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Sabeva N, Castro W, Acosta YF, Ferchmin PA, Eterović VA, Sierra-Mercado D, Rios NP, Rivas-Tumanyan S, Martins AH. Determining the safety of the tobacco cembranoid (1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11E)-Cembratriene-4,6-diol (4R): A translational study in nonhuman primates. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116772. [PMID: 38036230 PMCID: PMC10872440 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco cembranoid known as (1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diol (4R) has been shown to offer neuroprotection against conditions such as brain ischemia, systemic inflammation, Parkinson's disease, and organophosphate toxicity in rodents. Previous safety studies conducted on male and female Sprague Dawley rats revealed no significant side effects following a single injection of 4R at varying concentrations (6, 24, or 98 mg/kg of body weight). This study aimed to assess the potential of 4R for clinical trials in neurotherapy in male nonhuman primates. Ten macaques (Macacca mulatta) were randomly separated into two groups of 5 and then intravenously injected with 4R or vehicle for 11 consecutive days at a dose of 1.4 mg/kg. Throughout the study, we monitored brain activity by electroencephalogram, somatosensory evoked potentials, and transcranial motor evoked potentials on days 0, 4, 8, and 12 and found no significant changes. The spontaneous behavior of the primates remained unaffected by the treatment. Minor hematological and blood composition variations were also detected in the experimental animals but lacked clinical significance. In conclusion, our results reinforce the notion that 4R is non-toxic in nonhuman primates under the conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Sabeva
- Department of Neurosciences, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA
| | | | - Yancy Ferrer Acosta
- Department of Neurosciences, Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00956, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Guillermo Arbona, Área de Centro Médico Río Piedras, PR 00935, USA.
| | | | | | - Demetrio Sierra-Mercado
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Guillermo Arbona, Área de Centro Médico Río Piedras, PR 00935, USA.
| | - Naydi Pérez Rios
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design Core, Hispanic Alliance for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Área de Centro Médico Río Piedras, PR 00935, USA.
| | - Sona Rivas-Tumanyan
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design Core, Hispanic Alliance for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Área de Centro Médico Río Piedras, PR 00935, USA; Office of Assistant Dean for Research and Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, Área de Centro Médico Río Piedras, PR 00935, USA.
| | - Antonio H Martins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Guillermo Arbona, Área de Centro Médico Río Piedras, PR 00935, USA.
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2
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Vo TP, Kristiansen MH, Hasselbalch HC, Wienecke T. Elevated white blood cell counts in ischemic stroke patients are associated with increased mortality and new vascular events. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1232557. [PMID: 37771455 PMCID: PMC10524243 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1232557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose High levels of white blood cells (WBC) in ischemic stroke have been shown to increase the risk of new vascular events and mortality in short and intermediate follow-up studies, but long-term effects remain unknown. We studied whether elevated levels of WBC in ischemic stroke patients are associated with new vascular events and mortality in a 10-year follow-up period. Methods We included ischemic stroke patients hospitalized between 2011 and 2012, categorizing their WBC counts within 48 h of stroke onset as high or normal (3.5-8.8 × 109 mmol/L; >8.8 × 109 mmol/L). Using Aahlen Johansen and Cox proportional hazard models with competing risk, we analyzed the association between WBC levels and new vascular events. Kaplan-Meier and standard Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the risk of all-cause mortality. Results Among 395 patients (median age 69, [IQR: 63, 78], female patients 38,0%), 38.5% had elevated WBC at admission. During the 10-year follow-up, 113 vascular events occurred, with 46% in patients with elevated WBC and 54% in patients with normal WBC. After adjusting for relevant factors, elevated WBC levels were independently associated with increased risk of new vascular events (HR: 1.61, CI: 1.09-2.39 p < 0.05) and death (HR: 1.55, CI: 1.15-2.09, p < 0.05). Conclusion Elevated WBC levels in ischemic stroke patients are linked to a higher risk of new vascular events and mortality. Thus, ischemic stroke patients with elevated WBC without clinical infection need special attention to investigate possible underlying conditions to prevent future vascular events and reduce mortality. The interpretation of our results is limited by the absence of adjustment to premorbid functional status, stroke severity, and stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Phuong Vo
- Neurology Department, Zealand University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Carl Hasselbalch
- Hematology Department, Zealand University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Troels Wienecke
- Neurology Department, Zealand University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
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3
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Kim JY, Hwang M, Choi NY, Koh SH. Inhibition of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation/Assembly through the Activation of the PI3K Pathway by Naloxone Protects Neural Stem Cells from Ischemic Condition. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5330-5342. [PMID: 37300646 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Naloxone is a well-known opioid antagonist and has been suggested to have neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia. We investigated whether naloxone exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in neural stem cells (NSCs) injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), whether it affects the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation/assembly, and whether the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is important in the control of NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly by naloxone. Primary cultured NSCs were subjected to OGD and treated with different concentrations of naloxone. Cell viability, proliferation, and the intracellular signaling proteins associated with the PI3K pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly were evaluated in OGD-injured NSCs. OGD significantly reduced survival, proliferation, and migration and increased apoptosis of NSCs. However, treatment with naloxone significantly restored survival, proliferation, and migration and decreased apoptosis of NSCs. Moreover, OGD markedly increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly and cleaved caspase-1 and interleukin-1β levels in NSCs, but naloxone significantly attenuated these effects. These neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of naloxone were eliminated when cells were treated with PI3K inhibitors. Our results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome is a potential therapeutic target and that naloxone reduces ischemic injury in NSCs by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation/assembly mediated by the activation of the PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Young Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11923, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri-si, Gyeonggi-do, 11923, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Tsai PH, Kuo CF, See LC, Li PR, Chen JS, Tseng WY. Stroke Risk in Patients with Gout: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133779. [PMID: 35807064 PMCID: PMC9267343 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To estimate stroke risk in Taiwanese patients with gout. Methods: We enrolled patients from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, with gout diagnosed from 2000 to 2008, and followed them up until December 2018. This cohort was propensity score-matched according to birth year, sex, the date of diagnosis of gout, comorbidities, and co-medications with individuals without gout (controls) (n = 310,820 in each group). Stroke was defined as the primary diagnosis at discharge after the index date. To evaluate ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke risks, we calculated their incidence, hazard ratio (HR), and two-year moving average incidence rate. Results: The incidence (95% CI) and HR of ischemic stroke were lower in the gout group than in the control group in the first 3 years (incidence: 4.74 [4.60–4.88] vs. 5.17 [5.03–5.32] per 1000 person-years; HR: 0.92 [0.88–0.96]), then became significantly higher than in the control group after 3 years (incidence: 4.10 [4.04–4.16] vs. 3.81 [3.75–3.87] per 1000 person-years; HR: 1.08 [1.05–1.10]). Similarly, the incidence (95% CI) and HR of hemorrhagic stroke was lower in the gout group than in the control group in the first 3 years (incidence: 1.51 [1.43–1.59] vs. 1.70 [1.62–1.79] per 1000 person-years; HR: 0.88 [0.82–0.92]), then became significantly higher than in controls after 3 years (incidence: 1.43 [1.39–1.46] vs. 1.26 [1.22–1.29] per 1000 person-years; HR: 1.14 [1.10–1.18]). Conclusions: In Taiwan, patients with gout had higher risks of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke after 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Han Tsai
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), New Taipei City 236, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Fu Kuo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (C.-F.K.); (L.-C.S.)
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Chu See
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan; (C.-F.K.); (L.-C.S.)
- Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan;
- Biostatistics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ru Li
- Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yi Tseng
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, No. 222, Mijin Road, Keelung City 204, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-24313131 (ext. 6204)
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Barow E, Quandt F, Cheng B, Gelderblom M, Jensen M, Königsberg A, Boutitie F, Nighoghossian N, Ebinger M, Endres M, Fiebach JB, Thijs V, Lemmens R, Muir KW, Pedraza S, Simonsen CZ, Gerloff C, Thomalla G. Association of White Blood Cell Count With Clinical Outcome Independent of Treatment With Alteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2022; 13:877367. [PMID: 35769368 PMCID: PMC9235538 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.877367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Higher white blood cell (WBC) count is associated with poor functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, little is known about whether the association is modified by treatment with intravenous alteplase. Methods WAKE-UP was a randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]-based thrombolysis in unknown onset stroke. WBC count was measured on admission and again at 22–36 h after randomization to treatment (follow-up). Favorable outcome was defined by a score of 0 or 1 on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) 90 days after stroke. Further outcome were stroke volume and any hemorrhagic transformation (HT) that were assessed on follow-up CT or MRI. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between outcome and WBC count and treatment group. Results Of 503 randomized patients, WBC count and baseline parameters were available in 437 patients (μ = 64.7 years, 35.2% women) on admission and 355 patients (μ = 65.1 years, 34.1% women) on follow-up. Median WBC count on admission was 7.6 × 109/L (interquartile range, IQR, 6.1–9.4 × 109/L) and 8.2 × 109/L (IQR, 6.7–9.7 × 109/L) on follow-up. Higher WBC count both on admission and follow-up was associated with lower odds of favorable outcome, adjusted for age, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale Score, temperature, and treatment (alteplase vs. placebo, adjusted odds ratio, aOR 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.78–0.94 and aOR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79–0.97). No interaction between WBC count and treatment group was observed (p = 0.11). Furthermore, WBC count on admission and follow-up was significantly associated with HT (aOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24 and aOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.00–1.26). Finally, WBC count on follow-up was associated with larger stroke volume (aOR 2.57, 95% CI 1.08–6.07). Conclusion Higher WBC count is associated with unfavorable outcome, an increased risk of HT, and larger stroke volume, independent of treatment with alteplase. Whether immunomodulatory manipulation of WBC count improves stroke outcome needs to be tested. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01525290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewgenia Barow
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ewgenia Barow
| | - Fanny Quandt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Cheng
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Märit Jensen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Königsberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florent Boutitie
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biostatistique, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Equipe Biostatistique-Santé, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Norbert Nighoghossian
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Medical Park Berlin Humboldtmühle, Klinik für Neurologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Endres
- Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen), Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen B. Fiebach
- Centrum für Schlaganfallforschung Berlin (CSB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keith W. Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience & Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Salvador Pedraza
- Department of Radiology, Institut de Diagnostic per la Image (IDI), Girona, Spain
| | - Claus Z. Simonsen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Zhang X, Huang T, Lang L, Yu L. Effects of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 on NLRC4 inflammasome in brain tissues of transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221078870. [PMID: 35230166 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221078870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore whether LPA5 was involved in the inflammatory responses in CI/R injury by regulation of NLRC4. METHOD The cerebral I/R model in rats was constructed with ischemia of 2h and different time points of reperfusion. After that, western blot was used to determine protein expression (LPA5, NLRC4, AIM2, caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, mature IL-1β, and precursor IL-1β). And LPA5 and NLRC4 expression were also detected by using immunofluorescence experiment. Afterward, two sequence of LPA5-siRNA were injected into rats via intracerebroventricular administration. TTC staining and HE staining were performed. RESULT As the reperfusion time was prolonged, LPA5 content was continuously increased, and the highest expression of NLRC4 was found at 4h of reperfusion. And protein expression of AIM2, cleaved-caspase-1, and mature IL-1β was also at highest level at 4h. And after reperfusion of 4h, LPA5 siRNA1# or 2# was injected into lateral ventricles. LPA5 silence markedly reduced the infract volume and improved the histological change of ischemic zone. And LPA5 silence significantly downregulated NLRC4, AIM2, and the ratio of cleaved-caspase-1/caspase-1 and mature IL-1β/precursor IL-1β. And compared with LPA5-siRNA2#, LPA5-siRNA1# exerted a more significant effect. CONCLUSION Low expression of LPA5 can protect against the inflammatory responses in CI/R model of rats through inhibiting NLRC4 inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Neurology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Lubo Lang
- Department of Neurology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Neurology, 519688Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
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7
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Schrick D, Ezer E, Tokes-Fuzesi M, Szapary L, Molnar T. Novel Predictors of Future Vascular Events in Post-stroke Patients-A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:666994. [PMID: 34220675 PMCID: PMC8250147 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.666994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A modified platelet function test (mPFT) was recently found to be superior compared to impedance aggregometry for selection of post-stroke patients with high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR). We aimed to explore some peripheral blood cell characteristics as predictors of recurrent ischemic episodes. The predictive value of mPFT was also assessed in a cohort followed up to 36 months regarding recurrent ischemic vascular events. Methods: As a novelty, not only whole blood (WB), but after 1-h gravity sedimentation the separated upper (UB) and lower half blood (LB) samples were analyzed including neutrophil antisedimentation rate (NAR) in 52 post-stroke patients taking clopidogrel. Area under the curve (AUC, AUCupper and AUClower, respectively) was separately measured by Multiplate in the WB, UB and LB samples to characterize ex vivo platelet aggregation in the presence of ADP. Next, the occurrence of vascular events (stroke, acute coronary syndrome, ACS) were evaluated during 36-month follow-up. Results: A total of 11 vascular events (stroke n = 5, ACS n = 6) occurred during the follow-up period. The AUCupper was significantly higher in patients with recurrent stroke compared to those with uneventful follow-up (p = 0.03). The AUCupper with a cut-off value ≥70 based on the mPFT, was able to predict all stroke events (p = 0.01), while the total vascular events were independently predicted by NAR with a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 88%. Conclusions: A combination of NAR reflecting the inflammatory state and AUCupper indicating HTPR may provide a better prediction of recurrent ischemic events suggesting a better selection of patients at risk, thus providing an individually tailored vascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Schrick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erzsebet Ezer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Margit Tokes-Fuzesi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Szapary
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tihamer Molnar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Kim M, Kim SD, Kim KI, Jeon EH, Kim MG, Lim YR, Lkhagva-Yondon E, Oh Y, Na K, Chung YC, Jin BK, Song YS, Jeon MS. Dynamics of T Lymphocyte between the Periphery and the Brain from the Acute to the Chronic Phase Following Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:155-169. [PMID: 33707347 PMCID: PMC8118758 DOI: 10.5607/en20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke causes systemic immunosuppression. T lymphocytes are involved in infarct size in the early stages of stroke. However, the phenotypes of T lymphocytes and their functions in peripheral immune organs and the brain have not been well analyzed in the acute and chronic phases of stroke. Here, we investigated pathological phenotypic alterations in the systemic immune response, especially changes in T lymphocytes, from one day to six months after ischemic stroke in mice. Impairment in thymocyte numbers, development, proliferation, and apoptosis were observed for up to two weeks. The number of mature T cells in the spleen and blood decreased and showed reduced interferon-γ production. Increased numbers of CD4-CD8-CD3+ double-negative T cells were observed in the mouse brain during the early stages of stroke, whereas interleukin (IL)-10+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes increased from two weeks during the chronic phase. These phenotypes correlated with body weight and neurological severity scores. The recovery of T lymphocyte numbers and increases in IL-10+Foxp3+ regulatory T lymphocytes may be important for long-term neurological outcomes. Dynamic changes in T lymphocytes between the acute and chronic phases may play different roles in pathogenesis and recovery. This study provides fundamental information regarding the T lymphocyte alterations from the brain to the peripheral immune organs following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minha Kim
- Translational Research Center, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, IRIMS, and College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - So-Dam Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Kyoung In Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Eun Hae Jeon
- Translational Research Center, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, IRIMS, and College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.,Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Min Gee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yu-Ree Lim
- Translational Research Center, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, IRIMS, and College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Enkhmaa Lkhagva-Yondon
- Translational Research Center, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, IRIMS, and College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.,Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Yena Oh
- Translational Research Center, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, IRIMS, and College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Kwangmin Na
- Translational Research Center, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, IRIMS, and College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea
| | - Young Cheul Chung
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yun Seon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Jeon
- Translational Research Center, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, IRIMS, and College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.,Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea.,Convergent Research Center for Metabolism and Immunoregulation, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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9
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Jeon J, Lourenco J, Kaiser EE, Waters ES, Scheulin KM, Fang X, Kinder HA, Platt SR, Rothrock MJ, Callaway TR, West FD, Park HJ. Dynamic Changes in the Gut Microbiome at the Acute Stage of Ischemic Stroke in a Pig Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:587986. [PMID: 33343283 PMCID: PMC7744295 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.587986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and long-term disability affecting seven million adults in the United States each year. Recently, it has been demonstrated that neurological diseases, associated pathology, and susceptibility changes correlated with changes in the gut microbiota. However, changes in the microbial community in stroke has not been well characterized. The acute stage of stroke is a critical period for assessing injury severity, therapeutic intervention, and clinical prognosis. We investigated the changes in the gut microbiota composition and diversity using a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion ischemic stroke pig model. Ischemic stroke was induced by cauterization of the MCA in pigs. Blood samples were collected prestroke and 4 h, 12 h, 1 day, and 5 days poststroke to evaluate circulating proinflammatory cytokines. Fecal samples were collected prestroke and 1, 3, and 5 days poststroke to assess gut microbiome changes. Results showed elevated systemic inflammation with increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha at 4 h and interleukin-6 at 12 h poststroke, relative to prestroke. Microbial diversity and evenness were reduced at 1 day poststroke compared to prestroke. Microbial diversity at 3 days poststroke was negatively correlated with lesion volume. Moreover, beta-diversity analysis revealed trending overall differences over time, with the most significant changes in microbial patterns observed between prestroke and 3 days poststroke. Abundance of the Proteobacteria was significantly increased, while Firmicutes decreased at 3 days poststroke, compared to prestroke populations. Abundance of the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus was reduced at 3 days poststroke. By day 5, the microbial pattern returned to similar values as prestroke, suggesting the plasticity of gut microbiome in an acute period of stroke in a pig model. These findings provide a basis for characterizing gut microbial changes during the acute stage of stroke, which can be used to assess stroke pathology and the potential development of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jeon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin E Kaiser
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Waters
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelly M Scheulin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Xi Fang
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holly A Kinder
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Simon R Platt
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Todd R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Franklin D West
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hea Jin Park
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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10
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Cieplik F, Wiedenhofer AM, Pietsch V, Hiller KA, Hiergeist A, Wagner A, Baldaranov D, Linker RA, Jantsch J, Buchalla W, Schlachetzki F, Gessner A. Oral Health, Oral Microbiota, and Incidence of Stroke-Associated Pneumonia-A Prospective Observational Study. Front Neurol 2020; 11:528056. [PMID: 33240188 PMCID: PMC7677513 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.528056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke-associated pneumonia is a major cause for poor outcomes in the post-acute phase after stroke. Several studies have suggested potential links between neglected oral health and pneumonia. Therefore, the aim of this prospective observational study was to investigate oral health and microbiota and incidence of pneumonia in patients consecutively admitted to a stroke unit with stroke-like symptoms. This study involved three investigation timepoints. The baseline investigation (within 24 h of admission) involved collection of demographic, neurological, and immunological data; dental examinations; and microbiological sampling (saliva and subgingival plaque). Further investigation timepoints at 48 or 120 h after baseline included collection of immunological data and microbiological sampling. Microbiological samples were analyzed by culture technique and by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. From the 99 patients included in this study, 57 were diagnosed with stroke and 42 were so-called stroke mimics. From 57 stroke patients, 8 (14%) developed pneumonia. Stroke-associated pneumonia was significantly associated with higher age, dysphagia, greater stroke severity, embolectomy, nasogastric tubes, and higher baseline C-reactive protein (CRP). There were trends toward higher incidence of pneumonia in patients with more missing teeth and worse oral hygiene. Microbiological analyses showed no relevant differences regarding microbial composition between the groups. However, there was a significant ecological shift over time in the pneumonia patients, probably due to antibiotic treatment. This prospective observational study investigating associations between neglected oral health and incidence of SAP encourages investigations in larger patient cohorts and implementation of oral hygiene programs in stroke units that may help reducing the incidence of stroke-associated pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alma Maria Wiedenhofer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Pietsch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dobri Baldaranov
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Jantsch
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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11
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García-Rudolph A, Cegarra B, Opisso E, Tormos JM, Bernabeu M, Saurí J. Predicting length of stay in patients admitted to stroke rehabilitation with severe and moderate levels of functional impairments. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22423. [PMID: 33120737 PMCID: PMC7581132 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe stroke patients are known to be associated with larger rehabilitation length of stay (LOS) but other factors besides severity may be contributing. We aim to identify LOS predictors within a population of mostly severe patients and analyze the impact of socioeconomic situation in functionality at admission.A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted including 172 inpatients admitted to a rehabilitation center between 2007 and 2019. Associations with LOS were examined among 30 potential predictor variables using bivariate correlations. Significantly correlated (P < .002, Bonferroni adjustment) variables were entered into 9 different multiple linear regression models.No mild participants were included, 63.37% severe and 36.63% moderate. Most significant LOS determinants were: 1) total functional independence measure (FIM) (P < .001) and hemiparesis (P = .0108) (adjusted R = 0.24), 2) cognitive FIM (P = .002) and severity (P = .001) (adjusted R = 0.22), and 3) home accessibility (P = .043) and hemiparesis (P = 0.032) (adjusted R = 0.19).Known LOS predictors (e.g., depression, ataxia) within the full stroke severities were not found significant in our dataset.Socioeconomic situation was found moderately correlated with total FIM (r = -0.32, P < .0001).When stratifying the patients' socioeconomic situation into mild, important, and severe social risk, their respective median total FIM at admission were 61.5, 50, and 41, with significant differences between the mild and important group (P < .001); also significant differences were found between mild and severe groups (P < .001).A few of the variables identified in the literature as significant predictors of LOS within the full stroke population were also significant for our dataset (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, FIM, home accessibility) explaining less than 25% of the LOS variance. Most of the 30 analyzed known predictors were not significant (e.g., depression, age, recurrent stroke, ataxia, orientation, verbal communication, etc) suggesting that factors outside functional, socioeconomic, medical, and demographics not included in this study (e.g., rehabilitation sessions intensity) have important influences on LOS for severe patients.Patients at mild social risk obtained significantly higher total FIM at admission than patients at important and severe social risk. The importance of socioeconomic situation has been scarcely studied in the literature in relation to functionality at admission; our results suggest that it requires to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Rudolph
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
| | - Blanca Cegarra
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
- Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Opisso
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
| | - Josep María Tormos
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
| | - Montserrat Bernabeu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
| | - Joan Saurí
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona
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12
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Park J, Chang JY, Kim JY, Lee JE. Monocyte Transmodulation: The Next Novel Therapeutic Approach in Overcoming Ischemic Stroke? Front Neurol 2020; 11:578003. [PMID: 33193029 PMCID: PMC7642685 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.578003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response following neuroinflammation is a vital element of ischemic stroke pathophysiology. After the onset of ischemic stroke, a specialized vasculature system that effectively protects central nervous system tissues from the invasion of blood cells and other macromolecules is broken down within minutes, thereby triggering the inflammation cascade, including the infiltration of peripheral blood leukocytes. In this series of processes, blood-derived monocytes have a significant effect on the outcome of ischemic stroke through neuroinflammatory responses. As neuroinflammation is a necessary and pivotal component of the reparative process after ischemic stroke, understanding the role of infiltrating monocytes in the modulation of inflammatory responses may offer a great opportunity to explore new therapies for ischemic stroke. In this review, we discuss and highlight the function and involvement of monocytes in the brain after ischemic injury, as well as their impact on tissue damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohyun Park
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Chang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Serum Amyloid A-Mediated Inflammasome Activation of Microglial Cells in Cerebral Ischemia. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9465-9476. [PMID: 31611307 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0801-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins are acute-phase reactant associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and increase in the plasma 1000-fold during inflammation. Recent studies have implicated SAAs in innate immunity and various disorders; however, the precise mechanism eludes us. Previous studies have shown SAAs are elevated following stroke and cerebral ischemia, and our studies demonstrated that SAA-deficient mice reduce inflammation and infarct volumes in a mouse stroke model. Our studies demonstrate that SAA increases the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which is mediated by Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, cathepsin B, and caspase-1 and may play a role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. SAA induced the expression of NLRP3, which mediated IL-1β induction in murine BV-2 cells and both sex primary mouse microglial cells, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Inhibition or KO of the NLRP3 in microglia prevented the increase in IL-1β. N-acetyl-l-cysteine and mito-TEMPO blocked the induction of IL-1β by inhibiting ROS with SAA treatment. In addition, inhibition of cathepsin B with different drugs or microglia from CatB-deficient mice attenuated inflammasome activation. Our studies suggest that the impact of SAA on inflammasome stimulation is mediated in part by the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts and Toll-like receptor proteins 2 and 4. SAA induced inflammatory cytokines and an M1 phenotype in the microglial cells while downregulating anti-inflammation M2 phenotype. These studies suggest that brain injury to can elicit a systemic inflammatory response mediated through SAA that contributes to the pathological outcomes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the present study, serum amyloid A can induce that activation of the inflammasome in microglial cells and give rise to IL-1β release, which can further inflammation in the brain following neurological diseases. The also presents a novel target for therapeutic approaches in stroke.
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14
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Heterogeneity in neutrophil responses to immune complexes. Blood Adv 2019; 3:2778-2789. [PMID: 31554616 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune complexes (ICs) can trigger inflammation and thrombosis, in part, by activating neutrophils. Much attention has focused on the serologic characteristics of ICs and Fc receptors associated with cellular activation, but few studies have examined host susceptibility to neutrophil activation by ICs. Here, we use a novel whole blood system to investigate the ability of ICs to cause neutrophil activation and degranulation. Using monoclonal anti-platelet factor 4/heparin (PF4/heparin), anti-protamine/heparin antibodies, patient-derived anti-PF4/heparin antibodies, and heat-aggregated immunoglobulin G as model ICs, we demonstrate that heparin-containing ICs cause robust, heparin-dependent neutrophil activation and degranulation which is mediated by both FcγRIIa and complement. Longitudinal testing over a 1-year period shows that an individual's neutrophil response to ICs represents a fixed phenotype resulting in high, intermediate, or low reactivity. Examination of individuals at the extremes of reactivity (high vs low) shows that phenotypic variation resides in the cellular compartment and is correlated with host white blood cell count and absolute neutrophil count, but not age, sex, race, polymorphisms in neutrophil Fcγ receptors, or CR1, CR3, and Fcγ receptor expression on neutrophils. Together, these studies demonstrate that susceptibility to neutrophil activation by ICs is intrinsic to the host and is likely genetic in origin. These findings may be relevant to the heterogeneous clinical outcomes seen in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and other IC-mediated disorders and could potentially identify patients at high risk for thrombotic and inflammatory complications.
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15
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Jian Z, Liu R, Zhu X, Smerin D, Zhong Y, Gu L, Fang W, Xiong X. The Involvement and Therapy Target of Immune Cells After Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2167. [PMID: 31572378 PMCID: PMC6749156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is compromised. Peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, infiltrate into the ischemic brain tissue and play an important role in regulating the progression of ischemic brain injury. In this review, we will discuss the role of different immune cells after stroke in the secondary inflammatory reaction and focus on the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in ischemic stroke, as well as briefly introduce the anti-ischemic stroke therapy targeting macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, China
| | - Xiqun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daniel Smerin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Senchenkova EY, Ansari J, Becker F, Vital SA, Al-Yafeai Z, Sparkenbaugh EM, Pawlinski R, Stokes KY, Carroll JL, Dragoi AM, Qin CX, Ritchie RH, Sun H, Cuellar-Saenz HH, Rubinstein MR, Han YW, Orr AW, Perretti M, Granger DN, Gavins FNE. Novel Role for the AnxA1-Fpr2/ALX Signaling Axis as a Key Regulator of Platelet Function to Promote Resolution of Inflammation. Circulation 2019; 140:319-335. [PMID: 31154815 PMCID: PMC6687438 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.039345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Ischemia reperfusion injury (I/RI) is a common complication of cardiovascular diseases. Resolution of detrimental I/RI-generated prothrombotic and proinflammatory responses is essential to restore homeostasis. Platelets play a crucial part in the integration of thrombosis and inflammation. Their role as participants in the resolution of thromboinflammation is underappreciated; therefore we used pharmacological and genetic approaches, coupled with murine and clinical samples, to uncover key concepts underlying this role. Methods: Middle cerebral artery occlusion with reperfusion was performed in wild-type or annexin A1 (AnxA1) knockout (AnxA1−/−) mice. Fluorescence intravital microscopy was used to visualize cellular trafficking and to monitor light/dye–induced thrombosis. The mice were treated with vehicle, AnxA1 (3.3 mg/kg), WRW4 (1.8 mg/kg), or all 3, and the effect of AnxA1 was determined in vivo and in vitro. Results: Intravital microscopy revealed heightened platelet adherence and aggregate formation post I/RI, which were further exacerbated in AnxA1−/− mice. AnxA1 administration regulated platelet function directly (eg, via reducing thromboxane B2 and modulating phosphatidylserine expression) to promote cerebral protection post-I/RI and act as an effective preventative strategy for stroke by reducing platelet activation, aggregate formation, and cerebral thrombosis, a prerequisite for ischemic stroke. To translate these findings into a clinical setting, we show that AnxA1 plasma levels are reduced in human and murine stroke and that AnxA1 is able to act on human platelets, suppressing classic thrombin-induced inside-out signaling events (eg, Akt activation, intracellular calcium release, and Ras-associated protein 1 [Rap1] expression) to decrease αIIbβ3 activation without altering its surface expression. AnxA1 also selectively modifies cell surface determinants (eg, phosphatidylserine) to promote platelet phagocytosis by neutrophils, thereby driving active resolution. (n=5–13 mice/group or 7–10 humans/group.) Conclusions: AnxA1 affords protection by altering the platelet phenotype in cerebral I/RI from propathogenic to regulatory and reducing the propensity for platelets to aggregate and cause thrombosis by affecting integrin (αIIbβ3) activation, a previously unknown phenomenon. Thus, our data reveal a novel multifaceted role for AnxA1 to act both as a therapeutic and a prophylactic drug via its ability to promote endogenous proresolving, antithromboinflammatory circuits in cerebral I/RI. Collectively, these results further advance our knowledge and understanding in the field of platelet and resolution biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y Senchenkova
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (E.Y.S., J.A., S.A.V., K.Y.S., D.N.G., F.N.E.G.)
| | - Junaid Ansari
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (E.Y.S., J.A., S.A.V., K.Y.S., D.N.G., F.N.E.G.)
| | - Felix Becker
- Department for General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Germany (F.B., H.S.)
| | - Shantel A Vital
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (E.Y.S., J.A., S.A.V., K.Y.S., D.N.G., F.N.E.G.)
| | - Zaki Al-Yafeai
- Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (Z.A.-Y., A.W.O.)
| | | | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Department of Medicine, University North Carolina Chapel Hill (E.M.S., R.P.)
| | - Karen Y Stokes
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (E.Y.S., J.A., S.A.V., K.Y.S., D.N.G., F.N.E.G.)
| | - Jennifer L Carroll
- INLET (J.L.C., A.-M.D.).,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (J.L.C., A.-M.D.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- INLET (J.L.C., A.-M.D.).,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center (J.L.C., A.-M.D.), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Heart Failure Pharmacology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.X.Q., R.H.R.)
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Heart Failure Pharmacology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (C.X.Q., R.H.R.)
| | - Hai Sun
- Neurosurgery (H.S., H.H.C.-Z.).,Department for General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Germany (F.B., H.S.)
| | | | - Mara R Rubinstein
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine (M.R.R., Y.W.H.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Yiping W Han
- Division of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine (M.R.R., Y.W.H.), Columbia University, New York.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (Y.W.H.), Columbia University, New York
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Pathology and Translational Pathobiology (Z.A.-Y., A.W.O.).,Cellular Biology and Anatomy (A.W.O.)
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK (M.P.)
| | - D Neil Granger
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (E.Y.S., J.A., S.A.V., K.Y.S., D.N.G., F.N.E.G.)
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (E.Y.S., J.A., S.A.V., K.Y.S., D.N.G., F.N.E.G.).,Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK (F.N.E.G.)
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17
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Saand AR, Yu F, Chen J, Chou SHY. Systemic inflammation in hemorrhagic strokes - A novel neurological sign and therapeutic target? J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:959-988. [PMID: 30961425 PMCID: PMC6547186 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19841443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidences suggest that stroke is a systemic disease affecting many organ systems beyond the brain. Stroke-related systemic inflammatory response and immune dysregulations may play an important role in brain injury, recovery, and stroke outcome. The two main phenomena in stroke-related peripheral immune dysregulations are systemic inflammation and post-stroke immunosuppression. There is emerging evidence suggesting that the spleen contracts following ischemic stroke, activates peripheral immune response and this may further potentiate brain injury. Whether similar brain-immune crosstalk occurs in hemorrhagic strokes such as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is not established. In this review, we systematically examined animal and human evidence to date on peripheral immune responses associated with hemorrhagic strokes. Specifically, we reviewed the impact of clinical systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), inflammation- and immune-associated biomarkers, the brain-spleen interaction, and cellular mediators of peripheral immune responses to ICH and SAH including regulatory T cells (Tregs). While there is growing data suggesting that peripheral immune dysregulation following hemorrhagic strokes may be important in brain injury pathogenesis and outcome, details of this brain-immune system cross-talk remain insufficiently understood. This is an important unmet scientific need that may lead to novel therapeutic strategies in this highly morbid condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha R Saand
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- 2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- 2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sherry H-Y Chou
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Trott S, Vsevolozhskaya O, Pennypacker K, Alhajeri A, Fraser JF. Immune System Activation in Perioperative Thrombectomy Patients: Preliminary Retrospective Study. World Neurosurg 2019; 128:e966-e969. [PMID: 31100531 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a devastating condition resulting in significant morbidity. Mechanical thrombectomy is now standard for large vessel occlusive stroke. Neuroinflammation is known to play important roles in ischemic stroke. Our aims were to examine our thrombectomy procedures and preliminarily examine systemic immune response in relation to thrombectomy changes. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted on mechanical thrombectomy cases from July 2011 through December 2015. Primary outcomes were time to recanalization, final Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score, procedural complications, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale improvement, and changes in white blood cell (WBC) count. RESULTS One-hundred and twenty-nine procedures were performed. We found a significant difference between WBC count on admission and WBC count post thrombectomy day 1 for patients with >90 minutes to recanalization (P = 0.006107). There was a positive association between WBC change and absolute National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale change among females (P = 0.0273) but not among males. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found that systemic immune response has close relationships with speed of recanalization and preliminarily may shift differently on the basis of sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar Trott
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Olga Vsevolozhskaya
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Keith Pennypacker
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Abdulnasser Alhajeri
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Justin F Fraser
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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19
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García-Rudolph A, Sánchez-Pinsach D, Salleras EO, Tormos JM. Subacute stroke physical rehabilitation evidence in activities of daily living outcomes: A systematic review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14501. [PMID: 30813152 PMCID: PMC6408050 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of disabilities worldwide. One of the key disciplines in stroke rehabilitation is physical therapy which is primarily aimed at restoring and maintaining activities of daily living (ADL). Several meta-analyses have found different interventions improving functional capacity and reducing disability. OBJECTIVES To systematically evaluate existing evidence, from published systematic reviews of meta-analyses, of subacute physical rehabilitation interventions in (ADLs) for stroke patients. METHODS Umbrella review on meta-analyses of RCTs ADLs in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar up to April 2018. Two reviewers independently applied inclusion criteria to select potential systematic reviews of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of physical rehabilitation interventions (during subacute phase) reporting results in ADLs. Two reviewers independently extracted name of the 1st author, year of publication, physical intervention, outcome(s), total number of participants, and number of studies from each eligible meta-analysis. The number of subjects (intervention and control), ADL outcome, and effect sizes were extracted from each study. RESULTS Fifty-five meta-analyses on 21 subacute rehabilitation interventions presented in 30 different publications involving a total of 314 RCTs for 13,787 subjects were identified. Standardized mean differences (SMDs), 95% confidence intervals (fixed and random effects models), 95% prediction intervals, and statistical heterogeneity (I and Q test) were calculated. Virtual reality, constraint-induced movement, augmented exercises therapy, and transcranial direct current stimulation interventions resulted statistically significant (P < .05) with moderate improvements (0.5 ≤ SMD ≤ 0.8) and no heterogeneity (I = 0%). Moxibustion, Tai Chi, and acupuncture presented best improvements (SMD > 0.8) but with considerable heterogeneity (I2 > 75%). Only acupuncture reached "suggestive" level of evidence. CONCLUSION Despite the range of interventions available for stroke rehabilitation in subacute phase, there is lack of high-quality evidence in meta-analyses, highlighting the need of further research reporting ADL outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Rudolph
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Sánchez-Pinsach
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eloy Opisso Salleras
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep María Tormos
- Department of Research and Innovation, Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Abu-Fanne R, Stepanova V, Litvinov RI, Abdeen S, Bdeir K, Higazi M, Maraga E, Nagaswami C, Mukhitov AR, Weisel JW, Cines DB, Higazi AAR. Neutrophil α-defensins promote thrombosis in vivo by altering fibrin formation, structure, and stability. Blood 2019; 133:481-493. [PMID: 30442678 PMCID: PMC6356988 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-861237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and thrombosis are integrated, mutually reinforcing processes, but the interregulatory mechanisms are incompletely defined. Here, we examined the contribution of α-defensins (α-defs), antimicrobial proteins released from activated human neutrophils, on clot formation in vitro and in vivo. Activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation stimulates release of α-defs from neutrophils. α-Defs accelerate fibrin polymerization, increase fiber density and branching, incorporate into nascent fibrin clots, and impede fibrinolysis in vitro. Transgenic mice (Def++) expressing human α-Def-1 developed larger, occlusive, neutrophil-rich clots after partial inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation than those that formed in wild-type (WT) mice. IVC thrombi extracted from Def++ mice were composed of a fibrin meshwork that was denser and contained a higher proportion of tightly packed compressed polyhedral erythrocytes than those that developed in WT mice. Def++ mice were resistant to thromboprophylaxis with heparin. Inhibiting activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, bone marrow transplantation from WT mice or provision of colchicine to Def++ mice to inhibit neutrophil degranulation decreased plasma levels of α-defs, caused a phenotypic reversion characterized by smaller thrombi comparable to those formed in WT mice, and restored responsiveness to heparin. These data identify α-defs as a potentially important and tractable link between innate immunity and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Abu-Fanne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; and
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Suhair Abdeen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Khalil Bdeir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
| | - Mohamed Higazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Emad Maraga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chandrasekaran Nagaswami
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Alexander R Mukhitov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | | | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hadassah-Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and
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21
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Vandenbark AA, Meza-Romero R, Benedek G, Offner H. A novel neurotherapeutic for multiple sclerosis, ischemic injury, methamphetamine addiction, and traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:14. [PMID: 30683115 PMCID: PMC6346590 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular, autoimmune, and traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) all have in common an initial acute inflammatory response mediated by influx across the blood-brain barrier of activated mononuclear cells followed by chronic and often progressive disability. Although some anti-inflammatory therapies can reduce cellular infiltration into the initial lesions, there are essentially no effective treatments for the progressive phase. We here review the successful treatment of animal models for four separate neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative CNS conditions using a single partial MHC class II construct called DRa1-hMOG-35-55 or its newest iteration, DRa1(L50Q)-hMOG-35-55 (DRhQ) that can be administered without a need for class II tissue type matching due to the conserved DRα1 moiety of the drug. These constructs antagonize the cognate TCR and bind with high affinity to their cell-bound CD74 receptor on macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby competitively inhibiting downstream signaling and pro-inflammatory effects of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog, d-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT=MIF-2) that bind to identical residues of CD74 leading to progressive disease. These effects suggest the existence of a common pathogenic mechanism involving a chemokine-driven influx of activated monocytes into the CNS tissue that can be reversed by parenteral injection of the DRa1-MOG-35-55 constructs that also induce anti-inflammatory macrophages and microglia within the CNS. Due to their ability to block this common pathway, these novel drugs appear to be prime candidates for therapy of a wide range of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative CNS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Roberto Meza-Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gil Benedek
- Present Address: Tissue Typing and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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22
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Ning K, Liu WW, Huang JL, Lu HT, Sun XJ. Effects of hydrogen on polarization of macrophages and microglia in a stroke model. Med Gas Res 2019; 8:154-159. [PMID: 30713668 PMCID: PMC6352575 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.248266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. The polarization of microglia as an important participant in the inflammation following stroke is also found to be involved in stroke. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydrogen gas on the polarization of macrophages/microglia in vitro. Raw264.7 cells were treated with lipopolysaccharides and then exposed to hydrogen. The microglia were treated with the supernatant from oxygen and glucose deprivation-treated neurons and then exposed to hydrogen. The phenotypes of Raw 264.7 cells and microglia were determined by flow cytometry, and cell morphology was observed. Results showed lipopolysaccharides significantly increased the M1 macrophages, and the supernatant from oxygen and glucose deprivation-treated neurons dramatically elevated the proportion of M1 microglia, but both treatments had little influence on the M2 cells. In addition, hydrogen treatment significantly inhibited the increase in M1 cells, but had no influence on M2 ones. Our findings suggest that the neuroprotection of hydrogen may be related to its regulation of microglia in the nervous system after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ning
- Department of Navy Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- Department of Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Long Huang
- Department of Navy Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Tao Lu
- Department of Navy Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of Navy Aeromedicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
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23
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The Traditional Chinese Medicine MLC901 inhibits inflammation processes after focal cerebral ischemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18062. [PMID: 30584250 PMCID: PMC6305383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is considered as a major contributor to brain injury following cerebral ischemia. The therapeutic potential of both MLC601/MLC901, which are herbal extract preparations derived from Chinese Medicine, has been reported both in advanced stroke clinical trials and also in animal and cellular models. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MLC901 on the different steps of post-ischemic inflammation in focal ischemia in mice. In vivo injury was induced by 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. MLC901 was administered in post-treatment 90 min after the onset of ischemia and once a day during reperfusion. MLC901 treatment resulted in a reduction in infarct volume, a decrease of Blood Brain Barrier leakage and brain swelling, an improvement in neurological scores and a reduction of mortality rate at 24 hours after MCAO. These beneficial effects of MLC901 were accompanied by an inhibition of astrocytes and microglia/macrophage activation, a drastically decreased neutrophil invasion into the ischemic brain as well as by a negative regulation of pro-inflammatory mediator expression (cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases). MLC901 significantly inhibited the expression of Prx6 as well as the transcriptional activity of NFκB and the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, an important pathway in the immune response in the ischemic brain. MLC901 effects on the neuroinflammation cascade induced by cerebral ischemia probably contribute, in a very significant way, in its potential therapeutic value.
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24
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Association of lower leukocyte count before thrombolysis with early neurological improvement in acute ischemic stroke patients. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 56:44-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Hashem SS, Helmy SM, El-Fayomy NM, Oraby MI, Menshawy M, Dawood NA, Hashem HS. Predictors of stroke outcome: the role of hemorheology, natural anticoagulants, and serum albumin. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2018; 54:18. [PMID: 30046235 PMCID: PMC6028876 DOI: 10.1186/s41983-018-0019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early hours after an acute stroke are crucial; early accurate prediction of outcome in stroke patients can help health system providers and families to choose appropriate lines of management and plan for the future. The aim of this work is to assess the role of hemorheological parameters (such as blood viscosity, hematocrit, platelet aggregation, and leukocyte count), protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, and serum albumin as predictors of stroke outcome. METHODS Thirty subjects, 20 patients with acute ischemic stroke within 24 h from the onset and 10 normal subjects, were included in this case control study. Clinical, functional, and radiological evaluation was done for the patients, and all patients and control were subjected to routine laboratory tests and assessment of blood viscosity, hematocrit level, platelet aggregation, protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III. RESULTS Platelet aggregation was significantly higher and serum albumin was significantly lower in stroke patients compared to control (p value = 0.000 and 0.039) respectively. On comparing between patient with good and poor outcome, good outcome was associated with increased serum albumin level at admission (p value = 0.03) respectively. A significant negative correlation was found between total leukocyte count, hematocrit value, and stroke outcome (p value = 0.015 and 0.013) respectively. Only albumin was found to be a significant predictor for outcome by linear regression analysis. CONCLUSION Serum albumin, hematocrit level, and total leukocyte count at the time of presentation of ischemic stroke are useful markers for stroke outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Heba S. Hashem
- Neurology Department, National Institute of Research, Giza, Egypt
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26
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Shekhar S, Cunningham MW, Pabbidi MR, Wang S, Booz GW, Fan F. Targeting vascular inflammation in ischemic stroke: Recent developments on novel immunomodulatory approaches. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:531-544. [PMID: 29935175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating and debilitating medical condition with limited therapeutic options. However, accumulating evidence indicates a central role of inflammation in all aspects of stroke including its initiation, the progression of injury, and recovery or wound healing. A central target of inflammation is disruption of the blood brain barrier or neurovascular unit. Here we discuss recent developments in identifying potential molecular targets and immunomodulatory approaches to preserve or protect barrier function and limit infarct damage and functional impairment. These include blocking harmful inflammatory signaling in endothelial cells, microglia/macrophages, or Th17/γδ T cells with biologics, third generation epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) analogs with extended half-life, and miRNA antagomirs. Complementary beneficial pathways may be enhanced by miRNA mimetics or hyperbaric oxygenation. These immunomodulatory approaches could be used to greatly expand the therapeutic window for thrombolytic treatment with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Moreover, nanoparticle technology allows for the selective targeting of endothelial cells for delivery of DNA/RNA oligonucleotides and neuroprotective drugs. In addition, although likely detrimental to the progression of ischemic stroke by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal cell death, 20-HETE may also reduce susceptibility of onset of ischemic stroke by maintaining autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Although the interaction between inflammation and stroke is multifaceted, a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the pro-inflammatory state at all stages will hopefully help in developing novel immunomodulatory approaches to improve mortality and functional outcome of those inflicted with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mark W Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mallikarjuna R Pabbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - George W Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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27
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Tan C, Zhao S, Higashikawa K, Wang Z, Kawabori M, Abumiya T, Nakayama N, Kazumata K, Ukon N, Yasui H, Tamaki N, Kuge Y, Shichinohe H, Houkin K. [ 18F]DPA-714 PET imaging shows immunomodulatory effect of intravenous administration of bone marrow stromal cells after transient focal ischemia. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:35. [PMID: 29717383 PMCID: PMC5930298 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential application of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) therapy in stroke has been anticipated due to its immunomodulatory effects. Recently, positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]DPA-714, a translocator protein (TSPO) ligand, has become available for use as a neural inflammatory indicator. We aimed to evaluate the effects of BMSC administration after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) using [18F]DPA-714 PET. The BMSCs or vehicle were administered intravenously to rat MCAO models at 3 h after the insult. Neurological deficits, body weight, infarct volume, and histology were analyzed. [18F]DPA-714 PET was performed 3 and 10 days after MCAO. Results Rats had severe neurological deficits and body weight loss after MCAO. Cell administration ameliorated these effects as well as the infarct volume. Although weight loss occurred in the spleen and thymus, cell administration suppressed it. In both vehicle and BMSC groups, [18F]DPA-714 PET showed a high standardized uptake value (SUV) around the ischemic area 3 days after MCAO. Although SUV was increased further 10 days after MCAO in both groups, the increase was inhibited in the BMSC group, significantly. Histological analysis showed that an inflammatory reaction occurred in the lymphoid organs and brain after MCAO, which was suppressed in the BMSC group. Conclusions The present results suggest that BMSC therapy could be effective in ischemic stroke due to modulation of systemic inflammatory responses. The [18F]DPA-714 PET/CT system can accurately demonstrate brain inflammation and evaluate the BMSC therapeutic effect in an imaging context. It has great potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbo Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.,Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Songji Zhao
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Tracer Kinetics and Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kei Higashikawa
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Zifeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawabori
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeo Abumiya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ken Kazumata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Ukon
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Fukushima Global Medical Science Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hironobu Yasui
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nagara Tamaki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Integrated Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hideo Shichinohe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. .,Division of Clinical Research Administration, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kiyohiro Houkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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28
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Li G, Morris-Blanco KC, Lopez MS, Yang T, Zhao H, Vemuganti R, Luo Y. Impact of microRNAs on ischemic stroke: From pre- to post-disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 163-164:59-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Yu S, Arima H, Bertmar C, Clarke S, Herkes G, Krause M. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and early clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2018; 387:115-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Di Carlo A, Lamassa M, Franceschini M, Bovis F, Cecconi L, Pournajaf S, Paravati S, Biggeri A, Inzitari D, Ferro S. Impact of acute-phase complications and interventions on 6-month survival after stroke. A prospective observational study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194786. [PMID: 29570742 PMCID: PMC5865737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of stroke patients is complex and multidimensional. We evaluated the impact of acute-phase variables, including clinical state, complications, resource use and interventions, on 6-month survival after first-ever stroke, taking into account baseline conditions exerting a possible effect on outcome. As part of a National Research Program, we performed a prospective observational study of acute stroke patients in four Italian Regions. Consecutive patients admitted for a period of 3 months to the emergency rooms of participating hospitals were included. A total of 1030 patients were enrolled (median age 76.0 years, 52.1% males). At 6 months, 816 (79.2%) were alive, and 164 (15.9%) deceased. Survival status at the 6-month follow-up was missing for 50 (4.9%). Neurological state in the acute phase was significantly worse in patients deceased at 6 months, who showed also higher frequency of acute-phase complications. Cox regression analysis adjusted for demographics, pre-stroke function, baseline diseases and risk factors, indicated as significant predictors of 6-month death altered consciousness (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.14–2.53), total anterior circulation infarct (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.44–3.15), hyperthermia (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.18–2.45), pneumonia (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.18–2.61), heart failure (HR, 2.87; 95% CI, 1.34–6.13) and nasogastric feeding (HR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.53–3.60), while antiplatelet therapy during acute phase (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39–0.79), and early mobilisation (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.36–0.84) significantly increased 6-month survival. In a prospective observational study, stroke severity and some acute-phase complications, potentially modifiable, significantly increased the risk of 6-month death, independently of baseline variables. Early mobilisation positively affected survival, highlighting the role of early rehabilitation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Carlo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Florence, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Lamassa
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Franceschini
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bovis
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Biostatistics Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Domenico Inzitari
- Institute of Neuroscience, Italian National Research Council, Florence, Italy
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ferro
- Department of Hospital Services, Emilia-Romagna Region Health Authority, Bologna, Italy
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Vakil M, Park S, Broder A. The complex associations between obstructive sleep apnea and auto-immune disorders: A review. Med Hypotheses 2018; 110:138-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Fang YN, Tong MS, Sung PH, Chen YL, Chen CH, Tsai NW, Huang CJ, Chang YT, Chen SF, Chang WN, Lu CH, Yip HK. Higher neutrophil counts and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predict prognostic outcomes in patients after non-atrial fibrillation-caused ischemic stroke. Biomed J 2017; 40:154-162. [PMID: 28651737 PMCID: PMC6136280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to determine whether higher neutrophil counts (NC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were independently predictive of worse in-hospital outcome in patients after acute ischemic stroke (IS). Methods A retrospective observational study with prospective manner of IS registration. Between April 2012 and August 2014, a total number of 1731 patients with post-IS were consecutively enrolled in the study. Blood samples were drawn upon admission. Primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoint was severe stroke (≥16 NIHSS). Results The NC progressively increased from mild (NIHSS ≤ 5) to moderate (NIHSS ≥ 6 < 16) and severe (NIHSS ≥ 16) stroke (p = 0.006). NLR was independently associated with in-hospital mortality (p = 0.002). Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that NC (p = 0.001) and NLR (p = 0.002) were independently predictive of higher NIHSS. Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that NC was independently associated with severe stroke (p < 0.0001). The best discriminating factor for in-hospital mortality with respect to NLR was ≥3.20 (sensitivity 62.7%, specificity 60.3%, likelihood ratio: 12.2). Patients with NLR ≥3.20 had a 2.55-fold increased risk for in-hospital mortality (OR = 1.49–4.37) compared to patients with NLR <3.20. The best discriminating factor for severe stroke (≥16 NIHSS) with respect to NC was ≥74% (sensitivity 47.1%, specificity 74.0%, likelihood ratio: 29.0). Patients with NC >74% had a 2.54-fold increased risk of severe stroke (OR = 1.82–3.54) compared to patients with NC <74%. Conclusion NLR was independently associated with in-hospital mortality and higher NC was independently predictive of severe stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Nan Fang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shen Tong
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Lung Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chen
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nei-Wen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Neng Chang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Department of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Dhande IS, Zhu Y, Braun MC, Hicks MJ, Wenderfer SE, Doris PA. Mycophenolate mofetil prevents cerebrovascular injury in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol Genomics 2016; 49:132-140. [PMID: 28011882 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00110.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-A3) develop strokes and progressive kidney disease as a result of naturally occurring genetic variations. We recently identified genetic variants in immune signaling pathways that contribute to end-organ injury. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a dysregulated immune response promotes stroke susceptibility. We salt-loaded 20 wk old male SHR-A3 rats and treated them with the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 25 mg/kg/day po) (n = 8) or vehicle (saline) (n = 9) for 8 wk. Blood pressure (BP) was measured weekly by telemetry. Compared with vehicle-treated controls, MMF-treated SHR-A3 rats had improved survival and lower neurological deficit scores (1.44 vs. 0.125; P < 0.02). Gross morphology of the brain revealed cerebral edema in 8 of 9, and microbleeds and hemorrhages in 5 of 9 vehicle-treated rats. These lesions were absent in MMF-treated rats. Brain CD68 expression, indicating macrophage/microglial activation, was upregulated in vehicle-treated rats with microbleeds and hemorrhages but was undetectable in the brains of MMF-treated rats. MMF also prevented renal injury in SHR-A3 rats, evidenced by reduced proteinuria (albumin:creatinine) from 7.52 to 1.05 mg/mg (P < 0.03) and lower tubulointerstitial injury scores (2.46 vs. 1.43; P < 0.01). Salt loading resulted in a progressive increase in BP, which was blunted in rats receiving MMF. Our findings provide evidence that abnormal immune activation predisposes to cerebrovascular and renal injury in stroke-prone SHR-A3 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha S Dhande
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Yaming Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Michael C Braun
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - M John Hicks
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E Wenderfer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Peter A Doris
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
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Yang L, Kong Y, Ren H, Li M, Wei CJ, Shi E, Jin WN, Hao J, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Upregulation of CD74 and its potential association with disease severity in subjects with ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2016; 107:148-155. [PMID: 27884769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key cytokine/chemokine in the activation and recruitment of inflammatory T lymphocytes known to exacerbate experimental stroke severity. MIF effects are mediated through its primary cellular receptor, CD74, the MHC class II invariant chain present on all class II expressing cells, including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC). We demonstrated previously that partial MHC class II/peptide constructs (pMHC) can effectively treat mice with experimental stroke, in part through their ability to competitively inhibit MIF/CD74 interactions and downstream signaling. However, the role of MIF and CD74 in human ischemic stroke is not yet well established. To evaluate the therapeutic potential for pMHC, we assessed MIF and CD74 expression levels and their association with disease outcome in subjects with ischemic stroke. MIF levels were assessed in blood plasma by ELISA and CD74 expression was quantified by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from subjects with ischemic stroke and age and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). MIF levels were increased in plasma and the number of CD74+ cells and CD74 mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in PBMC of subjects with ischemic stroke versus HC, mainly on CD4+ T cells, monocytes and DC. Greater increases of CD74+ cells were seen in subjects with cortical vs. subcortical infarcts and the number of CD74+ cells in blood correlated strongly with infarct size and neurological outcomes. However, differences in MIF and CD74 expression were not affected by age, gender or lesion laterality. Increased CD74 expression levels may serve as a useful biomarker for worse stroke severity and predicted outcomes in subjects with ischemic stroke and provide a rationale for potential future treatment with pMHC constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Chang-Juan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Elaine Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wei-Na Jin
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Junwei Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Benedek G, Vandenbark AA, Alkayed NJ, Offner H. Partial MHC class II constructs as novel immunomodulatory therapy for stroke. Neurochem Int 2016; 107:138-147. [PMID: 27773790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of stroke continues to rise despite recent successes in treating acute ischemic stroke. With limited patient eligibility and associated risk of tPA and mechanical thrombectomy, new preventive and therapeutic modalities are needed to stave the rising wave of stroke. Inflammation plays a key role in brain damage after cerebral ischemia, and novel therapies that target pro-inflammatory cells have demonstrated promise for treatment for stroke. Partial MHC class II constructs have been shown to prevent and/or reverse clinical signs of various inflammatory diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, collagen-induced arthritis and experimental autoimmune uveitis, by reducing the number and frequency of activated cells in the damaged CNS. Herein, we review the use of partial MHC class II constructs as a novel treatment for ischemic stroke. These constructs have been shown to reduce infarct volume and neurological deficit in various cerebral ischemia models in young adult and aging male and female mice. In addition, partial MHC class II constructs were shown to reverse stroke-associated splenic atrophy and promote a protective M2 macrophage/microglia phenotype in the CNS which contributes to tissue repair and recovery after stroke. By addressing remaining STAIR criteria, such as efficacy in large animal models of stroke, these constructs will be prime candidates for clinical trials of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Benedek
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW U.S. Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Pascotini ET, Flores AE, Kegler A, Gabbi P, Bochi GV, Algarve TD, Prado ALC, Duarte MM, da Cruz IB, Moresco RN, Royes LFF, Fighera MR. Apoptotic markers and DNA damage are related to late phase of stroke: Involvement of dyslipidemia and inflammation. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:369-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhou J, Wu J, Zhang J, Xu T, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhang S. Association of Stroke Clinical Outcomes with Coexistence of Hyperglycemia and Biomarkers of Inflammation. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:1250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Eliwan HO, Watson RWG, Aslam S, Regan I, Philbin B, O'Hare FM, O'Neill A, Preston R, Blanco A, Grant T, Nolan B, Smith O, Molloy EJ. Neonatal brain injury and systemic inflammation: modulation by activated protein C ex vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:477-84. [PMID: 25204207 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection and inflammation can be antecedents of neonatal encephalopathy (NE) and increase the risk of neurological sequelae. Activated protein C (APC) has anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory effects and provides neuroprotection in brain and spinal cord injury. We examined neutrophil and monocyte responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in infants with NE compared with healthy adult and neonatal controls, and also studied the effect of APC. Whole blood was incubated with LPS and APC and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 (LPS recognition), CD11b expression (activation) and intracellular reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI; function) release from neutrophils and monocytes was examined by flow cytometry serially from days 1 to 7. We found a significant increase in neutrophil ROI in infants with NE on day 3 following LPS compared to neonatal controls and this augmented response was reduced significantly by APC. Neutrophil and monocyte CD11b expression was increased significantly on day 1 in infants with NE compared to neonatal controls. LPS-induced neutrophil TLR-4 expression was increased significantly in infants with NE on days 3 and 7 and was reduced by APC. LPS-induced monocyte TLR-4 was increased significantly in infants with NE on day 7. Neutrophil and monocyte activation and production of ROIs may mediate tissue damage in infants with NE. APC modified LPS responses in infants with NE. APC may reduce the inflammatory responses in NE and may ameliorate multi-organ dysfunction. Further study of the immunomodulatory effects of protein C may be warranted using mutant forms with decreased bleeding potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Eliwan
- Paediatrics, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; National Children Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland; Paediatrics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Yaghi S, Moon YP, Mora-McLaughlin C, Willey JZ, Cheung K, Di Tullio MR, Homma S, Kamel H, Sacco RL, Elkind MSV. Left atrial enlargement and stroke recurrence: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Stroke 2015; 46:1488-93. [PMID: 25908460 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although left atrial enlargement (LAE) increases incident stroke risk, the association with recurrent stroke is less clear. Our aim was to determine the association of LAE with recurrent stroke most likely related to embolism (cryptogenic and cardioembolic) and all ischemic stroke recurrences. METHODS We followed 655 first ischemic stroke patients in the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study for ≤5 years. LA size from 2D echocardiography was categorized as normal LAE (52.7%), mild LAE (31.6%), and moderate-severe LAE (15.7%). We used Cox proportional hazard models to calculate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association of LA size and LAE with recurrent cryptogenic/cardioembolic and total recurrent ischemic stroke. RESULTS LA size was available in 529 (81%) patients. Mean age at enrollment was 69±13 years; 45.8% were male, 54.0% Hispanic, and 18.5% had atrial fibrillation. Over a median of 4 years, there were 65 recurrent ischemic strokes (29 were cardioembolic or cryptogenic). In multivariable models adjusted for confounders, including atrial fibrillation and heart failure, moderate-severe LAE compared with normal LA size was associated with greater risk of recurrent cardioembolic/cryptogenic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio 2.83, 95% confidence interval 1.03-7.81), but not total ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio 1.06, 95% confidence interval, 0.48-2.30). Mild LAE was not associated with recurrent stroke. CONCLUSION Moderate to severe LAE was an independent marker of recurrent cardioembolic or cryptogenic stroke in a multiethnic cohort of ischemic stroke patients. Further research is needed to determine whether anticoagulant use may reduce risk of recurrence in ischemic stroke patients with moderate to severe LAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Yaghi
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.).
| | - Yeseon P Moon
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
| | - Consuelo Mora-McLaughlin
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
| | - Joshua Z Willey
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
| | - Ken Cheung
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
| | - Marco R Di Tullio
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
| | - Shunichi Homma
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
| | - Hooman Kamel
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (S.Y., Y.P.M., C.M.-M.L., J.Z.W., M.S.V.E.), Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health (K.C.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.R.D.T., S.H.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (H.K.); and Departments of Neurology, Public Health Sciences, Human Genetics, and Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL (R.L.S.)
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Harada E, D'Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M, Morizono T, Chelakkot-Govindalayathil AL, Roeen Z, Urawa M, Yasuma T, Yano Y, Sumiya T, Gabazza EC. Amelioration of Atherosclerosis by the New Medicinal Mushroom Grifola gargal Singer. J Med Food 2015; 18:872-81. [PMID: 25799023 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of edible mushrooms for improving chronic intractable diseases have been documented. However, the antiatherogenic activity of the new medicinal mushroom Grifola gargal is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated whether Grifola gargal can prevent or delay the progression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis was induced in ApoE lipoprotein-deficient mice by subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II. Grifola gargal extract (GGE) was prepared and intraperitoneally injected. The weight of heart and vessels, dilatation/atheroma formation of thoracic and abdominal aorta, the percentage of peripheral granulocytes, and the blood concentration of MCP-1/CCL2 were significantly reduced in mice treated with GGE compared to untreated mice. By contrast, the percentage of regulatory T cells and the plasma concentration of SDF-1/CXCL12 were significantly increased in mice treated with the mushroom extract compared to untreated mice. In vitro, GGE significantly increased the secretion of SDF-1/CXCL12, VEGF, and TGF-β1 from fibroblasts compared to control. This study demonstrated for the first time that Grifola gargal therapy can enhance regulatory T cells and ameliorate atherosclerosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Harada
- 1 Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu, Japan .,2 Iwade Research Institute of Mycology , Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Toda
- 1 Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu, Japan
| | | | | | - Ziaurahman Roeen
- 1 Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu, Japan
| | - Masahito Urawa
- 3 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu, Japan
| | - Taro Yasuma
- 4 Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yano
- 4 Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Esteban C Gabazza
- 1 Department of Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu, Japan
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Abstract
Stroke remains to be a leading cause of disability. However, optimal strategies can prevent up to 80% of strokes. A large body of evidence supports many strategies for primary and secondary prevention of stroke. The purpose of this paper is to highlight recent major advances for management of modifiable medical and behavioral risk factors of stroke. Specific studies are highlighted, including those related to atrial fibrillation (AF), hypertension, revascularization, hyperlipidemia, antiplatelets, smoking, diet, and physical activity. Effective strategies include the use of novel oral anticoagulants for AF, antiplatelet therapy, and intensive lowering of atherosclerosis risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Z Sherzai
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Forghani R, Kim HJ, Wojtkiewicz GR, Bure L, Wu Y, Hayase M, Wei Y, Zheng Y, Moskowitz MA, Chen JW. Myeloperoxidase propagates damage and is a potential therapeutic target for subacute stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:485-93. [PMID: 25515211 PMCID: PMC4348390 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Few effective treatment options exist for stroke beyond the hyperacute period. Radical generation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) have been implicated in stroke. We investigated whether pharmacologic reduction or gene deletion of this highly oxidative enzyme reduces infarct propagation and improves outcome in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model (MCAO). Mice were treated with 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH), a specific irreversible MPO inhibitor. Three treatment regimens were used: (1) daily throughout the 21-day observational period, (2) during the acute stage (first 24 hours), or (3) during the subacute stage (daily starting on day 2). We found elevated MPO activity in ipsilateral brain 3 to 21 days after ischemia. 4-Aminobenzoic acid hydrazide reduced enzyme activity by 30% to 40% and final lesion volume by 60% (P<0.01). The MPO-knockout (KO) mice subjected to MCAO also showed a similar reduction in the final lesion volume (P<0.01). The ABAH treatment or MPO-KO mice also improved neurobehavioral outcome (P<0.001) and survival (P=0.01), but ABAH had no additional beneficial effects in MPO-KO mice, confirming specificity of ABAH. Interestingly, inhibiting MPO activity during the subacute stage recapitulated most of the therapeutic benefit of continuous MPO inhibition, suggesting that MPO-targeted therapies could be useful when given after 24 hours of stroke onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Forghani
- 1] Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyeon Ju Kim
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory R Wojtkiewicz
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lionel Bure
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Makoto Hayase
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ying Wei
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Moskowitz
- 1] Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John W Chen
- 1] Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Brooks SD, Spears C, Cummings C, VanGilder RL, Stinehart KR, Gutmann L, Domico J, Culp S, Carpenter J, Rai A, Barr TL. Admission neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts 90 day outcome after endovascular stroke therapy. J Neurointerv Surg 2014; 6:578-83. [PMID: 24122003 PMCID: PMC4373618 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune dysregulation influences outcome following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Admission white blood cell (WBC) counts are routinely obtained, making the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) a readily available biomarker of the immune response to stroke. This study sought to identify the relationship between NLR and 90 day AIS outcome. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent endovascular therapy for AIS at West Virginia University Hospitals, Morgantown, West Virginia. Admission WBC differentials were analyzed as the NLR. Stroke severity was measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and outcome by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days. Univariate relationships between NLR, age, NIHSS, and mRS were established by correlation coefficients; the t test was used to compare NLR with recanalization and stroke location (anterior vs posterior). Logistic regression models were developed to identify the ability of NLR to predict mRS when controlling for age, recanalization, and treatment with IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). RESULTS 116 patients were reviewed from 2008 to 2011. Mean age of the sample was 67 years, and 54% were women. Mean baseline NIHSS score was 17 and 90 day mRS score was 4. There was a significant relationship between NLR and mRS (p=0.02) that remained when controlling for age, treatment with IV tPA, and recanalization. NLR ≥5.9 predicted poor outcome and death at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the NLR, a readily available biomarker, may be a clinically useful tool for risk stratification when evaluating AIS patients as candidates for endovascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Brooks
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA WVU Center for Neuroscience, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Chauncey Spears
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA WVU School of Nursing, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Christopher Cummings
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA West Virginia University Hospitals Department of Neurology, West Virginia University Hospitals, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Reyna L VanGilder
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA WVU School of Nursing, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA West Virginia University Department of Emergency Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kyle R Stinehart
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Laurie Gutmann
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA West Virginia University Hospitals Department of Neurology, West Virginia University Hospitals, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer Domico
- West Virginia University Hospitals Department of Radiology/Interventional Neuroradiology, West Virginia University Hospital, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Stacey Culp
- WVU School of Nursing, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jeffrey Carpenter
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA West Virginia University Hospitals Department of Radiology/Interventional Neuroradiology, West Virginia University Hospital, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ansaar Rai
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA West Virginia University Hospitals Department of Radiology/Interventional Neuroradiology, West Virginia University Hospital, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Taura L Barr
- West Virginia University (WVU) School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA WVU Center for Neuroscience, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA WVU School of Nursing, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA West Virginia University Prevention Research Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA West Virginia University Department of Emergency Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Li CN, Chen L, Ge YP, Zhu JM, Liu YM, Zheng J, Liu W, Ma WG, Sun LZ. Risk Factors for Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation After Total Aortic Arch Replacement for Acute DeBakey Type I Aortic Dissection. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23:869-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Association between oxidative stress and outcome in different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:256879. [PMID: 24895559 PMCID: PMC4034452 DOI: 10.1155/2014/256879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated serum thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and free thiol levels in different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and evaluated their association with clinical outcomes. METHODS This prospective study evaluated 100 AIS patients, including 75 with small-vessel and 25 with large-vessel diseases. Serum oxidative stress (TBARS) and antioxidant (thiol) were determined within 48 hours and days 7 and 30 after stroke. For comparison, 80 age- and sex-matched participants were evaluated as controls. RESULTS Serum TBARS was significantly higher and free thiol was lower in stroke patients than in the controls on days 1 and 7 after AIS. The level of free thiol was significantly lower in the large-vessel disease than in the small-vessel disease on day 7 after stroke. Using the stepwise logistic regression model for potential variables, only stroke subtype, NIHSS score, and serum TBARS level were independently associated with three-month outcome. Higher TBARS and lower thiol levels in the acute phase of stroke were associated with poor outcome. CONCLUSIONS Patients with large-vessel disease have higher oxidative stress but lower antioxidant defense compared to those with small-vessel disease after AIS. Serum TBARS level at the acute phase of stroke is a potential predictor for three-month outcome.
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Elkind MSV, Luna JM, McClure LA, Zhang Y, Coffey CS, Roldan A, Del Brutto OH, Pretell EJ, Pettigrew LC, Meyer BC, Tapia J, White C, Benavente OR. C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker after lacunar stroke: levels of inflammatory markers in the treatment of stroke study. Stroke 2014; 45:707-16. [PMID: 24523037 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.004562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammatory biomarkers predict incident and recurrent cardiac events, but their relationship to stroke prognosis is uncertain. We hypothesized that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) predicts recurrent ischemic stroke after recent lacunar stroke. METHODS Levels of Inflammatory Markers in the Treatment of Stroke (LIMITS) was an international, multicenter, prospective ancillary biomarker study nested within Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3), a phase III trial in patients with recent lacunar stroke. Patients were assigned in factorial design to aspirin versus aspirin plus clopidogrel, and higher versus lower blood pressure targets. Patients had blood samples collected at enrollment and hsCRP measured using nephelometry at a central laboratory. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for recurrence risks before and after adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, and statin use. RESULTS Among 1244 patients with lacunar stroke (mean age, 63.3±10.8 years), median hsCRP was 2.16 mg/L. There were 83 recurrent ischemic strokes (including 45 lacunes) and 115 major vascular events (stroke, myocardial infarction, and vascular death). Compared with the bottom quartile, those in the top quartile (hsCRP>4.86 mg/L) were at increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke (unadjusted HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.30-4.96), even after adjusting for demographics and risk factors (adjusted HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.15-4.68). hsCRP predicted increased risk of major vascular events (top quartile adjusted HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.14-3.67). There was no interaction with randomized antiplatelet treatment. CONCLUSIONS Among recent lacunar stroke patients, hsCRP levels predict the risk of recurrent strokes and other vascular events. hsCRP did not predict the response to dual antiplatelets. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00059306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S V Elkind
- From the Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., J.M.L.), Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., J.M.L.), and Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL (L.A.M., Y.Z.); Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (C.S.C.); Department of Neurology, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, TX (A.R.); School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo-Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador (O.H.D.B.); Department of Neurology, Hospital Alberto Sabogal, Lima, Peru (E.J.P.); Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (L.C.P.); Department of Neurology, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA (B.C.M.); Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile (J.T.); School of Nursing and Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) Coordinating Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX (C.W.); and Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada (O.R.B.)
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Interleukin-16 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:564750. [PMID: 24288444 PMCID: PMC3833071 DOI: 10.1155/2013/564750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data have demonstrated that inflammation plays fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is identified as a proinflammatory cytokine that is a key element in the ischemic cascade after cerebral ischemia. We aimed to examine the relationship between the IL-16 polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese population. A total of 198 patients with ischemic stroke and 236 controls were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing method. We found that the rs11556218TG genotype and G allele of IL-16 were associated with significantly increased risks of ischemic stroke (TG versus TT, adjusted OR = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.15-3.07; G versus T, adjusted OR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.05-2.27, resp.). However, there were no significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of IL-16 rs4778889 T/C and rs4072111 C/T polymorphisms between the two groups, even after stratification analyses by age, gender, and the presence or absence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. These findings indicate that the IL-16 polymorphism may be related to the etiology of ischemic stroke in the Chinese population.
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Arakelyan A, Zakharyan R, Hambardzumyan M, Petrkova J, Olsson MC, Petrek M, Boyajyan A. Functional genetic polymorphisms of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 in ischemic stroke. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 34:100-5. [PMID: 24083412 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicated that monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and its C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) play a key role in ischemic stroke (IS) progression. This study was aimed at evaluating the potential association of the MCP1 gene (MCP1) rs1024611 (-2518 A>G) and CCR2 gene (CCR2) rs1799864 (V64I; 190 G>A) functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with IS in the Armenian population. For the purpose of this study, genomic DNA samples of 100 patients with the first-episode IS and 115 healthy subjects (controls) were genotyped for the selected SNPs using a polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. The results obtained demonstrated that while the CCR2 rs1799864 SNP genotypes were equally distributed among patients and controls, the frequency and carriage rate of the of the MCP1 rs1024611*G minor allele were higher in patients. While a potential association between IS and CCR2 rs1799864 SNP was evaluated for the first time, the latest finding was in agreement with the earlier data reported for some other populations. In summary, this study revealed no association of CCR2 rs1799864 SNP with IS, and a positive association between G minor allele of MCP1 rs1024611 SNP and IS in the Armenian population. Based on the present and earlier reported data, we concluded that the minor G allele of the MCP1 rs1024611 SNP might be considered a risk factor for IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen Arakelyan
- 1 Institute of Molecular Biology , National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia (NAS RA), Yerevan, Armenia
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Bodhankar S, Chen Y, Vandenbark AA, Murphy SJ, Offner H. PD-L1 enhances CNS inflammation and infarct volume following experimental stroke in mice in opposition to PD-1. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:111. [PMID: 24015822 PMCID: PMC3846120 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke severity is worsened by recruitment of inflammatory immune cells into the brain. This process depends in part on T cell activation, in which the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules plays a pivotal role. Previous studies demonstrated more severe infarcts in mice lacking programmed death-1 (PD-1), a member of the B7 family, thus implicating PD-1 as a key factor in limiting stroke severity. The purpose of this study was to determine if this protective effect of PD-1 involves either of its ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2. Methods Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and infarct volume were evaluated in male PD-L1 and PD-L2 knockout (-/-) mice undergoing 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 96 hours of reperfusion and compared to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice. Results PD-L1-/- and PD-L2-/- mice had smaller total infarct volumes compared to WT mice. The PD-L1-/- and to a lesser extent PD-L2-/- mice had reduced levels of proinflammatory activated microglia and/or infiltrating monocytes and CD4+ T cells in the ischemic hemispheres. There was a reduction in ischemia-related splenic atrophy accompanied by lower activation status of splenic T cells and monocytes in the absence of PD-L1, suggesting a pathogenic rather than a regulatory role for both PD-1 ligands (PD-Ls). Suppressor T cells (IL-10-producing CD8+CD122+ T cells) trafficked to the brain in PD-L1-/- mice and there was decreased expression of CD80 on splenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) as compared to the WT and PD-L2-/- mice. Conclusions Our novel observations are the first to implicate PD-L1 involvement in worsening outcome of experimental stroke. The presence of suppressor T cells in the right MCAO-inflicted hemisphere in mice lacking PD-L1 implicates these cells as possible key contributors for controlling adverse effects of ischemia. Increased expression of CD80 on APCs in WT and PD-L2-/- mice suggests an overriding interaction leading to T cell activation. Conversely, low CD80 expression by APCs, along with increased PD-1 and PD-L2 expression in PD-L1-/- mice suggests alternative T cell signaling pathways, leading to a suppressor phenotype. These results suggest that agents (for example antibodies) that can target and neutralize PD-L1/2 may have therapeutic potential for treatment of human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Bodhankar
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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