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Spadar A, Collins E, Messenger LA, Clark TG, Campino S. Uncovering the genetic diversity in Aedes aegypti insecticide resistance genes through global comparative genomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13447. [PMID: 38862628 PMCID: PMC11166649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is vector of many arboviruses including Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and Chikungunya. Its control efforts are hampered by widespread insecticide resistance reported in the Americas and Asia, while data from Africa is more limited. Here we use publicly available 729 Ae. aegypti whole-genome sequencing samples from 15 countries, including nine in Africa, to investigate the genetic diversity in four insecticide resistance linked genes: ace-1, GSTe2, rdl and vgsc. Apart from vgsc, the other genes have been less investigated in Ae. aegypti, and almost no genetic diversity information is available. Among the four genes, we identified 1,829 genetic variants including 474 non-synonymous substitutions, some of which have been previously documented, as well as putative copy number variations in GSTe2 and vgsc. Global insecticide resistance phenotypic data demonstrated variable resistance in geographic areas with resistant genotypes. Overall, our work provides the first global catalogue and geographic distribution of known and new amino-acid mutations and duplications that can be used to guide the identification of resistance drivers in Ae. aegypti and thereby support monitoring efforts and strategies for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Spadar
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Collins
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Parasitology and Vector Biology Laboratory (UNLV PARAVEC Lab), School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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2
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Kim K, Zhang W, Chen P, Li C, Li B. Identification of potent inhibitors targeting Tribolium castaneum GSTe2 via structure-based screening and molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38268222 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2306499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, has a major negative impact during storage of agricultural products and reveals the negative impacts on human health. Insect-specific epsilon glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) which requires reduced glutathione (GSH) as an essential substrate not only develop insecticide resistance but also play important role in insect metamorphosis. Inhibition of the insect metamorphosis and the development of insecticide resistance could play an important role in pest control, so T. castaneum GSTe2 (TcGSTe2) in our previous study could be an important target protein for this purpose. This study aimed to find a potential TcGSTe2 inhibitors through in silico mothods, including molecular modeling, molecular docking, ADMET assay, followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, principal component analysis and MM/PBSA analysis. The results showed that ZINC000169293362 and ZINC000095566957 were selected as potential TcGSTe2 inhibitors with high-binding affinity and without any toxicity from 3618 of GSH-like compounds obtained from ZINC database. MD simulation results revealed that TcGSTe2-ZINC000169293362 had more stability than that of reference GSH. Moreover, TcGSTe2-ZINC000169293362 and TcGSTe2-ZINC000095566957 showed lower binding free energy (-27.53 ± 0.16 kcal/mol and -18.83 ± 0.15 kcal/mol, respectively) compared with TcGSTe2-GSH (-8.90 ± 0.30 kcal/mol). This study could provide new insight into reduction of insecticide resistance and be used to design new inhibitors of insect GSTs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- KumChol Kim
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Life Science, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Lu X, Simma EA, Spanoghe P, Van Leeuwen T, Dermauw W. Recombinant expression and characterization of GSTd3 from a resistant population of Anopheles arabiensis and comparison of DDTase activity with GSTe2. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105397. [PMID: 37105620 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a challenge for the global effort to control and eradicate malaria. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes involved in the detoxification of many classes of insecticides. For mosquitoes, it is known that overexpression of an epsilon GST, GSTe2, confers resistance towards DDT and pyrethroids. In addition to GSTe2, consistent overexpression of a delta class GST, GSTd3, has been observed in insecticide resistant populations of different malaria vector species. However, the functional role of GSTd3 towards DDT resistance has not yet been investigated. Here, we recombinantly expressed both GSTe2 and GSTd3 from Anopheles arabiensis and compared their metabolic activities against DDT. Both AaGSTd3 and AaGSTe2 exhibited CDNB-conjugating and glutathione peroxidase activity and DDT metabolism was observed for both GSTs. However, the DDT dehydrochlorinase activity exhibited by AaGSTe2 was much higher than for AaGSTd3, and AaGSTe2 was also able to eliminate DDE although the metabolite could not be identified. Molecular modeling revealed subtle differences in the binding pocket of both enzymes and a better fit of DDT within the H-site of AaGSTe2. The overexpression but much lower DDT metabolic activity of AaGSTd3, might suggest that AaGSTd3 sequesters DDT. These findings highlight the complexity of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vectors and the difficulties associated with control of the vectors using DDT, which is still used for indoor residual spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Lu
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eba Alemayehu Simma
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Pieter Spanoghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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4
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Liu Y, Wang X, Luo X, Wang R, Zhai B, Wang P, Li J, Yang X. Transcriptomics and Proteomics of Haemonchus contortus in Response to Ivermectin Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050919. [PMID: 36899776 PMCID: PMC10000067 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major problem faced by the agricultural industry is the resistance of Haemonchus contortus to anthelmintic drugs. For a better understanding of the response of H. contortus to IVM and for the screening of drug-resistance-related genes, we used RNA sequencing and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology to detect the transcriptomic and proteomic changes in H. contortus after ivermectin treatment. An integrated analysis of the two omics showed that the differentially expressed genes and proteins were significantly enriched in the pathways of amino acid degradation, the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, the biosynthesis of amino acids, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We found that the upregulated UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and p-glycoprotein (Pgp) genes play important roles in drug resistance in H. contortus. Our work will help in the understanding of the transcriptome and proteome changes in H. contortus after IVM and will facilitate the discovery of genes related to drug resistance. This information can be further applied to increase the understanding of the response of IVM in relation to H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- The Bureau of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of Kalaqin Banner, Chifeng 024400, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Bintao Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Penglong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (X.Y.)
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Kim K, Song X, Yu R, Zhang Y, Gao H, Wang S, Li B. A novel GSTe2 involved in metamorphosis by regulating 20E signal pathway in Tribolium castaneum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21989. [PMID: 36588284 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Insect-specific epsilon glutathion S-transferases (GSTs) are a class of multifunctional GST superfamily, which play important roles in detoxification of xenobiotic substances. Most research on GSTs has focused on insecticide detoxification and resistance, with little research on other physiological functions. Here, we identified and cloned the novel GSTe2 from Tribolium castaneum (TcGSTe2). Recombinant TcGSTe2 protein was successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified with affinity purification, which had high ability to catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The expression level of TcGSTe2 was significantly decreased after exposure with four insecticides, phoxim, λ-cyhalothrin, dichlorvos, and carbofuran, in larval stage. Interestingly, RNA interference knockdown of TcGSTe2 caused metamorphosis deficiency in larval and pupal stages by inhibiting the 20E signal pathway. Furthermore, exogenous 20E injection partially rescued this metamorphosis deficiency and also increased the expression levels of 20E downstream response genes. This study illustrated TcGSTe2 plays an important role at metamorphosis beside the insecticide detoxification and resistance in T. castaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- KumChol Kim
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Life-Science, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - XiaoWen Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - RunNan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - YongLei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - SuiSui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Chen L, Song J, Wang J, Ye M, Deng Q, Wu X, Wu X, Ren B. Effects of Methyl Jasmonate Fumigation on the Growth and Detoxification Ability of Spodoptera litura to Xanthotoxin. INSECTS 2023; 14:145. [PMID: 36835714 PMCID: PMC9966746 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a volatile substance derived from jasmonic acid (JA), and it responds to interbiotic and abiotic stresses by participating in interplant communication. Despite its function in interplant communication, the specific role of MeJA in insect defense responses is poorly understood. In this study, we found that carboxylesterase (CarE) activities, glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) activities, and cytochrome mono-oxygenases (P450s) content increased more after the feeding of diets containing xanthotoxin, while larvae exposed to MeJA fumigation also showed higher enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner: lower and medium concentrations of MeJA induced higher detoxification enzyme activities than higher concentrations of MeJA. Moreover, MeJA improved the growth of larvae fed on the control diet without toxins and diets with lower concentrations of xanthotoxin (0.05%); however, MeJA could not protect the larvae against higher concentrations of xanthotoxin (0.1%, 0.2%). In summary, we demonstrated that MeJA is effective at inducing S. litura defense response, but the enhanced detoxifying ability could not overcome the strong toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Chen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guiyang Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Mao Ye
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Qianqian Deng
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Xiaobao Wu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Bing Ren
- The Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550005, China
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Ashraf F, Weedall GD. Characterization of the glutathione S-transferase genes in the sand flies Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis shows expansion of the novel glutathione S-transferase xi (X) class. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:417-433. [PMID: 35238100 PMCID: PMC9540044 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis control often relies upon insecticidal control of phlebotomine sandfly vector populations. Such methods are vulnerable to the evolution of insecticide resistance via a range of molecular mechanisms. There is evidence that two major resistance mechanisms, target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance, have evolved in some sandfly populations and further genetic characterization of resistance would be useful to understand and combat it. To facilitate the study of the mechanisms of metabolic resistance, here we improved the annotation and characterized a major detoxification gene family, the glutathione-s-transferases (GST), in the genomes of two sand fly species: Phlebotomus papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis. The compositions of the GST gene family differ markedly from those of Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. Most strikingly, the xi (X) class of GSTs appears to have expanded in both sand fly genomes. Our results provide a basis for further studies of metabolic resistance mechanisms in these important disease vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ashraf
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Gareth D. Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
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El Sherif DF, Soliman NH, Alshallash KS, Ahmed N, Ibrahim MAR, A. Al-Shammery K, Al-Khalaf AA. The Binary Mixtures of Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Chlorfenapyr, and Abamectin, against the House Fly Larvae, Musca domestica L. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103084. [PMID: 35630573 PMCID: PMC9146536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The house fly Musca domestica L. is one of the medical and veterinary pests that can develop resistance to different insecticides. Mixing insecticides is a new strategy for accelerating pest control; furthermore, it can overcome insect resistance to insecticides. This study aims to evaluate three insecticides, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, individually and their binary mixtures against 2nd instar larvae of M. domestica laboratory strain. Chlorfenapyr exhibited the most toxic effect on larvae, followed by abamectin then the lambda-cyhalothrin. The half-lethal concentrations (LC50) values were 3.65, 30.6, and 94.89 ppm, respectively. These results revealed that the high potentiation effect was the mixture of abamectin/chlorfenapyr in all the mixing ratios. In contrast, the tested combination of lambda-cyhalothrin/abamectin showed an antagonism effect at all mixing ratios against house fly larvae. The total protein, esterases, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and cytochrome P-450 activity were also measured in the current investigation in the larvae treated with chlorfenapyr. Our results indicate that GST may play a role in detoxifying chlorfenapyr in M. domestica larvae. The highest activity of glutathione-S-transferase was achieved in treated larvae with chlorfenapyr, and an increase in cytochrome P-450 activity in the larvae was observed post-treatment with Abamectin/chlorfenapyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa F. El Sherif
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (D.F.E.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Nagat H. Soliman
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Khalid S. Alshallash
- College of Science and Humanities-Huraymila, Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nevin Ahmed
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Mervat A. R. Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | | | - Areej A. Al-Khalaf
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (D.F.E.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
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Zhang J, Ma W, Yin F, Park Y, Zhu KY, Zhang X, Qin X, Li D. Evaluations of two glutathione S-transferase epsilon genes for their contributions to metabolism of three selected insecticides in Locusta migratoria. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 183:105084. [PMID: 35430074 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The insect-specific epsilon class of glutathione S-transferases (GSTEs) plays important roles in insecticide detoxification in insects. In our previous work, five GSTEs were identified in Locusta migratoria, and two recombinant GSTEs, rLmGSTE1 and rLmGSTE4, showed high catalytic activity when 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) was used as a substrate. In this work, we further investigated whether these two GSTEs could metabolize three insecticides including malathion, deltamethrin and DDT. Using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS) method, we found that rLmGSTE4, but not rLmGSTE1, can metabolize malathion and DDT. Malathion bioassays of L.migratoria after the expression of LmGSTE4 was suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) showed increased insect mortality from 33.8% to 68.9%. However, no changes in mortality were observed in deltamethrin- or DDT-treated L.migratoria after the expression of LmGSTE4 was suppressed by RNAi. Our results provided direct evidences that LmGSTE4 participates in malathion detoxification in L.migratoria. These findings are important for understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in L.migratoria and developing new strategies for managing the insect populations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Daqi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China.
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Lin R, Yang M, Yao B. The phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of detoxification gene families in Aphidinae species. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263462. [PMID: 35143545 PMCID: PMC8830634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification enzymes play significant roles in the interactions between insects and host plants, wherein detoxification-related genes make great contributions. As herbivorous pests, aphids reproduce rapidly due to parthenogenesis. They are good biological materials for studying the mechanisms that allow insect adaptation to host plants. Insect detoxification gene families are associated with insect adaptation to host plants. The Aphidinae is the largest subfamily in the Aphididae with at least 2483 species in 256 genera in 2 tribes: the Macrosiphini (with 3/4 of the species) and the Aphidini. Most aphid pests on crops and ornamental plants are Aphidinae. Members of the Aphidinae occur in nearly every region of the world. The body shape and colour vary significantly. To research the role that detoxification gene families played in the process of aphid adaptation to host evolution, we analyzed the phylogeny and evolution of these detoxification gene families in Aphidinae. In general, the P450/GST/CCE gene families contract, whereas the ABC/UGT families are conserved in Aphidinae species compared to these families in other herbivorous insects. Genus-specific expansions of P450 CYP4, and GST Delta have occurred in the genus Acyrthosiphon. In addition, the evolutionary rates of five detoxification gene families in the evolution process of Aphidinae are different. The comparison of five detoxification gene families among nine Aphidinae species and the estimated relative evolutionary rates provided herein support an understanding of the interaction between and the co-evolution of Aphidinae and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmei Lin
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (BY)
| | - Mengquan Yang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bowen Yao
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (RL); (BY)
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Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis and Functional Validation Linked a Cluster of Epsilon Glutathione S-Transferases with Insecticide Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles funestus across Africa. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040561. [PMID: 33924421 PMCID: PMC8069850 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance is threatening the effectiveness of insecticide-based interventions in use for malaria control. Pinpointing genes associated with resistance is crucial for evidence-based resistance management targeting the major malaria vectors. Here, a combination of RNA-seq based genome-wide transcriptional analysis and RNA-silencing in vivo functional validation were used to identify key insecticide resistance genes associated with DDT and DDT/permethrin cross-resistance across Africa. A cluster of glutathione-S-transferase from epsilon group were found to be overexpressed in resistant populations of Anopheles funestus across Africa including GSTe1 [Cameroon (fold change, FC: 2.54), Ghana (4.20), Malawi (2.51)], GSTe2 [Cameroon (4.47), Ghana (7.52), Malawi (2.13)], GSTe3 [Cameroon (2.49), Uganda (2.60)], GSTe4 in Ghana (3.47), GSTe5 [Ghana (2.94), Malawi (2.26)], GSTe6 [Cameroun (3.0), Ghana (3.11), Malawi (3.07), Uganda (3.78)] and GSTe7 (2.39) in Ghana. Validation of GSTe genes expression profiles by qPCR confirmed that the genes are differentially expressed across Africa with a greater overexpression in DDT-resistant mosquitoes. RNAi-based knock-down analyses supported that five GSTe genes are playing a major role in resistance to pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin) and DDT in An. funestus, with a significant recovery of susceptibility observed when GSTe2, 3, 4, 5 and GSTe6 were silenced. These findings established that GSTe3, 4, 5 and 6 contribute to DDT resistance and should be further characterized to identify their specific genetic variants, to help design DNA-based diagnostic assays, as previously done for the 119F-GSTe2 mutation. This study highlights the role of GSTes in the development of resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors and calls for actions to mitigate this resistance.
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Yamamoto K, Yamaguchi M, Yamada N. Investigation of the active site of an unclassified glutathione transferase in Bombyx mori by alanine scanning. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2020; 45:238-240. [PMID: 33304193 PMCID: PMC7691559 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (GST) is an important class of detoxification enzymes that are vital for defense against various xenobiotics and cellular oxidative stress. Previously, we had reported an unclassified glutathione transferase 2 in Bombyx mori (bmGSTu2) to be responsible for detoxifying diazinon. In this study, we aimed to identify the amino acid residues that constitute a hydrogen-bonding network important for GST activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of bmGSTu2 suggested that residues Asn102, Pro162, and Ser166 contribute to its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School
| | - Misuzu Yamaguchi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School
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Helvecio E, Romão TP, de Carvalho-Leandro D, de Oliveira IF, Cavalcanti AEHD, Reimer L, de Paiva Cavalcanti M, de Oliveira APS, Paiva PMG, Napoleão TH, Wallau GL, de Melo Neto OP, Melo-Santos MAV, Ayres CFJ. Polymorphisms in GSTE2 is associated with temephos resistance in Aedes aegypti. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 165:104464. [PMID: 32359546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes involved in several distinct biological processes. In insects, the GSTs, especially delta and epsilon classes, play a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics used to control insect populations. Here, we investigated its potential role in temephos resistance, examining the GSTE2 gene from susceptible (RecL) and resistant (RecR) strains of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, vector for several pathogenic arboviruses. Total GST enzymatic activity and the GSTE2 gene expression profile were evaluated, with the GSTE2 cDNA and genomic loci sequenced from both strains. Recombinant GSTE2 and mutants were produced in a heterologous expression system and assayed for enzyme kinetic parameters. These proteins also had their 3D structure predicted through molecular modeling. Our results showed that RecR has a profile of total GST enzymatic activity higher than RecL, with the expression of the GSTE2 gene in resistant larvae increasing six folds. Four exclusive RecR mutations were observed (L111S, I150V, E178A and A198E), which were absent in the laboratory susceptible strains. The enzymatic activity of the recombinant GSTE2 showed different kinetic parameters, with the GSTE2 RecR showing an enhanced ability to metabolize its substrate. The I150V mutation was shown to induce significant changes in catalytic parameters and a 3D modeling of GSTE2 mapped two of the RecR changes (L111S and I150V) near the enzyme's catalytic pocket, also implying an impact on its catalytic activity. Our results reinforce a potential role for GSTE2 in the metabolic resistance phenotype while contributing to the understanding of the molecular basis for the resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisama Helvecio
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Tatiany Patrícia Romão
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Lisa Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Department of Entomology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Recife, PE 50740-465, Brazil
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Škerlová J, Lindström H, Gonis E, Sjödin B, Neiers F, Stenmark P, Mannervik B. Structure and steroid isomerase activity of
Drosophila
glutathione transferase E14 essential for ecdysteroid biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1187-1195. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Škerlová
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Helena Lindström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Elodie Gonis
- CSGA Laboratory of Taste and Olfaction University Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- CSGA Laboratory of Taste and Olfaction University Bourgogne Franche‐Comté Dijon France
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science Lund University Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Stockholm University Sweden
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Saruta F, Yamada N, Yamamoto K. Functional Analysis of an Epsilon-Class Glutathione S-Transferase From Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5586714. [PMID: 31606747 PMCID: PMC6790247 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione conjugation is a crucial step in xenobiotic detoxification. In the current study, we have functionally characterized an epsilon-class glutathione S-transferase (GST) from a brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (nlGSTE). The amino acid sequence of nlGSTE revealed approximately 36-44% identity with epsilon-class GSTs of other species. The recombinant nlGSTE was prepared in soluble form by bacterial expression and was purified to homogeneity. Mutation experiments revealed that the putative substrate-binding sites, including Phe107, Arg112, Phe118, and Phe119, were important for glutathione transferase activity. Furthermore, inhibition study displayed that nlGSTE activity was affected by insecticides, proposing that, in brown planthopper, nlGSTE could recognize insecticides as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Saruta
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Taktak NEM, Badawy MEI. Potential of hydrocarbon and oxygenated monoterpenes against Culex pipiens larvae: Toxicity, biochemical, pharmacophore modeling and molecular docking studies. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 158:156-165. [PMID: 31378352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Culex pipiens is a main vector for Bancroftian filariasis, Rift Valley Fever and diseases caused by other viruses, leaving several peoples with disabilities. In recent years, plant derived compounds have received much attention as potential alternatives to synthetic chemicals due to their low toxicity to mammals and environmental persistence. Twenty-one monoterpenes from different chemical groups (hydrocarbons and oxygenated products) were evaluated against Culex pipiens larvae. In addition, in vivo biochemical studies including effects on acetylcholine esterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatases (ACP and ALP), total adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) were investigated. Furthermore, in silico studies including pharmacophore elucidation, ADMET analysis and molecular docking of these compounds were performed. Among all tested monoterpenes, hydrocarbons [p-cymene, (R)-(+)-limonene and (+)-α-pinene], acetates (cinnamyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, eugenyl acetate and terpinyl acetate), alcohols [(±)-β-citronellol and terpineol], aldehydes [citral and (1R)-(-)-myrtenal] and ketone [(R)-(+)-pulegone] exhibited the highest larval toxicity with LC50 = 14.88, 27.97, 26.13, 2.62, 3.81, 2.74, 21.65, 1.64, 21.70, 21.76, 1.68 and 1.90 mg/L after 48 h of exposure, respectively. The compounds proved a significant inhibition of all tested enzymes except total ATPase. The biochemical and molecular docking studies proved that AChE and GABA-T were the main targets for the tested monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad E M Taktak
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Meng LW, Yuan GR, Lu XP, Jing TX, Zheng LS, Yong HX, Wang JJ. Two delta class glutathione S-transferases involved in the detoxification of malathion in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1527-1538. [PMID: 30610767 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a widespread agricultural pest, has evolved resistance to many insecticides, including organophosphorus compounds. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in xenobiotic detoxification and insecticide resistance in many insects. However, the role of delta class GSTs in detoxifying malathion in B. dorsalis is unknown. Here, we evaluated the roles of two delta class GSTs in malathion detoxification in this species. RESULTS Two delta class GSTs genes, BdGSTd1 and BdGSTd10, were characterized in B. dorsalis. They were highly expressed in 5-day-old adults, as well as in midgut and Malpighian tubules. Upon malathion exposure, the two genes were upregulated by 2.63- and 2.85-fold, respectively. Injection of double-stranded RNA targeting BdGSTd1 or BdGSTd10 significantly reduced their mRNA levels in adults and also significantly increased adult susceptibility to malathion. The expression of these two GSTs in Escherichia coli helped the host to endure malathion stress at a concentration of 10 µg mL-1 according to a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses indicated that malathion could be significantly depleted by the two delta GSTs. The role of BdGSTd10 in malathion sequestration was also discussed. CONCLUSION BdGSTd1 and BdGSTd10 play important roles in the detoxification of malathion in B. dorsalis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Rui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian-Xing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Sha Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Han-Xiao Yong
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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da Cruz DL, Paiva MHS, Guedes DRD, Alves J, Gómez LF, Ayres CFJ. Detection of alleles associated with resistance to chemical insecticide in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Santiago, Cabo Verde. Malar J 2019; 18:120. [PMID: 30953531 PMCID: PMC6451206 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex are the main malaria vectors worldwide. Due to the lack of a vaccine to prevent malaria, the principal way to reduce the impact of this disease relies on the use of chemical insecticides to control its vectors. However, the intensive use of such compounds has led to the emergence of insecticide resistance in several Anopheles populations in Africa. This study aimed to investigate the presence of resistance alleles in an Anopheles arabiensis population from the City of Praia, capital of the Archipelago Cabo Verde, one of the countries on the World Health Organization list of countries that are on a path to eliminate local transmission of malaria. METHODS Larvae from the Anopheles genus were collected using a one-pint dipper in three areas of City of Praia. Larvae were fed and maintained until the emergence of adult mosquitoes, and these were morphologically identified. In addition, molecular identification was performed using IGS markers and all An. arabiensis samples were subjected to PCR to screen for mutations associated to resistance in the Ace-1, Nav and GSTE2 genes. RESULTS From a total of 440 mosquitoes collected, 52.3% were morphologically identified as An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and 46.7% as Anopheles pretoriensis. The molecular identification showed that 100% of the An. gambiae s.l. were An. arabiensis. The mutations G119S in the Ace-1 gene and L119F in the GSTE2 gene were screened but not found in any sample. However, sequencing analysis for GSTE2 revealed the presence of 37 haplotypes, 16 polymorphic sites and a high genetic diversity (π = 2.67). The L1014S mutation in the Nav (voltage-gated sodium channel gene) was detected at a frequency of 7.3%. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate the circulation of insecticide resistance alleles in An. arabiensis from Cabo Verde. The circulation of the L1014S allele in the population of An. arabiensis in the city of Praia suggests that pyrethroid resistance may arise, be quickly selected, and may affect the process of malaria elimination in Cabo Verde. Molecular monitoring of resistance should continue in order to guide the development of strategies to be used in vector control in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derciliano Lopes da Cruz
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Rodovia BR-104, km 59 - Nova Caruaru, Caruaru, PE, 55002-970, Brazil
| | - Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Joana Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública/Ministério da Saúde, Largo do Desastre da Assistência, CP-719, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Lara Ferrero Gómez
- Universidade Jean Piaget (UniPiaget), Caixa Postal 775, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
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Crystal structure of the delta-class glutathione transferase in Musca domestica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 502:345-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Yu X, Killiny N. RNA interference of two glutathione S-transferase genes, Diaphorina citri DcGSTe2 and DcGSTd1, increases the susceptibility of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) to the pesticides fenpropathrin and thiamethoxam. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:638-647. [PMID: 28971568 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is an important agricultural pest of citrus globally. Foliar application of chemical insecticides is the most widely used option for reducing D. citri populations. Knockdown of glutathione S-transferase (GST) in several insect species leads to increased susceptibility to insecticides; however, information about the detoxifying role of GST genes in D. citri is unavailable. RESULTS Via a sequence homology search, we isolated and characterized three DcGST genes (DcGSTd1, DcGSTe1 and DcGSTe2) from D. citri. Phylogenetic analysis grouped DcGSTd1 into the delta class of GST genes, whereas DcGSTe1 and DcGSTe2 were clustered in the epsilon clade. Gene expression analysis revealed that chlorpyrifos treatment increased the mRNA levels of DcGSTe1 and fenpropathrin enhanced the expression level of DcGSTd1, while DcGSTe2 was significantly up-regulated after exposure to thiamethoxam at a dose of 30% lethal concentration (LC30). RNA interference (RNAi) of DcGSTe2 and DcGSTd1 followed by an insecticide bioassay increased the mortalities of thiamethoxam-treated psyllids by 23.0% and fenpropathrin-treated psyllids by 15.0%. In contrast, knockdown of DcGSTe1 did not significantly increase the susceptibility of D. citri to any of these three insecticides. Further, feeding with double-stranded RNA (dsDcGSTe2-d1) interfusion co-silenced DcGSTe2 and DcGSTd1 expression in D. citri, and led to an increase of susceptibility to both fenpropathrin and thiamethoxam. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that DcGSTe2 and DcGSTd1 play unique roles in detoxification of the pesticides thiamethoxam and fenpropathrin. In addition, co-silencing by creating a well-designed dsRNA interfusion against multiple genes was a good RNAi strategy in D. citri. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Yu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
- School of Agricultural Engineering/Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project/Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
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Labade CP, Jadhav AR, Ahire M, Zinjarde SS, Tamhane VA. Role of induced glutathione-S-transferase from Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) HaGST-8 in detoxification of pesticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:612-621. [PMID: 28923727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) based detoxification of pesticides in Helicoverpa armigera and its potential application in eliminating pesticides from the environment. Dietary exposure of a pesticide mixture (organophosphates - chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, pyrethroid - cypermethrin; 2-15ppm each) to H. armigera larvae resulted in a dose dependant up-regulation of GST activity and gene expression. A variant GST from H. armigera (HaGST-8) was isolated from larvae fed with 10ppm pesticide mixture and it was recombinantly expressed in yeast (Pichia pastoris HaGST-8). HaGST-8 had a molecular mass of 29kDa and was most active at pH 9 at 30°C. GC-MS and LC-HRMS analysis validated that HaGST-8 was effective in eliminating organophosphate type of pesticides and partially reduced the cypermethrin content (53%) from aqueous solutions. Unlike the untransformed yeast, P. pastoris HaGST-8 grew efficiently in media supplemented with pesticide mixtures (200 and 400ppm each pesticide) signifying the detoxification ability of HaGST-8. The amino acid sequence of HaGST-8 and the already reported sequence of HaGST-7 had just 2 mismatches. The studies on molecular interaction strengths revealed that HaGST-8 had stronger binding affinities with organophosphate, pyrethroid, organochloride, carbamate and neonicotinoid type of pesticides. The abilities of recombinant HaGST-8 to eliminate pesticides and P. pastoris HaGST-8 to grow profusely in the presence of high level of pesticide content can be applied for removal of such residues from food, water resources and bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali P Labade
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhilash R Jadhav
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mehul Ahire
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Smita S Zinjarde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Vaijayanti A Tamhane
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, (SPPU), Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India.
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Sforzini S, Governa D, Boeri M, Oliveri L, Oldani A, Vago F, Viarengo A, Borrelli R. Relevance of the bioavailable fraction of DDT and its metabolites in freshwater sediment toxicity: New insight into the mode of action of these chemicals on Dictyostelium discoideum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 132:240-249. [PMID: 27340883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the toxicity of lake sediments contaminated with DDT and its metabolites DDD and DDE (collectively, DDX) was evaluated with widely used toxicity tests (i.e., Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, and Lumbriculus variegatus) and with the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, a model organism that is also suitable for studying pollutant-induced alterations at the molecular and cellular levels. Although the DDX concentration in the sediments was high (732.5 ppb), the results suggested a minimal environmental risk; in fact, no evidence of harmful effects was found using the different bioassays or when we considered the results of more sensitive sublethal biomarkers in D. discoideum amoebae. In line with the biological results, the chemical data showed that the concentration of DDX in the pore water (in general a highly bioavailable phase) showed a minimal value (0.0071ppb). To confirm the importance of the bioavailability of the toxic chemicals in determining their biological effects and to investigate the mechanisms of DDX toxicity, we exposed D. discoideum amoebae to 732.5ppb DDX in water solution. DDX had no effect on cell viability; however, a strong reduction in amoebae replication rate was observed, which depended mainly on a reduction in endocytosis rate and on lysosomal and mitochondrial alterations. In the presence of a moderate and transient increase in reactive oxygen species, the glutathione level in DDX-exposed amoebae drastically decreased. These results highlight that studies of the bioavailability of pollutants in environmental matrices and their biological effects are essential for site-specific ecological risk assessment. Moreover, glutathione depletion in DDX-exposed organisms is a new finding that could open the possibility of developing new pesticide mixtures that are more effective against DDT-resistant malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Sforzini
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Daniela Governa
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Marta Boeri
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Laura Oliveri
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandro Oldani
- Renewable Energy & Environmental R&D Center - Istituto eni Donegani, via G. Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Fabio Vago
- Renewable Energy & Environmental R&D Center - Istituto eni Donegani, via G. Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Aldo Viarengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", V.le T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Borrelli
- Renewable Energy & Environmental R&D Center - Istituto eni Donegani, via G. Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
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Wan H, Zhan S, Xia X, Xu P, You H, Jin BR, Li J. Identification and functional characterization of an epsilon glutathione S-transferase from the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 132:81-88. [PMID: 27521917 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Sha Zhan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Xia
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hong You
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Byung Rae Jin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Identification of a diazinon-metabolizing glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30073. [PMID: 27440377 PMCID: PMC4954967 DOI: 10.1038/srep30073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase superfamily play key roles in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics. We report herein the identification and characterization of a novel glutathione S-transferase in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The enzyme (bmGSTu2) conjugates glutathione to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, as well as metabolizing diazinon, one of the organophosphate insecticides. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis of transcripts demonstrated that bmGSTu2 expression was induced 1.7-fold in a resistant strain of B. mori. Mutagenesis of putative amino acid residues in the glutathione-binding site revealed that Ile54, Glu66, Ser67, and Asn68 are crucial for enzymatic function. These results provide insights into the catalysis of glutathione conjugation in silkworm by bmGSTu2 and into the detoxification of organophosphate insecticides.
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25
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Epsilon glutathione transferases possess a unique class-conserved subunit interface motif that directly interacts with glutathione in the active site. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20150183. [PMID: 26487708 PMCID: PMC4660579 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epsilon class glutathione transferases (GSTs) have been shown to contribute significantly to insecticide resistance. We report a new Epsilon class protein crystal structure from Drosophila melanogaster for the glutathione transferase DmGSTE6. The structure reveals a novel Epsilon clasp motif that is conserved across hundreds of millions of years of evolution of the insect Diptera order. This histidine-serine motif lies in the subunit interface and appears to contribute to quaternary stability as well as directly connecting the two glutathiones in the active sites of this dimeric enzyme.
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26
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Scian M, Le Trong I, Mazari AMA, Mannervik B, Atkins WM, Stenkamp RE. Comparison of epsilon- and delta-class glutathione S-transferases: the crystal structures of the glutathione S-transferases DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7 from Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:2089-98. [PMID: 26457432 PMCID: PMC4601370 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715013929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutathione transferases (GSTs) comprise a large family of enzymes with canonical structures that diverge functionally and structurally among mammals, invertebrates and plants. Whereas mammalian GSTs have been characterized extensively with regard to their structure and function, invertebrate GSTs remain relatively unstudied. The invertebrate GSTs do, however, represent potentially important drug targets for infectious diseases and agricultural applications. In addition, it is essential to fully understand the structure and function of invertebrate GSTs, which play important roles in basic biological processes. Invertebrates harbor delta- and epsilon-class GSTs, which are not found in other organisms. Drosophila melanogaster GSTs (DmGSTs) are likely to contribute to detoxication or antioxidative stress during development, but they have not been fully characterized. Here, the structures of two epsilon-class GSTs from Drosophila, DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7, are reported at 2.1 and 1.5 Å resolution, respectively, and are compared with other GSTs to identify structural features that might correlate with their biological functions. The structures of DmGSTE6 and DmGSTE7 are remarkably similar; the structures do not reveal obvious sources of the minor functional differences that have been observed. The main structural difference between the epsilon- and delta-class GSTs is the longer helix (A8) at the C-termini of the epsilon-class enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Isolde Le Trong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357742, Seattle, WA 98195-7742, USA
| | - Aslam M. A. Mazari
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10 691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, SE-10 691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William M. Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - Ronald E. Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Box 357420, Seattle, WA 98195-7420, USA
- Biomolecular Structure Center, University of Washington, Box 357742, Seattle, WA 98195-7742, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 357430, Seattle, WA 98195-7430, USA
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27
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Feyereisen R, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. Genotype to phenotype, the molecular and physiological dimensions of resistance in arthropods. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 121:61-77. [PMID: 26047113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent accumulation of molecular studies on mutations in insects, ticks and mites conferring resistance to insecticides, acaricides and biopesticides is reviewed. Resistance is traditionally classified by physiological and biochemical criteria, such as target-site insensitivity and metabolic resistance. However, mutations are discrete molecular changes that differ in their intrinsic frequency, effects on gene dosage and fitness consequences. These attributes in turn impact the population genetics of resistance and resistance management strategies, thus calling for a molecular genetic classification. Mutations in structural genes remain the most abundantly described, mostly in genes coding for target proteins. These provide the most compelling examples of parallel mutations in response to selection. Mutations causing upregulation and downregulation of genes, both in cis (in the gene itself) and in trans (in regulatory processes) remain difficult to characterize precisely. Gene duplications and gene disruption are increasingly reported. Gene disruption appears prevalent in the case of multiple, hetero-oligomeric or redundant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Feyereisen
- INRA, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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28
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Zhang X, Wang J, Zhang M, Qin G, Li D, Zhu KY, Ma E, Zhang J. Molecular cloning, characterization and positively selected sites of the glutathione S-transferase family from Locusta migratoria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114776. [PMID: 25486043 PMCID: PMC4259467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds and are related to insecticide resistance. The purpose of this study was to provide new information on the molecular characteristics and the positive selection of locust GSTs. Based on the transcriptome database, we sequenced 28 cytosolic GSTs and 4 microsomal GSTs from the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria). We assigned the 28 cytosolic GSTs into 6 classes—sigma, epsilon, delta, theta, omega and zeta, and the 4 microsomal GSTs into 2 subclasses—insect and MGST3. The tissue- and stage-expression patterns of the GSTs differed at the mRNA level. Further, the substrate specificities and kinetic constants of the cytosolic GSTs differed markedly at the protein level. The results of likelihood ratio tests provided strong evidence for positive selection in the delta class. The result of Bayes Empirical Bayes analysis identified 4 amino acid sites in the delta class as positive selection sites. These sites were located on the protein surface. Our findings will facilitate the elucidation of the molecular characteristics and evolutionary aspects of insect GST superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Guohua Qin
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Daqi Li
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- * E-mail: (EM); (JZ)
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- * E-mail: (EM); (JZ)
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29
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Parallel evolution or purifying selection, not introgression, explains similarity in the pyrethroid detoxification linked GSTE4 of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:201-15. [PMID: 25213601 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a major impediment to the control of vectors and pests of public health importance and is a strongly selected trait capable of rapid spread, sometimes even between closely related species. Elucidating the mechanisms generating insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors of disease, and understanding the spread of resistance within and between populations and species are vital for the development of robust resistance management strategies. Here, we studied the mechanisms of resistance in two sympatric members of the Anopheles gambiae species complex-the major vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa-to understand how resistance has developed and spread in eastern Uganda, a region with some of the highest levels of malaria. In eastern Uganda, where the mosquitoes Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae can be found sympatrically, low levels of hybrids (0.4 %) occur, offering a route for introgression of adaptively important variants between species. In independent microarray studies of insecticide resistance, Gste4, an insect-specific glutathione S-transferase, was among the most significantly up-regulated genes in both species. To test the hypothesis of interspecific introgression, we sequenced 2.3 kbp encompassing Gste4. Whilst this detailed sequencing ruled out introgression, we detected strong positive selection acting on Gste4. However, these sequences, followed by haplotype-specific qPCR, showed that the apparent up-regulation in An. arabiensis is a result of allelic variation across the microarray probe binding sites which artefactually elevates the gene expression signal. Thus, face-value acceptance of microarray data can be misleading and it is advisable to conduct a more detailed investigation of the causes and nature of such signal. The identification of positive selection acting on this locus led us to functionally express and characterise allelic variants of GSTE4. Although the in vitro data do not support a direct role for GSTE4 in metabolism, they do support a role for this enzyme in insecticide sequestration. Thus, the demonstration of a role for an up-regulated gene in metabolic resistance to insecticides should not be limited to simply whether it can metabolise insecticide; such a strict criterion would argue against the involvement of GSTE4 despite the weight of evidence to the contrary.
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30
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Cornelie S, Rossignol M, Seveno M, Demettre E, Mouchet F, Djègbè I, Marin P, Chandre F, Corbel V, Remoué F, Mathieu-Daudé F. Salivary gland proteome analysis reveals modulation of anopheline unique proteins in insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103816. [PMID: 25102176 PMCID: PMC4125145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insensitive acetylcholinesterase resistance due to a mutation in the acetylcholinesterase (ace) encoding ace-1 gene confers cross-resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in Anopheles gambiae populations from Central and West Africa. This mutation is associated with a strong genetic cost revealed through alterations of some life history traits but little is known about the physiological and behavioural changes in insects bearing the ace-1R allele. Comparative analysis of the salivary gland contents between An. gambiae susceptible and ace-1R resistant strains was carried out to charaterize factors that could be involved in modifications of blood meal process, trophic behaviour or pathogen interaction in the insecticide-resistant mosquitoes. Differential analysis of the salivary gland protein profiles revealed differences in abundance for several proteins, two of them showing major differences between the two strains. These two proteins identified as saglin and TRIO are salivary gland-1 related proteins, a family unique to anopheline mosquitoes, one of them playing a crucial role in salivary gland invasion by Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. Differential expression of two other proteins previously identified in the Anopheles sialome was also observed. The differentially regulated proteins are involved in pathogen invasion, blood feeding process, and protection against oxidation, relevant steps in the outcome of malaria infection. Further functional studies and insect behaviour experiments would confirm the impact of the modification of the sialome composition on blood feeding and pathogen transmission abilities of the resistant mosquitoes. The data supports the hypothesis of alterations linked to insecticide resistance in the biology of the primary vector of human malaria in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Cornelie
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Rossignol
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Martial Seveno
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), UMR CNRS 5203-INSERM 661-UM1-UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Edith Demettre
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), UMR CNRS 5203-INSERM 661-UM1-UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - François Mouchet
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Innocent Djègbè
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), UMR CNRS 5203-INSERM 661-UM1-UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Franck Remoué
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Françoise Mathieu-Daudé
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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31
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Azevedo-Júnior GMD, Guimarães-Marques GM, Cegatti Bridi L, Christine Ohse K, Vicentini R, Tadei W, Rafael MS. Phylogenetic analysis of the GST family in Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi. Acta Trop 2014; 136:27-31. [PMID: 24713199 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi Root, 1926 and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) are the most important human malaria vectors in South America and Africa, respectively. The two species are estimated to have diverged 100 million years ago. Studies on the phylogenetics and evolution of gene sequences, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) in disease-transmitting mosquitoes are scarce. The sigma class GST (KC890767) from the transcriptome of An. darlingi captured in the Brazilian Amazon was studied by in silico hybridization, and mapped to chromosome 3 of An. gambiae. The sigma class GST of An. darlingi was used for phylogenetic analyses to understand the GST base composition of the most recent common ancestor between An. darlingi, Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The GST (KC890767) of An. darlingi was studied to generate the main divergence branches using a Neighbor-Joining and bootstrapping approaches to confirm confidence levels on the tree nodes that separate the An. darlingi and other mosquito species. The results showed divergence between An. gambiae, Ae. Aegypti, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Phlebotomus papatasi as outgroup, and the homology relationship between sigma class GST of An. darlingi and GSTS1_1 gene of An. gambiae was valuable for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson Martins de Azevedo-Júnior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva-PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Giselle Moura Guimarães-Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva-PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Leticia Cegatti Bridi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva-PPG GCBEv, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Ketlen Christine Ohse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais-PPG MBT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas-UEA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Renato Vicentini
- Laboratório de Biologia de Sistemas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wanderli Tadei
- Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde-CSAS, Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue/INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde-CSAS, Laboratório de Vetores da Malária e Dengue/INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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32
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Lin YH, Lee CM, Huang JH, Lee HJ. Circadian regulation of permethrin susceptibility by glutathione S-transferase (BgGSTD1) in the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 65:45-50. [PMID: 24819204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The daily susceptibility rhythm to permethrin and the expression level of the delta class glutathione S-transferase (BgGSTD1) gene were investigated in Blattella germanica. Male cockroaches were exposed to the same concentration of permethrin at different times in a light-dark cycle, and results showed that the highest resistance occurred at night. Furthermore, the circadian rhythmicity of permethrin susceptibility was demonstrated by the highest resistance at subjective night under constant darkness. The mRNA level of the BgGSTD1 gene in the fat body of B. germanica peaked early in the day or subjective day under light-dark or constant dark conditions, whereas enzyme activity of cytosolic GSTs did not reflect the rhythmic pattern as well as BgGSTD1 expression. RNA interference (RNAi) was employed to study the function of BgGSTD1 in the circadian rhythm of permethrin susceptibility in B. germanica. Both BgGSTD1 mRNA level and cytosolic GSTs activity were significantly decreased by dsGSTD1 injection. In addition, survival of B. germanica with silenced BgGSTD1 was significantly decreased at night but not in the day when the cockroaches were exposed to permethrin. Total cytosolic GSTs activity demonstrated that is not the only gene involved in the circadian regulation of the permethrin resistance, although it is one of the major regulators of permethrin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsien Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Mei Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hsin Huang
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - How-Jing Lee
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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33
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Hossain MDT, Yamada N, Yamamoto K. Glutathione-binding site of a bombyx mori theta-class glutathione transferase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97740. [PMID: 24848539 PMCID: PMC4029803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione transferase (GST) superfamily plays key roles in the detoxification of various xenobiotics. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a silkworm protein belonging to a previously reported theta-class GST family. The enzyme (bmGSTT) catalyzes the reaction of glutathione with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,2-epoxy-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)-propane, and 4-nitrophenethyl bromide. Mutagenesis of highly conserved residues in the catalytic site revealed that Glu66 and Ser67 are important for enzymatic function. These results provide insights into the catalysis of glutathione conjugation in silkworm by bmGSTT and into the metabolism of exogenous chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naotaka Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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34
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Li Y, Shi X, Zhang Q, Hu J, Chen J, Wang W. Computational evidence for the detoxifying mechanism of epsilon class glutathione transferase toward the insecticide DDT. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5008-5016. [PMID: 24678828 DOI: 10.1021/es405230j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) computation of the detoxifying mechanism of an epsilon class glutathione transferases (GSTs) toward organochlorine insecticide DDT, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, has been carried out. The exponential average barrier of the proton transfer mechanism is 15.2 kcal/mol, which is 27.6 kcal/mol lower than that of the GS-DDT conjugant mechanism. It suggests that the detoxifying reaction proceeds via a proton transfer mechanism where GSH acts as a cofactor rather than a conjugate. The study reveals that the protein environment has a strong effect on the reaction barrier. The experimentally proposed residues Arg112, Glu116 and Phe120 were found to have a strong influence on the detoxifying reaction. The influence of residues Pro13, Cys15, His53, Ile55, Glu67, Ser68, Phe115, and Leu119 was detected as well. It is worth noticing that Ile55 facilitates the detoxifying reaction most. On the basis of the structure of DDT, structure 2, (BrC6H4)2CHCCl3, is the best candidate among all the tested structures in resisting the detoxification of enzyme agGSTe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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Mitchell SN, Rigden DJ, Dowd AJ, Lu F, Wilding CS, Weetman D, Dadzie S, Jenkins AM, Regna K, Boko P, Djogbenou L, Muskavitch MAT, Ranson H, Paine MJI, Mayans O, Donnelly MJ. Metabolic and target-site mechanisms combine to confer strong DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92662. [PMID: 24675797 PMCID: PMC3968025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of resistance to insecticides has become a classic exemplar of evolution occurring within human time scales. In this study we demonstrate how resistance to DDT in the major African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is a result of both target-site resistance mechanisms that have introgressed between incipient species (the M- and S-molecular forms) and allelic variants in a DDT-detoxifying enzyme. Sequencing of the detoxification enzyme, Gste2, from DDT resistant and susceptible strains of An. gambiae, revealed a non-synonymous polymorphism (I114T), proximal to the DDT binding domain, which segregated with strain phenotype. Recombinant protein expression and DDT metabolism analysis revealed that the proteins from the susceptible strain lost activity at higher DDT concentrations, characteristic of substrate inhibition. The effect of I114T on GSTE2 protein structure was explored through X-ray crystallography. The amino acid exchange in the DDT-resistant strain introduced a hydroxyl group nearby the hydrophobic DDT-binding region. The exchange does not result in structural alterations but is predicted to facilitate local dynamics and enzyme activity. Expression of both wild-type and 114T alleles the allele in Drosophila conferred an increase in DDT tolerance. The 114T mutation was significantly associated with DDT resistance in wild caught M-form populations and acts in concert with target-site mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel (Vgsc-1575Y and Vgsc-1014F) to confer extreme levels of DDT resistance in wild caught An. gambiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N. Mitchell
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Rigden
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Dowd
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Fang Lu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Craig S. Wilding
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Adam M. Jenkins
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Regna
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pelagie Boko
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Djogbenou
- Institut Régional de Santé Publique de Ouidah/Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Marc A. T. Muskavitch
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. I. Paine
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Mayans
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJD); (OM)
| | - Martin J. Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJD); (OM)
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Riveron JM, Yunta C, Ibrahim SS, Djouaka R, Irving H, Menze BD, Ismail HM, Hemingway J, Ranson H, Albert A, Wondji CS. A single mutation in the GSTe2 gene allows tracking of metabolically based insecticide resistance in a major malaria vector. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R27. [PMID: 24565444 PMCID: PMC4054843 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-2-r27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic resistance to insecticides is the biggest threat to the continued effectiveness of malaria vector control. However, its underlying molecular basis, crucial for successful resistance management, remains poorly characterized. Results Here, we demonstrate that the single amino acid change L119F in an upregulated glutathione S-transferase gene, GSTe2, confers high levels of metabolic resistance to DDT in the malaria vector Anopheles funestus. Genome-wide transcription analysis revealed that GSTe2 was the most over-expressed detoxification gene in DDT and permethrin-resistant mosquitoes from Benin. Transgenic expression of GSTe2 in Drosophila melanogaster demonstrated that over-transcription of this gene alone confers DDT resistance and cross-resistance to pyrethroids. Analysis of GSTe2 polymorphism established that the point mutation is tightly associated with metabolic resistance to DDT and its geographical distribution strongly correlates with DDT resistance patterns across Africa. Functional characterization of recombinant GSTe2 further supports the role of the L119F mutation, with the resistant allele being more efficient at metabolizing DDT than the susceptible one. Importantly, we also show that GSTe2 directly metabolizes the pyrethroid permethrin. Structural analysis reveals that the mutation confers resistance by enlarging the GSTe2 DDT-binding cavity, leading to increased DDT access and metabolism. Furthermore, we show that GSTe2 is under strong directional selection in resistant populations, and a restriction of gene flow is observed between African regions, enabling the prediction of the future spread of this resistance. Conclusions This first DNA-based metabolic resistance marker in mosquitoes provides an essential tool to track the evolution of resistance and to design suitable resistance management strategies.
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Yamamoto K, Aso Y, Yamada N. Catalytic function of an ε-class glutathione S-transferase of the silkworm. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:523-531. [PMID: 23803169 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily is involved in the detoxification of various xenobiotics. A silkworm GST, belonging to a previously reported Epsilon-class GST family, was identified, named bmGSTE, cloned, and produced in Escherichia coli. Investigation of this enzyme's properties showed that it was able to catalyse glutathione (GSH) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and ethacrynic acid, and also that it possessed GSH-dependent peroxidase activity. The enzyme's highly conserved amino acid residues, including Ser11, His53, Val55, Ser68 and Arg112, were of interest regarding their possible involvement in its catalytic activity. These residues were replaced with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis and subsequent kinetic analysis of bmGSTE mutants indicated that His53, Val55, and Ser68 were important for enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Vila-Viçosa D, Teixeira VH, Santos HAF, Machuqueiro M. Conformational Study of GSH and GSSG Using Constant-pH Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7507-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401066v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Vila-Viçosa
- Centro de Química
e Bioquímica and Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vitor H. Teixeira
- Centro de Química
e Bioquímica and Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo A. F. Santos
- Centro de Química
e Bioquímica and Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- Centro de Química
e Bioquímica and Departamento
de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Rajarapu SP, Mittapalli O. Glutathione-S-transferase profiles in the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Qin G, Jia M, Liu T, Zhang X, Guo Y, Zhu KY, Ma E, Zhang J. Characterization and functional analysis of four glutathione S-transferases from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58410. [PMID: 23505503 PMCID: PMC3591310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play an important role in detoxification of xenobiotics in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In this study, four GSTs (LmGSTd1, LmGSTs5, LmGSTt1, and LmGSTu1) representing different classes were identified from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. These four proteins were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as soluble fusion proteins, purified by Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose column and biochemically characterized. LmGSTd1, LmGSTs5, and LmGSTu1 showed high activities with 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), detectable activity with p-nitro-benzyl chloride (p-NBC) and 1, 2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), whereas LmGSTt1 showed high activity with p-NBC and detectable activity with CDNB. The optimal pH of the locust GSTs ranged between 7.0 to 9.0. Ethacrynic acid and reactive blue effectively inhibited all four GSTs. LmGSTs5 was most sensitive to heavy metals (Cu(2+) and Cd(2+)). The maximum expression of the four GSTs was observed in Malpighian tubules and fat bodies as evaluated by western blot. The nymph mortalities after carbaryl treatment increased by 28 and 12% after LmGSTs5 and LmGSTu1 were silenced, respectively. The nymph mortalities after malathion and chlorpyrifos treatments increased by 26 and 18% after LmGSTs5 and LmGSTu1 were silenced, respectively. These results suggest that sigma GSTs in L. migratoria play a significant role in carbaryl detoxification, whereas some of other GSTs may also involve in the detoxification of carbaryl and chlorpyrifos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Qin
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
- The College of Environmental Science and Resources, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Miao Jia
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xueyao Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yaping Guo
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Enbo Ma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
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41
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Oliver SV, Brooke BD. The effect of larval nutritional deprivation on the life history and DDT resistance phenotype in laboratory strains of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. Malar J 2013; 12:44. [PMID: 23368928 PMCID: PMC3570311 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles arabiensis is a major malaria vector in Africa. It thrives in agricultural areas and has been associated with increased malaria incidence in areas under rice and maize cultivation. This effect may be due to increased adult size and abundance as a consequence of optimal larval nutrition. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of larval nutrition on the life history and expression of insecticide resistance in adults of laboratory reared An. arabiensis. Methods Larvae drawn from an insecticide susceptible An. arabiensis strain (SENN) as well as a DDT-resistant strain (SENN-DDT) were subjected to three fasting regimes: 1 mg of food per larva offered once per day, once every second day and once every third day. Control cohorts included larvae offered 1 mg food thrice per day. The rate of larval development was compared between matched cohorts from each strain as well as between fasted larvae and their respective controls. The expression of DDT resistance/tolerance in adults was compared between the starved cohorts and their controls by strain. Factors potentially affecting variation in DDT resistance/tolerance were examined including: adult body size (wing length), knock-down resistance (kdr) status and levels of detoxification enzyme activity. Results and conclusion Anopheles arabiensis larval development is prolonged by nutrient deprivation and adults that eclose from starved larvae are smaller and less tolerant to DDT intoxication. This effect on DDT tolerance in adults is also associated with reduced detoxification enzyme activity. Conversely, well fed larvae develop comparatively quickly into large, more DDT tolerant (SENN) or resistant (SENN-DDT) adults. This is important in those instances where cereal farming is associated with increased An. arabiensis transmitted malaria incidence, because large adult females with high teneral reserves and decreased susceptibility to insecticide intoxication may also prove to be more efficient malaria vectors. In general, larval nutrient deprivation in An. arabiensis has important implications for subsequent adults in terms of their size and relative insecticide susceptibility, which may in turn impact on their malaria vector capacity in areas where insecticide based control measures are in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shüné V Oliver
- National Institute for Communicable Disease, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
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42
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Park AK, Moon JH, Jang EH, Park H, Ahn IY, Lee KS, Chi YM. The structure of a shellfish specific GST class glutathione S
-transferase from antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica
reveals novel active site architecture. Proteins 2012; 81:531-7. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Nakamura C, Yajima S, Miyamoto T, Sue M. Structural analysis of an epsilon-class glutathione transferase from housefly, Musca domestica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:1206-11. [PMID: 23268341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferases (GSTs) play an important role in the detoxification of insecticides, and as such, they are a key contributor to enhanced resistance to insecticides. In the housefly (Musca domestica), two epsilon-class GSTs (MdGST6A and MdGST6B) that share high sequence homology have been identified, which are believed to be involved in resistance against insecticides. The structural determinants controlling the substrate specificity and enzyme activity of MdGST6s are unknown. The aim of this study was to crystallize and perform structural analysis of the GST isozyme, MdGST6B. The crystal structure of MdGST6B complexed with reduced glutathione (GSH) was determined at a resolution of 1.8 Å. MdGST6B was found to have a typical GST folding comprised of N-terminal and C-terminal domains. Arg113 and Phe121 on helix 4 were shown to protrude into the substrate binding pocket, and as a result, the entrance of the substrate binding pocket was narrower compared to delta- and epsilon-class GSTs from Africa malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, agGSTd1-6 and agGSTe2, respectively. This substrate pocket narrowing is partly due to the presence of a π-helix in the middle of helix 4. Among the six residues that donate hydrogen bonds to GSH, only Arg113 was located in the C-terminal domain. Ala substitution of Arg113 did not have a significant effect on enzyme activity, suggesting that the Arg113 hydrogen bond does not play a crucial role in catalysis. On the other hand, mutation at Phe108, located just below Arg113 in the binding pocket, reduced the affinity and catalytic activity to both GSH and the electrophilic co-substrate, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
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Daborn PJ, Lumb C, Harrop TWR, Blasetti A, Pasricha S, Morin S, Mitchell SN, Donnelly MJ, Müller P, Batterham P. Using Drosophila melanogaster to validate metabolism-based insecticide resistance from insect pests. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:918-924. [PMID: 23023059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Identifying molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance is important for preserving insecticide efficacy, developing new insecticides and implementing insect control. The metabolic detoxification of insecticides is a widespread resistance mechanism. Enzymes with the potential to detoxify insecticides are commonly encoded by members of the large cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase gene families, all rapidly evolving in insects. Here, we demonstrate that the model insect Drosophila melanogaster is useful for functionally validating the role of metabolic enzymes in conferring metabolism-based insecticide resistance. Alleles of three well-characterized genes from different pest insects were expressed in transgenic D. melanogaster : a carboxylesterase gene (αE7) from the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina, a glutathione S-transferase gene (GstE2) from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae and a cytochrome P450 gene (Cyp6cm1) from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. For all genes, expression in D. melanogaster resulted in insecticide resistance phenotypes mirroring those observed in resistant populations of the pest species. Using D. melanogaster to assess the potential for novel metabolic resistance mechanisms to evolve in pest species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Daborn
- Department of Genetics and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Zhou WW, Li XW, Quan YH, Cheng J, Zhang CX, Gurr G, Zhu ZR. Identification and expression profiles of nine glutathione S-transferase genes from the important rice phloem sap-sucker and virus vector Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:1296-1305. [PMID: 22522784 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have received considerable attention in insects for their roles in insecticide resistance. Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) is a serious rice pest. L. striatellus outbreaks occur frequently throughout eastern Asia. A key problem in controlling this pest is its rapid adaptation to numerous insecticides. In this research, nine cDNAs encoding GSTs in L. striatellus were cloned and characterised. RESULTS The cloned GSTs of L. striatellus belonged to six cytosolic classes and a microsomal subgroup. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of each of the six insecticides, DDT, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid, buprofezin and beta-cypermethrin, quickly induced (6 h) up-expression of LsGSTe1. The expression of LsGSTs2 was increased by chlorpyrifos, fipronil and beta-cypermethrin. Furthermore, exposure of L. striatellus to fipronil, imidacloprid, buprofezin and beta-cypermethrin increased the expression of the LsGSTm gene after 24 or 48 h. CONCLUSION This work is the first identification of GST genes from different GST groups in Auchenorrhyncha species and their induction characteristics with insecticide types and time. The elevated expression of GST genes induced by insecticides might be related to the enhanced tolerance of this insect to insecticides and xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Ministry of Agriculture, and Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Hsu JC, Chien TY, Hu CC, Chen MJM, Wu WJ, Feng HT, Haymer DS, Chen CY. Discovery of genes related to insecticide resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis by functional genomic analysis of a de novo assembled transcriptome. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40950. [PMID: 22879883 PMCID: PMC3413685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance has recently become a critical concern for control of many insect pest species. Genome sequencing and global quantization of gene expression through analysis of the transcriptome can provide useful information relevant to this challenging problem. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is one of the world's most destructive agricultural pests, and recently it has been used as a target for studies of genetic mechanisms related to insecticide resistance. However, prior to this study, the molecular data available for this species was largely limited to genes identified through homology. To provide a broader pool of gene sequences of potential interest with regard to insecticide resistance, this study uses whole transcriptome analysis developed through de novo assembly of short reads generated by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The transcriptome of B. dorsalis was initially constructed using Illumina's Solexa sequencing technology. Qualified reads were assembled into contigs and potential splicing variants (isotigs). A total of 29,067 isotigs have putative homologues in the non-redundant (nr) protein database from NCBI, and 11,073 of these correspond to distinct D. melanogaster proteins in the RefSeq database. Approximately 5,546 isotigs contain coding sequences that are at least 80% complete and appear to represent B. dorsalis genes. We observed a strong correlation between the completeness of the assembled sequences and the expression intensity of the transcripts. The assembled sequences were also used to identify large numbers of genes potentially belonging to families related to insecticide resistance. A total of 90 P450-, 42 GST-and 37 COE-related genes, representing three major enzyme families involved in insecticide metabolism and resistance, were identified. In addition, 36 isotigs were discovered to contain target site sequences related to four classes of resistance genes. Identified sequence motifs were also analyzed to characterize putative polypeptide translational products and associate them with specific genes and protein functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Chun Hsu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Ying Chien
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Hu
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ju May Chen
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jer Wu
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Plant Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Tung Feng
- Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - David S. Haymer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Structural evidence for conformational changes of Delta class glutathione transferases after ligand binding. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 521:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ayres CFJ, Müller P, Dyer N, Wilding CS, Rigden DJ, Donnelly MJ. Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione S-transferase epsilon cluster. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29237. [PMID: 22206003 PMCID: PMC3242777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family play critical roles in detoxification of xenobiotics across many taxa. While GSTs are ubiquitous both in animals and plants, the GST epsilon class (GSTE) is insect-specific and has been associated with resistance to chemical insecticides. While both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae GSTE clusters consist of eight members, only four putative orthologs are identifiable between the species, suggesting independent expansions of the class in each lineage. We used a primer walking approach, sequencing almost the entire cluster from three Anopheles species (An. stephensi, An. funestus (both Cellia subgenus) and An. plumbeus (Anopheles subgenus)) and compared the sequences to putative orthologs in An. gambiae (Cellia) in an attempt to trace the evolution of the cluster within the subfamily Anophelinae. Furthermore, we measured transcript levels from the identified GSTE loci by real time reverse transcription PCR to determine if all genes were similarly transcribed at different life stages. Among the species investigated, gene order and orientation were similar with three exceptions: (i) GSTE1 was absent in An. plumbeus; (ii) GSTE2 is duplicated in An. plumbeus and (iii) an additional transcriptionally active pseudogene (ψAsGSTE2) was found in An. stephensi. Further statistical analysis and protein modelling gave evidence for positive selection on codons of the catalytic site in GSTE5 albeit its origin seems to predate the introduction of chemical insecticides. Gene expression profiles revealed differences in expression pattern among genes at different life stages. With the exception of GSTE1, ψAsGSTE2 and GSTE2b, all Anopheles species studied share orthologs and hence we assume that GSTE expansion generally predates radiation into subgenera, though the presence of GSTE1 may also suggest a recent duplication event in the Old World Cellia subgenus, instead of a secondary loss. The modifications of the catalytic site within GSTE5 may represent adaptations to new habitats.
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Perry T, Batterham P, Daborn PJ. The biology of insecticidal activity and resistance. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:411-22. [PMID: 21426939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Identifying insecticide resistance mechanisms is paramount for pest insect control, as the understandings that underpin insect control strategies must provide ways of detecting and managing resistance. Insecticide resistance studies rely heavily on detailed biochemical and genetic analyses. Although there have been many successes, there are also many examples of resistance that still challenge us. As a precursor to rational pest insect control, the biology of the insect, within the contexts of insecticide modes of action and insecticide metabolism, must be well understood. It makes sense to initiate this research in the best model insect system, Drosophila melanogaster, and translate these findings and methodologies to other insects. Here we explore the usefulness of the D. melanogaster model in studying metabolic-based insecticide resistances, target-site mediated resistances and identifying novel insecticide targets, whilst highlighting the importance of having a more complete understanding of insect biology for insecticide studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent Perry
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Dabrowska P, Shabab M, Brandt W, Vogel H, Boland W. Isomerization of the phytohormone precursor 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) in the insect gut: a mechanistic and computational study. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22348-54. [PMID: 21527631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.244509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
12-Oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) is isomerized in the gut of herbivorous insects to tetrahydrodicranenone B (iso-OPDA). The transformation is achieved by a glutathione S-transferase present in the gut epithelium. Experiments with 9-[(2)H]-iso-OPDA demonstrated the complete retention of the deuterium atom in the product 11-[(2)H]-OPDA consistent with an intramolecular 1,3-hydrogen shift. Homology modeling based on the x-ray structure of a glutathione S-transferase from Anopheles gambiae revealed that the co-factor glutathione does not covalently bind to the substrate but appears to be involved in the initial deprotonation and enolization of the OPDA. The transformation resembles that of a mammalian GST-catalyzed isomerization of Δ(5)-3-ketosteroids to Δ(4)-3-ketosteroids or the conversion of prostaglandin A(1) to the biologically inactive prostaglandin B(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Dabrowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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