at wrist (r = 0.536-0.603) and trunk (r = 0.403-0.463) with %HRR. During badminton exercise, both AIMs at shank had stronger correlations (r = 0.782-0.793) with %HRR than those at wrist (r = 0.587-0.621) and MAD at trunk (r = 0.608) and trunk (r = 0.314). Wearing the sensor on the shank is an ideal position for both AIMs to monitor external intensity in running, basketball, and badminton, while the wrist and using PL-derived AIM seems to be the second ideal combination.
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15
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Wu J, Zhang L, Yang H, Lu C, Jiang L, Chen Y. The Effect of Music Tempo on Fatigue Perception at Different Exercise Intensities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073869. [PMID: 35409552 PMCID: PMC8997730 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to clarify the effect of music tempo on runners’ perception of fatigue at different exercise intensities and while listening to music of different tempos through running experiments. Methods: This study used a within-subject two-factor experimental design with music tempo (fast music, slow music, no music) and exercise intensity (high intensity, low intensity) as independent variables and the time to fatigue perception (TFP), the difference in heart rate (HR) and the difference in the median frequency (MF) of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals as observation indexes. Eighteen participants completed a total of 108 sets of running experiments. Results: (1) The main effect of music tempo on the TFP was significant (p < 0.001). (2) The main effect of exercise intensity on the TFP was significant (p < 0.001), and the main effect on the difference in HR was significant (p < 0.001). (3) The interaction effect of music tempo and exercise intensity on the TFP was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Exercisers’ subjective perception of fatigue was affected by music tempo and the interaction between music tempo and exercise intensity, and exercisers’ objective fatigue perception was influenced mostly by exercise intensity. The findings of this study provide guidance for runners’ choice of music at different intensities of exercise. Whether it is low-intensity exercise or high-intensity exercise, listening to fast music while exercising can help runners perform better mentally and physically during their runs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wu
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (J.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Hongchun Yang
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (J.W.); (H.Y.)
| | - Chunfu Lu
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (J.W.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lu Jiang
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuyun Chen
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (L.Z.); (L.J.); (Y.C.)
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Abstract
For apparently healthy pregnant women, regular physical activity is recommended. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) created recommendations for physical activity and exercise during pregnancy in 1985. At that time, pregnant women were advised to not exceed a heart rate of 140 beats per minute with physical activity. The heart rate recommendation was subsequently removed with the recommendations published in 1994, 2002, and 2015. In 2020, the ACOG updated its recommendations on physical activity for pregnant and postpartum women. The recommendation included exercising at a "fairly light to somewhat hard" perceived intensity and at less than 60-80% of age-predicted maximum heart rate, usually not exceeding a heart rate of 140 beats per minute. Women often seek advice from healthcare providers on physical activity during pregnancy, yet providers report concern about giving appropriate physical activity guidance. This paper summarizes the key scientific literature on monitoring absolute and relative exercise intensity in relation to the current ACOG recommendations, providing background on intensity-related concepts used in the recommendation. This paper also provides practical guidance to assist healthcare providers in relaying this information to pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. Evenson
- Kelly R. Evenson, Department of
Epidemiology, University of NC, Gillings School of Global Public Health, 123 W
Franklin Street, Building C, Suite 410, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; e-mail:
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17
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Pinto-Bernal MJ, Cifuentes CA, Perdomo O, Rincón-Roncancio M, Múnera M. A Data-Driven Approach to Physical Fatigue Management Using Wearable Sensors to Classify Four Diagnostic Fatigue States. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6401. [PMID: 34640722 PMCID: PMC8513020 DOI: 10.3390/s21196401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise contributes to the success of rehabilitation programs and rehabilitation processes assisted through social robots. However, the amount and intensity of exercise needed to obtain positive results are unknown. Several considerations must be kept in mind for its implementation in rehabilitation, as monitoring of patients' intensity, which is essential to avoid extreme fatigue conditions, may cause physical and physiological complications. The use of machine learning models has been implemented in fatigue management, but is limited in practice due to the lack of understanding of how an individual's performance deteriorates with fatigue; this can vary based on physical exercise, environment, and the individual's characteristics. As a first step, this paper lays the foundation for a data analytic approach to managing fatigue in walking tasks. The proposed framework establishes the criteria for a feature and machine learning algorithm selection for fatigue management, classifying four fatigue diagnoses states. Based on the proposed framework and the classifier implemented, the random forest model presented the best performance with an average accuracy of ≥98% and F-score of ≥93%. This model was comprised of ≤16 features. In addition, the prediction performance was analyzed by limiting the sensors used from four IMUs to two or even one IMU with an overall performance of ≥88%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Pinto-Bernal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (M.J.P.-B.); (M.M.)
| | - Carlos A. Cifuentes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (M.J.P.-B.); (M.M.)
| | - Oscar Perdomo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | | | - Marcela Múnera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (M.J.P.-B.); (M.M.)
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Aguirre A, Pinto MJ, Cifuentes CA, Perdomo O, Díaz CAR, Múnera M. Machine Learning Approach for Fatigue Estimation in Sit-to-Stand Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5006. [PMID: 34372241 PMCID: PMC8348066 DOI: 10.3390/s21155006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) has become an essential tool for different rehabilitation programs. High-intensity exercises (HIEs) have been demonstrated to provide better results in general health conditions, compared with low and moderate-intensity exercises. In this context, monitoring of a patients' condition is essential to avoid extreme fatigue conditions, which may cause physical and physiological complications. Different methods have been proposed for fatigue estimation, such as: monitoring the subject's physiological parameters and subjective scales. However, there is still a need for practical procedures that provide an objective estimation, especially for HIEs. In this work, considering that the sit-to-stand (STS) exercise is one of the most implemented in physical rehabilitation, a computational model for estimating fatigue during this exercise is proposed. A study with 60 healthy volunteers was carried out to obtain a data set to develop and evaluate the proposed model. According to the literature, this model estimates three fatigue conditions (low, moderate, and high) by monitoring 32 STS kinematic features and the heart rate from a set of ambulatory sensors (Kinect and Zephyr sensors). Results show that a random forest model composed of 60 sub-classifiers presented an accuracy of 82.5% in the classification task. Moreover, results suggest that the movement of the upper body part is the most relevant feature for fatigue estimation. Movements of the lower body and the heart rate also contribute to essential information for identifying the fatigue condition. This work presents a promising tool for physical rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Aguirre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (A.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria J. Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (A.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Carlos A. Cifuentes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (A.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Oscar Perdomo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Camilo A. R. Díaz
- Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria 29075-910, Brazil;
| | - Marcela Múnera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colombian School of Engineering Julio Garavito, Bogotá 111166, Colombia; (A.A.); (M.J.P.); (M.M.)
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19
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Polsinelli G, Rodio A, Federico B. Estimation of cardiovascular drift through ear temperature during prolonged steady-state cycling: a study protocol. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000907. [PMID: 33880185 PMCID: PMC7993170 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The measurement of heart rate is commonly used to estimate exercise intensity. However, during endurance performance, the relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption may be compromised by cardiovascular drift. This physiological phenomenon mainly consists of a time-dependent increase in heart rate and decrease in systolic volume and may lead to overestimate absolute exercise intensity in prediction models based on heart rate. Previous research has established that cardiovascular drift is correlated to the increase in core body temperature during prolonged exercise. Therefore, monitoring body temperature during exercise may allow to quantify the increase in heart rate attributable to cardiovascular drift and to improve the estimate of absolute exercise intensity. Monitoring core body temperature during exercise may be invasive or inappropriate, but the external auditory canal is an easily accessible alternative site for temperature measurement. Methods and analysis This study aims to assess the degree of correlation between trends in heart rate and in ear temperature during 120 min of steady-state cycling with intensity of 59% of heart rate reserve in a thermally neutral indoor environment. Ear temperature will be monitored both at the external auditory canal level with a contact probe and at the tympanic level with a professional infrared thermometer. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol was approved by an independent ethics committee. The results will be submitted for publication in academic journals and disseminated to stakeholders through summary documents and information meetings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Polsinelli
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Frosinone, Italy
| | - Angelo Rodio
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Frosinone, Italy
| | - Bruno Federico
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Frosinone, Italy
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20
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Costa VAB, Midgley AW, Carroll S, Astorino TA, de Paula T, Farinatti P, Cunha FA. Is a verification phase useful for confirming maximal oxygen uptake in apparently healthy adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247057. [PMID: 33596256 PMCID: PMC7888616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'verification phase' has emerged as a supplementary procedure to traditional maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) criteria to confirm that the highest possible VO2 has been attained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). OBJECTIVE To compare the highest VO2 responses observed in different verification phase procedures with their preceding CPET for confirmation that VO2max was likely attained. METHODS MEDLINE (accessed through PubMed), Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane (accessed through Wiley) were searched for relevant studies that involved apparently healthy adults, VO2max determination by indirect calorimetry, and a CPET on a cycle ergometer or treadmill that incorporated an appended verification phase. RevMan 5.3 software was used to analyze the pooled effect of the CPET and verification phase on the highest mean VO2. Meta-analysis effect size calculations incorporated random-effects assumptions due to the diversity of experimental protocols employed. I2 was calculated to determine the heterogeneity of VO2 responses, and a funnel plot was used to check the risk of bias, within the mean VO2 responses from the primary studies. Subgroup analyses were used to test the moderator effects of sex, cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise modality, CPET protocol, and verification phase protocol. RESULTS Eighty studies were included in the systematic review (total sample of 1,680 participants; 473 women; age 19-68 yr.; VO2max 3.3 ± 1.4 L/min or 46.9 ± 12.1 mL·kg-1·min-1). The highest mean VO2 values attained in the CPET and verification phase were similar in the 54 studies that were meta-analyzed (mean difference = 0.03 [95% CI = -0.01 to 0.06] L/min, P = 0.15). Furthermore, the difference between the CPET and verification phase was not affected by any of the potential moderators such as verification phase intensity (P = 0.11), type of recovery utilized (P = 0.36), VO2max verification criterion adoption (P = 0.29), same or alternate day verification procedure (P = 0.21), verification-phase duration (P = 0.35), or even according to sex, cardiorespiratory fitness level, exercise modality, and CPET protocol (P = 0.18 to P = 0.71). The funnel plot indicated that there was no significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS The verification phase seems a robust procedure to confirm that the highest possible VO2 has been attained during a ramp or continuous step-incremented CPET. However, given the high concordance between the highest mean VO2 achieved in the CPET and verification phase, findings from the current study would question its necessity in all testing circumstances. PROSPERO REGISTRATION ID CRD42019123540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. B. Costa
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adrian W. Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England
| | - Sean Carroll
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, England
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Marcos, California, United States of America
| | - Tainah de Paula
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Clinics of Hypertension and Associated Metabolic Diseases, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cunha
- Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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Cherneva RV, Youroukova VM, Cherneva ZV. Dynamic hyperinflation, chronotropic intolerance and abnormal heart rate recovery in non-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients-reflections in the mirror. Pulmonology 2021; 28:440-448. [PMID: 33419715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of abnormal heart rate recovery (HRR) and chronotropic incompetence (CI) suggests autonomic dysfunction (AD) and is associated with diminished physical activity and increased cardio-vascular (CV) risk. AIM Our aim is to analyse the correlation between AD and airflow obstruction - forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1), dynamic hyperinflation (DH) and disease prognosis - the BODE - index (BMI; Obstruction - FEV1;Dyspnea - mMRC;E - exercise capacity) in non-severe COPD patients without overt CV comorbidities. METHODS We used cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with 67 subjects. Inspiratory capacity (IC) manouevres were performed for DH assessment. Echocardiography was executed before CPET and 1-2min after peak exercise. Stress left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was assumed if stress E/e'>15.Wilkoff method calculated the metabolic-chronotropic relationship (MCR). Chronotropic incompetence (CI) and abnormal HR recovery (HRR) were determined. MAIN RESULTS CI was detected in 44% of the mild and 65% of the moderate COPD patients. Abnormal HRR was present in 75% of the mild and 78% of the moderate COPD subjects. Multivariate regression analysis showed no association between FEV1, CPET parameters, BODE index, stress LVDD and AD. DH was the only independent predictor for both abnormal HRR and CI. CONCLUSION Evaluation of AD during incremental CPET unravels lung hyperinflation as a potential mechanism of attenuated HR response and diminished physical activity in non-severe COPD free of overt CV comorbidities. This multifaceted approach to dyspnea may facilitate the discrimination of its pathogenesis and improve its proper clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Cherneva
- Medical University Sofia, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital for Respiratory Diseases "St. Sophia'', Sofia, bul. "Ivan Geshov 17", Bulgaria
| | - V M Youroukova
- Medical University Sofia, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital for Respiratory Diseases "St. Sophia'', Sofia, bul. "Ivan Geshov 19", Bulgaria
| | - Zh Vl Cherneva
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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22
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Ferri Marini C, Sisti D, Leon AS, Skinner JS, Sarzynski MA, Bouchard C, Rocchi MBL, Piccoli G, Stocchi V, Federici A, Lucertini F. HRR and V˙O2R Fractions Are Not Equivalent: Is It Time to Rethink Aerobic Exercise Prescription Methods? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:174-182. [PMID: 32694364 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to current guidelines, the intensity of health-enhancing aerobic exercise should be prescribed using a percentage of heart rate reserve (%HRR), which is considered to be more closely associated (showing a 1:1 relation) with the percentage of oxygen uptake reserve (%V˙O2R) rather than with the percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%V˙O2max) during incremental exercise. However, the associations between %HRR and %V˙O2R and between %HRR and %V˙O2max are under debate; hence, their actual relationships were investigated in this study. METHODS Data from each stage of a maximal incremental exercise test performed by 737 healthy and physically inactive participants of the HERITAGE Family Study were screened and filtered then used to calculate the individual linear regressions between %HRR and either %V˙O2R or %V˙O2max. For each relationship, the mean slope and intercept of the individual linear regression were compared with 1 and 0 (i.e., the identity line), respectively, using one-sample t-tests. The individual root mean square errors of the actual versus the 1:1 predicted %HRR were calculated for both relationships and compared using a paired-sample t-test. RESULTS The mean slopes (%HRR-%V˙O2R, 0.972 ± 0.189; %HRR-%V˙O2max, 1.096 ± 0.216) and intercepts (%HRR-%V˙O2R, 8.855 ± 16.022; %HRR-%V˙O2max, -3.616 ± 18.993) of both relationships were significantly different from 1 and 0, respectively, with high interindividual variability. The average root mean square errors were high and revealed that the %HRR-%V˙O2max relationship was more similar to the identity line (P < 0.001) than the %HRR-%V˙O2R relationship (7.78% ± 4.49% vs 9.25% ± 5.54%). CONCLUSIONS Because both relationships are different from the identity line and using a single equation may not be appropriate to predict exercise intensity at the individual level, a rethinking of the relationships between the intensity variables may be necessary to ensure that the most suitable health-enhancing aerobic exercise intensity is prescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ferri Marini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Davide Sisti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Arthur S Leon
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - James S Skinner
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Marco B L Rocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Unit of Biostatistics, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Ario Federici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Francesco Lucertini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, ITALY
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23
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Bottollier V, Coulmy N, Le Quellec L, Prioux J. Energy Demands in Well-Trained Alpine Ski Racers During Different Duration of Slalom and Giant Slalom Runs. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2156-2164. [PMID: 32735424 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bottollier, V, Coulmy, N, Le Quellec, L, and Prioux, J. Energy demands in well-trained alpine ski racers during different duration of slalom and giant slalom runs. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2156-2164, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate the energy demands of different duration slalom (SL) and giant slalom (GS) events in well-trained alpine ski racers. Eight well-trained alpine ski racers (age: 18.2 ± 0.8 years; stature: 1.72 ± 0.10 m; body mass: 65.8 ± 12.0 kg) performed an incremental laboratory test on cycle ergometer and 4 standardized alpine ski runs: short (ST) and long (LG) versions of SL and GS (SLST, SLLG, GSST, and GSLG). Oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded continuously in all conditions. Blood lactate ([La]) was determined immediately before run and 3 and 5 minutes after run ([La]peak). The contribution of aerobic, glycolytic, and phosphagen energy systems was estimated. The aerobic system was the primary energy system involved in GSST (43.9 ± 5.7%) and GSLG (48.5 ± 2.5%). No significant difference in the contribution of aerobic and glycolytic systems was observed in SLST and SLLG. [La]peak was higher in SLLG (11.10 ± 2.41 mmol·L) than in GSST (8.01 ± 2.01 mmol·L). There was no difference in oxygen uptake peak between GSST and GSLG. Energetic training goals should focus on the improvement of both aerobic, glycolytic, and phosphagen systems for alpine ski racers who perform SL and GS. Giant slalom specialists might benefit from emphasizing the improvement of the aerobic system, without neglecting other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Bottollier
- Scientific Department, French Ski Federation, Annecy, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) Rennes, Bruz, France; and.,M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sports & Health), University of Rennes 2, France
| | - Nicolas Coulmy
- Scientific Department, French Ski Federation, Annecy, France
| | - Loïc Le Quellec
- Scientific Department, French Ski Federation, Annecy, France
| | - Jacques Prioux
- Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) Rennes, Bruz, France; and.,M2S Laboratory (Movement, Sports & Health), University of Rennes 2, France
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25
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Cunha FA, Farinatti P, Jones H, Midgley AW. Postexercise hypotension and related hemodynamic responses to cycling under heat stress in untrained men with elevated blood pressure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1001-1013. [PMID: 32189061 PMCID: PMC7181414 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of heat stress on postexercise hypotension. METHODS Seven untrained men, aged 21-33 years, performed two cycling bouts at 60% of oxygen uptake reserve expending 300 kcal in environmental temperatures of 21 °C (TEMP) and 35 °C (HOT) in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Physiological responses were monitored for 10-min before and 60-min after each exercise bout, and after a non-exercise control session (CON). Blood pressure (BP) also was measured during the subsequent 21-h recovery period. RESULTS Compared to CON, systolic, and diastolic BPs were significantly reduced in HOT (Δ = - 8.3 ± 1.6 and - 9.7 ± 1.4 mmHg, P < 0.01) and TEMP (Δ = - 4.9 ± 2.1 and - 4.5 ± 0.9 mmHg, P < 0.05) during the first 60 min of postexercise recovery. Compared to TEMP, rectal temperature was 0.6 °C higher (P = 0.001), mean skin temperature was 1.8 °C higher (P = 0.013), and plasma volume (PV) was 2.6 percentage points lower (P = 0.005) in HOT. During the subsequent 21-h recovery period systolic BP was 4.2 mmHg lower in HOT compared to CON (P = 0.016) and 2.5 mmHg lower in HOT compared to TEMP (P = 0.039). CONCLUSION Exercise in the heat increases the hypotensive effects of exercise for at least 22 h in untrained men with elevated blood pressure. Our findings indicate that augmented core and skin temperatures and decreased PV are the main hemodynamic mechanisms underlying a reduction in BP after exercise performed under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Cunha
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Farinatti
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Physical Activity Sciences, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adrian W Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, Lancashire, UK. .,Postgraduate Medical Institute, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK.
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26
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Chacko SC, Quinzi F, De Fano A, Bianco V, Mussini E, Berchicci M, Perri RL, Di Russo F. A single bout of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise affects reactive, but not proactive cognitive brain functions. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 147:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Influence of Intensity RAMP Incremental Test on Peak Power, Post-Exercise Blood Lactate, and Heart Rate Recovery in Males: Cross-Over Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203934. [PMID: 31623132 PMCID: PMC6843469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The linearly increased loading (RAMP) incremental test is a method commonly used to evaluate physical performance in a laboratory, but the best-designed protocol remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the selected variables used in training control resulting from the two different intensities of RAMP incremental tests. Methods: Twenty healthy and physically active men took part in this experiment. The tests included two visits to a laboratory, during which anthropometric measurements, incremental test on a cycle ergometer, and examinations of heart rate and blood lactate concentration were made. The cross-over study design method was used. The subjects underwent a randomly selected RAMP test with incremental load: 0.278 W·s−1 or 0.556 W·s−1. They performed the second test a week later. Results: Peak power output was significantly higher by 51.69 W (p < 0.001; t = 13.10; ES = 1.13) in the 0.556 W·s−1 group. Total work done was significantly higher in the 0.278 W·s−1 group by 71.93 kJ (p < 0.001; t = 12.55; ES = 1.57). Maximal heart rate was significantly higher in the 0.278 W·s−1 group by 3.30 bpm (p < 0.01; t = 3.72; ES = 0.48). There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate recovery and peak blood lactate. Conclusions: We recommend use of the 0.556 W·s−1 RAMP protocol because it is of shorter duration compared with 0.278 W·s−1 and as such practically easier and of less effort for subjects.
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Tsekouras YE, Tambalis KD, Sarras SE, Antoniou AK, Kokkinos P, Sidossis LS. Validity and Reliability of the New Portable Metabolic Analyzer PNOE. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:24. [PMID: 33344948 PMCID: PMC7739780 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of expired air during exercise is critical for determining cardiorespiratory status. The purpose of this study was to compare the new portable metabolic analyzer PNOE with COSMED – Quark CPET, a previously validated stationary metabolic cart. Methods: A total of 22 subjects (17 male and 5 female) aged 32.3 ± 11.1 years took part in the study. Breath by breath gas exchange was measured by both devices during a four-stage incremental protocol on a cycle ergometer. On a separate day, 10 participants repeated the trial to assess the reliability of the PNOE metabolic cart. Results: Strong correlations were obtained in VO2 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), VCO2 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), VE (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), and RQ (r = 0.91, p < 0.001), between the two devices. Bland-Altman plots revealed a mean difference of 34.0 ± 118 ml/min and 36.4 ± 110 ml/min in VO2 and VCO2 analysis, respectively. There were no significant differences in VO2, VCO2, VE, or RQ between the two devices. Intraclass correlation coefficient was high between the two trials for VO2 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), VCO2 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001), VE (r = 0.99, p < 0.001), and RQ (r = 0.93, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our data indicate that the portable metabolic cart PNOE can accurately determine respiratory gases over a wide range of exercise intensities, in healthy individuals, in a controlled laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis E Tsekouras
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D Tambalis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros E Sarras
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios K Antoniou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Kokkinos
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Cardiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.,Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science & Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.,Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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Kicken CH, van der Vorm LN, Zwaveling S, Schoenmaker E, Remijn JA, Huskens D, de Laat B. A Hypoxic Environment Attenuates Exercise-Induced Procoagulant Changes Due to Decreased Platelet Activation. TH OPEN 2019; 3:e216-e226. [PMID: 31338487 PMCID: PMC6645913 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1692991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although physical exercise is protective against cardiovascular disease, it can also provoke sudden cardiac death (exercise paradox). Epidemiological studies suggest that systemic hypoxia at high altitude is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Forthcoming, this study investigated the effect of repeated exercise at high altitude on blood coagulation, platelet function, and fibrinolysis. Methods Six trained male volunteers were recruited. Participants ascended from sea level to 3,375 m altitude. They performed four exercise tests at 65 to 80% of their heart-rate reserve during 2 hours: one time at sea level and three times on consecutive days at 3,375 m altitude. Thrombin generation (TG) was measured in whole blood (WB) and platelet-rich and platelet-poor plasma. Coagulation factor levels were measured. Platelet activation was measured as αIIbβ3 activation and P-selectin expression. Fibrinolysis was studied using a clot-lysis assay. Results Normoxic exercise increased plasma peak TG through increased factor VIII (FVIII), and increased von Willebrand factor (VWF) and active VWF levels. Platelet granule release potential was slightly decreased. After repetitive hypoxic exercise, the increase in (active) VWF tapered, and there was no more distinct exercise-related increase in peak. Platelet aggregation potential and platelet-dependent TG decreased at high altitude. There were no effects on fibrinolysis upon exercise and/or hypoxia. Conclusion Strenuous exercise induces a procoagulant state that is mediated by the endothelium, by increasing VWF and secondarily raising FVIII levels. After repetitive exercise, the amplitude of the endothelial response to exercise diminishes. A hypoxic environment appears to further attenuate the procoagulant changes by decreasing platelet activation and platelet-dependent TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile H. Kicken
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa N. van der Vorm
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Zwaveling
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jasper A. Remijn
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Gelre Hospitals, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Meander Medical Center, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Dana Huskens
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Laat
- Synapse Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Amorim H, Cadilha R, Parada F, Rocha A. Progression of aerobic exercise intensity in a cardiac rehabilitation program. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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31
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Amorim H, Cadilha R, Parada F, Rocha A. Progression of aerobic exercise intensity in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Rev Port Cardiol 2019; 38:281-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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32
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Mahmod SR, Narayanan LT, Supriyanto E. Effects of incremental cardiorespiratory exercise on the speech rate and the estimated exercise intensity using the counting talk test. J Phys Ther Sci 2018; 30:933-937. [PMID: 30034101 PMCID: PMC6047967 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.30.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study examined how incremental cardiorespiratory exercise may affect the
speech rate and Counting Talk Test (CTT)-estimated exercise intensity. [Participants and
Methods] Twenty-four healthy adults performed the CTT while exercising on a treadmill at 6
stages of incremental exercise ranging from 40% to 85% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Each
participant started walking on the treadmill at 3 to 4 km/h and 0% elevation to warm up.
The increments of treadmill grades were adjusted until targeted heart rates corresponding
to the percentages of HRR were reached. Then, the participants were asked to rate their
perceived exertion while the treadmill grades were maintained for 2-minutes bouts of each
exercise stage. At the last minute of the exercise stage, the CTT was performed within a
single breath. [Results] The speech rates in the CTT appeared to vary significantly during
exercise. Moreover, the CTT-estimated exercise intensity showed significant reductions at
several exercise stages. [Conclusion] The CTT estimates exercise intensity
semi-quantitatively throughout incremental exercise. However, moderate and vigorous
intensities could not be significantly delineated by the current CTT method. This could be
due to the variability in speech rates that were indicated as the exercise progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Ruzita Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Leela T Narayanan
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Eko Supriyanto
- IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
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Guimarães GC, Farinatti PTV, Midgley AW, Vasconcellos F, Vigário P, Cunha FA. Relationship Between Percentages of Heart Rate Reserve and Oxygen Uptake Reserve During Cycling and Running: A Validation Study. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:1954-1962. [PMID: 28658083 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Guimarães, GC, Farinatti, PTV, Midgley, AW, Vasconcellos, F, Vigário, P, and Cunha, FA. Relationship between percentages of heart rate reserve and oxygen uptake reserve during cycling and running: a validation study. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1954-1962, 2019-This study investigated the relationship between percentages of heart rate reserve (%HRR) and oxygen uptake reserve (%VO2R) during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and discrete bouts of isocaloric cycling and treadmill running. Thirty men visited the laboratory 3 times for anthropometrical and resting VO2 assessments, and perform cycling and running CPETs. Ten men visited the laboratory twice more to investigate the validity of the %HRR-%VO2R relationships during isocaloric bouts of cycling and running at 75% VO2R with energy expenditures of 400 kcals. The %HRR was significantly higher than the %VO2R during both CPETs at all exercise intensities (p < 0.001). During isocaloric exercise bouts, mean %HRR-%VO2R differences of 6.5% and 7.0% were observed for cycling and running, respectively (p = 0.007-p < 0.001). The %HRR and %VO2R increased over time (p < 0.001), the rate of which was influenced by exercise modality (p < 0.001). On average, heart rate was 5 (p = 0.007) and 8 (p < 0.001) b·min higher than predicted from the second energy expenditure quartile for cycling and running, respectively; however, observed VO2 was lower than predicted during all quartiles for cycling, and the first quartile for running. Consequently, time to achieve the target energy expenditure was greater than predicted (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the %HRR-%VO2R relationship observed during CPET data did not accurately transpose to prolonged isocaloric bouts of cycling and running. In addition, power outputs and speeds defined by the American College of Sports Medicine equations for cycling and running, respectively, overestimated VO2 and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna C Guimarães
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Augusto Motta University Center (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo T V Farinatti
- Post-Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Physical Activity Sciences, Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adrian W Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, England
| | - Fabrício Vasconcellos
- Post-Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Vigário
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Augusto Motta University Center (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Cunha
- Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Augusto Motta University Center (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Exercise Science and Sports, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Garzon M, Gayda M, Nigam A, Comtois AS, Juneau M. Immersible ergocycle prescription as a function of relative exercise intensity. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2017; 6:219-224. [PMID: 30356614 PMCID: PMC6189006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between various expressions of relative exercise intensity percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max), percentage of maximal heart rate (%HRmax), %VO2 reserve (%VO2R), and %HR reserve (%HRR)) in order to obtain the more appropriate method for exercise intensity prescription when using an immersible ergocycle (IE) and to propose a prediction equation to estimate oxygen consumption (VO2) based on IE pedaling rate (rpm) for an individualized exercise training prescription. METHODS Thirty-three healthy participants performed incremental exercise tests on IE and dryland ergocycle (DE) at equal external power output (Pext). Exercise on IE began at 40 rpm and was increased by 10 rpm until exhaustion. Exercise on DE began with an initial load of 25 W and increased by 25 W/min until exhaustion. VO2 was measured with a portable gas analyzer (COSMED K4b2) during both incremental tests. On IE and DE, %VO2R, %HRmax, and %HRR at equal Pext did not differ (p > 0.05). RESULTS The %HRR vs. %VO2R regression for both IE and DE did not differ from the identity line %VO2R IE = 0.99 × HRR IE (%) + 0.01 (r 2 = 0.91, SEE = 11%); %VO2R DE = 0.94 × HRR DE (%) + 0.01 (r 2 = 0.94, SEE = 8%). Similar mean values for %HRmax, %VO2R, and %HRR at equal Pext were observed on IE and DE. Predicted VO2 obtained according to rpm on IE is represented by: VO2 (L/min) = 0.000542 × rpm2 - 0.026 × rpm + 0.739 (r = 0.91, SEE = 0.319 L/min). CONCLUSION The %HRR-%VO2R relationship appears to be the most accurate for exercise training prescription on IE. This study offers new tools to better prescribe, control, and individualize exercise intensity on IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Garzon
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Gayda
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alain-Steve Comtois
- Kinanthropology Department, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Martin Juneau
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1N6, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H1T 1C8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
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Hausen M, Soares PP, Araújo MP, Porto F, Franchini E, Bridge CA, Gurgel J. Physiological responses and external validity of a new setting for taekwondo combat simulation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171553. [PMID: 28158252 PMCID: PMC5291476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combat simulations have served as an alternative framework to study the cardiorespiratory demands of the activity in combat sports, but this setting imposes rule-restrictions that may compromise the competitiveness of the bouts. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiorespiratory responses to a full-contact taekwondo combat simulation using a safe and externally valid competitive setting. Twelve male national level taekwondo athletes visited the laboratory on two separate occasions. On the first visit, anthropometric and running cardiopulmonary exercise assessments were performed. In the following two to seven days, participants performed a full-contact combat simulation, using a specifically designed gas analyser protector. Oxygen uptake ( V˙O2), heart rate (HR) and capillary blood lactate measurements ([La-]) were obtained. Time-motion analysis was performed to compare activity profile. The simulation yielded broadly comparable activity profiles to those performed in competition, a mean V˙O2 of 36.6 ± 3.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 (73 ± 6% V˙O2PEAK) and mean HR of 177 ± 10 beats.min-1 (93 ± 5% HRPEAK). A peak V˙O2 of 44.8 ± 5.0 ml.kg-1.min-1 (89 ± 5% V˙O2PEAK), a peak heart rate of 190 ± 13 beats.min-1 (98 ± 3% HRmax) and peak [La-] of 12.3 ± 2.9 mmol.L–1 was elicited by the bouts. Regarding time-motion analysis, combat simulation presented a similar exchange time, a shorter preparation time and a longer exchange-preparation ratio. Taekwondo combats capturing the full-contact competitive elements of a bout elicit moderate to high cardiorespiratory demands on the competitors. These data are valuable to assist preparatory strategies within the sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Hausen
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Pedro Paulo Soares
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcus Paulo Araújo
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Flávia Porto
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Physical Education and Sports Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Craig Alan Bridge
- Sport and Exercise Research Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Gurgel
- Graduate Program on Cardiovascular Sciences, Medical Science Center, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Biomechanics Research Group, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Hulo S, Inamo J, Dehon A, Le Rouzic O, Edme JL, Neviere R. Chronotropic incompetence can limit exercise tolerance in COPD patients with lung hyperinflation. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2016; 11:2553-2561. [PMID: 27799755 PMCID: PMC5074704 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s112490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Metabolic-chronotropic relationship is the only concept that assesses the entire chronotropic function during exercise, as it takes into account individual fitness. To better understand interrelationships between chronotropic incompetence (CI), dynamic hyperinflation (DH) and exercise limitation among Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) disease severity, we evaluated cardiopulmonary responses to symptom-limited cycle exercise in stable patients. Patients and methods We prospectively studied 47 COPD patients classified by GOLD stage severity. Pulmonary function tests and cardiopulmonary responses to symptom-limited incremental exercise were studied. CI was defined by regression line between percent heart rate (HR) reserve and percent oxygen uptake (V’O2) reserve, ie, chronotropic-metabolic index (CMI). DH was defined from the knot resulting from the nonlinear regressions of inspiratory capacity changes from rest to peak (dynamic inspiratory capacity (ICdyn)) with percentage of maximal HR and CMI. Results Aerobic capacity (median interquartile ranges) peak V’O2, 24.3 (23.6; 25.2), 18.5 (15.5; 21.8), 17.5 (15.4; 19.1) mL·kg−1·min−1 and CMI worsened according to GOLD severity. The optimal knot of ICdyn was equal to −0.34 L. The multivariate logistic regression showed a strong relationship between CI (outcome) and DH (odds ratio [confidence interval 95]) 25 (3.5; 191.6). Conclusion COPD patients with DH have a poor cardiovascular response to exercise, which may be attributed to CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Hulo
- Université Lille, CHU Lille, EA 4483, IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | - Jocelyn Inamo
- Département de Cardiologie - CHU Fort de France, Martinique - Faculté de Médecine - Université des Antilles, France
| | - Aurélie Dehon
- Pôle d'Anesthésie Réanimation ADRU, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Olivier Le Rouzic
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Edme
- Université Lille, CHU Lille, EA 4483, IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, Lille, France
| | - Remi Neviere
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Lille, France
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Prediction of the velocity associated with maximal heart rate in recreational runners from different relative submaximal running intensities. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Limonta E, Cavagna M, Venturelli M, Cè E, Esposito F. Heart rate response to different training phases in young female acrosport athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kuehl R, Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Schommer K, Schmidt ME, Dreger P, Huber G, Bohus M, Ulrich CM, Wiskemann J. Exercise intensity classification in cancer patients undergoing allogeneic HCT. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:889-95. [PMID: 25202849 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise intervention studies during and after cancer treatment show beneficial effects for various physical and psychosocial outcomes. Current exercise intensity guidelines for cancer patients are rather general and have been adapted from American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommendations for healthy individuals. Intensive cancer treatment regimens such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) may change the cardiovascular response to acute exercise. Therefore, we evaluated the relationships between %V˙O2 reserve (%V˙O2R, reference) and %HRR, %HRmax, and %V˙O2max and compared calculated intensities with given intensities by ACSM. METHODS Measurements before and 180 d after allo-HCT from a randomized controlled trial were used. Only patients who reached maximal effort and at least two exercise stages in our maximal incremental cycling test were included. Before allo-HCT, 106 patients were included, and 180 d after treatment, 49 patients met our inclusion criteria. Individual regression lines were calculated with V˙O2R as the reference. Calculated exercise intensities for endurance training prescription were compared with ACSM values. RESULTS Before allo-HCT, %HRR values of patients were significantly lower than ACSM values, and %HRmax and %V˙O2max values were significantly higher (except 90% HRmax, which was significantly lower, all P < 0.01). One hundred eighty days after allo-HCT, values for %HRR were not significantly different to ACSM values (except 90%, which was significantly lower, P = 0.01), whereas %HRmax and %V˙O2max were significantly higher (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, regression models revealed no influence of beta-blockers on calculated intensities. CONCLUSIONS ACSM's exercise intensity recommendations for endurance training may not be applicable for cancer patients during and 180 d after allo-HCT because they may not meet the targeted intensity class, with the exception of %HRR 180 d after allo-HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Kuehl
- 1Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, GERMANY; 2Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, GERMANY; 3Department of Medicine VII, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, GERMANY; 4Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, GERMANY; 5Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, GERMANY; 6Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, GERMANY; and 7Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, Seattle, WA
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Story C, Bryant AL, Phillips B, Bailey C, Shields EW, Battaglini C. Comparison of Methods for Determining Aerobic Exercise Intensity Using Heart Rate in Acute Leukemia Patients Prior to Induction Chemotherapy. Biol Res Nurs 2016; 18:432-8. [PMID: 26933148 DOI: 10.1177/1099800416633836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), the gold standard of cardiopulmonary evaluation, is used to determine VO2 levels at different aerobic exercise training intensities; however, it may not be feasible to conduct CPET in all clinical settings. AIMS To compare the heart rate reserve (HRR) and percent of 220-age methods for prescribing cycle ergometry exercise intensity using heart rate (HR) against the HRs obtained during a CPET in adults undergoing treatment for acute leukemia (AL). METHODS In this exploratory study, part of a larger randomized controlled trial, 14 adults with AL completed CPET on a cycle ergometer with indirect calorimetry within 96 hr of admission to a cancer hospital to determine VO2peak and HR corresponding to low (40% VO2peak), moderate (60% VO2peak), and high (75% VO2peak) exercise intensities. Analyses of variance were used to compare estimated HR for each intensity level using the HRR and percent of 220-age methods with HR determined via VO2peak. RESULTS HR corresponding to low-intensity exercise differed significantly across all three methods (p ≤ .05). No significant differences were observed between HR estimated via the percent of 220-age method and determined via VO2peak at moderate (100 ± 8 and 113 ± 24 bpm, p = .122) or high intensities (125 ± 10 and 123 ± 25 bpm, p = .994). CONCLUSION In adults with AL, HR-based methods for defining aerobic exercise intensities should be used with caution. At low intensity, neither should be used, while at moderate and high intensities, the percent of 220-age equation might serve as an adequate substitute for CPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Story
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Leak Bryant
- School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brett Phillips
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Charlotte Bailey
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edgar W Shields
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Claudio Battaglini
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Cristi-Montero C. Considerations regarding the use of metabolic equivalents when prescribing exercise for health: preventive medicine in practice. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:109-11. [PMID: 26913543 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1158624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cristi-Montero
- a IRyS Group, Physical Education School , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Valparaíso , Chile
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Quantifying the Acute Changes in Glucose with Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2015; 45:587-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Li XH, Lin S, Guo H, Huang Y, Wu L, Zhang Z, Ma J, Wang HJ. Effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on obesity in school children: a nonrandomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1282. [PMID: 25510313 PMCID: PMC4320634 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity has been a serious public health problem. An effective school-based physical activity (PA) intervention is still lacking in China. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention during 12 weeks on obesity and related health outcomes in school children. METHODS It was a non-randomized controlled trial. Altogether 921 children aged 7 to 15 years were recruited at baseline survey. Children in the intervention group (n = 388) participated in a multi-component physical activity intervention during 12 weeks that included improvement of physical education, extracurricular physical activities for overweight/obese students, physical activities at home, and health education lectures for students and parents. Children (n = 533) in the control group participated in usual practice. RESULTS Participants had mean age of 10.4 years, mean body mass index (BMI) of 19.59 kg/m2, and 36.8 % of them were overweight or obese at baseline survey. The change in BMI in intervention group (-0.02 ± 0.06 kg/m2) was significantly different from that in control group (0.41 ± 0.08 kg/m2). The adjusted mean difference was -0.43 kg/m2 (95% CI: -0.63 to -0.23 kg/m2, P < 0.001). The effects on triceps, subscapular, abdominal skinfold thickness and fasting glucose were also significant in intervention group compared with control group (all P < 0.05). The change in duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in intervention group (8.9 ± 4.3 min/day) was significantly different from that in control group (-13.8 ± 3.3 min/day). The adjusted mean difference was 22.7 min/day (95% CI: 12.2 to 33.2 min/day, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The school-based, multi-component physical activity intervention was effective to decreasing levels of BMI, skinfold thickness, fasting glucose and increasing duration of MVPA. These findings provided evidence for the development of effective and feasible school-based obesity interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02074332 (2014-02-26).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Li
- />Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100-191 China
| | - Shenting Lin
- />Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100-191 China
| | - Hongxia Guo
- />Department of School Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Changping District, Beijing, 102200 China
| | - Yanli Huang
- />Department of School Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Changping District, Beijing, 102200 China
| | - Lijing Wu
- />Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100-191 China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- />Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100-191 China
| | - Jun Ma
- />Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100-191 China
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- />Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100-191 China
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Cunha FA, Montenegro RA, Midgley AW, Vasconcellos F, Soares PP, Farinatti P. Influence of exercise modality on agreement between gas exchange and heart rate variability thresholds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:706-14. [PMID: 25003546 PMCID: PMC4165298 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the level of agreement between the gas exchange threshold (GET) and heart rate variability threshold (HRVT) during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) using three different exercise modalities. A further aim was to establish whether there was a 1:1 relationship between the percentage heart rate reserve (%HRR) and percentage oxygen uptake reserve (%VO2 R) at intensities corresponding to GET and HRVT. Sixteen apparently healthy men 17 to 28 years of age performed three maximal CPETs (cycling, walking, and running). Mean heart rate and VO2 at GET and HRVT were 16 bpm (P<0.001) and 5.2 mL · kg(-1) · min(-1) (P=0.001) higher in running than cycling, but no significant differences were observed between running and walking, or cycling and walking (P>0.05). There was a strong relationship between GET and HRVT, with R2 ranging from 0.69 to 0.90. A 1:1 relationship between %HRR and % VO2 R was not observed at GET and HRVT. The %HRR was higher during cycling (GET mean difference=7%; HRVT mean difference=11%; both P<0.001), walking (GET mean difference=13%; HRVT mean difference=13%; both P<0.001), or running (GET mean difference=11%; HRVT mean difference=10%; both P<0.001). Therefore, using HRVT to prescribe aerobic exercise intensity appears to be valid. However, to assume a 1:1 relationship between %HRR and % VO2 R at HRVT would probably result in overestimation of the energy expenditure during the bout of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Cunha
- Laboratório de Atividade Física e Promoção da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - R A Montenegro
- Laboratório de Atividade Física e Promoção da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiopatologia Clínica e Experimental, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - A W Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, England
| | - F Vasconcellos
- Centro de Investigação, Formação, Inovação, Intervenção e Desporto, Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P P Soares
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - P Farinatti
- Laboratório de Atividade Física e Promoção da Saúde, Instituto de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Bushman BA. Determining the I (Intensity) for a FITT-VP Aerobic Exercise Prescription. ACSMS HEALTH & FITNESS JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/fit.0000000000000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rocha J, Paxman J, Dalton C, Winter E, Broom D. Effects of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on immediate and subsequent three-day food intake and energy expenditure in active and inactive men. Appetite 2013; 71:369-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Aerobic exercise intensity assessment and prescription in cardiac rehabilitation: a joint position statement of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, and the Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2013; 32:327-50. [PMID: 23103476 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0b013e3182757050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise intensity prescription is a key issue in cardiac rehabilitation, being directly linked to both the amount of improvement in exercise capacity and the risk of adverse events during exercise. This joint position statement aims to provide professionals with up-to-date information regarding the identification of different exercise intensity domains, the methods of direct and indirect determination of exercise intensity for both continuous and interval aerobic training, the effects of the use of different exercise protocols on exercise intensity prescription and the indications for recommended exercise training prescription in specific cardiac patients' groups. The importance of functional evaluation through exercise testing prior to starting an aerobic training program is strongly emphasized, and ramp incremental cardiopulmonary exercise test, when available, is proposed as the gold standard for a physiologically comprehensive exercise intensity assessment and prescription. This may allow a shift from a 'range-based' to a 'threshold-based' aerobic exercise intensity prescription, which, combined with thorough clinical evaluation and exercise-related risk assessment, could maximize the benefits obtainable by the use of aerobic exercise training in cardiac rehabilitation.
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Methods of Prescribing Relative Exercise Intensity: Physiological and Practical Considerations. Sports Med 2013; 43:613-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Recommendations for Aerobic Endurance Training Based on Subjective Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Healthy Seniors. J Aging Phys Act 2013; 21:100-11. [DOI: 10.1123/japa.21.1.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated physiological responses during 2-km walking at a certain intensity of a previously performed maximal exercise test where moderate perceived exertion was reported. Twenty seniors were examined by an incremental walking treadmill test to obtain maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). A submaximal 2-km walking test was applied 1 wk later. The corresponding moderate perceived exertion (4 on the CR-10 scale) during the VO2maxtest was applied to the 2-km treadmill test. Moderate exertion (mean rating of perceived exertion [RPE]: 4 ± 1) led to 76% ± 8% of VO2maxand 79% ± 6% of maximal heart rate. RPE values drifted with a significant time effect (p= .001, ηp= .58) during the 2-km test from 3 ± 0.7 to 4.6 ± 0.8. Total energy expenditure (EE) was 3.3 ± 0.5 kcal/kg. No gender differences in ventilatory, heart-rate, or EE data occurred. Brisk walking at moderate RPE of 3–5 would lead to a beneficial physiological response during endurance training and a weekly EE of nearly 1,200 kcal when exercising 5 times/wk for 30 min.
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Cunha FA, Midgley AW, Monteiro W, Freire R, Lima T, Farinatti PTV. How long does it take to achieve steady state for an accurate assessment of resting VO₂ in healthy men? Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:1441-7. [PMID: 23241955 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The time necessary to obtain a steady state for an accurate and reliable assessment of resting [Formula: see text] remains unclear and was the purpose of this study. Thirty healthy men, aged 17-28 years, visited the laboratory twice for the assessment of resting [Formula: see text], which was assessed as follows: (a) 24 h abstention from physical exercise, alcohol, soft drinks and caffeine, (b) fasting for at least 8 h, (c) an acclimation period of 10 min, and (d) 60 min assessment in a supine position. Resting [Formula: see text] significantly changed during the 60 min (F = 37.4, P < 0.001), exhibiting a monoexponential decrease before reaching an asymptote. Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that significant differences existed between consecutive means until the 30 min time point, after which there were no significant differences. The [Formula: see text] response across trials exhibited high test-retest reliability, with within-subject coefficients of variations at each time point ranging from 2.8 to 7.0 % and intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.90 to 0.99. The reliability was higher from the 25 min time point onwards. Based on these findings, the following recommendations are made to promote accurate assessment of resting [Formula: see text]: (a) initiate the resting [Formula: see text] measurement with 10 min of acclimation to the assessment apparatus, (b) determine resting [Formula: see text] for a minimum of 30 min, until an apparent [Formula: see text] steady state has been achieved; and (c) determine resting [Formula: see text] for a further 5 min, with the average of this last 5 min of data being regarding as the resting [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Cunha
- Medical Sciences Graduate Program, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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