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Chen J, Liu R, Liu H, Chen J, Li X, Zhang J, Zhou B. Development of a Multiplex Quantitative PCR for Detecting Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus, and Porcine Deltacoronavirus Simultaneously in China. Vet Sci 2023; 10:402. [PMID: 37368788 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) belong to the category of swine enteric coronavirus that cause acute diarrhea in piglets, which has resulted in massive losses to the pig husbandry. Therefore, a sensitive and rapid detection method which can differentially detect these viruses that lead to mixed infections in clinical cases, is urgently needed. According to the conserved regions of the PEDV M gene, TGEV S gene, and PDCoV N gene, and the reference gene of porcine (β-Actin), we designed new specific primers and probes for the multiplex qPCR assay capable of simultaneously detecting three RNA viruses. This method, with a great specificity, did not cross-react with the common porcine virus. Moreover, the limit of detection of the method we developed could reach 10 copies/μL ,and the intra- and inter-group coefficients of variation of it below 3%. Applying this assay to detect 462 clinical samples which were collected in 2022-2023, indicated that the discrete positive rates of PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV were 19.70%, 0.87%, and 10.17%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of PEDV/TGEV, PEDV/PDCoV, TGEV/PDCoV, and PEDV/TGEV/PDCoV were 3.25%, 23.16%, 0.22%, and 11.90%, respectively. All in all, the multiplex qPCR assay we developed as a tool for differential and rapid diagnosing can be put on the active prevention and control of PEDV, TGEV, and PDCoV, , which can create great value in the diagnosis of swine diarrhea diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongchao Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huaicheng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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2
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Liu H, Zou J, Liu R, Chen J, Li X, Zheng H, Li L, Zhou B. Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of African Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020106. [PMID: 36851410 PMCID: PMC9964870 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are important DNA viruses that cause reproductive disorders in sows, which result in huge losses in pig husbandry, especially in China. The multiplex qPCR assay could be utilized as a simultaneous diagnostic tool for field-based surveillance and the control of ASFV, PCV2, and PRV. Based on the conserved regions on the p72 gene of ASFV, the Cap gene of PCV2, the gE gene of PRV, and the porcine endogenous β-Actin gene, the appropriate primers and probes for a multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR test effective at concurrently detecting three DNA viruses were developed. The approach demonstrated high specificity and no cross-reactivity with major pathogens related to swine reproductive diseases. In addition, its sensitivity was great, with a detection limit of 101 copies/L of each pathogen, and its repeatability was excellent, with intra- and inter-group variability coefficients of <2%. Applying this assay to detect 383 field specimens collected from 2020 to 2022, the survey data displayed that the ASFV, PCV2, and PRV single infection rates were 22.45%, 28.46%, and 2.87%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of ASFV + PCV2, ASFV + PRV, PCV2 + PRV, and ASFV + PCV2 + PRV were 5.22%, 0.26%, 1.83%, and 0.26%, respectively. Overall, the assay established in this study provides an effective tool for quickly distinguishing the viruses causing sow reproductive disorders, suggesting its huge clinical application value in the diagnosis of swine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicheng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongchao Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
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3
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Zhou H, Shi K, Long F, Zhao K, Feng S, Yin Y, Xiong C, Qu S, Lu W, Li Z. A Quadruplex qRT-PCR for Differential Detection of Four Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses. Vet Sci 2022; 9:634. [PMID: 36423083 PMCID: PMC9695440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are four identified porcine enteric coronaviruses. Pigs infected with these viruses show similar manifestations of diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. Here, a quadruplex real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was established for the differential detection of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV from swine fecal samples. The assay showed extreme specificity, high sensitivity, and excellent reproducibility, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 121 copies/μL (final reaction concentration of 12.1 copies/μL) for each virus. The 3236 clinical fecal samples from Guangxi province in China collected between October 2020 and October 2022 were evaluated by the quadruplex qRT-PCR, and the positive rates of PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV were 18.26% (591/3236), 0.46% (15/3236), 13.16% (426/3236), and 0.15% (5/3236), respectively. The samples were also evaluated by the multiplex qRT-PCR reported previously by other scientists, and the compliance rate between the two methods was more than 99%. This illustrated that the developed quadruplex qRT-PCR assay can provide an accurate method for the differential detection of four porcine enteric coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Chenyong Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Sujie Qu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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4
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Olech M. Current State of Molecular and Serological Methods for Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101074. [PMID: 36297131 PMCID: PMC9612268 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a member of the Coronaviridae family, is the etiological agent of an acute and devastating enteric disease that causes moderate-to-high mortality in suckling piglets. The accurate and early detection of PEDV infection is essential for the prevention and control of the spread of the disease. Many molecular assays have been developed for the detection of PEDV, including reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays. Additionally, several serological methods have been developed and are widely used for the detection of antibodies against PEDV. Some of them, such as the immunochromatography assay, can generate results very quickly and in field conditions. Molecular assays detect viral RNA in clinical samples rapidly, and with high sensitivity and specificity. Serological assays can determine prior immune exposure to PEDV, can be used to monitor the efficacy of vaccination strategies and may help to predict the duration of immunity in piglets. However, they are less sensitive than nucleic acid-based detection methods. Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS) allow the analysis of PEDV cDNA or RNA sequences, and thus, provide highly specific results. Furthermore, NGS based on nonspecific DNA cleavage in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)–Cas systems promise major advances in the diagnosis of PEDV infection. The objective of this paper was to summarize the current serological and molecular PEDV assays, highlight their diagnostic performance and emphasize the advantages and drawbacks of the application of individual tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Olech
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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5
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Development of a Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Four Potential Zoonotic Swine RNA Viruses. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040176. [PMID: 35448674 PMCID: PMC9029180 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine viruses like porcine sapovirus (SaV), porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), porcine rotavirus A (RVA) and porcine astroviruses (AstV) are potentially zoonotic viruses or suspected of potential zoonosis. These viruses have been detected in pigs with or without clinical signs and often occur as coinfections. Despite the potential public health risks, no assay for detecting them all at once has been developed. Hence, in this study, a multiplex RT-PCR (mRT-PCR) assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of SaV, EMCV, RVA and AstV from swine fecal samples. The PCR parameters were optimized using specific primers for each target virus. The assay’s sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and application to field samples have been evaluated. Using a pool of plasmids containing the respective viral target fragments as a template, the developed mRT-PCR successfully detected 2.5 × 103 copies of each target virus. The assay’s specificity was tested using six other swine viruses as a template and did not show any cross-reactivity. A total of 280 field samples were tested with the developed mRT-PCR assay. Positive rates for SaV, EMCV, RVA, and AstV were found to be 24.6% (69/280), 5% (14/280), 4.3% (12/280), and 17.5% (49/280), respectively. Compared to performing separate assays for each virus, this mRT-PCR assay is a simple, rapid, and cost-effective method for detecting mixed or single infections of SaV, EMCV, RVA, and AstV.
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6
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Wen F, Yang J, Li A, Gong Z, Yang L, Cheng Q, Wang C, Zhao M, Yuan S, Chen Y, El-Ashram S, Li Y, Yu H, Guo J, Huang S. Genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Guangdong, China, between 2018 and 2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253622. [PMID: 34166425 PMCID: PMC8224968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a leading cause of piglet diarrhea outbreaks, poses a significant danger to the swine industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemic characteristics of PEDV that was circulating in Guangdong province, one of China's major pig producing provinces. Clinical samples were collected from eight pig farms in Guangdong province between 2018 and 2019 and tested for the major porcine enteric pathogens, including PEDV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV), Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and porcine rotavirus (RV). As a result, only PEDV and RV were detected at a rate of 47.0% (16/34) and 18.6% (8/34), respectively. Coinfectoin with PEDV and RV occurred at a rate of PEDV 12.5% (2/16). Subsequently, the full-length S gene sequences of 13 PEDV strains were obtained, and phylogenetic analysis suggested the presence of GII-c group PEDV strains in this region (non-S-INDEL). Two novel common amino acid insertions (55T/IG56 and 551L) and one novel glycosylation site (1199G+) were detected when the CV777 and ZJ08 vaccine strains were compared. Furthermore, intragroup recombination events in the S gene regions 51-548 and 2478-4208 were observed in the PEDV strains studied. In summary, the observations provide current information on the incidence of viral agents causing swine diarrhea in southern China and detailed the genetic characteristics and evolutionary history of the dominant PEDV field strains. Our findings will aid in the development of an updated vaccine for the prevention and control of PEDV variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhonggui Gong
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Congying Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (JG); (SH)
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (JG); (SH)
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7
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Wang L, Li Y, Walsh T, Shen Z, Li Y, Deb Nath N, Lee J, Zheng B, Tao Y, Paden CR, Queen K, Zhang S, Tong S, Ma W. Isolation and characterization of novel reassortant mammalian orthoreovirus from pigs in the United States. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1137-1147. [PMID: 34018466 PMCID: PMC8205024 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1933608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) infects multiple mammalian species including humans. A United States Midwest swine farm with approximately one thousand 3-month-old pigs experienced an event, in which more than 300 pigs showed neurological signs, like "down and peddling", with approximately 40% mortality. A novel MRV was isolated from the diseased pigs. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate was a reassortant virus containing viral gene segments from three MRV serotypes that infect human, bovine and swine. The M2 and S1 segment of the isolate showed 94% and 92% nucleotide similarity to the M2 of the MRV2 D5/Jones and the S1 of the MRV1 C/bovine/Indiana/MRV00304/2014, respectively; the remaining eight segments displayed 93%-95% nucleotide similarity to those of the MRV3 FS-03/Porcine/USA/2014. Pig studies showed that both MRV-infected and native contact pigs displayed fever, diarrhoea and nasal discharge. MRV RNA was detected in different intestinal locations of both infected and contact pigs, indicating that the MRV isolate is pathogenic and transmissible in pigs. Seroconversion was also observed in experimentally infected pigs. A prevalence study on more than 180 swine serum samples collected from two states without disease revealed 40%-52% positive to MRV. All results warrant the necessity to monitor MRV epidemiology and reassortment as the MRV could be an important pathogen for the swine industry and a novel MRV might emerge to threaten animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Timothy Walsh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Zhenyu Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yonghai Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nirmalendu Deb Nath
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jinhwa Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Baoliang Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ying Tao
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clinton R Paden
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Krista Queen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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8
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Nan P, Wen D, Opriessnig T, Zhang Q, Yu X, Jiang Y. Novel universal primer-pentaplex PCR assay based on chimeric primers for simultaneous detection of five common pig viruses associated with diarrhea. Mol Cell Probes 2021; 58:101747. [PMID: 34116142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2021.101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathogens associated with diarrhea in pigs include porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) among others. In this study, a novel universal primer-based pentaplex PCR (UP-M-PCR) assay was developed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of these five viruses. The assay uses a short-cycle multiplex amplification by chimeric primers (CP), which are virus specific, with a tail added at the 5' end of the universal primer (UP), followed by universal amplification using UPs and a regular cycle amplification. Five universal primers with CPs (UP1-5) were designed and evaluated in an UP-based single PCR (UP-S-PCR). All five UPs were found to work efficiently and UP2 exhibited the best performance. After system optimizations, the analytical sensitivity of the UP-M-PCR, using plasmids containing the specific viral target fragments, was 5 copies/reaction for each of the five viruses irrespective of presence of a single or multiple viruses in the reaction. No cross-reaction was observed with other non-target viruses. When 273 fecal samples from clinically healthy pigs were tested, the assay sensitivity was 90.9-100%, the specificity was 98.0-100%, and the agreement rate with the UP-S-PCR was 98.5-99.6% with a Kappa value being 0.95-0.98. In summary, the UP-M-PCR developed here is a rapid and highly sensitive and specific detection method that can be used to demonstrate mixed infections in pigs with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Nan
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Wen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Qiuya Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Shi Y, Li B, Tao J, Cheng J, Liu H. The Complex Co-infections of Multiple Porcine Diarrhea Viruses in Local Area Based on the Luminex xTAG Multiplex Detection Method. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:602866. [PMID: 33585617 PMCID: PMC7876553 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.602866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea caused by viruses have occurred in pigs since 2010, resulting in great damage to the pig industry. However, multiple infections have contributed to the outbreak of the disease and also resulted in great difficulties in diagnosis and control of the disease. Thus, a Luminex xTAG multiplex detection method, which was more sensitive and specific than general multiplex PCR method, was developed for the detection of 11 viral diarrhea pathogens, including PKoV, PAstV, PEDV, PSaV, PSV, PTV, PDCoV, TGEV, BVDV, PoRV, and PToV. To investigate the prevalence of diarrhea-associated viruses responsible for the outbreaks, a total of 753 porcine stool specimens collected from 9 pig farms in Shanghai during 2015-2018 were tested and the pathogen spectrums and co-infections were analyzed. As a result, PKoV, PAstV and PEDV were most commonly detected viruses in diarrheal pigs with the rate of 38.65% (291/753), 20.32% (153/753), and 15.54% (117/753), respectively. Furthermore, multiple infections were commonly seen, with positive rate of 28.42%. Infection pattern of the viral diarrhea pathogens in a specific farm was changing, and different farms had the various diarrhea infection patterns. A longitudinal investigation showed that PEDV was the key pathogen which was closely related to the death of diarrhea piglets. Other pathogens might play synergistic roles in the pathogenesis of diarrhea disease. Furthermore, the surveillance confirmed that variant enteropathogenic viruses were leading etiologic agents of porcine diarrhea, either mono-infection or co-infections of PKoV were common in pigs in Shanghai, but PEDV was still the key pathogen and multiple pathogens synergistically complicated the infection status, suggesting that controlling porcine diarrhea might be more complex than previously thought. The study provides a better understanding of diarrhea viruses in piglets, which will aid in better preventing and controlling epidemics of viral porcine diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Benqiang Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Tao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghua Cheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pig Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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10
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Dong B, Dai A, Li X, Yang X. The four of structural genes sequences of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from domestic piglet in Fujian, China. Virol J 2020; 17:79. [PMID: 32552768 PMCID: PMC7301531 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A prevalent PEDV strain, designated FJLY06, was isolated from Fujian, China. The four of structural genes sequences of PEDV obtained were analyzed to determine their phylogenetic relationships and homology respectively, revealing that FJLY06 was highly homologous to virulent PEDV strains. The four structural genes all differed genetically from the vaccine strain CV777. The sequence alignment results further showed that N, M and E genes of Chinese PEDV strains is highly conserved. Compared with the vaccine strain CV777, 8 mutations were detected in COE of FJLY06 S gene. The recombination analysis revealed FJLY06 is similar to other pandemic strains in China with a variant S gene, and maybe a reason for recent vaccination failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Dong
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, China.
| | - Ailing Dai
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- College of Life Science of Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, 364012, China.
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11
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Rapid and efficient detection methods of pathogenic swine enteric coronaviruses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6091-6100. [PMID: 32430534 PMCID: PMC7235545 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Porcine enteric coronaviruses (CoVs) cause highly contagious enteric diarrhea in suckling piglets. These COV infections are characterized by clinical signs of vomiting, watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high morbidity and mortality, resulting in significant economic losses and tremendous threats to the pig farming industry worldwide. Because the clinical manifestations of pigs infected by different CoVs are similar, it is difficult to differentiate between the specific pathogens. Effective high-throughput detection methods are powerful tools used in the prevention and control of diseases. The immune system of piglets is not well developed, so serological methods to detect antibodies against these viruses are not suitable for rapid and early detection. This paper reviews various PCR-based methods used for the rapid and efficient detection of these pathogenic CoVs in swine intestines. Key points Swine enteric coronaviruses (CoVs) emerged and reemerged in past years. Enteric CoVs infect pigs at all ages with high mortality rate in suckling pigs. Rapid and efficient detection methods are needed and critical for diagnosis.
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12
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Guo Z, Ruan H, Qiao S, Deng R, Zhang G. Co-infection status of porcine circoviruses (PCV2 and PCV3) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in pigs with watery diarrhea in Henan province, central China. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104047. [PMID: 32036077 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCV2 and PCV3) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are important swine viruses that threaten the swine industry worldwide. Here, we evaluated the co-infection status of PCV2, PCV3 and PEDV in 76 enteric samples from piglets with severe diarrhea disease in Henan, China. All samples were tested by PCR/RT-PCR. Our results showed that the infection rate of PCV2, PCV3 and PEDV was 82.89%, 76.32% and 68.42%, respectively. Interestingly, most of these samples exhibited mixed infections. The co-infection rates of PCV2 and PCV3, PCV2 and PEDV, PCV3 and PEDV were 69.74%, 57.89% and 53.95%, respectively. And the triple infection rate was 48.68%. Furthermore, the genetic characteristics of PCV2 and PCV3 were analyzed based on the cap genes. Two PCV2 genotypes, PCV2b and PCV2d, were circulating in the fields. The cap gene of PCV2b and PCV2d isolates only shared 94.6%-95.0% nucleotide identities. The PCV3 isolates together with the reference strains could be divided into four clades (clade1-4), and the cap genes of these isolates have 98.6%-100% nucleotide identities to each other. Distinctive amino acid substitutions were also characterized on the cap protein of PCV2 and PCV3 isolates. Our studies provide the new knowledge on the co-infectious status of PCV2, PCV3 and PEDV in China. The results also provide insight into the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of PCV2 and PCV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Haiyu Ruan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, PR China.
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13
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Abstract
Biological high-risk pollutants (HRPs) have become a serious threat to human health worldwide, and wastewater is one of the major sources of them in a natural environment. Despite the long history of wastewater research, comprehensive understanding of the role and behavior of HRPs during wastewater treatment is still limited owing to the complexity of the community. In recent decades, the rapid development of molecular tools, especially the wide application of next generation sequencing technologies, helps to unravel the community composition, structure, and dynamic variation in wastewater. Overall, this chapter mainly focuses on biological HRPs, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminth, biotoxins, antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater. The characteristics, classification, fates, functions, and health implications of these HRPs are introduced in detail. Moreover, the biogeography of HRPs is a research hotspot in recent years, and available information is also summarized in this chapter. Finally, we also propose the future research needs of HRPs in wastewater after the comprehensive summary of the existing research reports. This chapter is wished to be helpful for beginners to quickly understand the biological HRPs in wastewater.
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Zhang F, Luo S, Gu J, Li Z, Li K, Yuan W, Ye Y, Li H, Ding Z, Song D, Tang Y. Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine diarrhea associated viruses in southern China from 2012 to 2018. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:470. [PMID: 31881873 PMCID: PMC6935106 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In China, large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea caused by viruses have occurred in pigs since late 2010. To investigate the prevalence and genetic evolution of diarrhea-associated viruses responsible for the outbreaks, a total of 2987 field diarrheal samples collected from 168 pig farms in five provinces in Southern China during 2012–2018 were tested. Results Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was most frequently detected virus with prevalence rates between 50.21 and 62.10% in samples, and 96.43% (162/168) in premises, respectively. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was the second prevalent virus with prevalence rates ranging from 19.62 to 29.19% in samples, and 70.24% (118/168) in premises, respectively. Both transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine rotavirus (PoRV) were detected at low prevalence rates of < 3% in samples and 10.12% in premises. In this study, we identified a newly emerged swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) in diarrheal samples of piglets from Fujian province in Southern China, and the prevalence rate of SADS-CoV was 10.29% (7/68). Co-infections of these diarrhea-associated viruses were common. The most frequent co-infection was PEDV with PDCoV, with an average detection rate of 12.72% (380/2987, ranging from 8.26–17.33%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PEDVs circulating in Southern China during the last 7 years were clustered with the variant strains of PEDV in genotype IIa. The most frequent mutations were present in the collagenase equivalent (COE) and epitope regions of the spike gene of the PEDVs currently circulating in the field. Genetic relationships of PDCoVs were closely related with Chinese strains, other than those present in the USA, South Korea, Thailand and Lao’s public. Conclusions The findings of this study indicated that variant PEDV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV were leading etiologic agents of porcine diarrhea, and either mono-infections or co-infections of pathogenic enteric CoVs were common in pigs in Southern China during 2012–2018. Thus, significant attention should be paid in order to effectively prevent and control porcine viral diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Suxian Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiquan Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weifeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Deping Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China. .,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China. .,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
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15
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Jia S, Feng B, Wang Z, Ma Y, Gao X, Jiang Y, Cui W, Qiao X, Tang L, Li Y, Wang L, Xu Y. Dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO)-based real-time RT-PCR assay for accurate differentiation of four major viruses causing porcine viral diarrhea. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 47:101435. [PMID: 31415867 PMCID: PMC7127266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Currently in China, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus (PoRV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are the major causes of porcine viral diarrhea, and mixed infections in clinics are common, resulting in significant economic losses in pig industry. Here, a dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO)-based multiplex real-time SYBR Green RT-PCR assay were developed for accurately differentiating PEDV, TGEV, PoRV, and PDCoV in clinical specimens targeting the N gene of TGEV, PEDV, and PDCoV, and the VP7 gene of PoRV. Results showed that the DPO primer allowed a wider annealing temperature range (40–65 °C) and had a higher priming specificity compared to conventional primer, in which more than 3 nucleotides in the 3′- or 5′-segment of DPO primer mismatched with DNA template, PCR amplification efficiency would decrease substantially or extension would not proceed. DPO-based multiplex real-time RT-PCR method had analytical detection limit of 8.63 × 102 copies/μL, 1.92 × 102 copies/μL, 1.74 × 102 copies/μL, and 1.76 × 102 copies/μL for PEDV, TGEV, PoRV, and PDCoV in clinical specimens, respectively. A total of 672 clinical specimens of piglets with diarrheal symptoms were collected in Northeastern China from 2017 to 2018 followed by analysis using the assay, and epidemiological investigation results showed that PEDV, TGEV, PoRV, and PDCoV prevalence was 19.05%, 5.21%, 4.32%, and 3.87%, respectively. The assay developed in this study showed higher detection accuracy than conventional RT-PCR method, suggesting a useful tool for the accurate differentiation of the four major viruses causing porcine viral diarrhea in practice. DPO-based real-time RT-PCR assay for differentiating PEDV, TGEV, PoRV, and PDCoV was developed. The assay has strong specificity and high sensitivity. The test of clinical specimens showed that accuracy of the assay was higher than traditional RT-PCR. The assay is useful tool for epidemiological investigation of the four viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Baohua Feng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xuwen Gao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China.
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16
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He D, Chen F, Ku X, Yu X, Li B, Li Z, Sun Q, Fan S, He Q. Establishment and application of a multiplex RT-PCR to differentiate wild-type and vaccine strains of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 272:113684. [PMID: 31288038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) and the wide use of attenuated live vaccine, both wild-type and vaccine strains (CV777) are believed to circulate in Chinese pig farms. Thus, identification of different PEDV strains is of epidemiological importance. In this study, a multiplex RT-PCR method was established based on the sequence features of spike (S) gene and ORF3 gene of PEDVs. The method could identify PEDV variant strains, classical wild-type strains and classical vaccine strains. The limit of detection of the RT-PCR was 1.51 × 104 copies/uL for plasmids and 1 × 101.7 TCID50/100 u L for PEDV, respectively. There were no cross-detections among three different PEDVs and no false detections among six swine pathogens. This assay was used to test 940 samples from China of which 303 samples were PEDV positive, and 289, 5, 10 were positive for variant, classical wild, classical vaccine, respectively. One sample was positive for both variant and classical vaccine PEDV. The variant PEDVs could be detected in samples from 13 provinces, while classical PEDVs were detected from nine provinces, supporting the prevalence of variant PEDV in China. In summary, this multiplex RT-PCR was a useful tool for the clinical detection and epidemiological survey of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Guangxi Agricultural Vocational College, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Fangzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xugang Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Binbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhonghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengxian Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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17
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Simultaneous detection of five pig viruses associated with enteric disease in pigs using EvaGreen real-time PCR combined with melting curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2019; 268:1-8. [PMID: 30844408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a series of porcine diarrhea viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), rotaviruses of group A (RVA), rotaviruses of group C (RVC), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) caused enormous economic losses all over the world. While any of these viruses is capable to cause disease alone, there is often concurrent infection with more than one virus on pig farms. In this study, a multiplex real-time PCR method based on EvaGreen fluorescent dye and melting curve analysis was established to simultaneously detect these five viruses in a single closed tube. Five distinct melt peaks were obtained with different melting temperature (Tm) value corresponding to each of the five viruses. This method was highly sensitive to detect and distinguish TGEV, RVA, RVC, PEDV and PCV2 with the limits of detection ranging from 5 to 50 copies/μL. The intra-assay and inter-assay reproducibility were good with coefficient of variation of Tm and cycle threshold values less than 0.32% and 2.86%, respectively. Testing of 90 field samples by the single and multiplex real-time PCR assays demonstrated a concordance of 91.1%. Thus, the EvaGreen multiplex real-time PCR is a rapid, sensitive and low-cost diagnostic tool for differential detection and routine surveillance of TGEV, RVA, RVC, PEDV and PCV2 in pigs.
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18
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Liu G, Jiang Y, Opriessnig T, Gu K, Zhang H, Yang Z. Detection and differentiation of five diarrhea related pig viruses utilizing a multiplex PCR assay. J Virol Methods 2019; 263:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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The influence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus on pig small intestine mucosal epithelial cell function. Arch Virol 2018; 164:83-90. [PMID: 30284628 PMCID: PMC7087301 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious, acute enteric tract infectious disease of pigs (Sus domesticus) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PED is characterized by watery diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, vomiting and death. PEDV damages pig intestinal epithelial tissue, causing intestinal hyperemia and atrophy of intestinal villi, with formation of intestinal epithelial cell cytoplasmic vacuoles. Since pig small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are target cells of PEDV infection, IEC cells were utilized as a model for studying changes in cellular activities post-PEDV infection. Monitoring of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities demonstrated that PEDV infection decreased these activities. In addition, IECs proliferation was shown to decrease after PEDV infection using an MTT assay. Moreover, IECs apoptosis detected by flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI) staining was clearly shown to increase relative to the control group. Meanwhile, animal experiments indicated that PEDV virulence for IEC cells was greater than viral virulence for Vero cells, although this may be due to viral attenuation after numerous passages in the latter cell line. Collectively, these studies revealed viral pathogenic mechanisms in PEDV-infected IECs and offer a theoretical basis for PEDV prevention and control.
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20
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Song D, Peng Q, Chen Y, Zhou X, Zhang F, Li A, Huang D, Wu Q, Ye Y, He H, Wang L, Tang Y. Altered Gut Microbiota Profiles in Sows and Neonatal Piglets Associated with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17439. [PMID: 29234140 PMCID: PMC5727058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a devastating cause of diarrhea in pigs worldwide. Most of studies have focused on molecular and pathogenic characterization of PEDV, whereas there were limited studies in understanding the role of gut microbiota (GM) in viral-associated diarrhea. Here, using the Illumina MiSeq platform, we examined and compared the impact of PEDV infection on the GM of sows and their piglets less than 10 days old. Our results showed that PEDV caused alternations in the structure and abundance of GM from levels of phylum to genus, and even species. For sows, a significant decrease of observed species was found in diarrheal sows than that in healthy sows (p < 0.05). The unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances also revealed considerable segregations of GM structure among healthy, asymptomatic, and diarrheal sows. For piglets, Bacteroidetes, the dominant bacteria in healthy piglets, were replaced by Firmicutes in asymptomatic and diarrheal piglets. The abundances of Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria were also remarkably increased in asymptomatic piglets and diarrheal piglets when compared to those of the healthy piglets. Our findings demonstrated that PEDV infection caused severe perturbations of GM, reduced probiotic bacteria, and enriched pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Song
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Yanjun Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Fanfan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Dongyan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Yu Ye
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Houjun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China
| | - Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Health of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China.
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330045, China.
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Chen N, Li S, Zhou R, Zhu M, He S, Ye M, Huang Y, Li S, Zhu C, Xia P, Zhu J. Two novel porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) recombinants from a natural recombinant and distinct subtypes of PEDV variants. Virus Res 2017; 242:90-95. [PMID: 28947336 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes devastating impact on global pig-breeding industry and current vaccines have become not effective against the circulating PEDV variants since 2011. During the up-to-date investigation of PEDV prevalence in Fujian China 2016, PEDV was identified in vaccinated pig farms suffering severe diarrhea while other common diarrhea-associated pathogens were not detected. Complete genomes of two PEDV representatives (XM1-2 and XM2-4) were determined. Genomic comparison showed that these two viruses share the highest nucleotide identities (99.10% and 98.79%) with the 2011 ZMDZY strain, but only 96.65% and 96.50% nucleotide identities with the attenuated CV777 strain. Amino acid alignment of spike (S) proteins indicated that they have the similar mutation, insertion and deletion pattern as other Chinese PEDV variants but also contain several unique substitutions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 2016 PEDV variants belong to the cluster of recombination strains but form a new branch. Recombination detection suggested that both XM1-2 and XM2-4 are inter-subgroup recombinants with breakpoints within ORF1b. Remarkably, the natural recombinant HNQX-3 isolate serves as a parental virus for both natural recombinants identified in this study. This up-to-date investigation provides the direct evidence that natural recombinants may serve as parental viruses to generate recombined PEDV progenies that are probably associated with the vaccination failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.
| | - Shuangjie Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Rongyun Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Meiqin Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Shan He
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Mengxue Ye
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Yucheng Huang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Cong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, PR China.
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22
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Zhu Y, Liang L, Luo Y, Wang G, Wang C, Cui Y, Ai X, Cui S. A sensitive duplex nanoparticle-assisted PCR assay for identifying porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus from clinical specimens. Virus Genes 2016; 53:71-76. [PMID: 27815750 PMCID: PMC7089489 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel duplex nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanoPCR) assay was developed to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Two pairs of primers were designed based on the conserved region within the N gene of PEDV and TGEV. In a screening of 114 clinical samples from four provinces in China for PEDV and TGEV, 48.2 and 3.5 % of the samples, respectively, tested positive. Under optimized conditions, the duplex nanoPCR assay had a detection limit of 7.6 × 101 and 8.5 × 101 copies μL−1 for PEDV and TGEV, respectively. The sensitivity of the duplex nanoPCR assay was ten times higher than that of a conventional PCR assay. Moreover, no fragments were amplified when the duplex nanoPCR assay was used to test samples containing other porcine viruses. Our results indicate that the duplex nanoPCR assay described here is useful for the rapid detection of PEDV and TGEV and can be applied in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yakun Luo
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Animal Medical Center DBN Technology Group, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Chunren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xia Ai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Shangjin Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China.
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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23
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Wiley LA, Burnight ER, Drack AV, Banach BB, Ochoa D, Cranston CM, Madumba RA, East JS, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Tucker BA. Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Wild-Type Mice to Develop a Gene Augmentation-Based Strategy to Treat CLN3-Associated Retinal Degeneration. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:835-846. [PMID: 27400765 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is a childhood neurodegenerative disease with early-onset, severe central vision loss. Affected children develop seizures and CNS degeneration accompanied by severe motor and cognitive deficits. There is no cure for JNCL, and patients usually die during the second or third decade of life. In this study, independent lines of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were generated from two patients with molecularly confirmed mutations in CLN3, the gene mutated in JNCL. Clinical-grade adeno-associated adenovirus serotype 2 (AAV2) carrying the full-length coding sequence of human CLN3 was generated in a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-registered cGMP facility. AAV2-CLN3 was efficacious in restoring full-length CLN3 transcript and protein in patient-specific fibroblasts and iPSC-derived retinal neurons. When injected into the subretinal space of wild-type mice, purified AAV2-CLN3 did not show any evidence of retinal toxicity. This study provides proof-of-principle for initiation of a clinical trial using AAV-mediated gene augmentation for the treatment of children with CLN3-associated retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Wiley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Erin R Burnight
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Arlene V Drack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bailey B Banach
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Dalyz Ochoa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Cathryn M Cranston
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert A Madumba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jade S East
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
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Trujillo-Ortega ME, Beltrán-Figueroa R, García-Hernández ME, Juárez-Ramírez M, Sotomayor-González A, Hernández-Villegas EN, Becerra-Hernández JF, Sarmiento-Silva RE. Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus associated with the 2014 disease outbreak in Mexico: case report. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:132. [PMID: 27357720 PMCID: PMC4928271 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interest in porcine epidemic diarrhea has grown since the 2013 outbreak in the United States caused major losses, with mortality rates up to 100 % in suckling piglets. In Mexico, an outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea, characterized by 100 % mortality in piglets, began in March 2014 in the State of Mexico. Methods The aim of this study was to confirm and identify porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in samples from piglets with suggestive clinical signs using virological, histological, and molecular techniques. Necropsy was performed on 13 piglets from two litters with initial and advanced clinical signs. Suggestive lesions of acute infection with PEDV were detected in histological sections of the small and large bowels; specifically, multiple virus particles with visible crown-shaped projections were observed using electron microscopy and negative staining. Viral isolation was performed in Vero cells with trypsin. Infection was monitored by observation of cytopathic effect, and titration was determined by TCID50/ml. The presence of the PEDV in cultures and clinical samples was confirmed by RT-PCR amplification and sequencing of a 651-bp segment of the S glycoprotein gene, as well as a 681-bp matrix protein gene. Results The nucleotide sequence analysis of the Mexican isolates showed marked homology to viruses that circulated in 2013 in Colorado, USA. Conclusions In this paper we confirm the isolation and characterization of PEDV from animals with early and advanced clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Trujillo-Ortega
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rolando Beltrán-Figueroa
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Montserrat Elemi García-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Mireya Juárez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Alicia Sotomayor-González
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Erika N Hernández-Villegas
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - José F Becerra-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Sarmiento-Silva
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.
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25
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Diel DG, Lawson S, Okda F, Singrey A, Clement T, Fernandes MHV, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson EA. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: An overview of current virological and serological diagnostic methods. Virus Res 2016; 226:60-70. [PMID: 27189041 PMCID: PMC7172987 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular assays such as rRT-PCR are the method of choice for PEDV diagnosis. Multiplex rRT-PCR allow simultaneous testing for PEDV, TGEV and PDCoV. Serological assays provide valuable information on previous exposure to PEDV and population immunity.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of an acute, highly contagious, and severe enteric disease that leads to high mortality rates in suckling piglets. Therefore, accurate diagnosis of PEDV infection is critical for the implementation of control measures for the virus. Many diagnostic tests have been recently developed and are currently available for the detection of PEDV, its proteins or nucleic acid, including virus isolation, immunofluorescence (IF) or immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and isothermal amplification assays. Additionally, several serological assays have been developed and are currently used for the detection of antibodies against PEDV. Molecular assays such as real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (rRT-PCR) became the methods of choice for the diagnosis of PEDV infection, providing sensitive, specific and rapid detection of the virus RNA in clinical samples. Whereas serological assays have been widely used to monitor prior exposure to the virus and to evaluate the efficacy of novel vaccine candidates or vaccination strategies. Here we discuss the properties of current PEDV diagnostic assays and prospects for improving diagnostic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - S Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - F Okda
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - A Singrey
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - T Clement
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - M H V Fernandes
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - J Christopher-Hennings
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - E A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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26
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Huang Y, Xing N, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhao X, Du Q, Chang L, Tong D. Ultrasensitive Detection of RNA and DNA Viruses Simultaneously Using Duplex UNDP-PCR Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141545. [PMID: 26544710 PMCID: PMC4636378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed infection of multiple viruses is common in modern intensive pig rearing. However, there are no methods available to detect DNA and RNA viruses in the same reaction system in preclinical level. In this study, we aimed to develop a duplex ultrasensitive nanoparticle DNA probe-based PCR assay (duplex UNDP-PCR) that was able to simultaneously detect DNA and RNA viruses in the same reaction system. PCV2 and TGEV are selected as representatives of the two different types of viruses. PCV2 DNA and TGEV RNA were simultaneously released from the serum sample by boiling with lysis buffer, then magnetic beads and gold nanoparticles coated with single and/or duplex specific probes for TGEV and PCV2 were added to form a sandwich-like complex with nucleic acids released from viruses. After magnetic separation, DNA barcodes specific for PCV2 and TGEV were eluted using DTT and characterized by specific PCR assay for specific DNA barcodes subsequently. The duplex UNDP-PCR showed similar sensitivity as that of single UNDP-PCR and was able to detect 20 copies each of PCV2 and TGEV in the serum, showing approximately 250-fold more sensitivity than conventional duplex PCR/RT-PCR assays. No cross-reaction was observed with other viruses. The positive detection rate of single MMPs- and duplex MMPs-based duplex UNDP-PCR was identical, with 29.6% for PCV2, 9.3% for TGEV and 3.7% for PCV2 and TGEV mixed infection. This duplex UNDP-PCR assay could detect TGEV (RNA virus) and PCV2 (DNA virus) from large-scale serum samples simultaneously without the need for DNA/RNA extraction, purification and reverse transcription of RNA, and showed a significantly increased positive detection rate for PCV2 (29%) and TGEV (11.7%) preclinical infection than conventional duplex PCR/RT-PCR. Therefore, the established duplex UNDP-PCR is a rapid and economical detection method, exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Na Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zengguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
The outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and the discovery of porcine deltacoronavirus in the USA have led to multiple questions about the evolution of coronaviruses in swine. Coronaviruses are enveloped virus, containing a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome (26–30 kb) that can cause respiratory or enteric illness in swine. With current technologies, the complete viral genomes can be determined to understand viral diversity and evolution. In this chapter, we describe a method to deep genome sequence porcine coronavirus on the Illumina MiSeq, avoiding the number of contaminating reads associated with the host and other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, Ohio USA
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28
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Otto PH, Rosenhain S, Elschner MC, Hotzel H, Machnowska P, Trojnar E, Hoffmann K, Johne R. Detection of rotavirus species A, B and C in domestic mammalian animals with diarrhoea and genotyping of bovine species A rotavirus strains. Vet Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Yang Y, Shi R, She R, Mao J, Zhao Y, Du F, Liu C, Liu J, Cheng M, Zhu R, Li W, Wang X, Soomro MH. Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in four weaned pigs in China. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:77. [PMID: 25889526 PMCID: PMC4379595 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection has been recognized as the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and has become a threat to the swine industry. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is another high prevalent pathogen in swine in many regions of the world. PCV2 and HEV are both highly prevalent in pig farms in China. CASE PRESENTATION In this study, we characterized the HEV and PCV2 co-infection in 2-3 month-old piglets, based on pathogen identification and the pathological changes observed, in Hebei Province, China. The pathological changes were severe, and general hyperemia, hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and necrosis were evident in the tissues of dead swine. PCR was used to identify the pathogen and we tested for eight viruses (HEV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PCV2, Classical swine fever virus, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, Porcine parvovirus and Pseudorabies virus) that are prevalent in Chinese pig farms. The livers, kidneys, spleens, and other organs of the necropsied swine were positive for HEV and/or PCV2. Immunohistochemical staining showed HEV- and PCV2-antigen-positive signals in the livers, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes, and intestine. CONCLUSION HEV and PCV2 co-infection in piglets was detected in four out of seven dead pigs from two pig farms in Hebei, China, producing severe pathological changes. The natural co-infection of HEV and PCV2 in pigs in China has rarely been reported. We speculate that co-infection with PCV2 and HEV may bring some negative effect on pig production and recommend that more attention should be paid to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Fang Du
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Can Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jianchai Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Histology and Anatomy, College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, 056021, China.
| | - Minheng Cheng
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Rining Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Majid Hussain Soomro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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30
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Tuo D, Shen W, Yang Y, Yan P, Li X, Zhou P. Development and validation of a multiplex reverse transcription PCR assay for simultaneous detection of three papaya viruses. Viruses 2014; 6:3893-906. [PMID: 25337891 PMCID: PMC4213569 DOI: 10.3390/v6103893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), Papaya leaf distortion mosaic virus (PLDMV), and Papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) produce similar symptoms in papaya. Each threatens commercial production of papaya on Hainan Island, China. In this study, a multiplex reverse transcription PCR assay was developed to detect simultaneously these three viruses by screening combinations of mixed primer pairs and optimizing the multiplex RT-PCR reaction conditions. A mixture of three specific primer pairs was used to amplify three distinct fragments of 613 bp from the P3 gene of PRSV, 355 bp from the CP gene of PLDMV, and 205 bp from the CP gene of PapMV, demonstrating the assay's specificity. The sensitivity of the multiplex RT-PCR was evaluated by showing plasmids containing each of the viral target genes with 1.44 × 103, 1.79 × 103, and 1.91 × 102 copies for the three viruses could be detected successfully. The multiplex RT-PCR was applied successfully for detection of three viruses from 341 field samples collected from 18 counties of Hainan Island, China. Rates of single infections were 186/341 (54.5%), 93/341 (27.3%), and 3/341 (0.9%), for PRSV, PLDMV, and PapMV, respectively; 59/341 (17.3%) of the samples were co-infected with PRSV and PLDMV, which is the first time being reported in Hainan Island. This multiplex RT-PCR assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective method for detecting multiple viruses in papaya and can be used for routine molecular diagnosis and epidemiological studies in papaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Wentao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Pu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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Zhao PD, Bai J, Jiang P, Tang TS, Li Y, Tan C, Shi X. Development of a multiplex TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR for discrimination of variant and classical porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:150-5. [PMID: 24928691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since October 2010, porcine diarrhea outbreaks have occurred widely, resulting in major losses in suckling piglets in China. A variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), characterized by base deletion and insertion in the S gene, compared to classical PEDV CV777, was shown to be responsible for this outbreak. In this study, a multiplex TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR was developed for detecting PEDV and differentiating the variant from classical PEDV, by using two sets of primers and probes based on the S gene of PEDV. The limits of detection of both variant and classical PEDV were 5×10(2) DNA copies. Specificity was determined using eight other viral pathogens of swine. Reproducibility was evaluated using standard dilutions, with coefficients of variation <1.4%. Standard dilutions included in each test allowed quantification of the amount of PEDV. Among 42 intestinal samples from pigs with severe watery diarrhea, 36 variant PEDV and three classical PEDV samples were detected, with viral loads of 10(2)-10(8) copies/μl and 10(3)-10(5) copies/μl, respectively, which suggested that the variant PEDV was prevalent in China. The multiplex TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR should be a useful tool for quantifying viral load, detecting PEDV, and differentiating variant from classical PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-deng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Tai-shan Tang
- Jiangsu Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Nanjing 200001, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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