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Nguyen MH, Nguyen-Phuoc DQ, Nguyen NAN, Oviedo-Trespalacios O. Distracted on duty: A theory-based exploration of influences leading to mobile phone distracted riding among food delivery workers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 202:107538. [PMID: 38703589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Using mobile phones while riding is a form of distracted riding that significantly elevates crash risk. Regrettably, the factors contributing to mobile phone use while riding (MPUWR) among food delivery riders remain under-researched. Addressing this literature gap, the current study employs the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and various socio-economic factors to examine the determinants of MPUWR. The research incorporates data from 558 delivery workers in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The study utilizes two analytical methods to empirically test the hypotheses, considering non-linear relationships between variables: Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results reveal mixed impacts of factors connected to job resources. Although social support appears to deter MPUWR, work autonomy and rewards seemingly encourage it. Furthermore, a predisposition towards risk-taking behaviour significantly impacts the frequency of mobile phone usage among delivery riders. Interestingly, riders with higher incomes and those who have previously been fined by the police exhibit more frequent mobile phone use. The findings of this study present valuable insights into the crucial factors to be addressed when designing interventions aimed at reducing phone use among food delivery riders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Hieu Nguyen
- Faculty of Transport - Economics, University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Quy Nguyen-Phuoc
- Faculty of Road and Bridge Engineering, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen An Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Demir B, Demir S, Wickens CM, Hoseinzadeh Nooshabadi M, Rodak T, Donmez B. Exploring the Behaviour Change Wheel and the Theoretical Domains Framework in interventions for mobile phone driver distraction: A scoping review. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 195:107369. [PMID: 38061292 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phone use while driving remains a significant traffic safety concern. Although numerous interventions have been developed to address it, there is a gap in the synthesis of relevant information through a comprehensive behaviour change lens. This scoping review uses the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to examine the literature to (a) identify behavioural constructs targeted in interventions for mobile phone use while driving, (b) determine if the intervention success varied by sociodemographic group (e.g., age, gender, driving experience), and (c) map interventions to TDF domains to highlight areas for future research. Following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, we searched seven databases and identified 5,202 articles. After screening, 50 articles detailing 56 studies met the following inclusion criteria: (a) intervention studies, (b) providing details on methods and results, (c) written in English, and (d) targeting any driver behaviour related to mobile phone use while driving with a bottom-up approach, using not regulation or law enforcement, but individuals' psychological processes, such as cognitive, behavioural, and emotional. Findings show that most interventions targeted young drivers and were typically effective. Except for a few studies, the effectiveness of interventions targeting different sociodemographic groups either remained untested or revealed nonsignificant differences. This finding points to a gap in the literature, indicating a need for further investigation into the efficacy of interventions for different groups, and for tailoring and testing them accordingly. The interventions also often targeted multiple TDF domains, complicating the interpretation of the relative efficacy of specific domains. Most frequently targeted domains included beliefs and consequences, emotions, knowledge, social influence, social/professional role and identity, and behavioural regulation. Physical skills and optimism domains were not targeted in any intervention. Further, almost all interventions addressed deliberate engagement in mobile phone distractions, while the automatic and fast processes involved in such behaviours were often overlooked. Mobile phone distractions are in part habitual behaviours, yet the existing mitigation efforts mostly assumed intentional engagement. More focus on the habitual nature of mobile phone distractions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basar Demir
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Final International University, Kyrenia via Mersin 10, Türkiye.
| | - Sila Demir
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Final International University, Kyrenia via Mersin 10, Türkiye; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto ON M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Christine M Wickens
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Toronto ON M5S 2S1, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Mehdi Hoseinzadeh Nooshabadi
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
| | - Terri Rodak
- CAMH Library, Department of Education, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Birsen Donmez
- University of Toronto, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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Hoseinzadeh Nooshabadi M, Vasquez HM, Donmez B. Targeting young driver emotions can reduce their cellphone distractions. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2023; 192:107202. [PMID: 37531853 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the relationship between young drivers' intention to engage in cellphone distractions while driving and their emotions towards the associated risks. First, we assessed whether the emotions of guilt, shame, and fear are associated with young drivers' intention to engage in cellphone distractions, through an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model. Second, we evaluated whether road signs that may evoke these negative emotions reduce cellphone use intentions among young drivers. METHODS An online survey was conducted with young drivers (18 to 25 years old) from Ontario, Canada. 403 responses were collected, of which, 99 responses were used to evaluate the first objective and all 403 responses were used to evaluate the second objective. RESULTS Anticipating feelings of guilt, shame, and fear negatively predicted the intention to engage in cellphone distractions, above and beyond the standard TPB constructs (i.e., attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control). When prompted with potentially emotion-evoking road signs (children crossing, my mom/dad works here), an increase in anticipated feelings of these emotions corresponded with lower intention to engage in cellphone distractions. CONCLUSION Countermeasures that target young driver emotions toward distracted driving risks may be effective in reducing their distraction engagement. Future studies in more controlled environments can investigate causal relationships between emotions and distracted driving among young drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hoseinzadeh Nooshabadi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Holland M Vasquez
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Birsen Donmez
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
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Fry JM. Mobile phone penalties and road crashes: Are changes in sanctions effective? JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 84:384-392. [PMID: 36868667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Road crashes are a major, preventable cause of death and serious injury. Being distracted by a mobile phone while driving can increase the risk of a crash by three to four times and increase crash severity. To reduce distracted driving, on 1 March 2017 the penalty for using a hand-held mobile phone while driving in Britain doubled to ₤200 and six penalty points. METHOD We examine the effects of this increased penalty on numbers of serious or fatal crashes over 6 weeks either side of the intervention using Regression Discontinuity in Time. RESULTS We find no effect of the intervention, suggesting the increased penalty is not effective in reducing the more serious road crashes. CONCLUSIONS We rule out an information problem and an enforcement effect, concluding the increase in fines was insufficient to change behaviour. With very low detection rates of mobile phone use, our result could occur if the perceived certainty of punishment remained very low after the intervention. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Future technology will increase the ability to detect mobile phone usage, and there may be fewer road crashes if the solution is to raise awareness of such technology and publicise numbers of offenders caught. Alternatively, a mobile phone blocking application could avert the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Fry
- Demography and Ageing Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Mueller AS, Cicchino JB. Teen driver crashes potentially preventable by crash avoidance features and teen-driver-specific safety technologies. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 81:305-312. [PMID: 35589301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vehicle technologies have the potential to help address the disproportionate crash risk that teen drivers face. While crash avoidance features benefit the general population, several address crash scenarios for which teen drivers are particularly at risk, such as rear-end and lane-drift crashes. Other emerging technologies have been designed for teen drivers by addressing certain crash or injury risk factors associated with risky driving behavior, such as speeding or not wearing a seat belt. METHODS Using nationwide U.S. crash data from 2016 to 2019, this study examined the maximum potential safety benefits of three currently available crash avoidance features (front crash prevention, lane departure prevention, and blind spot monitoring) and three teen-driver-specific technologies (speeding prevention, extended seatbelt reminders and interlocks, and nighttime curfew violation alerts). RESULTS Teen-driver-specific features have the largest potential for reducing teen driver injuries and fatalities, followed by lane departure prevention, front crash prevention, and blind spot monitoring; however, altogether these technologies have the potential to prevent 78% of teen driver fatalities, 47% of injured teen drivers, and 41% of crashes involving teen drivers. CONCLUSIONS Crash avoidance features and teen-driver-specific vehicle technologies appear to address different risk factors and crash scenarios, which emphasizes the importance of utilizing both types of safety features to reduce the crash risk of teen drivers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Wider acceptance, accessibility, and use of these technologies are needed for their safety potential to be realized. More manufacturers should offer and advertise teen-driver-specific technology suites that integrate crash avoidance systems and safety features that address risky driving behavior. While this study shows the maximum potential safety benefits of these technologies, further research is needed to understand the behavioral implications as teens learn to drive with these features.
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Kita E, Luria G, Pindek S, Albert G, Lotan T. The use of risk homeostasis theory to reduce smartphone use during low-speed driving. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 168:106596. [PMID: 35180466 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Driving while distracted by smartphones is an unsafe behavior and constitutes a serious worldwide road safety issue. In line with the risk homeostasis theory, during high-speed driving, drivers perceive smartphone usage as an unwarranted risk and in most cases refrain from doing so. During low-speed driving, however, drivers often use their smartphones, as they do not perceive this as inherently unsafe, even though it is. The goal of this study was to examine an intervention, based on the risk homeostasis theory, aimed at decreasing the use of smartphones while driving at low speeds. Thirty-seven young drivers participated in the research group that aimed to alter drivers' risk perceptions, decision making, and behavior. The study also included a control group of 33 young drivers. All of the participants' smartphone usage was monitored using a dedicated application that measured both the number of times drivers touched their smartphone screens while driving and the driving speed each time the screen was touched. The results indicate that drivers in the research group decreased their smartphone usage while driving, unlike the control group drivers who did not alter their behavior. In conclusion, a risk homeostasis-based intervention can decrease dangerous and unsafe driving behavior, even when such behavior is not perceived as significantly dangerous. Furthermore, additional types of risky and unsafe driving behaviors may be decreased using this type of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Kita
- Department of Human Services, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; Oryarok - The Association for Safer Driving in Israel, Israel
| | - Gil Luria
- Department of Human Services, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel.
| | - Shani Pindek
- Department of Human Services, Faculty of Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Gila Albert
- Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Technology Management HIT - Holon Institute of Technology, 52 Golomb St., Office 1/620, Holon 5810201, Israel
| | - Tsippy Lotan
- Oryarok - The Association for Safer Driving in Israel, Israel
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Bond SJ, Parikh N, Majmudar S, Pin S, Wang C, Willis L, Haga SB. A Systematic Review of the Scope of Study of mHealth Interventions for Wellness and Related Challenges in Pediatric and Young Adult Populations. Adolesc Health Med Ther 2022; 13:23-38. [PMID: 35173502 PMCID: PMC8835977 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s342811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the purported advantages and potential efficacy of mHealth interventions to promote wellness in children, adolescents, and young adults, it is not clear what areas have been explored and the challenges reported in the biomedical literature. Methods We conducted a scoping review of publications between 2015 and 2019. Results We identified 54 papers that met our inclusion criteria. Studies were conducted in 21 countries and ranged in size from six to 9851 participants (median: 184). A total of 41% of studies enrolled adolescents only (n = 19). Of the seven types of mHealth interventions identified, apps were the most common intervention (59%; n = 32) evaluated and 44% of the studies evaluated two or more interventions. The most common topic of the studies reviewed was sexual and reproductive health (24%; n = 13). Conclusion Most pediatric mHealth intervention studies are conducted in adolescents in large part, and sexual and reproductive health is the most commonly studied topic. With the easy and widespread accessibility to smartphone technology, the use of mobile apps for wellness interventions will likely continue to expand to other wellness topics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susanne B Haga
- Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Correspondence: Susanne B Haga, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Box 3382, Durham, NC, 27708, USA, Tel +1 919 684 0325, Fax +1 919 681 8973, Email
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Rudisill TM, Zhu M. Challenges of enforcing cellphone use while driving laws among police in the USA: a cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049053. [PMID: 34193500 PMCID: PMC8246366 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research suggests that cellphone use while driving laws may be difficult for police to enforce in the USA, but this is unknown. A national survey of police officers was conducted to determine whether barriers to enforcing these laws exist, what aspects of laws make them easier to enforce and ways to discourage the behaviour among drivers. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING USA. PARTICIPANTS Individuals >18 years of age employed as a law enforcement officer from all 50 states were recruited via convenience sampling through multiple modalities from November 2019 to April 2020. Officers (N=353) from 31 states participated. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Descriptive statistics and multi-level logistic regression analyses were run to assess the responses. RESULTS The most common barriers to enforcing texting bans (ie, the most prevalent law) were drivers concealing their phone use (78%) and the officer not being able to determine what the driver was doing on their phone (65%). If a universal hand-held cellphone ban was in effect in their state, officers were 77% less likely (adjusted OR=0.23; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.70) to report that a texting ban was difficult to adjudicate. The majority of officers (86%) agreed that having one general law that prohibits any type of hand-held cellphone use would aid with enforcement, and that laws must be a primary offence (87%), and be applicable to all licensed drivers (91%). Most officers felt that driver education is needed. CONCLUSIONS While numerous barriers to enforcement were identified, opportunities exist to improve current legislation to aid enforcement efforts and to prevent the behaviour among drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Motao Zhu
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Foreman AM, Friedel JE, Hayashi Y, Wirth O. Texting while driving: A discrete choice experiment. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2021; 149:105823. [PMID: 33197793 PMCID: PMC8190565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Texting while driving is one of the most dangerous types of distracted driving and contributes to a large number of transportation incidents and fatalities each year. Drivers text while driving despite being aware of the risks. Although some factors related to the decision to text while driving have been elucidated, more remains to be investigated in order to better predict and prevent texting while driving. To study decision making involved in reading a text message while driving, we conducted a discrete choice experiment with 345 adult participants recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants were presented with multiple choice sets, each involving two different scenarios, and asked to choose the scenario in which they would be more likely to text while driving. The attributes of the scenarios were the relationship to the text-message sender, the road conditions, and the importance of the message. The attributes varied systematically across the choice sets. Participants were more likely to read a text message while driving if the sender of the message was a significant other, the message was perceived to be very important, and the participant was driving on rural roads. Discrete choice experiments offer a promising approach to studying decision making in drivers and other populations because they allow for an analysis of multiple factors simultaneously and the trade-offs among different choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Foreman
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States.
| | | | - Yusuke Hayashi
- Pennsylvania State University, Hazelton, United States of America
| | - Oliver Wirth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States
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McDonald CC, Fargo JD, Swope J, Metzger KB, Sommers MS. Initial Testing of a Web-Based Intervention to Reduce Adolescent Driver Inattention: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Emerg Nurs 2020; 47:88-100.e3. [PMID: 33023788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of adolescent death. Inattention to the roadway contributes to crash risk. The objective of this study was to deploy an initial study of a web-based intervention (Let's Choose Ourselves) designed to improve adolescent driver attention to the roadway. METHODS We used a randomized controlled trial design in a sample of adolescent drivers to test if a web-based intervention decreased cell phone engagement in driving simulation at 3 months as compared with controls. As secondary hypotheses, we tested if the intervention increased the use of peer passengers to manage distractions and decreased eyes off the forward roadway in driving simulation and decreased self-reported risky driving behaviors. Adolescents, aged 16-17 years, licensed for ≤90 days were randomized to Let's Choose Ourselves with distractions in the simulator protocol at baseline, Let's Choose Ourselves with no distractions, an attention control intervention on healthy eating with distractions, or attention control with no distractions. We used Poisson regression modeling to test the primary and secondary hypotheses. RESULTS The trial included 60 adolescents (66.7% female, 78.3% non-Hispanic white subjects, mean age 16.8 years, licensed 50.8 days). In Poisson regression, controlling for sex, we found no significant effects of Let's Choose Ourselves on primary or secondary outcomes. However, there was a significant effect of visit on self-report outcomes, with self-reported distracted driving behaviors increasing over time. DISCUSSION Although there were no significant effects of Let's Choose Ourselves, self-reported risky driving behaviors increased over time. Further investigation of the relationship between driving experience and increasing inattention to the road in adolescents is warranted.
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Foreman AM, Hayashi Y, Friedel JE, Wirth O. Social distance and texting while driving: A behavioral economic analysis of social discounting. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:702-707. [PMID: 31356123 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1636233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Texting while driving is a dangerous behavior. Drivers continue to engage in the behavior despite knowing its risks, and the factors responsible for the decision to text while driving are poorly understood. This study examined how the relationship of the sender to the driver, in addition to the delay to the destination, may affect the decision to text while driving with the use of a social- and delay-discounting paradigm. Methods: Ninety-four (N = 94) undergraduate students completed a hypothetical social- and delay-discounting task in which they rated their likelihood of replying to a text message immediately versus waiting to reply until arriving at a destination. The social distance of the sender and the delay to the destination were varied across trials. Results: For both social and delay discounting, the likelihood of replying and waiting, respectively, decreased as a function of social distance and delay to the destination. Participants were more likely to text while driving as the social distance of the sender decreased and the delay to the destination increased. Social discounting varied inversely as a function of delay to the destination: The shorter the delay to the destination, the greater the social discounting. Conclusion: The findings indicate that social distance of the sender is an important factor involved in the decision to text while driving. Participants were more likely to reply to a text while driving if the sender was less socially distant. When they were closer to their destination, they were less likely to reply to socially distant people than those closer to them. The roles that social consequences play in drivers' decision making to text while driving are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Foreman
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia
| | | | - Jonathan E Friedel
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia
| | - Oliver Wirth
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia
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Albert G, Lotan T. Exploring the impact of "soft blocking" on smartphone usage of young drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 125:56-62. [PMID: 30731315 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Smartphone usage while driving, and particularly texting, are well recognized as a major road safety concern. This paper presents an attempt to evaluate the effect of countermeasures aimed at mitigating this usage. These countermeasures, which are automatically activated, may be considered "soft blockers": silencing and hiding notifications, as well as sending an automatic reply to the person trying to contact the driver. A naturalistic study was conducted with 167 young Israeli drivers, who installed a research-oriented smartphone app, which continuously monitored their smartphones usage while driving and, in addition, activated "soft blocking" in the study's intervention stage. The evaluation is based on measures which capture the number of times drivers "touch" their smartphone screens, and on the vehicle's speed when these screen-touches occur. The results, based on 6633 hours of driving logged on 23,019 trips, indicate that a reduction of approximately 20% was obtained in the average number of screen-touches during the intervention stage of the study; that is, in the experimental groups but also in the control group, which was merely monitored. In addition, when young drivers touched the screen, the vehicle was more likely not in motion. The current paper highlights the potential of "soft blockers", as well as the awareness of being monitored, for mitigating smartphone usage while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Albert
- HIT - Holon Institute of Technology, Faculty of Management of Technology, 52 Golomb St., Holon, Israel.
| | - Tsippy Lotan
- Or Yarok Association for Safer Driving in Israel, 38 HaShoftim St., Ramat Hasharon, Israel
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Hayashi Y, Foreman AM, Friedel JE, Wirth O. Threat appeals reduce impulsive decision making associated with texting while driving: A behavioral economic approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213453. [PMID: 30845197 PMCID: PMC6405105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of threat appeals in influencing impulsive decision making associated with texting while driving. The participants in the treatment group were exposed to a threatening message about the danger of texting while driving, whereas those in the control group were exposed to a non-threatening message. Following the exposure to either message, the participants completed a delay-discounting task that assessed the degree of impulsive decision making in a hypothetical texting-while-driving scenario. A comparison between the groups revealed that the threat appeals reduced the degree of impulsive decision making associated with texting while driving. In addition, the threat appeals led to greater anticipated regret from texting while driving, less favorable attitudes toward texting while driving, and decreased intentions to text while driving in the future in the treatment group. These results suggest that video-based threat appeals are promising intervention strategies for the public health challenge of texting while driving. Implications from the behavioral economic perspective are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hayashi
- Division of Social Sciences and Education, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton, Hazleton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Foreman
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan E. Friedel
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Oliver Wirth
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
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Pope CN, Mirman JH, Stavrinos D. Adolescents' perspectives on distracted driving legislation. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2019; 68:173-179. [PMID: 30876508 PMCID: PMC6422043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Distracted driving is a growing global epidemic, with adolescent drivers reporting frequent engagement in distracted driving behaviors. Public health initiatives and legislative efforts designed to decrease the prevalence of these unwanted driving behaviors have demonstrated small, but significant reductions in crash risk. Non-compliance is a known problem among drivers of all ages, but may be especially problematic for novice, adolescent drivers. Using a construct from the Health Belief Model, the relations between demographic factors, perceived threat to safety, and peer influences were investigated with adolescents' support for three types of distracted driving legislation regarding: (a) reading or sending text messages/emails while driving; (b) hand-held cell phone use while driving; and (c) using non-driving-related-in-vehicle (NDIV) technology while driving. Investigating adolescents' perceptions provides an opportunity to understand distracted driving enforcement and legislation. METHODS Three hundred and seventy-nine adolescents aged 15-19 (M = 16.12, SD = 0.56) were recruited from public high schools. Demographics, perceptions, and support regarding distracted driving were assessed using self-report surveys. Statistical analyses included bivariate correlations and adjusted odds ratios to investigate influences of adolescent support for distracted driving legislation. RESULTS Female adolescents were at 2 times greater odds of supporting a law against texting/emailing while driving compared to male adolescents. Greater perceived threat to safety was associated with all three types of distracted driving legislation (aOR = 1.10, 1.33). Minimal association was found with peer influences. CONCLUSIONS Perceived threat to safety and gender were associated with legislative support in adolescents. Practical application: Interventions and public health campaigns that incorporate elements related to perceived threat may be more successful with female adolescent drivers than male adolescents. Future experimental research will help to determine what factors affect adolescents' perspectives on distracted driving to promote compliance with related legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin N Pope
- Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jessica H Mirman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Despina Stavrinos
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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15
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Sezgin E, Lin S. Technology-Based Interventions, Assessments, and Solutions for Safe Driving Training for Adolescents: Rapid Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2019; 7:e11942. [PMID: 30679149 PMCID: PMC6365877 DOI: 10.2196/11942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe driving training for adolescents aims to prevent injury and promote their well-being. In that regard, information and communication technologies have been used to understand adolescent driving behavior and develop interventions. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to explore and discuss existing approaches to technology-based driving interventions, driving assessments, and solutions in the literature. METHODS We searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases following a review protocol to collect relevant peer-reviewed journal articles. Inclusion criteria were (1) being published in the English language, (2) being published in a peer-reviewed journal, (3) testing the driving behavior of teens with technology-based intervention methods, and (4) being published between January 2000 and March 2018. We appraised the articles by reading their abstracts to select studies matching the inclusion criteria and reading the full text of articles for final refinement. RESULTS Initial keyword searches on technology-based solutions resulted in 828 publications that we refined further by title screening (n=131) and abstract evaluation against inclusion criteria (n=29). Finally, we selected 16 articles that met the inclusion criteria and examined them regarding the use of technology-based interventions, assessments, and solutions. Use of built-in tracking devices and installation of black box devices were widely used methods for capturing driving events. Smartphones were increasingly adapted for data collection, and use of gamification for intervention design was an emerging concept. Visual and audio feedback also were used for intervention. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that social influence is effective in technology-based interventions; parental involvement for promoting safe driving behavior is highly effective. However, the use of smartphones and gamification needs more study regarding their implementation and sustainability. Further developments in technology for predicting teen behavior and programs for behavioral change are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Sezgin
- Research Information Solutions and Innovation, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Simon Lin
- Research Information Solutions and Innovation, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
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16
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Li L, Shults RA, Andridge RR, Yellman MA, Xiang H, Zhu M. Texting/Emailing While Driving Among High School Students in 35 States, United States, 2015. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:701-708. [PMID: 30139720 PMCID: PMC6309970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determine the prevalence and explore individual- and state-level factors associated with texting/emailing while driving (TWD) among adolescent drivers in the United States. METHODS Data from 35 states that administered the 2015 state Youth Risk Behavior Survey were analyzed. We used Poisson regression models with robust error variance to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) for TWD. RESULTS Among the 101,397 high school students aged ≥ 14 years who had driven a vehicle during the past 30 days, 38% reported TWD at least once. TWD prevalence ranged from 26% in Maryland to 64% in South Dakota. TWD prevalence was higher in states with a lower minimum learner's permit age and in states where a larger percentage of students drove. Multivariable analyses revealed that the likelihood of TWD increased substantially with age, and white students were more likely to engage in TWD than students of all other races/ethnicities. Infrequent seatbelt users were 21% more likely to engage in TWD compared with frequent seatbelt users (adjusted PR = 1.21, 95% confidence interval: 1.16-1.26), and students who reported drinking and driving were almost twice as likely to TWD as compared to students who did not (adjusted PR = 1.91, 95% confidence interval: 1.79-2.04). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of TWD among US high school students varied by more than two-fold across states. TWD prevalence was higher in states with lower minimum learner's permit ages and in states where a larger percentage of students drove. Older age, white race/ethnicity, and other risky driving behaviors were associated with TWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ruth A. Shults
- Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca R. Andridge
- Division of Biostatistics, Public Health Honors Program, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Merissa A. Yellman
- Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Synergy America, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Henry Xiang
- Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Motao Zhu
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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Warren I, Meads A, Whittaker R, Dobson R, Ameratunga S. Behavior Change for Youth Drivers: Design and Development of a Smartphone-Based App (BackPocketDriver). JMIR Form Res 2018; 2:e25. [PMID: 30684435 PMCID: PMC6334699 DOI: 10.2196/formative.9660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The over-representation of youth in road crash injury and fatality rates is a major public health issue globally. In New Zealand, youth drivers are most vulnerable in the restricted license period when they can drive without the requirement for supervision by an experienced adult. Behavioral change interventions delivered using mobile phone technology to young drivers could serve as a useful mechanism to develop safe driving skills, but this potential remains to be fully explored. Objective This study aimed to apply behavioral change principles to design and develop a smartphone-based intervention with the aim of helping youth drivers to develop and hone safe driving skills. Methods An iterative process was used to support development of the smartphone intervention. We reviewed behavioral change literature, identifying fundamental principles and exploring use of behavior change techniques (BCTs) in other areas of public health. We engaged with key stakeholders, including young drivers, government agencies, and relevant organizations. We also took into account technology adoption considerations when designing the app. Results We developed BackPocketDriver (BPD), an Android smartphone app that uses in-built sensors to monitor and infer driver behavior. The app implements features that were identified during the design process and are traceable to BCTs and theory. A key feature is messaging, which is used to instruct, motivate, educate, and relay feedback to participants. In addition, messaging addresses attitudes and beliefs. Other features include journey feedback summaries, goal setting, achievements, and leaderboards. Conclusions BPD’s design rests on a sound foundation of theory and evidence. With explicit links between theory and features, the app aims to be an effective intervention to change and improve youth driver behavior. The next phase of this study is to run a small pilot study to assess BPD’s effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Warren
- Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Meads
- Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robyn Whittaker
- Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.,National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rosie Dobson
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shanthi Ameratunga
- Section of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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French MT, Gumus G. Watch for motorcycles! The effects of texting and handheld bans on motorcyclist fatalities. Soc Sci Med 2018; 216:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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Alderman EM, Johnston BD, Breuner C, Grubb LK, Powers M, Upadhya K, Wallace S, Hoffman BD, Quinlan K, Agran P, Denny S, Hirsh M, Lee L, Monroe K, Schaechter J, Tenenbein M, Zonfrillo MR. The Teen Driver. Pediatrics 2018; 142:peds.2018-2163. [PMID: 30249622 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For many teenagers, obtaining a driver's license is a rite of passage, conferring the ability to independently travel to school, work, or social events. However, immaturity, inexperience, and risky behavior put newly licensed teen drivers at risk. Motor vehicle crashes are the most common cause of mortality and injury for adolescents and young adults in developed countries. Teen drivers (15-19 years of age) have the highest rate of motor vehicle crashes among all age groups in the United States and contribute disproportionately to traffic fatalities. In addition to the deaths of teen drivers, more than half of 8- to 17-year-old children who die in car crashes are killed as passengers of drivers younger than 20 years of age. This policy statement, in which we update the previous 2006 iteration of this policy statement, is used to reflect new research on the risks faced by teen drivers and offer advice for pediatricians counseling teen drivers and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Alderman
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and
| | - Brian D. Johnston
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Cook S, Boak A, Hamilton HA, Mann RE, Manson HE, Wickens CM. The prevalence and correlates of texting while driving among a population-based sample of Ontario students. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2018; 19:722-727. [PMID: 30010424 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1491038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Texting while driving (TWD) has a deleterious impact on driving performance and may pose a significant challenge to traffic safety. This challenge may be particularly relevant for young and inexperienced drivers. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of writing text messages or emails while driving during the past 12 months. METHOD This study analyzed a subpopulation of 1,133 licensed students 16 years of age or older from the 2013 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey (OSDUHS), a population-based survey of students in Ontario, Canada. RESULTS Our results indicate that 36% of licensed drivers reported writing a text message while driving during the past 12 months; of those who did, 56% reported doing so 4 or more times. Graduated licensing was the strongest factor predicting TWD. Compared to students with the more restrictive G1 license, students with a G2 or full license were 9.4 times more likely to report TWD after controlling for the effect of all other factors. Older students, white students, and students attending school in urban centers were more likely to report TWD, and the amount of time spent on social media sites, being a passenger with a driver using substances, and past-year collisions were also significantly associated with TWD. Gender differences and participation in driver education training were not associated with TWD. CONCLUSIONS This research demonstrates that TWD is an extremely common behavior among licensed student drivers in Ontario, particularly among those who have passed the first stage of graduated licensing. TWD is associated with other risky driving behaviors and outcomes, and the findings from this study underscore the need to better understand the harms associated with this behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cook
- a School of Social Sciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff , Wales
| | - Angela Boak
- b Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Hayley A Hamilton
- b Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Robert E Mann
- b Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Heather E Manson
- c Public Health Ontario, Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Christine M Wickens
- b Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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21
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Delgado MK, McDonald CC, Winston FK, Halpern SD, Buttenheim AM, Setubal C, Huang Y, Saulsgiver KA, Lee YC. Attitudes on technological, social, and behavioral economic strategies to reduce cellphone use among teens while driving. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2018; 19:569-576. [PMID: 29652523 PMCID: PMC6215497 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1458100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The majority of U.S. teens admit to handheld cellphone use while driving, an increasingly common cause of crashes. Attitudes toward novel cellphone applications and settings that block use while driving are poorly understood, potentially limiting uptake. We examined teens' willingness to reduce cellphone use while driving and perceptions of potential strategies to limit this behavior. METHODS Teen drivers (n = 153) aged 16-17 who owned smartphones and admitted to texting while driving completed an online survey. Survey instruments measured willingness to give up cellphone use and perceptions of technological and behavioral economic strategies to reduce cellphone use while driving. We used chi-square tests to test the hypothesis that willingness to give up certain types of cellphone use while driving and the perceptions of strategies to reduce cellphone use while driving would differ by self-reported frequency of texting while driving in the past 30 days (low [1-5 days] vs. high [6 or more days]). RESULTS Most teens were willing or somewhat willing to give up reading texts (90%), sending texts (95%), and social media (99%) while driving. However, they were not willing to give up navigation (59%) and music applications (43%). Those who engaged in high-frequency texting while driving were more likely to say that they were not willing to give up navigation applications (73 vs. 44%, P <.001), music applications (54 vs. 32%, P <.001), and reading texts (15 vs. 4%, P =.029). Overall, the following strategies where rated as likely to be very effective for reducing texting while driving: gain-framed financial incentives (75%), loss-framed financial incentives (63%), group-based financial incentives (58%), insurance discounts (53%), automatic phone locking while driving (54%), e-mail notifications to parents (47%), automated responses to incoming texts (42%), peer concern (18%), and parental concern (15%). Those who engaged in high-frequency texting while driving were less likely to say that following strategies would be very effective: automated responses to incoming texts (33 vs. 53%, P =.016), peer concern (9 vs. 29%, P =.002), and parental concern (9 vs. 22%, P =.025). The strongest perceived benefit of cellphone blocking apps was decreasing distraction (86%). The predominant reason for not wanting to use this technology was not wanting parents to monitor their behavior (60%). CONCLUSIONS Promising strategies for increasing acceptance of cellphone blocking technology among teen drivers include automated screen locking and permitting hands-free navigation and music combined with behavioral economic incentives to sustain engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kit Delgado
- a Behavioral Science and Analytics for Injury Reduction (BeSAFIR) Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- b Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- c Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- d Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- e Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Catherine C McDonald
- d Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- e Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- f Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- g Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Flaura K Winston
- e Center for Injury Research and Prevention, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- g Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Scott D Halpern
- b Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- c Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- h Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- i Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Alison M Buttenheim
- c Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- f Department of Family and Community Health, School of Nursing , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Claudia Setubal
- a Behavioral Science and Analytics for Injury Reduction (BeSAFIR) Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- b Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- d Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Yanlan Huang
- a Behavioral Science and Analytics for Injury Reduction (BeSAFIR) Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- h Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn A Saulsgiver
- a Behavioral Science and Analytics for Injury Reduction (BeSAFIR) Lab, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- b Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- c Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
- h Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- j Department of Psychology , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia
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Hayashi Y, Rivera EA, Modico JG, Foreman AM, Wirth O. Texting while driving, executive function, and impulsivity in college students. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 102:72-80. [PMID: 28267655 PMCID: PMC6481653 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cognitive processes underlying texting while driving. A sample of 120 college students completed a survey to assess how frequently they send and read a text message while driving. Based on this information, students were assigned to one of two groups: 20 students who frequently text while driving and 20 matched-control students who infrequently text while driving but were similar in gender, age, years of education, and years driving. The groups were compared on the extent to which they differed in self-reported measures of executive function and impulsivity. The groups were also compared on a behavioral measure of impulsivity: the extent to which they discounted hypothetical monetary rewards as a function of the delay. For this measure, the students made repeated choices between smaller monetary rewards available immediately and larger rewards available after delays ranging from 1 week to 6 months. The results show that the group of students who frequently text while driving showed (a) significantly lower levels of executive function and (b) higher levels of self-reported impulsivity, although the groups did not differ significantly on the behavioral measure of impulsivity. These results support a general conclusion that drivers with lower levels of executive function and higher levels of impulsivity are more likely to text while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hayashi
- Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton, 76 University Drive, Hazleton, PA 18202, USA.
| | - Esteban A Rivera
- Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton, 76 University Drive, Hazleton, PA 18202, USA
| | - James G Modico
- Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton, 76 University Drive, Hazleton, PA 18202, USA
| | - Anne M Foreman
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Oliver Wirth
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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