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Amina R, Habiba R, Abouddihaj B. Camel urine as a potential source of bioactive molecules showing their efficacy against pathogens: A systematic review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103966. [PMID: 38495380 PMCID: PMC10940778 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Camels are highly suited for severe desert conditions and able to provide most of the natural products like urine, which has been used as alternative medicine to treat diverse infections and disorders. There is, however, a shortage and paucity of scientific reviews highlighting the antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral effects of camel urine. By better understanding its antimicrobial characteristics, our overarching aim is to provide an exhaustive overview of this valuable natural product by synthesizing and summarizing data on the efficacy of this biofluid and also describing the potential substances exhibiting antimicrobial properties. We searched three databases in order to point out relevant articles (Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar) until December 2022. Research articles of interest evaluating the antimicrobial effects of camel urine were selected. Overall, camel urine furnished promising antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus (30 mm), Bacillus cereus (22 mm), Bacillus subtilis (25 mm) and Micrococcus luteus (21 mm), as well as gram-negative bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Salmonella spp., without forgetting its efficiency on Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well. The excretion also showed its potency against H1N1 virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Similarly, the camel urine featured strong antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and dermatophytes with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.625 μg/ml against Trichophyton violaceum, 2.5 μg/ml against Microsporum canis and 1.25 μg/ml against Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. This comprehensive review will be valuable for researchers interested in investigating the potential of camel urine in the development of novel broad-spectrum key molecules targeting a wide range of drug-resistant pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ressmi Amina
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
| | - Raqraq Habiba
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
| | - Barguigua Abouddihaj
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources, Life Sciences Department, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23023, Morocco
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Awad DAB, Eldiarby AS, Abdallah M, Hamad A, Gawad SMA. Brief report first report of the in vitro ovicidal activity of camel milk and its fractions on zoonotic-liver fluke (Fasciola gigantica) eggs. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2293-2300. [PMID: 37249746 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola gigantica is one of the worldwide parasites that cause livestock and human illnesses. Chemotherapy is now the primary therapeutic option for its treatment. Drug abuse has led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. As a result, there is an urgent need to discover natural and efficient anthelmintics against Fasciola spp. The study aims to evaluate the ovicidal activities of camel milk and its fractions on F. gigantica eggs. In the in vitro assay of F. gigantica eggs were submitted to different concentrations (0.5% and 1%) of camel milk fractions; Camel Milk Whey (CMW), Camel Milk Casein (CMC), and Skimmed Camel Milk (SCM) as well as a positive control (PC) of Nitroxynil (100 mg/ml) and a negative control (NC) with physiological saline. The Egg Hatching Assay (EHA) results showed that camel milk fractions exhibited ovicidal activity, especially CMW, and CMC, which showed 97.58 ± 0.58 and 96.9 ± 1.99 ovicidal activity, respectively, at a concentration of 1% after 15 days of treatment compared to PC, which exhibited 91.75 ± 4.95 ovicidal activity. The egg hatching ratios were 1.67% and 2.33% for CMW and CMC, respectively, compared to 70.17% for the NC and 6% for the PC. The LC50 values for CMW and CMC on the 15th day of treatment were 0.20 and 9.13, respectively. From the results above, we can infer that camel milk and its fractions are promising as a new alternative for fascioliasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A B Awad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt.
| | - Amany S Eldiarby
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Mona Abdallah
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hamad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Samah M Abdel Gawad
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Qalyubia, Egypt
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Al‐Saffar AM, Al‐Qattan NY, Al‐Sughayer MA. Characterizing camel milk constituents in the Sprague-Dawley rats' blood: A comparative profile with cow's milk attributes. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7418-7429. [PMID: 37970378 PMCID: PMC10630804 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of the hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects of raw and pasteurized camel milk was conducted on the lipid profiles of six groups of male normal and diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats (age, 7-8 weeks, 5/group). The standard procedure to induce diabetes in rats was to administer a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, body weight). Rats with fasting blood glucose levels higher than 250 mg/dL were considered diabetics. Raw and pasteurized camel milk reduced blood glucose and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in diabetic rats. Raw camel milk showed no significant effect on low-density blood and lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic rats. Contrarily, pasteurized camel milk significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic rats. Comparative analysis revealed camel milk with higher levels of lactose, vitamin C, and mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and lower levels of fat, protein, ω6:ω3 PUFA (poly-unsaturated fatty acids), and index of atherogenicity than cow's milk. Experiments with cow's milk on rats were not carried out because of their characterized inexplicable traits. This novel study suggests that camel milk can be substituted for diabetic patients in place of cow's milk, assuring no side effects besides their effective hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal M. Al‐Saffar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of ScienceKuwait UniversitySafatKuwait
| | - Nadia Y. Al‐Qattan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of ScienceKuwait UniversitySafatKuwait
| | - Mona A. Al‐Sughayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of ScienceKuwait UniversitySafatKuwait
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Holloway P, Gibson M, Nash S, Holloway T, Cardwell J, Al Omari B, Abu‐Basha E, Mangtani P, Guitian J. A cross-sectional study of Q fever in Camels: Risk factors for infection, the role of small ruminants and public health implications for desert-dwelling pastoral communities. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:238-247. [PMID: 36601879 PMCID: PMC10952281 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Q fever represents an important 'neglected zoonosis', with high prevalences recorded across the Middle East region. Among rural desert-dwelling communities in the region, camel milk is largely consumed raw, due to perceptions of dromedaries as a uniquely clean livestock species mentioned in the Qur'an and Islamic hadith, while milk from other livestock species is usually boiled. As a result, camels present a unique public health threat among such communities from milk-borne pathogens, including Coxiella burnetii. In view of this, a cross-sectional study was conducted among dromedary herds in southern Jordan between September 2017 and October 2018, including 404 camels from 121 randomly selected herds. In addition, 510 household members associated with these herds were interviewed regarding potential high-risk practices for zoonotic transmission. Weight adjusted camel population seroprevalence for C. burnetii was 49.6% (95% CI: 44.7-54.5), with evidence of maternally derived immunity in calves ≤6 months old. Adjusted herd-level prevalence was 76.0% (95% CI 72.7-80.2). It was estimated 30.4% (144/477) of individuals consumed raw milk from infected herds monthly or more. Following multivariable logistic regression analysis, seropositive status in camels was found to be associated with increasing age, high herd tick burdens, keeping the herd together throughout the year including when calving, and owning larger (>50) sheep and goat flocks, with goats presenting a higher risk than sheep. Racing camel status was found to be protective. Socioculturally appropriate interventions aimed at raising awareness of potential risks associated with drinking raw camel milk, alongside appropriate livestock management interventions, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Nash
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | | | | | - Bilal Al Omari
- Jordan University of Science and TechnologyAr‐RamthaJordan
| | - Ehab Abu‐Basha
- Jordan University of Science and TechnologyAr‐RamthaJordan
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Roy A, Roy M, Gacem A, Datta S, Zeyaullah M, Muzammil K, Farghaly TA, Abdellattif MH, Yadav KK, Simal-Gandara J. Role of bioactive compounds in the treatment of hepatitis: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1051751. [PMID: 36618936 PMCID: PMC9810990 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1051751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis causes liver infection leading to inflammation that is swelling of the liver. They are of various types and detrimental to human beings. Natural products have recently been used to develop antiviral drugs against severe viral infections like viral hepatitis. They are usually extracted from herbs or plants and animals. The naturally derived compounds have demonstrated significant antiviral effects against the hepatitis virus and they interfere with different stages of the life cycle of the virus, viral release, replication, and its host-specific interactions. Antiviral activities have been demonstrated by natural products such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, xanthones, anthraquinones, terpenoids, alkaloids, aromatics, etc., against hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. The recent studies conducted to understand the viral hepatitis life cycle, more effective naturally derived drugs are being produced with a promising future for the treatment of the infection. This review emphasizes the current strategies for treating hepatitis, their shortcomings, the properties of natural products and their numerous types, clinical trials, and future prospects as potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India,*Correspondence: Arpita Roy, ; Jesus Simal-Gandara,
| | - Madhura Roy
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Amel Gacem
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 Août 1955, Skikda, Algeria
| | - Shreeja Datta
- Biotechnology Department, Delhi Technological University, Rohini, India
| | - Md. Zeyaullah
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Khamis Mushait Campus, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al‐Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magda H. Abdellattif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal, India
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain,*Correspondence: Arpita Roy, ; Jesus Simal-Gandara,
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Camels' biological fluids contained nanobodies: promising avenue in cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:279. [PMID: 36071488 PMCID: PMC9449263 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major health concern and accounts for one of the main causes of death worldwide. Innovative strategies are needed to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. Recently, there has been an evolving interest in utilizing nanobodies of camel origin as therapeutic tools against cancer. Nanotechnology uses nanobodies an emerging attractive field that provides promises to researchers in advancing different scientific sectors including medicine and oncology. Nanobodies are characteristically small-sized biologics featured with the ability for deep tissue penetration and dissemination and harbour high stability at high pH and temperatures. The current review highlights the potential use of nanobodies that are naturally secreted in camels’ biological fluids, both milk and urine, in the development of nanotechnology-based therapy for treating different typesQuery of cancers and other diseases. Moreover, the role of nano proteomics in the invention of novel therapeutic agents specifically used for cancer intervention is also illustrated.
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Behrouz S, Saadat S, Memarzia A, Sarir H, Folkerts G, Boskabady MH. The Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects of Camel Milk. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855342. [PMID: 35493477 PMCID: PMC9039309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel milk (CM) has been found to have several health benefits, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and anti-cancer activities. In addition, CM can counter signs of aging and may be a useful naturopathic treatment for autoimmune diseases. The composition of CM varies with geographic origin, feeding conditions, seasonal and physiological changes, genetics and camel health status. In the present review, we collate the diverse scientific literature studying antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of CM and its bioactive compounds. The databases Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched until the end of September 2021 using the keywords: camel milk, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of CM in various inflammatory disorders was consistently reported to be through modulating inflammatory cells and mediators. The common anti-inflammatory bioactive components of CM seem to be lactoferrin. The antioxidant effects of α-lactalbumin, β-caseins and vitamin C of CM work by reducing or inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydroxyl radicals, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide anions and peroxyl radicals, likely alleviating oxidative stress. Higher levels of protective proteins such as lysozyme, IgG and secretory IgA compared to cow's milk, and insulin-like protein activity of CM on ß cells appear to be responsible for the immunomodulatory properties of CM. The evidence indicates that CM and its bioactive components has the potential to be a therapeutic value for diseases that are caused by inflammation, oxidative stress and/or immune-dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepide Behrouz
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeideh Saadat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arghavan Memarzia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Sarir
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Camels, Camel Milk, and Camel Milk Product Situation in Kenya in Relation to the World. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 2022:1237423. [PMID: 35299617 PMCID: PMC8923781 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1237423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kenya is the leading camel milk producer globally, with an annual production volume of 1.165 MMT, followed by Somalia (0.958 MMT) and Mali (0.271 MMT). In Kenya, pastoral tribes in North-Eastern parts rear about 4.722 million camels accounting for about 80% of all camels. Camels offer locals various benefits, including transportation of goods across the deserts, meat, fur, and milk. Camel milk contains natural therapeutically and immunity-boosting properties due to the higher concentration of lactoferrin, lactoglobulins, and lysozyme than bovine milk. Camel milk has been shown to have hypoallergenicity properties compared to bovine milk. Camel and human milk are similar in nutritional composition and therapeutic properties. Camel milk is known to fight various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, autism, hypertension, and skin diseases. Despite the standing of Kenya in the world in terms of camel milk production, Kenya lags considering the camel milk products, industries, and marketing. This paper reviews recent literature on camels and camel milk production trends in Kenya in relation to the world. The review also discusses various camel milk properties (nutritional and therapeutic) as well as the camel milk sector situation in Kenya.
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Sayar E, Şengül M, Ürkek B. Antioxidant capacity and rheological, textural properties of ice cream produced from camel's milk with blueberry. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Sayar
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Agriculture Ataturk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Mustafa Şengül
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Agriculture Ataturk University Erzurum Turkey
| | - Bayram Ürkek
- Siran Mustafa Beyaz Vocational School Gumushane University Gumushane Turkey
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Myrzakhmetova B, Kashikova K, Tolegen G, Zholdybaeva A, Gauһar T, Nazimgul B, Altayeva A, Gulzira B. Clinical and laboratory indicators of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on the background of freeze-dried camel milk «shubat extra» medication. CARDIOMETRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18137/cardiometry.2021.20.175179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel milk is a natural product that has dietic and medicinalproperties. Camel milk is widely used in the field of non-conventionalmedicine. It is scientifically proven that camel milk hasthe ability to help in the medical treatment of cancer and leukemia,due to the presence of substances that eliminate outof the body the compounds that provoke the development ofcancer. In addition, such milk is used during the treatment oftuberculosis, ulcers and some other problems with the gastrointestinaltract. This product is recommended to use for problemswith the pancreas, liver and intestines, as well as diabetesmellitus.The goal of research was to study the clinical parameters ofpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study group consistedof 15 patients with medium severity. The patients tookfreeze-dried shubat (camel milk) for 60 days. As a result of thetreatment, an improvement in clinical symptomatology andlaboratory parameters was achieved in all patients with diabetesmellitus. The results of the study showed the therapeuticand dietary potential of camel milk, due to its unique qualitycomposition.
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Abstract
Milk is considered a complete food because all of the nutrients important to fulfill a newborn’s daily requirements are present, including vitamins and minerals, ensuring the correct growth rate. A large amount of global milk production is represented by cow, goat, and sheep milks; these species produce about 87% of the milk available all over the world. However, the milk obtained by minor dairy animal species is a basic food and an important family business in several parts of the world. Milk nutritional properties from a wide range of minor dairy animal species have not been totally determined. Hot temperatures and the lack of water and feed in some arid and semi-arid areas negatively affect dairy cows; in these countries, milk supply for local nomadic populations is provided by camels and dromedaries. The nutritional quality in the milk obtained from South American camelids has still not been completely investigated, the possibility of creating an economic resource for the people living in the Andean highlands must be evaluated. Both mare and donkey milks show a chemical composition very similar to human milk, and they represent a good replacer of cows’ milk for infants nutrition, especially for children affected by cow milk proteins allergy. In this review, differences and similarities in the quality parameters of milk from minor dairy animals, such as camelids and equids, have been compared.
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Konuspayeva G, Faye B. Recent Advances in Camel Milk Processing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041045. [PMID: 33917722 PMCID: PMC8068116 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The camel milk market was limited for a long time by its almost exclusive self-consumption use in nomadic camps. Significant development has been observed for the past two or three decades, including internationally, boosted by its reputation regarding its health effects for regular consumers. Such emergence has led the stakeholders in the sector to offer diversified products corresponding to the tastes of increasingly urbanized consumers, more sensitive to “modern” products. Thus, traditionally drunk in raw or naturally fermented form, camel milk has undergone unprecedented transformations such as pasteurization, directed fermentation, cheese or yoghurt processing, and manufacture of milk powder for the export market. However, the specific characteristics of this milk (composition, physical properties) mean that the technologies applied (copied from technologies used for cow milk) must be adapted. In this review, some technological innovations are presented, enabling stakeholders of the camel milk sector to satisfy the demand of manufacturers and consumers. Abstract Camel milk is a newcomer to domestic markets and especially to the international milk market. This recent emergence has been accompanied by a diversification of processed products, based on the technologies developed for milk from other dairy species. However, technical innovations had to be adapted to a product with specific behavior and composition. The transformation of camel milk into pasteurized milk, fermented milk, cheese, powder, or other products was supported, under the pressure of commercial development, by technological innovations made possible by a basic and applied research set. Some of these innovations regarding one of the less studied milk sources are presented here, as well as their limitations. Technical investigations for an optimal pasteurization, development of controlled fermentation at industrial scale, control of cheese technology suitable for standardized production, and improvements in processes for the supply of a high-quality milk powder are among the challenges of research regarding camel milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaukhar Konuspayeva
- UMR SELMET, CIRAD-ES, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Bernard Faye
- UMR SELMET, CIRAD-ES, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-671-355-928
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Murali C, Mudgil P, Gan CY, Tarazi H, El-Awady R, Abdalla Y, Amin A, Maqsood S. Camel whey protein hydrolysates induced G2/M cellcycle arrest in human colorectal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7062. [PMID: 33782460 PMCID: PMC8007640 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86391-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel milk has been gaining immmense importance due to high nutritious value and medicinal properties. Peptides from milk proteins is gaining popularity in various therapeutics including human cancer. The study was aimed to investigate the anti-cancerous and anti-inflammatory properties of camel whey protein hydrolysates (CWPHs). CWPHs were generated at three temperatures (30 ℃, 37 ℃, and 45 ℃), two hydrolysis timepoints (120 and 360 min) and with three different enzyme concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 %). CWPHs demonstrated an increase in anti-inflammatory effect between 732.50 (P-6.1) and 3779.16 (P-2.1) µg Dicolfenac Sodium Equivalent (DSE)/mg protein. CWPHs (P-4.3 & 5.2) inhibited growth of human colon carcinoma cells (HCT116) with an IC50 value of 231 and 221 μg/ml, respectively. P-4.3 induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and modulated the expression of Cdk1, p-Cdk1, Cyclin B1, p-histone H3, p21 and p53. Docking of two peptides (AHLEQVLLR and ALPNIDPPTVER) from CWPHs (P-4.3) identified Polo like kinase 1 as a potential target, which strongly supports our in vitro data and provides an encouraging insight into developing a novel peptide-based anticancer formulation. These results suggest that the active component, CWPHs (P-4.3), can be further studied and modeled to form a small molecule anti-cancerous therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandraprabha Murali
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Priti Mudgil
- Food, Nutrition and Health Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Chee-Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre (ABrC), University Innovation Incubator Building, sains@usm campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hamadeh Tarazi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | | | - Youssef Abdalla
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Amr Amin
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, UAE.
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Food, Nutrition and Health Department, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, UAE.
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Othman S, Elsaed W, Gabr S, Al-Fassam H, Gabr N, Eldesouqui M, Alwaele M, Al-Harbi H, Abo-Elenee R, Allam A, Mahmoud A. Camel Urine Prevents Cisplatin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.257.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Effect of camel milk on glycaemic control and lipid profile of patients with type 2 diabetes: Randomised controlled clinical trial. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hamed AI, Ben Said R, Kontek B, Al-Ayed AS, Kowalczyk M, Moldoch J, Oleszek W, Stochmal A, Olas B. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry characterization of ubiquitous minor lipids and oligosaccharides in milk of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and their inhibition of oxidative stress in human plasma. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:72-86. [PMID: 31677836 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize minor lipids in methanol fraction extracted from raw camel milk after loading it on a water-preconditioned short C18 open column and fractionating with a gradient of methanol/water. The C18 column showed high fractionation efficiency of minor lipids, such as glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, or oligosaccharides, when compared with other constituents, in particular polysaccharides, proteins, and free fatty acids. Liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode was used to identify 21 new glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, and oligosaccharides. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was qualified to provide relevant data for recognizing the molecular mass, glycosylation sequences, and structure of saccharide moieties for the revealed compounds. The sequence of combinations of one selected lipopolysaccharide, which was considered the backbone of the remaining lipopolysaccharides, was confirmed in a density functional theory study. The obtained results showed that the tested fraction is a rich source of glycosphingolipids, lipopolysaccharides, and oligosaccharides with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafa I Hamed
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Arts at Al-Rass, Qassim University, Al-Rass 58892 Buraidah , Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ridha Ben Said
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Arts at Al-Rass, Qassim University, Al-Rass 58892 Buraidah , Saudi Arabia; Unitè Physico-Chimie des Materiauxa l'Etat Condense UR11ES19, Departement de Chimie, Facultè des Sciences de Tunis Universitè, Tunis El Manar Campus Universitaire, MANAR II, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bogdan Kontek
- Department of General Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/3, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Abdullah S Al-Ayed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science & Arts at Al-Rass, Qassim University, Al-Rass 58892 Buraidah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Kowalczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Moldoch
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Wieslaw Oleszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Stochmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, ul. Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/3, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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17
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Nutritional and therapeutic perspectives of camel milk and its protein hydrolysates: A review on versatile biofunctional properties. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Farag EA, Haagmans BL, Al-Romaihi H, Mohran K, Haroun M, El-Sayed AM, Koopmans M, AlHajri M, Reusken CBEM. Failure to detect MERS-CoV RNA in urine of naturally infected dromedary camels. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:437-438. [PMID: 31305027 PMCID: PMC7165863 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elmoubasher A Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Khaled Mohran
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar.,Biotechnology Department ARC, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Haroun
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chantal B E M Reusken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Mahmoud HS, Elsaed WM, Gabr SA. Camel Urotherapy and Hepatoprotective Effects Against Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Liver Toxicity. INT J PHARMACOL 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2019.696.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Kamal H, Jafar S, Mudgil P, Murali C, Amin A, Maqsood S. Inhibitory properties of camel whey protein hydrolysates toward liver cancer cells, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV, and inflammation. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8711-8720. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Elbanna K, El Hadad S, Assaeedi A, Aldahlawi A, Khider M, Alhebshi A. In vitro and in vivo evidences for innate immune stimulators lactic acid bacterial starters isolated from fermented camel dairy products. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12553. [PMID: 30135492 PMCID: PMC6105719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are commensals with special characteristics that are essential for the development of the immune system, and may protect mucosal surfaces against pathogens. In this study, a total of 40 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from different raw and fermented camel's milk samples collected from Saudi Arabia (Makkah area) and Egypt (Fayoum), and tested for the probiotic properties. Among them, Pro 4 and Pro 7 isolates exhibited excellent probiotic potential including bile salt (0.2-0.6%), phenol tolerance (0.2-0.4%) and salt tolerance (0.0-10%). Furthermore, both strains exhibited antimicrobial activity against wide range of food-borne pathogens and Dermatophytes with average zone inhibition of 37.5, 35.5, 34.5, 27.5, 25 and 23.5 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogens, Candida albicans and Salmonella typhi, respectively. Furthermore, the in vivo study indicated that these strains significantly improved the mucosal immune responses through an increase in expression of TLR2 and IFNγ mRNA in mice intestine as well as increased the synthesis of polyclonal IgG, IgM and IgA in mice blood sera. Accordingly, due to these unique probiotic properties, both selected strains could be potentially used as probiotic starter cultures for fermented dairy foods as well as functional food and health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elbanna
- Deptartment of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sahar El Hadad
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- ResearchCenter of Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, VACSERA, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahaman Assaeedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia Aldahlawi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Unit, King Fahad for medical research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Khider
- Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Alawiah Alhebshi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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In Vivo Nematicidal Potential of Camel Milk on Heligmosomoides Polygyrus Gastro-intestinal Nematode of Rodents. Helminthologia 2018; 55:112-118. [PMID: 31662636 PMCID: PMC6799549 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2018-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following our previous findings on the in vitro anthelmintic effect of camel milk on Haemonchus contortus, the current study aimed at investigating its in vivo effect. Investigations were carried out using mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus which is a parasite commonly used to test the efficacy of anthelmintics. Thirty six Swiss white mice of both sexes aged 5 – 6 weeks old, and weighing between 20 and 25 g were orally infected with 0.5 ml dose of 100, 1-week-old H. polygyrus infective larvae (L3). After the pre-patent period, infected animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. The nematicidal efficacy of camel milk was monitored through faecal egg count reduction (FECR) and total worm count reduction (TWCR). Four doses (8.25; 16.5; 33.0; 66.0 ml/kg body weight (bw)) for fresh camel milk and 22 mg/kg bw for albendazole were studied using a bioassay. Albendazole and 4 % dimethylsulfoxide were included in the protocol as reference drug and placebo, respectively. For all tested doses except 8.25 ml/kg bw, camel milk was effective in vivo against H. polygyrus reducing both faecal egg count and worm count (p < 0.05). The dose 66 ml/kg bw showed the highest nematicidal activity causing a 76.75 % FECR and a 69.62 % TWCR 7 day after initiating the treatment. These results support the possible use of camel milk in the control of gastro-intestinal helminthiasis.
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Nongonierma AB, Paolella S, Mudgil P, Maqsood S, FitzGerald RJ. Identification of novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides in camel milk protein hydrolysates. Food Chem 2017; 244:340-348. [PMID: 29120791 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nine novel dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides (FLQY, FQLGASPY, ILDKEGIDY, ILELA, LLQLEAIR, LPVP, LQALHQGQIV, MPVQA and SPVVPF) were identified in camel milk proteins hydrolysed with trypsin. This was achieved using a sequential approach combining liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), qualitative/quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) and confirmatory studies with synthetic peptides. The most potent camel milk protein-derived DPP-IV inhibitory peptides, LPVP and MPVQA, had DPP-IV half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 87.0 ± 3.2 and 93.3 ± 8.0 µM, respectively. DPP-IV inhibitory peptide sequences identified within camel and bovine milk protein hydrolysates generated under the same hydrolysis conditions differ. This was linked to differences in enzyme selectivity for peptide bond cleavage of camel and bovine milk proteins as well as dissimilarities in their amino acid sequences. Camel milk proteins contain novel DPP-IV inhibitory peptides which may play a role in the regulation of glycaemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B Nongonierma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sara Paolella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Priti Mudgil
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Richard J FitzGerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland (FHI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Processing Challenges and Opportunities of Camel Dairy Products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2017; 2017:9061757. [PMID: 29109953 PMCID: PMC5646346 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9061757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A review on the challenges and opportunities of processing camel milk into dairy products is provided with an objective of exploring the challenges of processing and assessing the opportunities for developing functional products from camel milk. The gross composition of camel milk is similar to bovine milk. Nonetheless, the relative composition, distribution, and the molecular structure of the milk components are reported to be different. Consequently, manufacturing of camel dairy products such as cheese, yoghurt, or butter using the same technology as for dairy products from bovine milk can result in processing difficulties and products of inferior quality. However, scientific evidence points to the possibility of transforming camel milk into products by optimization of the processing parameters. Additionally, camel milk has traditionally been used for its medicinal values and recent scientific studies confirm that it is a rich source of bioactive, antimicrobial, and antioxidant substances. The current literature concerning product design and functional potential of camel milk is fragmented in terms of time, place, and depth of the research. Therefore, it is essential to understand the fundamental features of camel milk and initiate detailed multidisciplinary research to fully explore and utilize its functional and technological properties.
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25
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Yao H, Zhang M, Li Y, Yao J, Meng H, Yu S. Purification and quantification of heavy-chain antibodies from the milk of bactrian camels. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1446-1450. [PMID: 28177177 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Camel milk has a unique composition with naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs), which exert rehabilitating potencies in infection and immunity. To characterize HCAb in camel milk, immunoglobulin G (IgG) was isolated from the milk of Camelus bactrianus by a combination of affinity chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to purify and size-fractionate protein A and protein G, which were further identified by Western blotting, and were quantified by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and ELISA. The results indicated that IgG1 fraction contains molecules of 50 kDa heavy chains and 36 kDa light chains. The HCAbs (IgG2 and IgG3 fractions) devoid of light chains, contain heavy chains of 45 kDa and 43 kDa, respectively, the amounts of which were significantly higher than that of the IgG1 in the milk of bactrian camels. Above all, we revealed the considerable amounts of HCAbs in the milk of bactrian camels, and developed a novel method for their purification and quantification. These findings provide the basis for developing potential effects of camel milk and its interface with the dairy industry, as well as future investigations of HCAb and its roles in human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Jirimutu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - He Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siriguleng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
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