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Graaf-Rau A, Schmies K, Breithaupt A, Ciminski K, Zimmer G, Summerfield A, Sehl-Ewert J, Lillie-Jaschniski K, Helmer C, Bielenberg W, Grosse Beilage E, Schwemmle M, Beer M, Harder T. Reassortment incompetent live attenuated and replicon influenza vaccines provide improved protection against influenza in piglets. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:127. [PMID: 39003272 PMCID: PMC11246437 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) cause an economically important respiratory disease in modern pig production. Continuous virus transmission and antigenic drift are difficult to control in enzootically infected pig herds. Here, antibody-positive piglets from a herd enzootically infected with swIAV H1N2 (clade 1 A.3.3.2) were immunized using a homologous prime-boost vaccination strategy with novel live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) based on a reassortment-incompetent bat influenza-swIAV chimera or a vesicular stomatitis virus-based replicon vaccine. Challenge infection of vaccinated piglets by exposure to H1N2 swIAV-infected unvaccinated seeder pigs showed that both LAIV and replicon vaccine markedly reduced virus replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively, compared to piglets immunized with commercial heterologous or autologous adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus vaccines. Our novel vaccines may aid in interrupting continuous IAV transmission chains in large enzootically infected pig herds, improve the health status of the animals, and reduce the risk of zoonotic swIAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Graaf-Rau
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Schmies
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhaeusern, Switzerland, and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler- Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Carina Helmer
- SAN Group Biotech Germany GmbH, Hoeltinghausen, Germany
| | | | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
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Neujahr AC, Loy DS, Loy JD, Brodersen BW, Fernando SC. Rapid detection of high consequence and emerging viral pathogens in pigs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1341783. [PMID: 38384961 PMCID: PMC10879307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1341783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction An increasing emergence of novel animal pathogens has been observed over the last decade. Viruses are a major contributor to the increased emergence and therefore, veterinary surveillance and testing procedures are greatly needed to rapidly and accurately detect high-consequence animal diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, Classical Swine Fever, and African Swine Fever. The major detection methods for such diseases include real-time PCR assays and pathogen-specific antibodies among others. However, due to genetic drift or -shift in virus genomes, failure to detect such pathogens is a risk with devastating consequences. Additionally, the emergence of novel pathogens with no prior knowledge requires non-biased detection methods for discovery. Methods Utilizing enrichment techniques coupled with Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION™ sequencing platform, we developed a sample processing and analysis pipeline to identify DNA and RNA viruses and bacterial pathogens from clinical samples. Results and discussion The sample processing and analysis pipeline developed allows the identification of both DNA and RNA viruses and bacterial pathogens simultaneously from a single tissue sample and provides results in less than 12 h. Preliminary evaluation of this method using surrogate viruses in different matrices and using clinical samples from animals with unknown disease causality, we demonstrate that this method can be used to simultaneously detect pathogens from multiple domains of life simultaneously with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C. Neujahr
- Department of Complex Biosystems, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Duan S. Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - John Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Bruce W. Brodersen
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Samodha C. Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Food Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Galapero J, Ramos A, Benítez-Medina JM, Martínez R, García A, Hermoso de Mendoza J, Holgado-Martín R, Risco D, Gómez L. Combination with Annual Deworming Treatments Does Not Enhance the Effects of PCV2 Vaccination on the Development of TB in Wild Boar Populations. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3833. [PMID: 38136870 PMCID: PMC10740781 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against PCV2 has been proven to be an effective measure to reduce the severity of TB in wild boar. The combination of this measure with strategies focused on treating other key concomitant pathogens, such as nematodes, could be a useful strategy. This study assesses whether a combination of deworming treatments and PCV2 vaccination may reduce the prevalence and severity of TB in wild boar. The study was conducted on five game estates in mid-western Spain where four groups of wild boar were produced: control, vaccinated, dewormed and vaccinated-dewormed. Wild boars from all groups were hunted between 2017 and 2020, and all of them received a TB diagnosis based on pathological and microbiological tests. Generalised linear models were used to explore the effect of deworming and PCV2 vaccination on TB prevalence and severity. PCV2-vaccinated animals showed lower probabilities of suffering severe TB lesions. However, no differences regarding TB severity were found between dewormed and non-dewormed wild boar. PCV2 vaccination reduces TB severity in wild boar. However, annual deworming does not produce a long-term parasitological reduction that can influence the development of TB in wild boar, nor does it improve the effect of PCV2 vaccination on TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Galapero
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.); (R.H.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alfonso Ramos
- Area Statistics and Operations Research Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - José Manuel Benítez-Medina
- Infectious Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.M.B.-M.); (J.H.d.M.)
| | - Remigio Martínez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba (ROR code 05yc77b46), 14014 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Alfredo García
- Animal Production Area, CICYTEX-La Orden, 06187 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Javier Hermoso de Mendoza
- Infectious Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.M.B.-M.); (J.H.d.M.)
| | - Rocío Holgado-Martín
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.); (R.H.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - David Risco
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.); (R.H.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Luis Gómez
- Anatomy and Pathological Anatomy Area, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (J.G.); (R.H.-M.); (L.G.)
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Park KH, Cho H, Suh J, Oh T, Park Y, Park S, Sohn E, Chae C. Field evaluation of novel plant-derived porcine circovirus type 2 vaccine related to subclinical infection. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2703-2710. [PMID: 37665771 PMCID: PMC10650242 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this field trial was to evaluate the efficacy of a new plant-based porcine circovirus type 2a (PCV2a) vaccine. This vaccine was a recombinant capsid subunit PCV2a vaccine based on the Nicotiana benthamiana expression system. METHODS Three farms were selected for the study based on their history of subclinical PCV2 infection. A total of 40 18-day-old pigs were randomly allocated to either vaccinated or unvaccinated groups (20 pigs per group; 10 = male and 10 = female). Pigs received a 2.0-mL dose of the plant-based PCV2a vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate buffered-saline at the same age. RESULTS Vaccination had a positive effect on pig growth performance compared to that of unvaccinated pigs on all three of the farms. Vaccination of pigs with a plant-based PCV2a vaccine induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies titres against PCV2d and PCV2d-specific interferon-γ secreting cells which resulted in the reduction of PCV2d viral load and reduced lymphoid lesions severity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this field trial demonstrated cross-protection of PCV2d by a plant-based PCV2a vaccine and a positive effect of pig growth performance with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Hwan Park
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyejean Cho
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Suh
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Taehwan Oh
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Soohong Park
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun‐Ju Sohn
- BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park ComplexPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Chae
- Department of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Homklinkaew P, Phatthanakunanan S, Jala S, Boonsoongnern A, Lertwatcharasarakul P. Development of a recombinase-aided amplification method combined with lateral flow dipstick assay to detect Porcine circovirus type 2. Vet World 2023; 16:2313-2320. [PMID: 38152256 PMCID: PMC10750741 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2313-2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a pathogenic virus that suppresses the immune system of pigs, impacting their health and causing economic losses. Rapid diagnostic tools for early detection of PCV2 are critical to disease prevention and control. Several molecular techniques have been established for detecting PCV2 but costly equipment and time-consuming methods are unsuitable for field inspection. In this study, we developed a recombinase-aided amplification combined with lateral flow dipstick (RAA-LFD) assay to compare with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) in detecting PCV2 in suspected field samples. Materials and Methods To amplify RAA products, 15 primer pairs were designed from the conserved region of the open reading frame (ORF) 1 gene based on multiple alignments of eight PCV2 genotypes. The most efficient primer pair and conditions for the RAA-LFD assay were tested and selected. Limit of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility were determined using the constructed plasmid. DNA was extracted from positive samples for specificity testing as well as from 100 field samples to compare the detection of the RAA-LFD assay with PCR and qPCR. Results The F1/R1 primer pair was chosen and labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate at the 5' end of the forward primer and with biotin at the 5' end of the reverse primer. The limit of detection of the RAA-LFD assay was 10 copies/μL at 38°C for 30 min. The RAA-LFD assay was repeatable and reproducible, with no cross-reaction with PCV3, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Classical swine fever virus, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - North America strain (PRRSV-US) and Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus - European strain (PRRSV-EU). Based on testing with 100 samples, the developed RAA showed 100% specificity and 90.56% and 85.71% sensitivity when compared to PCR and qPCR, respectively Cohen's kappa coefficients showed a good agreement with the established techniques. Conclusion The RAA-LFD assay targeting the ORF1 gene was highly sensitive, specific, quick, and simple to perform in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploypassorn Homklinkaew
- Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sakuna Phatthanakunanan
- Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Siriluk Jala
- Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Boonsoongnern
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
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Eddicks M, Gründl J, Seifert A, Eddicks L, Reese S, Tabeling R, Swam H, Strutzberg-Minder K, Ritzmann M, Fux R. Examination on the Occurrence of Coinfections in Diagnostic Transmittals in Cases of Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility (SMEDI) Syndrome in Germany. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1675. [PMID: 37512848 PMCID: PMC10383851 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI) syndrome is most commonly associated with porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) infections. Little is known about the occurrence of coinfections with SMEDI-associated pathogens and the associations among these pathogens. In our study, we included 40 SMEDI-affected litters from 18 different farms. In total, 158 out of 358 available fetuses from diagnostic transmittals were selected by systematic random sampling and examined for PCV2, PCV3, PPV1, and Leptospira spp. by q-PCR. Results from diagnostic materials showed the following results: in eleven farms, PCV2 was present; in nine farms, PPV1 was present; in five farms, PCV3 was present; and in two farms, Leptospira spp. was present. The detection of Leptospira spp. was significantly associated with a PCV2 coinfection (OR: 26.3; p < 0.001). PCV3 positivity resulted in a reduced probability of detecting PCV2 in the corresponding fetus (OR: 0.078; p = 0.008). Fetal maceration was associated with Leptospira spp. detection (OR: 8.6; p = 0.003), whereas mummification (p = 0.047), reduced crown-rump length (p < 0.001), and bodyweight (p = 0.001) of fetuses were significantly associated with PPV1 and PCV2 coinfection and thus, presumably, a shorter time to death after infection, indicating an enhanced negative effect on the development of fetuses with PCV2 + PPV1 coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Julia Gründl
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Annika Seifert
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lina Eddicks
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Robert Tabeling
- MSD Animal Health, Intervet Deutschland GmbH, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hanny Swam
- Intervet International B.V., 5831 AK Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), DVG-Consiliary Laboratory for Leptospira spp., 30926 Seelze, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Truong HT, Nguyen VG, Pham LBH, Huynh TML, Lee J, Hwang SJ, Lee JM, Chung HC. PCR-Based Detection and Genetic Characterization of Parainfluenza Virus 5 Detected in Pigs in Korea from 2016 to 2018. Vet Sci 2023; 10:414. [PMID: 37505820 PMCID: PMC10384901 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study applied a molecular-based method to detect parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) collected from 2016 to 2018 in nine provinces of Republic of Korea. We demonstrated that PIV5 was detectable in both serum and pooled organs at an average positive rate of 1.78% (99/5566). Among these, the complete genome sequence of 15,246 nucleotides was obtained for 12 field strains. Three out of the 12 strains had the lowest genetic identity (96.20-96.68%) among the 21 porcine PIV5 genomes collected in Germany, China, India, and Republic of Korea from 1998 to 2017. By analyzing a large collection of complete genome sequences of the structural protein-coding F and HN genes, this study proposed a classification of PIV5 into two lineages, 1 and 2, and identified that group 2.2.2 within sub-lineage 2.2 was substantially divergent. The evolution of two structural protein-coding genes was largely under purifying selection. A few codons (6/9 for the F gene, 7/8 for the HN gene) had elevated dN/dS values, which were loaded on internal branches and were predicted to be related to beneficial trait(s) of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Thai Truong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van-Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Le-Bich-Hang Pham
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-My-Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture (VNUA), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Jasper Lee
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute of Biological Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Su-Jin Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Fan M, Bian L, Tian X, Hu Z, Wu W, Sun L, Yuan G, Li S, Yue L, Wang Y, Wu L, Wang Y, Yan Z, Ren J, Li X. Infection characteristics of porcine circovirus type 2 in different herds from intensive farms in China, 2022. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1187753. [PMID: 37397003 PMCID: PMC10311082 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1187753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary etiological agent of porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD), which are widespread in most pig herds, causing huge economic losses in the global pig industry. Therefore, it is critical to assess the infection characteristics of PCV2 in different swine herds to develop effective strategies against PCVD. Methods In this study, routine diagnostic and monitoring protocols were used to collect 12,714 samples from intensive farms in China, and PCV2 was tested for by qPCR to determine positivity rates and viral loads in samples from different herds and materials. Results PCV2 was found to be prevalent throughout China, and fattening farms had higher positivity rates than breeding farms. The PCV2 positivity rates in breeding farms in Southern China were higher than those in Northern China. Growing-finishing pigs demonstrated the highest positivity rate in the tested samples, while pre-weaning piglets and adult sows had the lowest. Meanwhile, samples with viral loads exceeding 106 copies/mL in growing-finishing pigs had 27.2% positivity, compared to 1.9% and 3.3% in sows and piglets, respectively. The results of the viral loads in the serum samples followed a similar trend. Discussion The findings reveal that PCV2 circulates in different herds from intensive farms, with positivity increasing from pre-weaning to growing-finishing herds. It is urgent to develop effective strategies to reduce PCV2 positivity in growing-finishing herds and prevent viral circulation among pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Fan
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, China
- Shandong Swine Health Data and Intelligent Monitoring Project Laboratory, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Lujie Bian
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Tian
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, China
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Leilei Sun
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | | | | | - Lei Yue
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, China
| | - Yongquan Wang
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Shandong Swine Health Data and Intelligent Monitoring Project Laboratory, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd. (NHLH Academy of Swine Research), Dezhou, China
- Shandong Swine Health Data and Intelligent Monitoring Project Laboratory, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
- Xiajin New Hope Liuhe Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Dezhou, China
- New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
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CHO H, OH T, SUH J, CHAE C. Comparison of pathogenicity of 4 porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e) in experimentally infected pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:83-87. [PMID: 36418063 PMCID: PMC9887223 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to compare the virulence of four porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes (PCV2a, 2b, 2d, and 2e) in pigs. Pigs were inoculated at 42 days of age with one of four PCV2 genotypes, then necropsied at 63 days of age. PCV2 genotype groups were evaluated through a comparison of clinical outcomes, antibody titers, level of PCV2 loads in blood and lymph nodes, and lymphoid lesion severity. Statistical differences did not occur between the evaluated genotype groups. Pigs inoculated with PCV2a, PCV2b, or PCV2d had a significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of PCV2 loads in blood and lymph node compared to pigs inoculated with PCV2e. The results of this study indicated that the PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d are more virulent than PCV2e based on blood and lymphoid viral load of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejean CHO
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehwan OH
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin SUH
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee CHAE
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Correspondence to: Chae, C.: , Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine,
Seoul National University, Gwana-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Areekit S, Tangjitrungrot P, Khuchareontaworn S, Rattanathanawan K, Jaratsing P, Yasawong M, Chansiri G, Viseshakul N, Chansiri K. Development of Duplex LAMP Technique for Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV 2). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5427-5439. [PMID: 36354680 PMCID: PMC9689611 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are both important global pathogenic viruses which have a significant impact on the swine industry. In this study, a duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (duplex LAMP) method was developed in combination with lateral flow dipstick (LFD) for simultaneous detection of PEDV and PCV2 using specific sets of primers and probes designed based on the conserved regions of a spike gene (KF272920) and an ORF gene (EF493839), respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) values of the duplex LAMP-LFD for the detection of PEDV and PCV2 were 0.1 ng/µL and 0.246 ng/µL, respectively. The LOD of duplex LAMP-LFD was 10-times more sensitive than conventional PCR and RT-PCR-agarose gel-electrophoresis (PCR-AGE and RT-PCR-AGE). No cross-reaction to each other and to other pathogenic viruses that can infect pigs were observed according to analytical specificity tests. The duplex LAMP-LFD method for the simultaneous detection of PEDV and PCV2 co-infection could be completed within approximately 1.5 h, and only a simple heating block was required for isothermal amplification. The preliminary validation using 50 swine clinical samples with positive and negative PEDV and/or PCV2 revealed that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of duplex LAMP-LFD were all 100% in comparison to conventional PCR and RT-PCR. Hence, this study suggests that duplex LAMP-LFD is a promising tool for the early detection and initial screening of PEDV and PCV2, which could be beneficial for prevention, planning, and epidemiological surveys of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supatra Areekit
- Innovative Learning Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Biosensors, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Pongbun Tangjitrungrot
- Center of Excellence in Biosensors, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | | | | | - Pornpun Jaratsing
- Center of Excellence in Biosensors, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Montri Yasawong
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Gaysorn Chansiri
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
| | - Nareerat Viseshakul
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kosum Chansiri
- Center of Excellence in Biosensors, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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11
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Suh J, Oh T, Chae C. An evaluation of intradermal all-in-one vaccine based on an inactivated recombinant Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain expressing porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid protein against Korean stains of PCV2d and M. hyopneumoniae challenge. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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12
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Hansen MS, Jensen TK, Hjulsager CK, Angen Ø, Riber U, Nielsen J, Heegaard PMH, Larsen LE. Experimental infection of high health pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Lawsonia intracellularis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:994147. [PMID: 36277064 PMCID: PMC9583870 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.994147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Lawsonia intracellularis infections can cause enteritis in pigs. A Danish study showed a significantly higher probability of detecting PCV2 without concurrent L. intracellularis infection, indicating that one of these pathogens has an impact on the dynamics of the other. Therefore, a delayed co-infection model was set up, initially aiming at investigating the interaction between PCV2 and L. intracellularis in pigs challenged with PCV2 and 2 weeks later with L. intracellularis. But due to PCV2 contamination of the L. intracellularis inoculum the aim was revisited to describing the infection dynamics and pathogenesis of pigs infected with PCV2 followed by delayed simultaneous exposure to PCV2 and L. intracellularis. Twenty-four high-health piglets were divided into three groups of eight pigs (A, B, C) and inoculated at experimental day (EXD) 0 with mock (groups A and B) or PCV2 (group C), and at EXD 14 with mock (group A) or L. intracellularis/PCV2 (groups B and C). The pigs underwent daily clinical examination, and were necropsied at EXD 51–52. Furthermore, histology, immunohistochemistry, serology and PCR for PCV2 and L. intracellularis, and measurement of C-reactive protein were carried out. Results Group A remained negative for PCV2 and L. intracellularis. Following inoculation with L. intracellularis/PCV2, no significant differences were observed between group B and C, however pigs already infected with PCV2 (group C) showed milder clinical signs and exhibited milder intestinal lesions, less shedding of L. intracellularis and developed higher L. intracellularis antibody titers than the pigs in group B that only received the combined infection. Though the differences between group B and C were non-significant, all results pointed in the same direction, indicating that the pigs in group B were more affected by the L. intracellularis infection compared to the pigs in group C. Conclusions Previous exposure to PCV2 had limited impact on the subsequent exposure to a combined L. intracellularis/PCV2 inoculation. However, there was a tendency that the infection dynamics of PCV2 and development of antibodies to PCV2 and L. intracellularis were altered in pigs previously exposed to PCV2. These differences should be confirmed in further experimental trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette S. Hansen
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,The National Veterinary Institute, DTU, Kalvehave, Denmark,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark,*Correspondence: Mette S. Hansen
| | - Tim K. Jensen
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K. Hjulsager
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Øystein Angen
- Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,The National Veterinary Institute, DTU, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ulla Riber
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- The National Veterinary Institute, DTU, Kalvehave, Denmark,National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter M. H. Heegaard
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Experimental and Translational Immunology, Department of Health Technology, DTU, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E. Larsen
- Center for Diagnostic, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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13
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Uribe‐García HF, Suarez‐Mesa RA, Rondón‐Barragán IS. Survey of porcine circovirus type 2 and parvovirus in swine breeding herds of Colombia. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2451-2459. [PMID: 36137294 PMCID: PMC9677394 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the consequences of the presentation of reproductive failures in sows is the economic losses in production because it alters the estimated values of the volume of production, decreasing the productivity of the farm. Porcine circovirosis by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has been associated with reproductive disorders, and porcine parvovirus (PVP) is one of the pathological agents most related to the presentation of reproductive failure in pigs. In Colombia, there are reports of the presence of PCV2 through molecular techniques, and PVP through serum tests; however, in the department of Tolima, the prevalence of these two viruses is unknown. Objective In this study, the aim was to establish a report of the prevalence of viruses in five municipalities of the department of Tolima‐Colombia. Methods Blood samples from 150 breeding sows of five municipalities in Tolima, Colombia, were obtained. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the PCV2 and PVP virus in the blood samples followed by PCR and sequencing of 16 PCR products of the amplification of the cap gene of PCV2. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to identify the genotype of the PCV2 virus. Results The presence of PCV2d in sows was detected in 135 samples (90%), as well as the identification of PVP in 2.6% of the samples. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis showed that 16 isolates were the PCV2d2 genotype. Conclusion PCV2d and PVP were found to coinfect the females, and the identification of variability in regions in the predicted amino acid sequence of the PCV2 capsid may be associated with virus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinner F. Uribe‐García
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Rafael A. Suarez‐Mesa
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
| | - Iang S. Rondón‐Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics University of Tolima Ibagué Colombia
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14
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LAMP Coupled CRISPR-Cas12a Module for Rapid, Sensitive and Visual Detection of Porcine Circovirus 2. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182413. [PMID: 36139273 PMCID: PMC9495112 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the main pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), which can cause considerable economic loss to the pig industry. The diagnosis of PCVAD is complicated and requires a series of clinical, pathological, and virological methods. Therefore, a rapid, highly sensitive, on-site, and visual diagnostic approach would facilitate dealing with the spread of PCV2. In this study, we intended to establish a new and effective PCV2 detection method through combining the no specific equipment requirement advantage of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with the property of clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a system possessing the huLbCas12a collateral cleavage activity able to cleave single-stranded DNA fluorophore quencher probe sensor (designed as LAPM-CRISPR). Following a series of optimizations of its reaction conditions, this LAMP-CRISPR-based PCV2 detection could be conducted in constant temperature equipment, with the result reflected in a direct visual readout way. This established PCV2 detection approach presented fine sensitivity, rapidity, specificity, and reliability, as demonstrated by a low detectable limit of 1 copy/μL, completed within an hour, no cross-reaction with main porcine DNA or RNA viruses like PCV1, PCV3, and PEDV, and a 100% coincidence rate with that of the quantitative PCR (qPCR) method in the evaluation of 30 clinical blood samples, respectively. Therefore, this novel method makes rapid, on-site, visual, highly sensitive, and specific detection of PCV2 possible, facilitating the prevention of this pathogen in the field.
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15
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Noh YH, Kim SC, Jeong CG, Lee SC, Lee DU, Yoon IJ, Kim WI. Pathological Evaluation of Porcine Circovirus 2d (PCV2d) Strain and Comparative Evaluation of PCV2d and PCV2b Inactivated Vaccines against PCV2d Infection in a Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) Yucatan Miniature Pig Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091469. [PMID: 36146547 PMCID: PMC9501194 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen that causes porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs). The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of specific pathogen-free Yucatan miniature pigs (YMPs) as an experimental model for PCV2d challenge and vaccine assessment because PCV2-negative pigs are extremely rare in conventional swine herds in Korea. In the first experiment, every three pigs were subjected to PCV2d field isolate or mock challenge. During three weeks of experiments, the PCV2d infection group exhibited clinical outcomes of PCVAD with high viral loads, lymphoid depletion, and detection of PCV2d antigens in lymphoid organs by immunohistochemistry. In the second experiment, three groups of pigs were challenged with PCV2d after immunization for three weeks: a nonvaccinated group (three pigs), a PCV2b-Vac group vaccinated with a commercial PCV2b-based inactivated vaccine SuiShot® Circo-ONE (five pigs), and a PCV2d-Vac group vaccinated with an experimental PCV2d-based inactivated vaccine (five pigs). During the three weeks of the challenge period, nonvaccinated pigs showed similar clinical outcomes to those observed in the PCV2d infection group from the first experiment. In contrast, both the PCV2b and PCV2d vaccinations produced good levels of protection against PCV2d challenge, as evidenced by reduced viral loads, improved growth performance, high virus-neutralizing antibody titers, and less development of PCV2-associated pathological lesions. Taken together, these data suggest that YMPs could be an alternative model for PCV2 challenge experiments, and these animals displayed typical clinical and pathological features and characteristics of protective immunity induced by the vaccines that were consistent with those resulting from PCV2 infections in conventional pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Noh
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Dong-Uk Lee
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - In-Joong Yoon
- Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34055, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-3981
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16
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Temporal Patterns of Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance and Coinfecting Pathogens in Glaesserella parasuis Strains Isolated from Diseased Swine in Germany from 2006 to 2021. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070721. [PMID: 35889967 PMCID: PMC9316560 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (Gps) causes high economic losses in pig farms worldwide. So far no vaccine provides cross-protection for different serotypes, so antibiotic treatment is widely used to cope with this pathogen. In this study, routine diagnostic data from 2046 pigs with Gps related diseases sent for necropsy to a German laboratory in the time period 2006–2021 were analysed retrospectively. In the time period 2018–2021, the most frequent serotypes (ST) detected were ST4 (30%) and ST13 (22%). A comparison of the reference period 2006–2013 prior to obligatory routine recording of antimicrobial usage in livestock with the period 2014–2021 resulted in a statistically significant decrease of frequencies of resistant Gps isolates for ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, tiamulin and tilmicosin. While in 2006–2013 all isolates were resistant for tetracyclin and cephalothin, frequencies of resistant isolates decreased in the second time period to 28% and 62%, respectively. Parallel to the reduction of antimicrobial usage, during recent years a reduction in resistant Gps isolates has been observed, so only a low risk of treatment failure exists. Most frequently, pigs positive for Gps were also positive for S.suis (25.4%), PRRSV-EU (25.1%) and influenza virus (23%). The viral pathogens may act as potential trigger factors.
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17
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Kim SC, Kim JH, Kim JY, Park GS, Jeong CG, Kim WI. Prevalence of porcine parvovirus 1 through 7 (PPV1-PPV7) and co-factor association with PCV2 and PRRSV in Korea. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:133. [PMID: 35395853 PMCID: PMC8994367 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical porcine parvovirus (PPV1) and novel porcine parvoviruses designated porcine parvovirus 2 through 7 (PPV2-PPV7) are widespread in pig populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence rates of PPV1-PPV7 in Korea by detecting PPVs in serum, lung and fecal samples and to elucidate the association of PPVs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV), major pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). A total of 286 serum, 481 lung, and 281 fecal samples collected from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed. Results The results showed that PPVs are widespread in Korea; the highest detection rates were found in lung samples and ranged from 7.9% (PPV1) to 32.6% (PPV2). Regarding age groups, fattening pigs had the highest detection rates of PPVs, ranging from 6.4% (PPV1) to 36.5% (PPV6); this finding suggests the chronic nature of PPV infections and the continual circulation of these viruses. When compared with PCV2- and PRRSV-negative lung samples, PCV2-positive samples with or without PRRSV positivity had significantly higher detection levels of PPV1 and PPV6. In contrast, the prevalence of PPV2 and PPV7 was significantly higher in PRRSV-infected lung samples regardless of PCV2 detection. PPV5 was detected significantly more frequently in samples with both PCV2 and PRRSV positivity. Conclusions This study could offer a better understanding of the role of PPVs in PCV2 and/or PRRSV infection though further studies are needed to experimentally assess the impact of PPVs in coinfections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03236-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Jae-Yeob Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Seo Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Korea.
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18
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Tameling A, Könighoff P, Beilage EG, Menrath A, Heimann M, Köhrmann A, Hennig-Pauka I. [Performance parameters and pathogen detection in pig groups differently vaccinated with respect to Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:21-29. [PMID: 35235980 DOI: 10.1055/a-1696-1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Respiratory diseases, mostly multifactorial, cause problems in pig farms worldwide. Next to infectious agents, such as Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) management, housing, and environmental factors are decisive for the development of disease. In a conventional, closed swine farm in Lower Saxony, Germany, which did not vaccinate against PCV2, the effect of an implementation of PCV2 vaccination (Suvaxyn® Circo + MH RTU) onto animal health was evaluated. In addition, the effect of this combination vaccine was assessed in comparison to simultaneous administration of mono-vaccines against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In a two-phase trial, 524 (phase 1) or 521 (phase 2) clinically healthy piglets were included at the first week of life. In the first phase, performance parameters were compared in animals vaccinated against M. hyopneumoniae only (group A) or vaccinated against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae (group B). In phase 2, vaccination against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae with different vaccines were compared (groups C and D). Performance parameters included lifetime animal losses, daily weight gains during suckling, weaning and fattening, and randomly sampled pathogen loads in serum (PCV2) or tracheobronchial secretions (M. hyopneumoniae). In addition, an assessment of the lungs was performed after slaughter. RESULTS In the first phase, it was shown that the group vaccinated against PCV2 (Group B: Suvaxyn® Circo + MH RTU) had higher daily growth rates during the fattening period (+ 37 g, p = 0.012) as well as during the complete period (+ 16 g, p = 0.013) in comparison to the group without PCV2 vaccination (Group A). In group A a significantly higher proportion of animals showed a PCV2 viremia. In the second phase, it was shown that group D was not inferior to the established vaccination regiment of group C. In fattening pigs in week 22 of life, detection rates for M. hyopneumoniae in tracheobronchial secretions were in the range of 27-80 % irrespective of the vaccination group. CONCLUSION Vaccination against PCV2 leads to improved animal health and higher daily weight gains. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combined vaccine studied here provides farmers and veterinarians with an additional option for the improvement of animal health in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tameling
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Philipp Könighoff
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | | | - Andrea Menrath
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Marcus Heimann
- Außenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Disease Diagnostic Criteria in the Current Porcine Circovirus 2 Epidemiological Context. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030110. [PMID: 35324838 PMCID: PMC8953210 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) caused by Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) includes the subclinical infection (PCV-2-SI), systemic (PCV-2-SD) and reproductive (PCV-2-RD) diseases, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). Criteria to establish the diagnosis of these conditions have not changed over the years; thus, the triad composed by clinical signs, lesions and viral detection in lesions are still the hallmark for PCV-2-SD and PCV-2-RD. In contrast, PCV-2-SI diagnosis is not usually performed since this condition is perceived to be controlled by default through vaccination. PDNS is diagnosed by gross and histopathological findings, and PCV-2 detection is not recognized as a diagnostic criterion. Molecular biology methods as a proxy for PCVD diagnoses have been extensively used in the last decade, although these techniques should be mainly considered as monitoring tools rather than diagnostic ones. What has changed over the years is the epidemiological picture of PCV-2 through the massive use of vaccination, which allowed the decrease in infectious pressure paralleled with a decrease in overall herd immunity. Consequently, the need for establishing the diagnosis of PCVD has increased lately, especially in cases with a PCV-2-SD-like condition despite vaccination. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to update the current knowledge on diagnostic criteria for PCVDs and to contextualize the interest of using molecular biology methods in the overall picture of these diseases within variable epidemiological scenarios of PCV-2 infection.
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20
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Hennig-Pauka I, Hartmann M, Merkel J, Kreienbrock L. Coinfections and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Strains Isolated From Diseased Swine in North Western Germany-Temporal Patterns in Samples From Routine Laboratory Practice From 2006 to 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:802570. [PMID: 35155648 PMCID: PMC8831912 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.802570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent failure of this preventive measure, treatment with antimicrobials is indispensable to prevent animal losses within an outbreak situation. To preserve the effectivity of antimicrobial substances to fight APP should therefore be the primary aim of any interventions. In this study, the temporal development of antimicrobial resistance in APP was analyzed retrospectively in the time period 2006-2020 from a routine diagnostic database. In parallel, frequent coinfections were evaluated to identify most important biotic cofactors as important triggers for disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds. The proportion of APP serotype 2 decreased over time but was isolated most often from diseased swine (57% in 2020). In ~1% of the cases, APP was isolated from body sites outside the respiratory tract as brain and joints. The lowest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for cephalothin and ceftiofur (0.18%), florfenicol (0.24%), tilmicosin (2.4%), tiamulin (2.4%), enrofloxacin (2.7%), and spectinomycin (3.6%), while the highest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for gentamicin (30.9%), penicillin (51.5%), and tetracycline (78.2%). For enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and tetracycline, significantly lower frequencies of resistant isolates were found in the time period 2015-2020 compared to 2006-2014, while gentamicin-resistant isolates increased. In summary, there is only a low risk of treatment failure due to resistant isolates. In maximum, up to six coinfecting pathogens were identified in pigs positive for APP. Most often pigs were coinfected with Porcine Circovirus 2 (56%), Streptococcus suis (24.8%), or the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (23.3%). Potential synergistic effects between these pathogens published from experimental findings can be hypothesized by these field data as well. To prevent APP disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds more efficiently in the future, next to environmental trigger factors, preventive measures must also address the coinfecting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bakum, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Merkel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Wu J, Shi X, Wu L, Wu Z, Wu S, Bao W. Genome-Wide DNA Methylome and Transcriptome Analysis of Porcine Testicular Cells Infected With Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:779323. [PMID: 35097042 PMCID: PMC8794705 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.779323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine pathogen causing highly communicable gastrointestinal infection that are lethal for suckling piglets. In an attempt to delineate the pathogenic mechanism of TGEV-infected porcine testicular cells (ST cells), we conducted a whole genome analysis of DNA methylation and expression in ST cells through reduced bisulfate-seq and RNA-seq. We examined alterations in the methylation patterns and recognized 1764 distinct methylation sites. 385 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in the viral defense and ribosome biogenesis pathways. Integrative analysis identified two crucial genes (EMILIN2, RIPOR3), these two genes expression were negatively correlated to promoter methylation. In conclusion, alterations in DNA methylation and differential expression of genes reveal that their potential functional interactions in TGEV infection. Our data highlights the epigenetic and transcriptomic landscapes in TGEV-infected ST cells and provides a reliable dataset for screening TGEV resistance genes and genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoru Shi
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lisi Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Bao
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22
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Prevalence of Infection with Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3 in the Wild Boar Population in the Campania Region (Southern Italy). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113215. [PMID: 34827947 PMCID: PMC8614320 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, porcine circovirus (PCV) infection has been documented as an important and emerging health concern for livestock and wildlife worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to assess the molecular prevalence of PCV-2 and PCV-3 and to clarify the epidemiological role of wild boars in the circulation of this virus in Campania, Southern Italy. For this purpose, samples from several organs were collected during the hunting season 2017-2018 from 148 wild boars in the Campania region. Quantitative real-time PCR was used for the detection and quantification of PCV-2 and PCV-3 genomes. The combined prevalence of PCV-2 and PCV-3 was 74.32% in the wild boars tested. The proportions of wild boars positive for PCV-2 or PCV-3, or coinfected, were 47.30%, 49.32%, and 22.30%, respectively. No link was detected between PCV positivity and location, but gender was a risk factor for the disease (female; p < 0.0001; OR 0.29). Furthermore, our study provides a snapshot of PCV-2 and PCV-3 circulation in wild boars in the Campania region: our findings can help us to better understand the role of wildlife in PCV circulation.
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23
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Visuthsak W, Woonwong Y, Thanantong N, Poolperm P, Boonsoongnern A, Ratanavanichrojn N, Jirawattanapong P, Soda N, Kaminsonsakul T, Phuttapatimok S, Sukmak M. PCV3 in Thailand: Molecular epidemiology and relationship with PCV2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2980-2989. [PMID: 34406701 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 has been circulating throughout the world and since their first report, various clinical signs and disease developments have been documented. The virus is similar to the closely related PCV2 and is associated with several clinical signs called porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD). PCV2 or PCV3 is occasionally reported with clinical signs such as PDNS, respiratory signs and reproductive failure. Retrospective research conducted in Thailand revealed that both PCV2 and PCV3 have been circulation for decades. However, awareness about PCV3 infection has just arisen in recent years because of the similarities observed in disease circulation and clinical signs that have led to concerns. This study was conducted to find the relationship between the quantity of PCV2 and PCV3 in Thai pigs displaying the clinical signs related to PCVAD. A total of 479 serum samples with different production phases and clinical signs were sent to Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC) for qPCR to detect the presence of PCV2 or PCV3. There was no relationship between the PCV3 and PCVAD-related clinical signs. Also, the relationship between PCV2 and PCV3 with no clinical signs suggested that both viruses might come from the same reservoir or have been circulating in Thailand for a long time, leading to common incidents in finding. The viral load of PCV2 was significantly different among the pig groups with and without clinical signs. The capsid sequence analysis of PCV3 revealed that 22 capsid sequences obtained from this study were found as clusters within PCV3a with a minor variation. Additional control measures are further needed to reduce the findings of the viruses. A future study with a control experiment may be needed to clarify the pathogenesis of PCV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansika Visuthsak
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yonlayong Woonwong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Narut Thanantong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pariwat Poolperm
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Boonsoongnern
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nattavut Ratanavanichrojn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pichai Jirawattanapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nantana Soda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tanyanant Kaminsonsakul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sahathat Phuttapatimok
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Manakorn Sukmak
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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24
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Exploring the Cause of Diarrhoea and Poor Growth in 8-11-Week-Old Pigs from an Australian Pig Herd Using Metagenomic Sequencing. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081608. [PMID: 34452472 PMCID: PMC8402840 DOI: 10.3390/v13081608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea and poor growth among growing pigs is responsible for significant economic losses in pig herds globally and can have a wide range of possible aetiologies. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are useful for the detection and characterisation of diverse groups of viruses and bacteria and can thereby provide a better understanding of complex interactions among microorganisms potentially causing clinical disease. Here, we used a metagenomics approach to identify and characterise the possible pathogens in colon and lung samples from pigs with diarrhoea and poor growth in an Australian pig herd. We identified and characterized a wide diversity of porcine viruses including RNA viruses, in particular several picornaviruses—porcine sapelovirus (PSV), enterovirus G (EV-G), and porcine teschovirus (PTV), and a porcine astrovirus (PAstV). Single stranded DNA viruses were also detected and included parvoviruses like porcine bocavirus (PBoV) and porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2), porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7), porcine bufa virus (PBuV), and porcine adeno-associated virus (AAV). We also detected single stranded circular DNA viruses such as porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) at very low abundance and torque teno sus viruses (TTSuVk2a and TTSuVk2b). Some of the viruses detected here may have had an evolutionary past including recombination events, which may be of importance and potential involvement in clinical disease in the pigs. In addition, our metagenomics data found evidence of the presence of the bacteria Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira spp., and Campylobacter spp. that may, together with these viruses, have contributed to the development of clinical disease and poor growth.
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25
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Maternally Derived Antibody Levels Influence on Vaccine Protection against PCV2d Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082231. [PMID: 34438689 PMCID: PMC8388515 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The efficacy of vaccination against type 2 porcine circoviruses is influenced by the level of maternally derived antibodies present at the time of vaccination of the piglets. This aspect was investigated by using two types of vaccines either comprised of a whole virus or its single protein. Both vaccines were able to overcome the impact of the maternal antibodies, however, the immunity, measured by serum antibody levels, developed faster for the whole virus type vaccine. The correlation between the maternally derived antibody levels at the time of vaccination and the challenge viral load showed differences amongst the tested lymph nodes. Additionally, it was confirmed also in this study that group oral fluid samples provide a reliable and relatively easy animal welfare-friendly way of estimating the PCV2 status of groups of pigs. Abstract Piglets from a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) stable farm of low and high levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) against PCV2 were vaccinated either with a whole virus type or a PCV2 ORF2 antigen-based commercial subunit vaccine at three weeks of age. Two non-vaccinated groups served as low and high MDA positive controls. At four weeks post vaccination, all piglets were challenged with a PCV2d-2 type virus strain and were checked for parameters related to vaccine protection over a four-week observation period. MDA levels evidently impacted the outcome of the PCV2d-2 challenge in non-vaccinated animals, while it did not have a significant effect on vaccine-induced protection levels. The humoral immune response developed faster in the whole virus vaccinates than in the subunit vaccinated pigs in the low MDA groups. Further, high MDA levels elicited a stronger negative effect on the vaccine-induced humoral immune response for the subunit vaccine than for the whole virus vaccine. The group-based oral fluid samples and the group mean viraemia and faecal shedding data correlated well, enabling this simple, and animal welfare-friendly sampling method for the evaluation of the PCV2 viral load status of these nursery piglets.
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26
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S P, A R, Karuppannan AK, G DR, J JR, S H, S J, K S, D B, M P, Ghadevaru S. Emergence of novel Porcine circovirus 2 genotypes in Southern India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1804-1812. [PMID: 34008351 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 200 samples from Porcine circovirus 2 suspected (n = 112) and healthy (n = 88) swine populations collected from different districts of Tamil Nadu, south India were used in this study. The samples comprising of serum (n = 124), swabs from natural orifices (n = 52), and postmortem tissues (n = 24). All the samples were processed and subjected to the screening and detection of the PCV2 genome by a specific PCR assay. PCV2 genomes from positive samples were further subjected to genotyping with specifically designed primers for the full-length amplification of the ORF2 gene which codes for capsid protein (Cp) and serves as an epidemiological marker. Randomly, 13 amplified ORF2 genes were sequenced and the aligned sequences were subjected to signature motif analysis and phylogeny in MEGA X. The molecular prevalence of PCV2 infection in Tamil Nadu is 10.5% (n = 21). Signature motif and phylogenetic studies of 13 samples revealed 38.5% (n = 5) presence of each PCV2b intermediate 1(IM1) and PCV2b genotypes, followed by 15.4% (n = 2) PCV2d-2 and 7.7% (n = 1) PCV2d genotypes. The PCV2b-IM1 genotype has a 99.43% sequence homology with Vietnam isolate (JX506730). PCV2b genotypes showed 99.72% sequence identity with Chinese isolate (KX068219). PCV2d-2 genotypes reported in this study have 100% sequence identity with Taiwan isolate (MF169721). PCV2d genotype showed 97.87% sequence identity with Thailand isolate (MF314293). Amino acid analysis of all the 13 full-length ORF2 gene sequences revealed specific mutations in the immune reactive domains of A, B, C, and D. Capsid protein of three PCV2b and five PCV2b IM1 isolates had extra amino acid residue lysine (K) at 234 position of ORF2 similar to PCV2d. For the first time in South India, PCV2b IM1 and PCV2d-2 genotypes are reported. This study evidences the genetic shifts of PCV2 isolates in India and it is analogous to that of global genotypic shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthiban S
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral vaccines, CAHS, MMC, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramesh A
- Vaccine Research Centre-Viral vaccines, CAHS, MMC, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Dhinakar Raj G
- Director, Centre for Animal Health Studies, MMC, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hemalatha S
- Professor, Dept of VPP, MVC, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jaisree S
- Assistant Professor, Central University Laboratory, CAHS, MMC, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Senthilkumar K
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramanyam D
- Post Graduate Research Institute in Animal Sciences, Kattupakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthiban M
- Professor & Head, Dept. of ABT, MVC, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Eddicks M, Eddicks L, Stadler J, Hermanns W, Ritzmann M. [The porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) - a clinical review]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2021; 49:120-132. [PMID: 33902142 DOI: 10.1055/a-1403-1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The porcine respiratory disease complex describes a clinical condition that often manifests as treatment-resistant respiratory disease of growing to finishing pigs. Its multifactorial etiology includes infectious and non-infectious factors. Besides management and hygiene conditions, particularly viral and bacterial pathogens contribute to the development and course of PRDC. The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), influenza A virus (IAV) and Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneunoniae are considered as the major pathogens involved in PRDC. The clinical outcome and necropsy findings may differ depending on the involvement of the different pathogens. The complex nature of the PRDC impedes the diagnostic and preventive measures on affected farms. The present review provides insight into the pathomorphology, pathogenesis and inter-pathogen-interactions and aims to support practitioners in implementing purposeful diagnostic and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Lina Eddicks
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Julia Stadler
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Walter Hermanns
- Institut für Tierpathologie, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Klinik für Schweine, Zentrum für Klinische Tiermedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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28
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Redondoviridae: High Prevalence and Possibly Chronic Shedding in Human Respiratory Tract, But No Zoonotic Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040533. [PMID: 33804837 PMCID: PMC8063800 DOI: 10.3390/v13040533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Redondoviridae is a recently discovered DNA virus family consisting of two species, vientovirus and brisavirus. Here we used PCR amplification and sequencing to characterize redondoviruses in nasal/throat swabs collected longitudinally from a cohort of 58 individuals working with animals in Vietnam. We additionally analyzed samples from animals to which redondovirus DNA-positive participants were exposed. Redondoviruses were detected in approximately 60% of study participants, including 33% (30/91) of samples collected during episodes of acute respiratory disease and in 50% (29/58) of baseline samples (with no respiratory symptoms). Vientovirus (73%; 24/33) was detected more frequently in samples than brisaviruses (27%; 9/33). In the 23 participants with at least 2 redondovirus-positive samples among their longitudinal samples, 10 (43.5%) had identical redondovirus replication-gene sequences detected (sampling duration: 35–132 days). We found no identical redondovirus replication genes in samples from different participants, and no redondoviruses were detected in 53 pooled nasal/throat swabs collected from domestic animals. Phylogenetic analysis described no large-scale geographical clustering between viruses from Vietnam, the US, Spain, and China, indicating that redondoviruses are highly genetically diverse and have a wide geographical distribution. Collectively, our study provides novel insights into the Redondoviridae family in humans, describing a high prevalence, potentially associated with chronic shedding in the respiratory tract with lack of evidence of zoonotic transmission from close animal contacts. The tropism and potential pathogenicity of this viral family remain to be determined.
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29
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Nguyen VG, Do HQ, Huynh TML, Park YH, Park BK, Chung HC. Molecular-based detection, genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus 4 from Korean domestic swine farms. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:538-548. [PMID: 33529468 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4), a novel and unclassified member of the genus Circovirus, was first reported in China in 2019. Aiming to provide more evidence about the active circulation of PCV4, this study screened 335 pooled internal organs and detected the virus (i) at a rate of 3.28%, (ii) from both clinically healthy and clinically sick pigs of various age groups, and (iii) in six out of nine provinces of Korea. The complete genomic sequence of the Korean PCV4 strain (E115) was 1,770 nucleotides in length and had 98.5%-98.9% identity to three PCV4 strains currently available at GenBank. Utilizing a set of bioinformatic programs, it was revealed that the Korean PCV4 strain contained several genomic features of (i) a palindrome stem-loop structure with a conserved nonanucleotide, (ii) packed overlapping ORFs oriented in different directions and (iii) two intergenic regions in between genes encoding the putative replication-associated protein (Rep) and capsid (Cap) proteins. This study also predicted the presence of essential elements for the replication of circoviruses in all PCV4 strains, for example the origin of DNA replication, endonuclease and helicase domains of Rep, and the nuclear localization signal on the putative Cap protein. Finally, based on the phylogeny inferred from sequences of the putative Rep protein, this study further clarified the genetic relationships between PCV4 and other CRESS DNA viruses in general and circoviruses in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai-Quynh Do
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thi-My-Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Chun Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Mone NK, Clark NJ, Kyaw-Tanner M, Turni C, Barnes TS, Parke CR, Alawneh JA, Blackall PJ, Meers J. Genetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:388-395. [PMID: 32441054 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the current porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes circulating in pigs in Queensland (QLD). METHODS The PCV2 infection status of pigs was determined by real-time PCR testing of 210 lymph nodes and 30 serum samples derived from 45 QLD farms. PCV2-positive samples from 22 pigs from 15 farms were subjected to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the full PCV2 genome. Phylogenetic analysis of 17 of these sequences in relation to published PCV2 sequences was then performed, and the genotypes were compared. RESULTS PCV2 DNA was detected in 95 lymph nodes and 15 serum samples. Phylogenetic analysis of 17 PCV2 sequences demonstrated that seven belonged to genotype PCV2b, two to PCV2d, one to PCV2f and seven to an "intermediate group" that clustered with PCV2d on the full genome analysis. CONCLUSION This work confirms earlier studies reporting the presence of PCV2b in Australia. It is the first study to report that PCV2d and PCV2f are also present in this country. PCV2d is currently a fast-spreading genotype globally, with reported high virulence. The potential implications of these findings with respect to pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Mone
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - N J Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Kyaw-Tanner
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Turni
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - T S Barnes
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - C R Parke
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - J A Alawneh
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - P J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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31
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The impact of porcine circovirus associated diseases on live attenuated classical swine fever vaccine in field farm applications. Vaccine 2019; 37:6535-6542. [PMID: 31500966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVADs) are among the most important diseases affecting the worldwide swine industry. Vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection has been utilized for disease control and effectively reduces clinical signs of PCVADs. To evaluate the efficacy of the PCV2 vaccine in field farms, we conducted a trial using conventional pigs immunized with the subunit PCV2 vaccine followed by PCV2 challenge. Immunized pigs demonstrated lower serum viral loads, less viral antigen staining in lymph nodes, and higher average daily weight gain, confirming the protective efficacy of the vaccine. However, low levels of PCV2 infection were still detected in vaccinated pigs after challenge, suggesting that the PCV2 vaccine was unable to eradicate the virus, which could lead to asymptomatic PCV2 subclinical infection (PCV2-SI) in pig farms. Additionally, PCV2 infection is a risk factor for impaired pig immune response development during the weaning to growth stages, which is a crucial period to receive vaccines against classical swine fever (CSF). Therefore, the impact of PCV2-SI or PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD) on live attenuated CSF vaccine was investigated. After PCV2 challenge, there was no difference in levels of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) neutralizing antibodies (NA) between pigs with PCV2-SD and PCV2-SI, suggesting that the efficacy of CSF vaccine was compromised. Moreover, results of long-term monitoring of CSFV NA titers in PCV2-SI pigs with minimized interference by maternally-derived antibodies suggested that serum PCV2 viral loads greater than 102 copies/mL may compromise the efficacy of CSF vaccine. Overall, a conventional pig model was established to demonstrate the impaired efficacy of the subunit PCV2 vaccine and its impact on the CSF vaccine in vaccination-challenge trials. Additionally, the impaired efficacy of the PCV2 vaccine resulted in increased PCV2-SI, eventually leading to compromised the live attenuated CSF vaccine induced NA response in field farm applications.
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32
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Figueras-Gourgues S, Fraile L, Segalés J, Hernández-Caravaca I, López-Úbeda R, García-Vázquez FA, Gomez-Duran O, Grosse-Liesner B. Effect of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) maternally derived antibodies on performance and PCV-2 viremia in vaccinated piglets under field conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:21. [PMID: 31516725 PMCID: PMC6727566 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, the most common presentation of PCV-2 is the subclinical infection in piglets after weaning. The success of PCV-2 vaccination is associated with the control of the clinical disease as well as the improvement of production parameters. In consequence, the objective of the present study was to analyse the effect of PCV-2 maternally derived antibody (MDA) levels on vaccine efficacy in piglets vaccinated at three weeks of age with a commercial PCV-2 subunit vaccine. The study was performed analysing a database with 6112 wean-to-slaughter piglets from 4 different European regions. Results Results showed that the use of the vaccine was able to decrease the PCV-2 viremia calculated as area under the curve (AUC = 60.29 ± 3.73), increase average daily weight gain (ADWG = 0.65 ± 0.01 kg/day) and reduce mortality (7%) in vaccinated piglets compared to non-vaccinated ones (AUC of 198.27 ± 6.14, 0.62 ± 0.01 kg/day and 11% respectively). The overall difference of ADWG between both groups was close to 30 g per day (p < 0.05), also when they were split for low and high levels of MDA titres. Moreover, the animals with the highest ADWG were observed in the group of piglets vaccinated with high or extremely high antibody titres (0.66 and 0.65 kg/day respectively). Considering only animals with extremely high antibody titres, both study groups performed similar, however there was a numerical difference of 10 g/day in favour of vaccinated piglets. Likewise, lack of correlation between ADWG and MDA was observed suggesting that no maternal antibody interference was present with the tested vaccine because the vaccinated animals grew faster compared to unvaccinated control animals, regardless of the level of maternal antibodies present at the time of vaccination. Conclusions The results of the present study demonstrated that the MDA against PCV-2 transferred through the colostrum intake has a protective effect against this viral infection. The vaccine used in the present study (Ingelvac CircoFLEX®) was effective when applied at three weeks of age and was not affected by the level of MDA at the time of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Figueras-Gourgues
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - L Fraile
- 3Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- 4Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,5UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CRESA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I Hernández-Caravaca
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - R López-Úbeda
- 6Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.,2IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - F A García-Vázquez
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.,2IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - O Gomez-Duran
- 7Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH AH Swine, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - B Grosse-Liesner
- 7Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH AH Swine, Ingelheim, Germany
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33
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Yang K, Jiao Z, Zhou D, Guo R, Duan Z, Tian Y. Development of a multiplex PCR to detect and discriminate porcine circoviruses in clinical specimens. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:778. [PMID: 31488066 PMCID: PMC6727504 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnostic method to simultaneously detect and discriminate porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in clinical specimens is imperative for the differential diagnosis and monitoring and control of PCVs in the field. METHODS Three primer pairs were designed and used to develop a multiplex PCR assay. And 286 samples from 8 farms in Hubei province were tested by the developed multiplex PCR assay to demonstrate the accuracy. RESULTS Each of target genes of PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 was amplified using the designed primers, while no other porcine viruses genes were detected. The limit of detection of the assay was 10 copies/μL of PCV1, PCV2 OR PCV3. The results of the tissue samples detection showed that PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 are co-circulating in central China. The PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 singular infection rate was 52.4% (150/286), 61.2% (175/286) and 45.1% (129/286), respectively, while the PCV1 and PCV2 co-infection rate was 11.2% (32/286), the PCV1 and PCV3 co-infection rate was 5.9% (17/286), the PCV2 and PCV3 co-infection rate was 23.4% (67/286), and the PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 co-infection rate was 1.7% (5/286), respectively, which were 100% consistent with the sequencing method and real-time PCR methods. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex PCR assay could be used as a differential diagnostic tool for monitoring and control of PCVs in the field. The results also indicate that the PCVs infection and their co-infection are severe in Hubei province, Central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Yang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture), Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zuwu Jiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Danna Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengying Duan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan, 430064, People's Republic of China.
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Mukherjee P, Karam A, Chakraborty A, Baruah S, Pegu R, Das S, Milton A, Puro K, Sanjukta R, Ghatak S, Shakuntala I, Laha R, Sen A. Identification of a novel cluster of PCV2 isolates from Meghalaya, India indicates possible recombination along with changes in capsid protein. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Zhang S, Wang D, Jiang Y, Li Z, Zou Y, Li M, Yu H, Huang K, Yang Y, Wang N. Development and application of a baculovirus-expressed capsid protein-based indirect ELISA for detection of porcine circovirus 3 IgG antibodies. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:79. [PMID: 30841883 PMCID: PMC6404275 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), recently widely isolated from pigs with various clinical conditions, is likely globally epidemic. However, development of serological diagnosis for PCV3 in pigs is ongoing. Our objectives were to: 1) establish an indirect ELISA, using PCV3 capsid protein (Cap) prepared by Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) as a high-quality coating antigen for detection of PCV3-associated antibodies in serum samples; and 2) use this ELISA to conduct a serological survey for PCV3 in various regions of Hunan province, China. RESULTS The PCV3 positive rate to the ELISA assay (total of 190 serum samples) was higher in sows with reproductive failure compared to healthy sows (34/85, 40.0% versus 30/105, 28.6%), with similar results using qPCR assays. Further, in an additional 1038 serum samples collected from January 2016 to May 2018 in various regions of Hunan province and tested with this established ELISA, 20 to 84% were positive for PCV3 (according to region of sera collection), with high PCV3 seroprevalence (> 50%) in herds in Changde, Hengyang and Yueyang. Moreover, among serum samples from herds in Shaoyang and Changde, PCV3 seroprevalence was higher in sows than in other classes of pigs (i.e., suckling piglets, nursery pigs, gilts, growing-finishing pigs and boars). CONCLUSIONS We developed a full-length PCV3 Cap-based ELISA using a eukaryotic expression system with excellent potential to elucidate PCV3 epidemiology. Based on this assay, PCV3 has been circulating in Hunan province. PCV3 prevalence was lower in healthy sows than in those with reproductive failure. Further studies are warranted to identify the PCV3 responsible for high seroprevalence in sows and determine pathogenesis of PCV3 in sows with reproductive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhoumian Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yawen Zou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Meng Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Naidong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
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Hennig-Pauka I. Ongoing challenges posed by the infection dynamics of porcine circovirus 2. Vet Rec 2019; 184:186-188. [PMID: 30733359 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Field Station for Epidemiology, Bakum, Germany
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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38
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Jäckel S, Muluneh A, Pöhle D, Ulber C, Dähnert L, Vina-Rodriguez A, Groschup MH, Eiden M. Co-infection of pigs with Hepatitis E and porcine circovirus 2, Saxony 2016. Res Vet Sci 2018; 123:35-38. [PMID: 30583230 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a recognized zoonotic disease; autochthonous infections in Europe are caused to a great extent by HEV genotype 3. Pigs and wild boar are the main reservoirs for this genotype and normally they develop no or only subclinical symptoms with mild histopathological lesions. However, co-infections with other pig pathogens can lead to severe cases in pigs, including liver hemorrhage and necrosis. During a monitoring program 2016 in Saxony, Germany, farmed pigs with various clinical outcomes including fatalities were analysed for HEV and concurrent infections. We could detect eight HEV infected pigs from which six were co-infected with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). Phylogenetic analysis revealed HEV sub-genotypes 3e and 3f as well as PCV2 genotypes 2b and 2d. A direct correlation of the co-infection to the course of disease could not be determined, but the results provide hints that the immune modulatory effects of PCV2 combined with HEV influence the disease pattern in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jäckel
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aemero Muluneh
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietrich Pöhle
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Ulber
- Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Jägerstraße 8/10, 01099 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lisa Dähnert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ariel Vina-Rodriguez
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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39
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Palya V, Homonnay ZG, Mató T, Kiss I. Characterization of a PCV2d-2 isolate by experimental infection of pigs. Virol J 2018; 15:185. [PMID: 30482219 PMCID: PMC6260757 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a highly prevalent, economically important swine pathogen is classified into different genotypes (PCV2a-f) based on phylogenetic analysis. Since the introduction of extensive vaccination programs, at least two major shifts have been observed in the prevalence of PCV2 genotypes. The first genotype shift from 2a towards 2b occurred around 2003, while in recent years, we are witnessing the second change in genotype prevalence from the predominant 2b towards 2d.In this study, a PCV2d-2 isolate was characterized as a potential challenge virus for the evaluation of PCV2 vaccine efficacy. Ten-week-old pigs carrying low to moderate levels of maternally derived antibodies to PCV2 were infected with the isolate by the nasal route. Over the next 4 weeks post-infection, the pigs were monitored for the presence of viremia, fecal virus excretion, and humoral immune responses. At the end of the post-infection observation period, samples were taken from the mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes of the animals and tested for viral load. The gradual depletion of maternally derived antibodies in the sera of piglets was demonstrated by ELISA and virus neutralization tests. Following experimental infection by PCV2d-2, specific IgM antibodies were first detected at 14 days post challenge (dpch), while IgG class antibodies were first detected at 21 dpch. Both viremia and virus shedding could be detected at 7 dpch, in 36 and 50% of the pigs, respectively. The proportion of shedders reached 100% by 14 dpch and remained at this level, while viremia was demonstrated in 86, 100, and 100% of the pigs at 14, 21, and 28 dpch, respectively. Both the mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes contained high levels of virus (7.6 and 8.5 log10 copies/mg tissue, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Palya
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest, 1107, Hungary
| | - Zalán G Homonnay
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest, 1107, Hungary
| | - Tamás Mató
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest, 1107, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Scientific Support and Investigation Unit, Ceva-Phylaxia, Szállás u. 5, Budapest, 1107, Hungary.
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40
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Klaumann F, Franzo G, Sohrmann M, Correa-Fiz F, Drigo M, Núñez JI, Sibila M, Segalés J. Retrospective detection of Porcine circovirus 3
(PCV-3) in pig serum samples from Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1290-1296. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Klaumann
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brasília Brazil
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - G. Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS); University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - M. Sohrmann
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Loughborough England
| | - F. Correa-Fiz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS); University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - J. I. Núñez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); UAB; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Franzo G, Legnardi M, Centelleghe C, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M, Cortey M, Segalés J, Drigo M. Development and validation of direct PCR and quantitative PCR assays for the rapid, sensitive, and economical detection of porcine circovirus 3. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:538-544. [PMID: 29629644 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718770495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of species Porcine circovirus 2, the relevance of genus Circovirus has increased given its impact on the swine industry. A new species ( Porcine circovirus 3, PCV-3) has been detected in association with various clinical conditions. Consequently, there is an urgent need for reliable and widely accessible tests for both routine diagnostic and research purposes. We developed a direct PCR (requiring no DNA extraction) and a quantitative (q)PCR targeting the conserved rep gene to detect the PCV-3 genome. Test performance was assessed by testing 120 field samples within different matrices. Both methods were sensitive (detection of 10 viral genome/µL), specific, and repeatable. The substantially perfect agreement between the 2 assays strongly supports their high sensitivity and specificity. The low cost and short processing time of the direct PCR protocol, together with the reliable quantitative results provided by qPCR, support the establishment of common testing guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS; Franzo, Legnardi, Tucciarone, Cecchinato, Drigo).,Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA; Centelleghe).,University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària (Cortey, Segalés).,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB; Segalés).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS; Franzo, Legnardi, Tucciarone, Cecchinato, Drigo).,Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA; Centelleghe).,University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària (Cortey, Segalés).,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB; Segalés).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cinzia Centelleghe
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS; Franzo, Legnardi, Tucciarone, Cecchinato, Drigo).,Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA; Centelleghe).,University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària (Cortey, Segalés).,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB; Segalés).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia M Tucciarone
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS; Franzo, Legnardi, Tucciarone, Cecchinato, Drigo).,Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA; Centelleghe).,University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària (Cortey, Segalés).,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB; Segalés).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS; Franzo, Legnardi, Tucciarone, Cecchinato, Drigo).,Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA; Centelleghe).,University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària (Cortey, Segalés).,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB; Segalés).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Cortey
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS; Franzo, Legnardi, Tucciarone, Cecchinato, Drigo).,Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA; Centelleghe).,University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària (Cortey, Segalés).,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB; Segalés).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS; Franzo, Legnardi, Tucciarone, Cecchinato, Drigo).,Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA; Centelleghe).,University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària (Cortey, Segalés).,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB; Segalés).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Drigo
- Departments of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS; Franzo, Legnardi, Tucciarone, Cecchinato, Drigo).,Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA; Centelleghe).,University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària (Cortey, Segalés).,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB; Segalés).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Nielsen GB, Nielsen JP, Haugegaard J, Leth SC, Larsen LE, Kristensen CS, Pedersen KS, Stege H, Hjulsager CK, Houe H. Comparison of serum pools and oral fluid samples for detection of porcine circovirus type 2 by quantitative real-time PCR in finisher pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:2. [PMID: 29435356 PMCID: PMC5793352 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) diagnostics in live pigs often involves pooled serum and/or oral fluid samples for group-level determination of viral load by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The purpose of the study was to compare the PCV2 viral load determined by qPCR of paired samples at the pen level of pools of sera (SP) from 4 to 5 pigs and the collective oral fluid (OF) from around 30 pigs corresponding to one rope put in the same pen. Pigs in pens of 2 finishing herds were sampled by cross-sectional (Herd 1) and cross-sectional with follow-up (Herd 2) study designs. In Herd 1, 50 sample pairs consisting of SP from 4 to 5 pigs and OF from around 23 pigs were collected. In Herd 2, 65 sample pairs consisting of 4 (SP) and around 30 (OF) pigs were collected 4 times at 3-week intervals. Results A higher proportion of PCV2-positive pens (86% vs. 80% and 100% vs. 91%) and higher viral loads (mean difference: 2.10 and 1.83 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml) were found in OF versus SP in both herds. The OF cut-off value corresponding to a positive SP (>3 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml) was estimated to 6.5 and 7.36 log(10) PCV2 copies per ml for Herds 1 and 2, respectively. Significant correlations between SP and OF results were found in Herd 1 (rho = 0.69) and the first sampling in Herd 2 (rho = 0.39), but not for the subsequent consecutive 3 samplings in Herd 2. Conclusions The proportion and viral loads of PCV2 positive pens were higher in collective OF (including up to 30 pigs) compared to SP (including 4–5 pigs) of the same pens. Also, OF seemed to detect the PCV2 infection earlier with OF values just below 6.5 (Herd 1) and 7.36 (Herd 2) log(10) being associated with a negative SP for the same pen. Nevertheless, a statistically significant correlation between SP and OF could not be found for all sampling time points, probably due to a high within-pen variation in individual pig viral load becoming very evident in SP of only four or five pigs. Consequently, the results imply that OF is well suited for detecting presence of PCV2 but less so for determining the specific viral load of pigs in a pen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Haugegaard
- MSD Animal Health Nordic, Havneholmen 25, 1561 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Lars E Larsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Henrik Dams Allé, Bygning 205B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Helle Stege
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte K Hjulsager
- National Veterinary Institute, Henrik Dams Allé, Bygning 205B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans Houe
- 2Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2+8, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Mukherjee P, Karam A, Singh U, Chakraborty AK, Huidrom S, Sen A, Sharma I. Seroprevalence of selected viral pathogens in pigs reared in organized farms of Meghalaya from 2014 to 16. Vet World 2018; 11:42-47. [PMID: 29479156 PMCID: PMC5813510 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.42-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A pilot study was carried out to find out the seroprevalence of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRS) in pig population of Meghalaya. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected from piglets of 40–45 days age group, growers, and sows reared under organized and unorganized management in 11 districts of Meghalaya situated in the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo hills divisions in the time period of 2014-2016 from apparently healthy and suspected pigs. Seroprevalence of PCV2, CSFV, and PRRS specific antibodies was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: A total of 1899 serum samples were collected and screened using antibody ELISA kits specific for PCV2, CSFV, and PRRS. The highest antibody prevalence during the selected time periods was detected for PCV2 (80.8% in 2014, 79.1% in 2015, and 96.2% in 2016) followed by CSFV (76.4% in 2014, 66.09% in 2015, and 25.5% in 2016) and PRRS (2.8% in 2014, 2.7% in 2015, and 3.62% in 2016). The result indicates high seroprevalence for PCV2, which can be considered as an inducement factor due to the immunosuppressive nature of the virus, for animals being susceptible to other pathogens in farms where airborne transmission of PCV2 and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome among animals reared in close pens can be a major possibility. Conclusions: The data from this study indicates ubiquitous prevalence of PCV2 antibodies in the farm animals along with the endemic presence of swine fever and emergence of PRRS in an organized farm. There are few reports regarding PCV2 infections/outbreaks in pigs associated with reproductive failure from northern and southern part of India, but till date, there are no reports regarding concomitant infection of CSFV and PCV2 from India. Considerable high seropositivity of PCV2 indicates the need for high impact hygiene practice in farms, routine seromonitoring and implementation the vaccination program. To the author’s best knowledge, this is the first documented report on the seroprevalence of PCV2, CSFV, and PRRS from pig population of Meghalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Mukherjee
- Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam - 793 103, Meghalaya, India.,Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788 011, Assam, India
| | - Amarjit Karam
- Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam - 793 103, Meghalaya, India
| | - Uttam Singh
- Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam - 793 103, Meghalaya, India
| | - Amit Kumar Chakraborty
- Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam - 793 103, Meghalaya, India.,Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788 011, Assam, India
| | - Surmani Huidrom
- Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam - 793 103, Meghalaya, India
| | - Arnab Sen
- Division of Animal Health, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Research Complex for North Eastern Hill Region, Umiam - 793 103, Meghalaya, India
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar - 788 011, Assam, India
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Han Q, Wang J, Liu L, Li R, Yuan W. Recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of porcine circovirus 3. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 36:58-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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45
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Kim HR, Park YR, Lim DR, Park MJ, Park JY, Kim SH, Lee KK, Lyoo YS, Park CK. Multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for the differential detection of porcine circovirus 2 and 3. J Virol Methods 2017; 250:11-16. [PMID: 28941615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqPCR) assay was developed for the rapid and differential detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and PCV3. Each of the capsid genes of PCV2 and PCV3 were amplified using specific primers and probe sets, while no other porcine pathogen genes were detected. Limit of detection of the assay was below 50 copies of the target genes of PCV2 and PCV3, and was comparable to that of previously described methods The assay showed high repeatability and reproducibility, with coefficients of intra-assay and inter-assay variation of less than 4.0%. Clinical evaluation using tissue samples from a domestic pig farm showed that PCV2 and PCV3 co-circulated at the farm. Moreover, singular infection rates of PCV2 or PCV3 were 21.7% (10/46) or 6.5% (3/46), respectively, while the co-infection rate of PCV3 with PCV2 was 28.3% (13/46). PCV3 DNA was detected by the mqPCR in respiratory diseased piglet tissue samples and aborted fetal tissue samples, suggesting that PCV3 infection is associated with porcine respiratory disease and reproductive failure in the pig farm. This mqPCR method is a rapid and reliable differential diagnostic tool for the monitoring and surveillance of PCV2 and PCV3 in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ri Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Rae Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hee Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ki Lee
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young S Lyoo
- College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Fraiberk M, Hájková M, Krulová M, Kojzarová M, Drda Morávková A, Pšikal I, Forstová J. Exploitation of stable nanostructures based on the mouse polyomavirus for development of a recombinant vaccine against porcine circovirus 2. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184870. [PMID: 28922413 PMCID: PMC5602543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a suitable vaccine antigen against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), the causative agent of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome, which causes significant economic losses in swine breeding. Chimeric antigens containing PCV2b Cap protein sequences based on the mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) nanostructures were developed. First, universal vectors for baculovirus-directed production of chimeric MPyV VLPs or pentamers of the major capsid protein, VP1, were designed for their exploitation as vaccines against other pathogens. Various strategies were employed based on: A) exposure of selected immunogenic epitopes on the surface of MPyV VLPs by insertion into a surface loop of the VP1 protein, B) insertion of foreign protein molecules inside the VLPs, or C) fusion of a foreign protein or its part with the C-terminus of VP1 protein, to form giant pentamers of a chimeric protein. We evaluated these strategies by developing a recombinant vaccine against porcine circovirus 2. All candidate vaccines induced the production of antibodies against the capsid protein of porcine circovirus after immunization of mice. The candidate vaccine, Var C, based on fusion of mouse polyomavirus and porcine circovirus capsid proteins, could induce the production of antibodies with the highest PCV2 neutralizing capacity. Its ability to induce the production of neutralization antibodies was verified after immunization of pigs. The advantage of this vaccine, apart from its efficient production in insect cells and easy purification, is that it represents a DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccine, which also induces an immune response against the mouse polyoma VP1 protein and is thus able to distinguish between vaccinated and naturally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fraiberk
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jitka Forstová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Liu L, Pang X, Yuan W. Development of a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for the specific detection of porcine circovirus 3. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:177-180. [PMID: 28743583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a novel circovirus that was associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure, and multisystemic inflammation. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, simple, specific and sensitive TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay for PCV3 detection. Specific primers and probe were designed for the cap gene of PCV3 within the conserved region of viral genome. The assay was highly specific for PCV3, without cross-reactions with other non-targeted pig viruses. The detection limit of this assay was 102 copies. The assay had an efficiency of 95.7%, a regression squared value (R2) of 0.994 and showed a linear range of 102-107 copies PCV3 DNA per reaction. The assay was also very reproducible, with the intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation less than 2.0%. For the 112 archived clinical samples collected from 2014 to March 2017, the PCV3 positive ratio was 12.5% (14/112) with the real-time PCR. The presence of the PCV3 dated back to at least 2014 in China and samples collected in 2017 had the highest PCV3 positive ratio (46.7%, 7/15). The real-time PCR assay could be used for detection of PCV3 in epidemiological and pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Institute of Animal Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Libing Liu
- Center of Inspection and Quarantine, Hebei Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China.
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Effect of vaccination against sub-clinical Porcine Circovirus type 2 infection in a high-health finishing pig herd: A randomised clinical field trial. Prev Vet Med 2017; 141:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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49
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Development of a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of porcine circovirus 2. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2293-2296. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Eddicks M, Szikora F, Walhöfer N, Sauter Louis C, Reese S, Banholzer E, Reiner G, Sutter G, Ritzmann M, Fux R. [Occurrence of genotypes of porcine circovirus (PCV2) in pig farms using different vaccination strategies against PCV2]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 45:90-97. [PMID: 28327779 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since 2004/2005 a worldwide shift of the detection rate of porcine circovirus (PCV) has been observed from PCV2a towards PCV2b. Currently commercially available vaccines are based on genotype PCV2a. The study was conducted as a pilot study to evaluate the occurrence of PCV2a and PCV2b in farms with different vaccination strategies against PCV2. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this purpose a total of 405 piglets originating from nine farms (three farms with sow vaccination [SI], piglet vaccination [FI] and no vaccination [NI] against PCV2, respectively) were enrolled and followed from day 3 of life until slaughter. Serum of the piglets was examined for PCV2-DNA by quantitative PCR, genotype differentiating duplex PCR, and after sequencing of the total genome, PCV2 isolates were phylogenetically assigned. The evaluation included the data from 383 animals. RESULTS In eight farms PCV2 could be detected (1x PCV2a; 6x PCV2b; 1x PCV2a and PCV2b). PCV2b was found in SI-, NI- and FI-farms, whereas PCV2a was only detected in SI- and NI-farms. A proportion of 55.4% was PCV2-positive at least once during the entire study period (FI: 7.8%, SI: 65.4%, NI: 93.7%). Of these samples 4.7% were PCV2a-, 92.2% PCV2b- and 2.4% PCV2a- and PCV2b-positive. The mean content of PCV2-DNA in the serum of PCV2b positive animals was significantly higher than from PCV2a positive animals. PCV2 isolates were identified as PCV2b-1A (5/9 farms), PCV2b-1B (1/9 farms) und PCV2a-2D (2/9 farms). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The increased detection rate of PCV2b in comparison to PCV2a could be confirmed. The present study gives hint that the vaccination of piglets using PCV2a-based vaccines may lead to a further shift of the detection rate from PCV2a to PCV2b. To assess the clinical relevance of this observation, extensive comparative studies should be taken into account, which also evaluate the efficacy of PCV2a-based vaccines in PCV2a- and PCV2b-positive farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Dr. Matthias Eddicks, Klinik für Schweine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleißheim, E-Mail:
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