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Hall L, Hart R. Role of corticosteroids in skin physiology and therapeutic potential of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor: A review. Int J Dermatol 2024; 63:443-454. [PMID: 38146184 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Skin is a major site of cortisol bioconversion by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) enzymes which catalyze intracellular inactive cortisone into physiologically active cortisol. 11β-HSD1 is highly expressed in skin, especially in dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, melanocytes, and hair follicles, and plays important roles in regulating keratinocytes, fibroblast proliferation, and has roles in skin aging. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may reverse decreased collagen levels observed in extrinsically and intrinsically aged skin. Inhibitors of 11β-HSD1 may also have the potential to reverse decreased collagen observed in skin atrophy induced by glucocorticoid treatment. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of roles for 11β-HSD1 inhibitor in skin physiology and potential for future use in medications. Studies have demonstrated that immediately following experimental insult in an animal model, there is increased expression of 11β-HSD1, and that topical application of an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor increases the rate of healing, increases skin collagen content, increases dermal fibroblasts, and increases dermal thickness. Furthermore, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 11β-HSD1 inhibitors reduce wound diameter after injury. Further development of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors appears to be a promising area for treating aging skin, aiding wound healing, and mitigating effects of systemic glucocorticoid use. Both topically and orally administered 11β-HSD1 inhibitors appear to be viable avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Hall
- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Hart
- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Gómez C, Alimajstorovic Z, Othonos N, Winter DV, White S, Lavery GG, Tomlinson JW, Sinclair AJ, Odermatt A. Identification of a human blood biomarker of pharmacological 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibition. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:698-711. [PMID: 37740611 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) catalyses the oxoreduction of cortisone to cortisol, amplifying levels of active glucocorticoids. It is a pharmaceutical target in metabolic disease and cognitive impairments. 11β-HSD1 also converts some 7oxo-steroids to their 7β-hydroxy forms. A recent study in mice described the ratio of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA)/tauro-7oxolithocholic acid (T7oxoLCA) as a biomarker for decreased 11β-HSD1 activity. The present study evaluates the equivalent bile acid ratio of glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA)/glyco-7oxolithocholic acid (G7oxoLCA) as a biomarker for pharmacological 11β-HSD1 inhibition in humans and compares it with the currently applied urinary (5α-tetrahydrocortisol + tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ((5αTHF + THF)/THE) ratio. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Bile acid profiles were analysed by ultra-HPLC tandem-MS in blood samples from two independent, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical studies of the orally administered selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor AZD4017. The blood GUDCA/G7oxoLCA ratio was compared with the urinary tetrahydro-glucocorticoid ratio for ability to detect 11β-HSD1 inhibition. KEY RESULTS No significant alterations were observed in bile acid profiles following 11β-HSD1 inhibition by AZD4017, except for an increase of the secondary bile acid G7oxoLCA. The enzyme product/substrate ratio GUDCA/G7oxoLCA was found to be more reliable to detect 11β-HSD1 inhibition than the absolute G7oxoLCA concentration in both cohorts. Comparison of the blood GUDCA/G7oxoLCA ratio with the urinary (5αTHF + THF)/THE ratio revealed that both successfully detect 11β-HSD1 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 11β-HSD1 inhibition does not cause major alterations in bile acid homeostasis. The GUDCA/G7oxoLCA ratio represents the first blood biomarker of pharmacological 11β-HSD1 inhibition and may replace or complement the urinary (5αTHF + THF)/THE ratio biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gómez
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zerin Alimajstorovic
- Metabolic Neurology, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nantia Othonos
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Denise V Winter
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah White
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Department for Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra J Sinclair
- Metabolic Neurology, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ghosh S, Ghzaiel I, Vejux A, Meaney S, Nag S, Lizard G, Tripathi G, Naez F, Paul S. Impact of Oxysterols in Age-Related Disorders and Strategies to Alleviate Adverse Effects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:163-191. [PMID: 38036880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols or cholesterol oxidation products are a class of molecules with the sterol moiety, derived from oxidative reaction of cholesterol through enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. They are widely reported in animal-origin foods and prove significant involvement in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, lipid transport, cellular signaling, and other physiological processes. Reports of oxysterol-mediated cytotoxicity are in abundance and thus consequently implicated in several age-related and lifestyle disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, bone disorders, pancreatic disorders, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and some types of cancers. In this chapter, we attempt to review a selection of physiologically relevant oxysterols, with a focus on their formation, properties, and roles in health and disease, while also delving into the potential of natural and synthetic molecules along with bacterial enzymes for mitigating oxysterol-mediated cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory 'Nutrition, Functional Food and Vascular Health' (LR12ES05), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Anne Vejux
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Steve Meaney
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne & Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Department of Bio-Sciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Falal Naez
- Department of Microbiology, Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Srijita Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Gurudas College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Veiga-da-Cunha M, Wortmann SB, Grünert SC, Van Schaftingen E. Treatment of the Neutropenia Associated with GSD1b and G6PC3 Deficiency with SGLT2 Inhibitors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13101803. [PMID: 37238286 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen storage disease type Ib (GSD1b) is due to a defect in the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) of the endoplasmic reticulum, which is encoded by the SLC37A4 gene. This transporter allows the glucose-6-phosphate that is made in the cytosol to cross the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and be hydrolyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC1), a membrane enzyme whose catalytic site faces the lumen of the ER. Logically, G6PT deficiency causes the same metabolic symptoms (hepatorenal glycogenosis, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia) as deficiency in G6PC1 (GSD1a). Unlike GSD1a, GSD1b is accompanied by low neutrophil counts and impaired neutrophil function, which is also observed, independently of any metabolic problem, in G6PC3 deficiency. Neutrophil dysfunction is, in both diseases, due to the accumulation of 1,5-anhydroglucitol-6-phosphate (1,5-AG6P), a potent inhibitor of hexokinases, which is slowly formed in the cells from 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), a glucose analog that is normally present in blood. Healthy neutrophils prevent the accumulation of 1,5-AG6P due to its hydrolysis by G6PC3 following transport into the ER by G6PT. An understanding of this mechanism has led to a treatment aimed at lowering the concentration of 1,5-AG in blood by treating patients with inhibitors of SGLT2, which inhibits renal glucose reabsorption. The enhanced urinary excretion of glucose inhibits the 1,5-AG transporter, SGLT5, causing a substantial decrease in the concentration of this polyol in blood, an increase in neutrophil counts and function and a remarkable improvement in neutropenia-associated clinical signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Veiga-da-Cunha
- Metabolic Research Group, de Duve Institute and UCLouvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboudumc, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah C Grünert
- Department of General Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Kley M, Moser SO, Winter DV, Odermatt A. In vitro methods to assess 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity. Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:121-165. [PMID: 37802569 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) converts inactive 11-keto-glucocorticoids to their active 11β-hydroxylated forms. It also catalyzes the oxoreduction of other endogenous and exogenous substrates. The ubiquitously expressed 11β-HSD1 shows high levels in liver and other metabolically active tissues such as brain and adipose tissue. Pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 was found to ameliorate adverse metabolic effects of elevated glucocorticoids in rodents and humans, improve wound healing and delay skin aging, and enhance memory and cognition in rodent Alzheimer's disease models. Thus, there is an interest to develop 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for therapeutic purposes. This chapter describes in vitro methods to assess 11β-HSD1 enzyme activity for different purposes, be it in disease models, for the assessment of the kinetics of novel substrates or for the screening and characterization of inhibitors. 11β-HSD1 protein expression and preparations of the different biological samples are discussed first, followed by a description of a well-established and easily adaptable 11β-HSD1 enzyme activity assay. Finally, different readout methods are shortly described. This chapter should provide the reader with a toolbox of methods to assess 11β-HSD1 activity with instructions in the form of a decision tree for the choice and implementation of an appropriate enzyme activity assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Kley
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seraina O Moser
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Winter
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Miao X, Luo Q, Zhao H, Qin X. Comparison of alternative splicing (AS) events in adipose tissue of polled dorset versus small tail han sheep. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14938. [PMID: 37095997 PMCID: PMC10121611 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the alternative splicing (AS), the exons of primary transcripts are spliced in various arrangements, resulting in structurally and functionally distinct mRNAs and proteins. This study aimed to examine genes with AS events from Small Tail Han sheep and Dorset sheep to explore the mechanism of adipose developments. Methods This study identified the genes with AS events in adipose tissues of two different sheep with next-generation sequencing. In this paper, genes with significantly different AS events were performed gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Results 364 genes with 411 A S events showed significant differences in adipose tissues between the two breeds; 108 genes with 120 A S events were extremely significant differences between the two breeds. We identified several novel genes that are related with adipose growth and development. The results of KEGG and GO analysis indicated that oocyte meiosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase (Wnt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, etc. Were closely related to the adipose tissue developments. Conclusions This paper revealed that the genes with AS events are important for adipose tissues in sheep, exploring the mechanisms of AS events associated with adipose tissue developments in sheep of different breeds.
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Tagawa R, Kobayashi M, Sakurai M, Yoshida M, Kaneko H, Mizunoe Y, Nozaki Y, Okita N, Sudo Y, Higami Y. Long-Term Dietary Taurine Lowers Plasma Levels of Cholesterol and Bile Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031793. [PMID: 35163722 PMCID: PMC8836270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid in vertebrates, but excess blood cholesterol promotes atherosclerosis. In the liver, cholesterol is metabolized to bile acids by cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily a, polypeptide 1 (CYP7A1), the transcription of which is negatively regulated by the ERK pathway. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hepatokine, induces ERK phosphorylation and suppresses Cyp7a1 transcription. Taurine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, reportedly promotes cholesterol metabolism and lowers blood and hepatic cholesterol levels. However, the influence of long-term feeding of taurine on cholesterol levels and metabolism remains unclear. Here, to evaluate the more chronic effects of taurine on cholesterol levels, we analyzed mice fed a taurine-rich diet for 14-16 weeks. Long-term feeding of taurine lowered plasma cholesterol and bile acids without significantly changing other metabolic parameters, but hardly affected these levels in the liver. Moreover, taurine upregulated Cyp7a1 levels, while downregulated phosphorylated ERK and Fgf21 levels in the liver. Likewise, taurine-treated Hepa1-6 cells, a mouse hepatocyte line, exhibited downregulated Fgf21 levels and upregulated promoter activity of Cyp7a1. These results indicate that taurine promotes cholesterol metabolism by suppressing the FGF21/ERK pathway followed by upregulating Cyp7a1 expression. Collectively, this study shows that long-term feeding of taurine lowers both plasma cholesterol and bile acids, reinforcing that taurine effectively prevents hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Tagawa
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (R.T.); (M.S.); (M.Y.); (H.K.); (Y.N.); (Y.S.)
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (R.T.); (M.S.); (M.Y.); (H.K.); (Y.N.); (Y.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (Y.H.); Tel.: +81-4-7121-3676 (M.K.); +81-4-7121-3675 (Y.H.)
| | - Misako Sakurai
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (R.T.); (M.S.); (M.Y.); (H.K.); (Y.N.); (Y.S.)
| | - Maho Yoshida
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (R.T.); (M.S.); (M.Y.); (H.K.); (Y.N.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (R.T.); (M.S.); (M.Y.); (H.K.); (Y.N.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yuhei Mizunoe
- Department of Internal Medicine Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan;
| | - Yuka Nozaki
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (R.T.); (M.S.); (M.Y.); (H.K.); (Y.N.); (Y.S.)
| | - Naoyuki Okita
- Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi 756-0884, Japan;
| | - Yuka Sudo
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (R.T.); (M.S.); (M.Y.); (H.K.); (Y.N.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshikazu Higami
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; (R.T.); (M.S.); (M.Y.); (H.K.); (Y.N.); (Y.S.)
- Division of Integrated Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (Y.H.); Tel.: +81-4-7121-3676 (M.K.); +81-4-7121-3675 (Y.H.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, and G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS
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Morris DJ, Brem AS, Odermatt A. Modulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase functions by the cloud of endogenous metabolites in a local microenvironment: The glycyrrhetinic acid-like factor (GALF) hypothesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105988. [PMID: 34464733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD)-dependent conversion of cortisol to cortisone and corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone are essential in regulating transcriptional activities of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Inhibition of 11β-HSD by glycyrrhetinic acid metabolites, bioactive components of licorice, causes sodium retention and potassium loss, with hypertension characterized by low renin and aldosterone. Essential hypertension is a major disease, mostly with unknown underlying mechanisms. Here, we discuss a putative mechanism for essential hypertension, the concept that endogenous steroidal compounds acting as glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs) inhibit 11β-HSD dehydrogenase, and allow for glucocorticoid-induced MR and GR activation with resulting hypertension. Initially, several metabolites of adrenally produced glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids were shown to be potent 11β-HSD inhibitors. Such GALFs include modifications in the A-ring and/or at positions 3, 7 and 21 of the steroid backbone. These metabolites may be formed in peripheral tissues or by gut microbiota. More recently, metabolites of 11β-hydroxy-Δ4androstene-3,17-dione and 7-oxygenated oxysterols have been identified as potent 11β-HSD inhibitors. In a living system, 11β-HSD isoforms are not exposed to a single substrate but to several substrates, cofactors, and various inhibitors simultaneously, all at different concentrations depending on physical state, tissue and cell type. We propose that this "cloud" of steroids and steroid-like substances in the microenvironment determines the 11β-HSD-dependent control of MR and GR activity. A dysregulated composition of this cloud of metabolites in the respective microenvironment needs to be taken into account when investigating disease mechanisms, for forms of low renin, low aldosterone hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Andrew S Brem
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: A growing multi-tasking family. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 526:111210. [PMID: 33607268 PMCID: PMC8108011 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review briefly addresses the history of the discovery and elucidation of the three cloned 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) enzymes in the human, 11βHSD1, 11βHSD2 and 11βHSD3, an NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase also called the 11βHSD1-like dehydrogenase (11βHSD1L), as well as evidence for yet identified 11βHSDs. Attention is devoted to more recently described aspects of this multi-functional family. The importance of 11βHSD substrates other than glucocorticoids including bile acids, 7-keto sterols, neurosteroids, and xenobiotics is discussed, along with examples of pathology when functions of these multi-tasking enzymes are disrupted. 11βHSDs modulate the intracellular concentration of glucocorticoids, thereby regulating the activation of the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors, and 7β-27-hydroxycholesterol, an agonist of the retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγ). Key functions of this nuclear transcription factor include regulation of immune cell differentiation, cytokine production and inflammation at the cell level. 11βHSD1 expression and/or glucocorticoid reductase activity are inappropriately increased with age and in obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Potential causes for disappointing results of the clinical trials of selective inhibitors of 11βHSD1 in the treatment of these disorders are discussed, as well as the potential for more targeted use of inhibitors of 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jackson, MS, USA; Medicine (Endocrinology), Jackson, MS, USA; University of Mississippi Medical Center and G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center(3), Jackson, MS, USA
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Weingartner M, Stücheli S, Kratschmar DV, Birk J, Klusonova P, Chapman KE, Lavery GG, Odermatt A. The ratio of ursodeoxycholyltaurine to 7-oxolithocholyltaurine serves as a biomarker of decreased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 activity in mouse. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3309-3326. [PMID: 33450045 PMCID: PMC8359391 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose 11β‐Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β‐HSD1) regulates tissue‐specific glucocorticoid metabolism and its impaired expression and activity are associated with major diseases. Pharmacological inhibition of 11β‐HSD1 is considered a promising therapeutic strategy. This study investigated whether alternative 7‐oxo bile acid substrates of 11β‐HSD1 or the ratios to their 7‐hydroxy products can serve as biomarkers for decreased enzymatic activity. Experimental Approach Bile acid profiles were measured by ultra‐HPLC tandem‐MS in plasma and liver tissue samples of four different mouse models with decreased 11β‐HSD1 activity: global (11KO) and liver‐specific 11β‐HSD1 knockout mice (11LKO), mice lacking hexose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (H6pdKO) that provides cofactor NADPH for 11β‐HSD1 and mice treated with the pharmacological inhibitor carbenoxolone. Additionally, 11β‐HSD1 expression and activity were assessed in H6pdKO‐ and carbenoxolone‐treated mice. Key Results The enzyme product to substrate ratios were more reliable markers of 11β‐HSD1 activity than absolute levels due to large inter‐individual variations in bile acid concentrations. The ratio of the 7β‐hydroxylated ursodeoxycholyltaurine (UDC‐Tau) to 7‐oxolithocholyltaurine (7oxoLC‐Tau) was diminished in plasma and liver tissue of all four mouse models and decreased in H6pdKO‐ and carbenoxolone‐treated mice with moderately reduced 11β‐HSD1 activity. The persistence of 11β‐HSD1 oxoreduction activity in the face of H6PD loss indicates the existence of an alternative NADPH source in the endoplasmic reticulum. Conclusions and Implications The plasma UDC‐Tau/7oxo‐LC‐Tau ratio detects decreased 11β‐HSD1 oxoreduction activity in different mouse models. This ratio may be a useful biomarker of decreased 11β‐HSD1 activity in pathophysiological situations or upon pharmacological inhibition. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weingartner
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Stücheli
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Klusonova
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen E Chapman
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Lu Y, Wang E, Chen Y, Zhou B, Zhao J, Xiang L, Qian Y, Jiang J, Zhao L, Xiong X, Lu Z, Wu D, Liu B, Yan J, Zhang R, Zhang H, Hu C, Li X. Obesity-induced excess of 17-hydroxyprogesterone promotes hyperglycemia through activation of glucocorticoid receptor. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3791-3804. [PMID: 32510471 DOI: 10.1172/jci134485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become an expanding global public health problem. Although the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an important regulator of glucose metabolism, the relationship between circulating glucocorticoids (GCs) and the features of T2DM remains controversial. Here, we show that 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), an intermediate steroid in the biosynthetic pathway that converts cholesterol to cortisol, binds to and stimulates the transcriptional activity of GR. Hepatic 17-OHP concentrations are increased in diabetic mice and patients due to aberrantly increased expression of Cyp17A1. Systemic administration of 17-OHP or overexpression of Cyp17A1 in the livers of lean mice promoted the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, whereas knockdown of Cyp17A1 abrogated metabolic disorders in obese mice. Therefore, our results identify a Cyp17A1/17-OHP/GR-dependent pathway in the liver that mediates obesity-induced hyperglycemia, suggesting that selectively targeting hepatic Cyp17A1 may provide a therapeutic avenue for treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - E Wang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Jiejie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Liping Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Yiling Qian
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Xuelian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
| | - Duojiao Wu
- Institute of Clinical Science, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and.,Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, and.,Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and
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13
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de Medina P, Diallo K, Huc-Claustre E, Attia M, Soulès R, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M. The 5,6-epoxycholesterol metabolic pathway in breast cancer: Emergence of new pharmacological targets. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3248-3260. [PMID: 32696532 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways have emerged as cornerstones in carcinogenic deregulation providing new therapeutic strategies for cancer management. Recently, a new branch of cholesterol metabolism has been discovered involving the biochemical transformation of 5,6-epoxycholesterols (5,6-ECs). The 5,6-ECs are metabolized in breast cancers to the tumour promoter oncosterone whereas, in normal breast tissue, they are metabolized to the tumour suppressor metabolite, dendrogenin A (DDA). Blocking the mitogenic and invasive potential of oncosterone will present new opportunities for breast cancer treatment. The reactivation of DDA biosynthesis, or its use as a drug, represents promising therapeutic approaches such as DDA-deficiency complementation, activation of breast cancer cell re-differentiation and breast cancer chemoprevention. This review presents current knowledge of the 5,6-EC metabolic pathway in breast cancer, focusing on the 5,6-EC metabolic enzymes ChEH and HSD11B2 and on 5,6-EC metabolite targets, the oxysterol receptor (LXRβ) and the glucocorticoid receptor. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe de Medina
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Khadijetou Diallo
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Emilie Huc-Claustre
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mehdi Attia
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Soulès
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Poirot
- UMR-1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team "Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations"; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, The French Network for Nutrition and Cancer Research (NACRe Network), INSERM-Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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14
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Tokarz J, Lintelmann J, Möller G, Adamski J. Substrate multispecificity among 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 members. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 510:110822. [PMID: 32315721 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroids regulate many physiological processes. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) modulate the levels of steroids in pre- and post-receptor metabolism. The subfamily of 20β-HSD type 2 currently comprises six members from six different species. The zebrafish ortholog converts cortisone to 20β-dihydrocortisone and is involved in the catabolism of the stress hormone cortisol. Here, we elucidated the substrate preferences of all 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes towards a selected panel of steroids. For quantification of the substrates and their respective 20β-reduced products, we first developed and validated a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based method. Applying this method to activity assays with recombinantly expressed enzymes, our findings indicate that the 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes catalyze the 20β-reduction of a plethora of steroids of the glucocorticoid biosynthesis pathway. The observed multispecificity among the homologous 20β-HSD type 2 enzymes implies different physiological roles in different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Jutta Lintelmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany; Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Sghaier R, Nury T, Leoni V, Caccia C, Pais De Barros JP, Cherif A, Vejux A, Moreau T, Limem K, Samadi M, Mackrill JJ, Masmoudi AS, Lizard G, Zarrouk A. Dimethyl fumarate and monomethyl fumarate attenuate oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations leading to oxiapoptophagy in 158N murine oligodendrocytes treated with 7β-hydroxycholesterol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 194:105432. [PMID: 31344443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and favor lipid peroxidation, leading to increased levels of 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC) which induces oxiapoptophagy (OXIdative stress, APOPTOsis, autoPHAGY). The cytoprotective effects of dimethylfumarate (DMF), used in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and of monomethylfumarate (MMF), its main metabolite, were evaluated on murine oligodendrocytes 158 N exposed to 7β-OHC (50 μM, 24 h) with or without DMF or MMF (25 μM). The activity of 7β-OHC in the presence or absence DMF or MMF was evaluated on several parameters: cell adhesion; plasma membrane integrity measured with propidium iodide (PI), trypan blue and fluoresceine diacetate (FDA) assays; LDH activity; antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)); generation of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde (MDA), conjugated dienes (CDs)) and protein oxidation products (carbonylated proteins (CPs)); reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction conducted with DHE and DHR123. The effect on mitochondria was determined with complementary criteria: measurement of succinate dehydrogenase activity, evaluation of mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) and mitochondrial superoxide anions (O2●-) production using DiOC6(3) and MitoSOX, respectively; quantification of mitochondrial mass with Mitotracker Red, and of cardiolipins and organic acids. The effects on mitochondrial and peroxisomal ultrastructure were determined by transmission electron microscopy. Intracellular sterol and fatty acid profiles were determined. Apoptosis and autophagy were characterized by staining with Hoechst 33,342, Giemsa and acridine orange, and with antibodies raised against caspase-3 and LC3. DMF and MMF attenuate 7β-OHC-induced cytotoxicity: cell growth inhibition; decreased cell viability; mitochondrial dysfunction (decrease of succinate dehydrogenase activity, loss of ΔΨm, increase of mitochondrial O2●- production, alteration of the tricarboxilic acid (TCA) cycle, and cardiolipins content); oxidative stress induction (ROS overproduction, alteration of GPx, CAT, and SOD activities, increased levels of MDA, CDs, and CPs); changes in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism; and cell death induction (caspase-3 cleavage, activation of LC3-I in LC3-II). Ultrastructural alterations of mitochondria and peroxisomes were prevented. These results demonstrate that DMF and MMF prevent major dysfunctions associated with neurodegenerative diseases: oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Sghaier
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France; Univ. Sousse, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tunisia; Univ. Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir; Univ. Manouba, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorisation of Bio-Géo Ressources (LR11ES31), Higher Institute of Biotechnology, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Thomas Nury
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, IRCCS Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Ameur Cherif
- Univ. Manouba, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorisation of Bio-Géo Ressources (LR11ES31), Higher Institute of Biotechnology, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Anne Vejux
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France
| | - Thibault Moreau
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France; Univ. Hospital, Department of Neurology, Dijon, France
| | - Khalifa Limem
- Univ. Sousse, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tunisia
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- LCPMC-A2, ICPM, Dept of Chemistry, Univ. Lorraine, Metz Technopôle, Metz, France
| | - John J Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ahmed Slaheddine Masmoudi
- Univ. Manouba, Laboratory of Biotechnology and Valorisation of Bio-Géo Ressources (LR11ES31), Higher Institute of Biotechnology, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA 7270 / Inserm, Dijon, France.
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Univ. Sousse, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tunisia; Univ. Monastir, Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', Monastir.
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16
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Beck KR, Inderbinen SG, Kanagaratnam S, Kratschmar DV, Jetten AM, Yamaguchi H, Odermatt A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases control access of 7β,27-dihydroxycholesterol to retinoid-related orphan receptor γ. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1535-1546. [PMID: 31273032 PMCID: PMC6718442 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m092908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols previously were considered intermediates of bile acid and steroid hormone biosynthetic pathways. However, recent research has emphasized the roles of oxysterols in essential physiologic processes and in various diseases. Despite these discoveries, the metabolic pathways leading to the different oxysterols are still largely unknown and the biosynthetic origin of several oxysterols remains unidentified. Earlier studies demonstrated that the glucocorticoid metabolizing enzymes, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) types 1 and 2, interconvert 7-ketocholesterol (7kC) and 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC). We examined the role of 11β-HSDs in the enzymatic control of the intracellular availability of 7β,27-dihydroxycholesterol (7β27OHC), a retinoid-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) ligand. We used microsomal preparations of cells expressing recombinant 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 to assess whether 7β27OHC and 7-keto,27-hydroxycholesterol (7k27OHC) are substrates of these enzymes. Binding of 7β27OHC and 7k27OHC to 11β-HSDs was studied by molecular modeling. To our knowledge, the stereospecific oxoreduction of 7k27OHC to 7β27OHC by human 11β-HSD1 and the reverse oxidation reaction of 7β27OHC to 7k27OHC by human 11β-HSD2 were demonstrated for the first time. Apparent enzyme affinities of 11β-HSDs for these novel substrates were equal to or higher than those of the glucocorticoids. This is supported by the fact that 7k27OHC and 7β27OHC are potent inhibitors of the 11β-HSD1-dependent oxoreduction of cortisone and the 11β-HSD2-dependent oxidation of cortisol, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking calculations explained stereospecific enzyme activities. Finally, using an inducible RORγ reporter system, we showed that 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 controlled RORγ activity. These findings revealed a novel glucocorticoid-independent prereceptor regulation mechanism by 11β-HSDs that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina R Beck
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia G Inderbinen
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sharavan Kanagaratnam
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Dammann C, Stapelfeld C, Maser E. Expression and activity of the cortisol-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is tissue and species-specific. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 303:57-61. [PMID: 30796905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The microsomal enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) interconverts glucocorticoid receptor-inert cortisone (11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents) to its receptor-active form cortisol (corticosterone in rodents). Thus, 11β-HSD1 amplifies glucocorticoid action at the tissue level. According to the current literature, dysregulation of glucocorticoid signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome in which regeneration of cortisol by 11β-HSD1 may be an important factor. This is why the enzyme has been very intensely investigated as a potential therapeutic target to treat metabolic complications such as obesity and diabetes type 2. However, due to controversial results from the various animal and human studies as well as from different findings with regard to tissue-specific expression and activity, the varied results unfortunately do not yield a consistent picture. Therefore, the precise role of 11β-HSD1 in the development of complications associated with the metabolic syndrome has still not been deciphered yet. Overall, the prominent role of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome becomes more and more dubious and therefore further studies are necessary to clarify its role finally. This short review gives an overview on the main contradicting findings on the role of 11β-HSD1 in the development of visceral obesity and diabetes type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dammann
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Stapelfeld
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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18
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White PC. Alterations of Cortisol Metabolism in Human Disorders. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:320-330. [PMID: 29843121 DOI: 10.1159/000485508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interconversion of active and inactive corticosteroids - cortisol and cortisone, respectively, in humans - is modulated by isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD). Studies of this process have provided crucial insights into glucocorticoid effects in a wide variety of tissues. The 11-HSD1 isozyme functions mainly as an oxoreductase (cortisone to cortisol) and is expressed at high levels in the liver and other glucocorticoid target tissues. Because it is required for full physiological effects of cortisol, it has emerged as a drug target for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Mutations in the corresponding HSD11B1 gene, or in the H6PD gene encoding hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (which supplies the NADPH required for the oxoreductase activity of 11-HSD1), cause apparent cortisone reductase deficiency, a rare syndrome of adrenocortical hyperactivity and hyperandrogenism. In contrast, the 11-HSD2 isozyme functions as a dehydrogenase (cortisol to cortisone) and is expressed mainly in mineralocorticoid target tissues, where it bars access of cortisol to the mineralocorticoid receptor. Mutations in the HSD11B2 gene encoding 11-HSD2 cause the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, a severe form of familial hypertension. The role of this enzyme in the pathogenesis of common forms of low-renin hypertension remains uncertain.
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19
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Bustos AY, Font de Valdez G, Fadda S, Taranto MP. New insights into bacterial bile resistance mechanisms: the role of bile salt hydrolase and its impact on human health. Food Res Int 2018; 112:250-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Roberts BS, Babilonia-Rosa MA, Broadwell LJ, Wu MJ, Neher SB. Lipase maturation factor 1 affects redox homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797379. [PMID: 30068531 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a secreted lipase that clears triglycerides from the blood. Proper LPL folding and exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) require lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1), an ER-resident transmembrane protein, but the mechanism involved is unknown. We used proteomics to identify LMF1-binding partners necessary for LPL secretion in HEK293 cells and found these to include oxidoreductases and lectin chaperones, suggesting that LMF1 facilitates the formation of LPL's five disulfide bonds. In accordance with this role, we found that LPL aggregates in LMF1-deficient cells due to the formation of incorrect intermolecular disulfide bonds. Cells lacking LMF1 were hypersensitive to depletion of glutathione, but not DTT treatment, suggesting that LMF1 helps reduce the ER Accordingly, we found that loss of LMF1 results in a more oxidized ER Our data show that LMF1 has a broader role than simply folding lipases, and we identified fibronectin and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) as novel LMF1 clients that contain multiple, non-sequential disulfide bonds. We conclude that LMF1 is needed for secretion of some ER client proteins that require reduction of non-native disulfides during their folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa A Babilonia-Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lindsey J Broadwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ming Jing Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Saskia B Neher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Honour JW, Conway E, Hodkinson R, Lam F. The evolution of methods for urinary steroid metabolomics in clinical investigations particularly in childhood. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 181:28-51. [PMID: 29481855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites of cortisol, and the intermediates in the pathways from cholesterol to cortisol and the adrenal sex steroids can be analysed in a single separation of steroids by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to MS to give a urinary steroid profile (USP). Steroids individually and in profile are now commonly measured in plasma by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with MS/MS. The steroid conjugates in urine can be determined after hydrolysis and derivative formation and for the first time without hydrolysis using GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The evolution of the technology, practicalities and clinical applications are examined in this review. The patterns and quantities of steroids changes through childhood. Information can be obtained on production rates, from which children with steroid excess and deficiency states can be recognised when presenting with obesity, adrenarche, adrenal suppression, hypertension, adrenal tumours, intersex condition and early puberty, as examples. Genetic defects in steroid production and action can be detected by abnormalities from the GC-MS of steroids in urine. New mechanisms of steroid synthesis and metabolism have been recognised through steroid profiling. GC with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been used for the tentative identification of unknown steroids in urine from newborn infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Suggestions are made as to areas for future research and for future applications of steroid profiling. As routine hospital laboratories become more familiar with the problems of chromatographic and MS analysis they can consider steroid profiling in their test repertoire although with LC-MS/MS of urinary steroids this is unlikely to become a routine test because of the availability, cost and purity of the internal standards and the complexity of data interpretation. Steroid profiling with quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) after chromatography now provides the most versatile of tests of adrenal function in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Honour
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6AU, UK.
| | - E Conway
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - R Hodkinson
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
| | - F Lam
- Clinical Biochemistry, HSL Analytics LLP, Floor 2, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK
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Harris SC, Devendran S, Méndez- García C, Mythen SM, Wright CL, Fields CJ, Hernandez AG, Cann I, Hylemon PB, Ridlon JM. Bile acid oxidation by Eggerthella lenta strains C592 and DSM 2243 T. Gut Microbes 2018; 9:523-539. [PMID: 29617190 PMCID: PMC6287680 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2018.1458180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Eggerthella lenta are capable of oxidation-reduction reactions capable of oxidizing and epimerizing bile acid hydroxyl groups. Several genes encoding these enzymes, known as hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDH) have yet to be identified. It is also uncertain whether the products of E. lenta bile acid metabolism are further metabolized by other members of the gut microbiota. We characterized a novel human fecal isolate identified as E. lenta strain C592. The complete genome of E. lenta strain C592 was sequenced and comparative genomics with the type strain (DSM 2243) revealed high conservation, but some notable differences. E. lenta strain C592 falls into group III, possessing 3α, 3β, 7α, and 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH) activity, as determined by mass spectrometry of thin layer chromatography (TLC) separated metabolites of primary and secondary bile acids. Incubation of E. lenta oxo-bile acid and iso-bile acid metabolites with whole-cells of the high-activity bile acid 7α-dehydroxylating bacterium, Clostridium scindens VPI 12708, resulted in minimal conversion of oxo-derivatives to lithocholic acid (LCA). Further, Iso-chenodeoxycholic acid (iso-CDCA; 3β,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid) was not metabolized by C. scindens. We then located a gene encoding a novel 12α-HSDH in E. lenta DSM 2243, also encoded by strain C592, and the recombinant purified enzyme was characterized and substrate-specificity determined. Genomic analysis revealed genes encoding an Rnf complex (rnfABCDEG), an energy conserving hydrogenase (echABCDEF) complex, as well as what appears to be a complete Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Our prediction that by changing the gas atmosphere from nitrogen to hydrogen, bile acid oxidation would be inhibited, was confirmed. These results suggest that E. lenta is an important bile acid metabolizing gut microbe and that the gas atmosphere may be an important and overlooked regulator of bile acid metabolism in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C. Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,McGuire Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Sean M. Mythen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chris L. Wright
- Keck Center for Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J. Fields
- Keck Center for Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alvaro G. Hernandez
- Keck Center for Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Isaac Cann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,McGuire Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason M. Ridlon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA,CONTACT Jason M. Ridlon Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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Hylemon PB, Harris SC, Ridlon JM. Metabolism of hydrogen gases and bile acids in the gut microbiome. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2070-2082. [PMID: 29683480 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome refers to a highly diverse microbial ecosystem, which has a symbiotic relationship with the host. Molecular hydrogen (H2 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) are generated by fermentative metabolism in anaerobic ecosystems. H2 generation and oxidation coupled to CO2 reduction to methane or acetate help maintain the structure of the gut microbiome. Bile acids are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol in the liver and are important regulators of host metabolism. In this Review, we discuss how gut bacteria metabolize hydrogen gases and bile acids in the intestinal tract and the consequences on host physiology. Finally, we focus on bile acid metabolism by the Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta. Eggerthella lenta appears to couple hydroxyl group oxidations to reductive acetogenesis under a CO2 or N2 atmosphere, but not under H2 . Hence, at low H2 levels, E. lenta is proposed to use NADH from bile acid hydroxyl group oxidations to reduce CO2 to acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,McGuire Veterans Hospital, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Spencer C Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,McGuire Veterans Hospital, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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Chemistry, biochemistry, metabolic fate and mechanism of action of 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO), a tumor promoter and cholesterol metabolite. Biochimie 2018; 153:139-149. [PMID: 29654865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxygenation products of cholesterol, named oxysterols, were suspected since the 20th century to be involved in carcinogenesis. Among the family of oxysterol molecules, cholesterol-5,6-epoxides (5,6-EC) retained the attention of scientists because they contain a putative alkylating epoxide group. However, studies failed into demonstrating that 5,6-EC were direct carcinogens and revealed a surprising chemical stability and unreactivity towards nucleophiles in standard conditions. Analyses of 5,6-EC metabolism in normal cells showed that they were extensively transformed into cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT) by the cholesterol-5,6-epoxide hydrolase (ChEH). Studies performed in cancer cells showed that CT was additionally metabolized into an oxysterol identified as the 6-oxo-cholestan-3β,5α-diol (OCDO), by the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of type 2 (HSD2), the enzyme which inactivates cortisol into cortisone. Importantly, OCDO was shown to display tumor promoter properties in breast cancers, by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, and independently of their estrogen receptor status, revealing the existence of a new tumorigenic pathway centered on 5,6-EC. In breast tumors from patients, OCDO production as well as the expression of the enzymes involved in the pathway producing OCDO, namely ChEH subunits and HSD2, were higher compared to normal tissues, and overexpression of these enzymes correlate with a higher risk of patient death, indicating that this onco-metabolism is of major importance to breast cancer pathology. Herein, we will review the actual knowledge and the future trends in OCDO chemistry, biochemistry, metabolism and mechanism of action and will discuss the impact of OCDO discovery on new anticancer therapeutic strategies.
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Tsachaki M, Mladenovic N, Štambergová H, Birk J, Odermatt A. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase controls cancer cell proliferation and migration through pleiotropic effects on the unfolded-protein response, calcium homeostasis, and redox balance. FASEB J 2018; 32:2690-2705. [PMID: 29295867 PMCID: PMC5901385 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700870rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) produces reduced NADPH in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen. NADPH constitutes a cofactor for many reducing enzymes, and its inability to traverse biologic membranes makes in situ synthesis of NADPH in the ER lumen indispensable. The H6PD gene is amplified in several types of malignancies, and earlier work pointed toward a potential involvement of the enzyme in cancer cell growth. In the present study, we demonstrated a pivotal role of H6PD in proliferation and migratory potential of 3 human breast cancer cell lines. Knockdown of H6PD decreased proliferation and migration in SUM159, MCF7, and MDA-MB-453 cells. To understand the mechanism through which H6PD exerts its effects, we investigated the cellular changes after H6PD silencing in SUM159 cells. Knockdown of H6PD resulted in an increase in ER lumen oxidation, and down-regulation of many components of the unfolded protein response, including the transcription factors activating transcription factor-4, activating transcription factor-6, split X-box binding protein-1, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein. This effect was accompanied by an increase in sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase-2 pump expression and an decrease in inositol trisphosphate receptor-III, which led to augmented levels of calcium in the ER. Further characterization of the molecular pathways involving H6PD could greatly broaden our understanding of how the ER microenvironment sustains malignant cell growth.-Tsachaki, M., Mladenovic, N., Štambergová, H., Birk, J., Odermatt, A. Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase controls cancer cell proliferation and migration through pleiotropic effects on the unfolded protein response, calcium homeostasis, and redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Mladenovic
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hana Štambergová
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Ellgaard L, Sevier CS, Bulleid NJ. How Are Proteins Reduced in the Endoplasmic Reticulum? Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:32-43. [PMID: 29153511 PMCID: PMC5751730 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reversal of thiol oxidation in proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for protein folding, degradation, chaperone function, and the ER stress response. Our understanding of this process is generally poor but progress has been made. Enzymes performing the initial reduction of client proteins, as well as the ultimate electron donor in the pathway, have been identified. Most recently, a role for the cytosol in ER protein reduction has been revealed. Nevertheless, how reducing equivalents are transferred from the cytosol to the ER lumen remains an open question. We review here why proteins are reduced in the ER, discuss recent data on catalysis of steps in the pathway, and consider the implications for redox homeostasis within the early secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ellgaard
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carolyn S Sevier
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2703, USA.
| | - Neil J Bulleid
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Loerz C, Maser E. The cortisol-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in skeletal muscle in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:65-71. [PMID: 28765040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) contributes to intracellular glucocorticoid action by converting inactive cortisone to its receptor-active form cortisol (11-dehydrocorticosterone and corticosterone in mice and rats). The potential role of 11β-HSD1 in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome has emerged over the past three decades. However, the precise impact of 11β-HSD1 in obesity-related diseases remains uncertain. Many studies from animal experiments to clinical studies have investigated liver and adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 in relation to obesity and its metabolic disorders including insulin resistance. But the relevance of 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle has been less extensively studied. On the other hand, skeletal muscle is assumed to be the main site of peripheral insulin resistance, but the biological relevance of 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle is unclear. This mini-review will focus on 11β-HSD1 in skeletal muscle and its postulated link to obesity and insulin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Loerz
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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Bird AD, Greatorex S, Reser D, Lavery GG, Cole TJ. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase HSD1L is localised to the pituitary-gonadal axis of primates. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:489-499. [PMID: 28871060 PMCID: PMC5592779 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones play clinically important and specific regulatory roles in the development, growth, metabolism, reproduction and brain function in human. The type 1 and 2 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (11β-HSD1 and 2) have key roles in the pre-receptor modification of glucocorticoids allowing aldosterone regulation of blood pressure, control of systemic fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and modulation of integrated metabolism and brain function. Although the activity and function of 11β-HSDs is thought to be understood, there exists an open reading frame for a distinct 11βHSD-like gene; HSD11B1L, which is present in human, non-human primate, sheep, pig and many other higher organisms, whereas an orthologue is absent in the genomes of mouse, rat and rabbit. We have now characterised this novel HSD11B1L gene as encoded by 9 exons and analysis of EST library transcripts indicated the use of two alternate ATG start sites in exons 2 and 3, and alternate splicing in exon 9. Relatively strong HSD11B1L gene expression was detected in human, non-human primate and sheep tissue samples from the brain, ovary and testis. Analysis in non-human primates and sheep by immunohistochemistry localised HSD11B1L protein to the cytoplasm of ovarian granulosa cells, testis Leydig cells, and gonadatroph cells in the anterior pituitary. Intracellular localisation analysis in transfected human HEK293 cells showed HSD1L protein within the endoplasmic reticulum and sequence analysis suggests that similar to 11βHSD1 it is membrane bound. The endogenous substrate of this third HSD enzyme remains elusive with localisation and expression data suggesting a reproductive hormone as a likely substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Daniel Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Spencer Greatorex
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Reser
- Department of PhysiologyMonash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research2nd Floor IBR Tower, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Timothy J Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Loerz C, Staab-Weijnitz C, Huebbe P, Giller K, Metges C, Rimbach G, Maser E. Regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 following caloric restriction and re-feeding is species dependent. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 276:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Yao F, Chen L, Fan Z, Teng F, Zhao Y, Guan F, Zhang M, Liu Y. Interplay between H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4107-4113. [PMID: 28751144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies have been performed on the role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) in metabolic diseases. Our previous study reported glucose could directly regulate hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) and 11β-HSD1. Recently, we further investigated the interplay of H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 and their roles in hepatic gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance to elucidate the importance of H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM rats model and H6PDH or 11β-HSD1 siRNA transfected in CBRH-7919 cells were used to explore the effect of H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 in T2DM. The results showed that the expression and activity of H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 in livers of diabetic rats were increased, with the expressions of PEPCK and G6Pase or liver corticosterone increased apparently. It also showed that H6PDH siRNA and 11β-HSD1 siRNA could inhibit the protein expression and enzyme activity by each other. With H6PDH siRNA, the enhancement of gluconeogenesis was blocked and insulin resistance stimulated by corticosterone was reduced. H6PDH and 11β-HSD1 might be the effective and prospective targets for T2DM and metabolic syndromes, based on the interplay between these two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fengying Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Nam JJ, Min JE, Son MH, Oh JH, Kang S. Ultraviolet- and infrared-induced 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activating skin photoaging is inhibited by red ginseng extract containing high concentration of ginsenoside Rg3(S). PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 33:311-320. [PMID: 28793178 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sun irradiation is one of major extrinsic stressors responsible for premature skin aging through activation and expression of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which converts inactive cortisone to active cortisol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of red ginseng extract containing high concentrations of ginsenoside Rg3 (S) (GERg3) on 11β-HSD1-induced skin photoaging. METHODS To evaluate the inhibitory effects of GERg3 on ultraviolet- (UV) or infrared (IR)-induced skin photoaging, human dermal fibroblasts or a normal human 3D skin model was exposed to UV or an IR. RT-PCR, ELISA, Western blot, and H&E staining were used for evaluations. GERg3 was isolated from crude red ginseng. RESULTS GERg3 inhibited the increased expressions of 11β-HSD1, interleukin (IL)-6, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) in UVB- or IR-exposed Hs68 cells. Additionally, the increased cortisol, IL-6, and MMP-1 expressions were effectively reduced by GERg3 in UVA-exposed 3D skin models. The photoinduced decrease in type 1 procollagen also recovered as a result of GERg3 treatment in Hs68 cells and the 3D skin model. In addition, the UVA-exposed dermal thickness was decreased in comparison with the UVA-protected 3D skin model, recovered with GERg3 treatment. CONCLUSION GERg3 had antiphotoaging effects in UV- or IR-exposed human dermal fibroblasts and normal human 3D skin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Nam
- R&I Center, COSMAX BTI, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Min
- R&I Center, COSMAX, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Min-Ho Son
- R&I Center, COSMAX, Seongnam, South Korea
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Tsachaki M, Meyer A, Weger B, Kratschmar DV, Tokarz J, Adamski J, Belting HG, Affolter M, Dickmeis T, Odermatt A. Absence of 11-keto reduction of cortisone and 11-ketotestosterone in the model organism zebrafish. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:323-335. [PMID: 27927697 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are widely used as model organism. Their suitability for endocrine studies, drug screening and toxicity assessements depends on the extent of conservation of specific genes and biochemical pathways between zebrafish and human. Glucocorticoids consist of inactive 11-keto (cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone) and active 11β-hydroxyl forms (cortisol and corticosterone). In mammals, two 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2) interconvert active and inactive glucocorticoids, allowing tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoid action. Furthermore, 11β-HSDs are involved in the metabolism of 11-oxy androgens. As zebrafish and other teleost fish lack a direct homologue of 11β-HSD1, we investigated whether they can reduce 11-ketosteroids. We compared glucocorticoid and androgen metabolism between human and zebrafish using recombinant enzymes, microsomal preparations and zebrafish larvae. Our results provide strong evidence for the absence of 11-ketosteroid reduction in zebrafish. Neither human 11β-HSD3 nor the two zebrafish 11β-HSD3 homologues, previously hypothesized to reduce 11-ketosteroids, converted cortisone and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) to their 11β-hydroxyl forms. Furthermore, zebrafish microsomes were unable to reduce 11-ketosteroids, and exposure of larvae to cortisone or the synthetic analogue prednisone did not affect glucocorticoid-dependent gene expression. Additionally, a dual-role of 11β-HSD2 by inactivating glucocorticoids and generating the main fish androgen 11KT was supported. Thus, due to the lack of 11-ketosteroid reduction, zebrafish and other teleost fish exhibit a limited tissue-specific regulation of glucocorticoid action, and their androgen production pathway is characterized by sustained 11KT production. These findings are of particular significance when using zebrafish as a model to study endocrine functions, stress responses and effects of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsachaki
- Division of Molecular and Systems ToxicologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arne Meyer
- Division of Molecular and Systems ToxicologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- AstraZeneca AGZug, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SAEPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denise V Kratschmar
- Division of Molecular and Systems ToxicologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems ToxicologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gray GA, White CI, Castellan RFP, McSweeney SJ, Chapman KE. Getting to the heart of intracellular glucocorticoid regeneration: 11β-HSD1 in the myocardium. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R1-R13. [PMID: 27553202 PMCID: PMC5148800 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids influence the development and function of the heart and its response to injury and pressure overload via actions on glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors. Systemic corticosteroid concentration depends largely on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, but glucocorticoid can also be regenerated from intrinsically inert metabolites by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), selectively increasing glucocorticoid levels within cells and tissues. Extensive studies have revealed the roles for glucocorticoid regeneration by 11β-HSD1 in liver, adipose, brain and other tissues, but until recently, there has been little focus on the heart. This article reviews the evidence for glucocorticoid metabolism by 11β-HSD1 in the heart and for a role of 11β-HSD1 activity in determining the myocardial growth and physiological function. We also consider the potential of 11β-HSD1 as a therapeutic target to enhance repair after myocardial infarction and to prevent the development of cardiac remodelling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian A Gray
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher I White
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Raphael F P Castellan
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sara J McSweeney
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen E Chapman
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Ridlon JM, Harris SC, Bhowmik S, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB. Consequences of bile salt biotransformations by intestinal bacteria. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:22-39. [PMID: 26939849 PMCID: PMC4856454 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1127483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence strongly suggest that the human "microbiome" plays an important role in both health and disease. Bile acids function both as detergents molecules promoting nutrient absorption in the intestines and as hormones regulating nutrient metabolism. Bile acids regulate metabolism via activation of specific nuclear receptors (NR) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The circulating bile acid pool composition consists of primary bile acids produced from cholesterol in the liver, and secondary bile acids formed by specific gut bacteria. The various biotransformation of bile acids carried out by gut bacteria appear to regulate the structure of the gut microbiome and host physiology. Increased levels of secondary bile acids are associated with specific diseases of the GI system. Elucidating methods to control the gut microbiome and bile acid pool composition in humans may lead to a reduction in some of the major diseases of the liver, gall bladder and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Ridlon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Spencer C. Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shiva Bhowmik
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dae-Joong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Štambergová H, Zemanová L, Lundová T, Malčeková B, Skarka A, Šafr M, Wsól V. Human DHRS7, promising enzyme in metabolism of steroids and retinoids? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:112-9. [PMID: 26466768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of steroids and retinoids has been studied in detail for a long time, as these compounds are involved in a broad spectrum of physiological processes. Many enzymes participating in the conversion of such compounds are members of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Despite great effort, there still remain a number of poorly characterized SDR proteins. According to various bioinformatics predictions, many of these proteins may play a role in the metabolism of steroids and retinoids. Dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7 (DHRS7) is one such protein. In a previous study, we determined DHRS7 to be an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum facing the lumen which has shown at least in vitro NADPH-dependent reducing activity toward several eobiotics and xenobiotics bearing a carbonyl moiety. In the present paper pure DHRS7 was used for a more detailed study of both substrate screening and an analysis of kinetics parameters of the physiologically important substrates androstene-3,17-dione, cortisone and all-trans-retinal. Expression patterns of DHRS7 at the mRNA as well as protein level were determined in a panel of various human tissue samples, a procedure that has enabled the first estimation of the possible biological function of this enzyme. DHRS7 is expressed in tissues such as prostate, adrenal glands, liver or intestine, where its activity could be well exploited. Preliminary indications show that DHRS7 exhibits dual substrate specificity recognizing not only steroids but also retinoids as potential substrates and could be important in the metabolism of these signalling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Štambergová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Zemanová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Lundová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Beata Malčeková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Šafr
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Wsól
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Margittai É, Enyedi B, Csala M, Geiszt M, Bánhegyi G. Composition of the redox environment of the endoplasmic reticulum and sources of hydrogen peroxide. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:331-40. [PMID: 25678412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a metabolically active organelle, which has a central role in proteostasis by translating, modifying, folding, and occasionally degrading secretory and membrane proteins. The lumen of the ER represents a separate compartment of the eukaryotic cell, with a characteristic proteome and metabolome. Although the redox metabolome and proteome of the compartment have not been holistically explored, it is evident that proper redox conditions are necessary for the functioning of many luminal pathways. These redox conditions are defined by local oxidoreductases and the membrane transport of electron donors and acceptors. The main electron carriers of the compartment are identical with those of the other organelles: glutathione, pyridine and flavin nucleotides, ascorbate, and others. However, their composition, concentration, and redox state in the ER lumen can be different from those observed in other compartments. The terminal oxidases of oxidative protein folding generate and maintain an "oxidative environment" by oxidizing protein thiols and producing hydrogen peroxide. ER-specific mechanisms reutilize hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor of oxidative folding. These mechanisms, together with membrane and kinetic barriers, guarantee that redox systems in the reduced or oxidized state can be present simultaneously in the lumen. The present knowledge on the in vivo conditions of ER redox is rather limited; development of new genetically encoded targetable sensors for the measurement of the luminal state of redox systems other than thiol/disulfide will contribute to a better understanding of ER redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Margittai
- Institute of Human Physiology and Clinical Experimental Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1444, Hungary
| | - Balázs Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1444, Hungary
| | - Miklós Csala
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1444, Hungary
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1444, Hungary; "Lendület" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1444, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1444, Hungary.
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Zarrouk A, Vejux A, Mackrill J, O’Callaghan Y, Hammami M, O’Brien N, Lizard G. Involvement of oxysterols in age-related diseases and ageing processes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:148-62. [PMID: 25305550 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by increasing vulnerability to major pathologies (atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, age-related macular degeneration, cataract, and osteoporosis) which can have similar underlying pathoetiologies. All of these diseases involve oxidative stress, inflammation and/or cell death processes, which are triggered by cholesterol oxide derivatives, also named oxysterols. These oxidized lipids result either from spontaneous and/or enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol on the steroid nucleus or on the side chain. The ability of oxysterols to induce severe dysfunctions in organelles (especially mitochondria) plays key roles in RedOx homeostasis, inflammatory status, lipid metabolism, and in the control of cell death induction, which may at least in part contribute to explain the potential participation of these molecules in ageing processes and in age related diseases. As no efficient treatments are currently available for most of these diseases, which are predicted to become more prevalent due to the increasing life expectancy and average age, a better knowledge of the biological activities of the different oxysterols is of interest, and constitutes an important step toward identification of pharmacological targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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