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Cheburkanov V, Keene E, Pipal J, Johns M, Applegate BE, Yakovlev VV. Porcine vocal fold elasticity evaluation using Brillouin spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:087002. [PMID: 37560326 PMCID: PMC10407566 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.8.087002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Significance The vocal folds are critically important structures within the larynx which serve the essential functions of supporting the airway, preventing aspiration, and phonation. The vocal fold mucosa has a unique multilayered architecture whose layers have discrete viscoelastic properties facilitating sound production. Perturbations in these properties lead to voice loss. Currently, vocal fold pliability is inferred clinically using laryngeal videostroboscopy and no tools are available for in vivo objective assessment. Aim The main objective of the present study is to evaluate viability of Brillouin microspectroscopy for differentiating vocal folds' mechanical properties against surrounding tissues. Approach We used Brillouin microspectroscopy as an emerging optical imaging modality capable of providing information about local viscoelastic properties of tissues in noninvasive and remote manner. Results Brillouin measurements of the porcine larynx vocal folds were performed. Elasticity-driven Brillouin spectral shifts were recorded and analyzed. Elastic properties, as assessed by Brillouin spectroscopy, strongly correlate with those acquired using classical elasticity measurements. Conclusions These results demonstrate the feasibility of Brillouin spectroscopy for vocal fold imaging. With more extensive research, this technique may provide noninvasive objective assessment of vocal fold mucosal pliability toward objective diagnoses and more targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vsevolod Cheburkanov
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Ethan Keene
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Tarleton State University, Department of Physics, Stephenville, Texas, United States
| | - Jason Pipal
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Tarleton State University, Department of Physics, Stephenville, Texas, United States
| | - Michael Johns
- University of Southern California, Caruso Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Brian E. Applegate
- University of Southern California, Caruso Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Los Angeles, California, United States
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Vladislav V. Yakovlev
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
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Benedict PA, Kravietz A, Yang J, Achlatis E, Doyle C, Johnson AM, Dion GR, Amin MR. Longitudinal Effects of Base of Tongue Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy in a Pre-Clinical Model. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:1455-1461. [PMID: 36134872 PMCID: PMC10030382 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Base of tongue (BOT) dysfunction is common following oropharyngeal concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT). We present a clinically relevant animal model quantifying the effects of CCRT on tongue strength and elasticity over time. METHODS Fifty-three male and 53 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to control or experimental groups. Experimental animals received cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and 5 fractions of 7 Gy directed to the BOT. Controls received no intervention. At 2 weeks, 5 months, or 10 months after CCRT, animals underwent non-survival surgery to measure twitch and tetanic tongue strength, which were analyzed using multivariate linear mixed effects models. Tongue displacement, a surrogate for tongue elasticity, was also determined via stress-strain testing and analyzed via a multivariate linear mixed effects model. RESULTS Reporting the combined results of both sexes, the estimated experimental group mean peak twitch forces became more divergent over time compared to controls, being 8.3% lower than controls at 2 weeks post-CCRT, 15.7% lower at 5 months, and 31.6% lower at 10 months. Estimated experimental group mean peak tetanic forces followed a similar course and were 2.9% lower than controls at 2 weeks post CCRT, 20.7% lower at 5 months, and 27.0% lower at 10 months. Stress-strain testing did not find CCRT to have a significant effect on tongue displacement across experimental timepoints. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an increasing difference in tongue strength over time between controls and animals exposed to CCRT. Tongue elasticity was not significantly affected by CCRT, suggesting that changes in strength may not be caused by fibrosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 133:1455-1461, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Benedict
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Kravietz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jackie Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efstratios Achlatis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carina Doyle
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aaron M. Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory R. Dion
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX
- Dental and Craniofacial Trauma Research Department, U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - Milan R. Amin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Duan C, Jimenez JM, Goergen C, Cox A, Sivasankar PM, Calve S. Hydration State and Hyaluronidase Treatment Significantly Affect Porcine Vocal Fold Biomechanics. J Voice 2023; 37:348-354. [PMID: 33541766 PMCID: PMC8325720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The understanding of vocal fold hydration state, including dehydrated, euhydrated, rehydrated tissue, and how hydration affects vocal fold biomechanical properties is still evolving. Although clinical observations support the benefits of increasing vocal fold hydration after dehydrating events, more mechanistic information on the effects of vocal fold dehydration and the beneficial effects of rehydration are needed. Alterations to hyaluronic acid (HA), an important component of the vocal fold extracellular matrix, are likely to influence the biomechanical properties of vocal folds. In this study, we investigated the influence of hydration state and HA on vocal fold tissue stiffness via biomechanical testing. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, ex vivo study design. METHODS Fresh porcine vocal folds (N = 18) were examined following sequential immersion in hypertonic (dehydration) and isotonic solutions (rehydration). In a separate experiment, vocal folds were incubated in hyaluronidase (Hyal) to remove HA. Control tissues were not exposed to any challenges. A custom micromechanical system with a microforce sensing probe was used to measure the force-displacement response. Optical strain was calculated, and ultrasound imaging was used to measure tissue cross-sectional area to obtain stress-strain curves. RESULTS Significant increases (P ≤ 0.05) were found in tangent moduli between dehydrated and rehydrated vocal folds at strains of ε = 0.15. The tangent moduli of Hyal-digested tissues significantly increased at both ε = 0.15 and 0.3 (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Vocal fold dehydration increased tissue stiffness and rehydration reduced the stiffness. Loss of HA increased vocal fold stiffness, suggesting a potential mechanical role for HA in euhydrated vocal folds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Duan
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Julian M Jimenez
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Craig Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Preeti M Sivasankar
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sarah Calve
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.
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Schlegel P, Yan K, Upadhyaya S, Buyens W, Wong K, Chen A, Faull KF, Al-Hiyari Y, Long J. Tissue-engineered vocal fold replacement in swine: Methods for functional and structural analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284135. [PMID: 37083641 PMCID: PMC10120936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a cell-based outer vocal fold replacement (COVR) as a potential therapy to improve voice quality after vocal fold (VF) injury, radiation, or tumor resection. The COVR consists of multipotent human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) embedded within a three-dimensional fibrin scaffold that resembles vocal fold epithelium and lamina propria layers. Previous work has shown improved wound healing in rabbit studies. In this pilot study in pigs, we sought to develop methods for large animal implantation and phonatory assessment. Feasibility, safety, and structural and functional outcomes of the COVR implant are described. Of eight pigs studied, six animals underwent COVR implantation with harvest between 2 weeks and 6 months. Recovery of laryngeal tissue structure was assessed by vibratory and histologic analyses. Recovery of voice function was assessed by investigating acoustic parameters that were derived specifically for pigs. Results showed improved lamina propria qualities relative to an injured control animal at 6 months. Acoustic parameters reflected voice worsening immediately after surgery as expected; acoustics displayed clear voice recovery in the animal followed for 6 months after COVR. These methods form the basis for a larger-scale long-term pre-clinical safety and efficacy study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schlegel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sreenivasa Upadhyaya
- Department of Computer Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- SoundTalks N.V, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kirsten Wong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony Chen
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kym F. Faull
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane & Terry Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yazeed Al-Hiyari
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Long
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Surgery and Perioperative Careline, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Scheible F, Lamprecht R, Schaan C, Veltrup R, Henningson JO, Semmler M, Sutor A. Behind the Complex Interplay of Phonation: Investigating Elasticity of Vocal Folds With Pipette Aspiration Technique During Ex Vivo Phonation Experiments. J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(23)00096-6. [PMID: 37005126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The vibration of the vocal folds produces the primary sound for the human speech. The vibration depends mainly on the pressure, airflow of the lungs, and the material properties of the vocal folds. In order to change them, muscles in the larynx stretch the vocal folds. This interplay is rarely investigated, but can give insight in the complex process of speech production. Most material properties studies are damaging the tissue; therefore, a nondestructive one is desired. METHODS An ex vivo phonation experiment combined with the dynamic Pipette Aspiration Technique is used to investigate 10 porcine larynges, under manipulations of different adduction and elongation levels. For each manipulation, the near surface material properties of the vocal folds are measured as well as different phonation parameters like the subglottal pressure, glottal resistance, frequency, and stiffness. Thereby, a high-speed camera was used to record the vocal fold movement. RESULTS On most of the measured parameters, the manipulations do show an effect. Both manipulations lead to a higher phonation frequency and an increase of the stiffness of the tissue. Comparing both manipulations, the elongation results in higher elasticity values than the adduction. Different measurement parameters have been compared with each other and correlations could be found. Where the strongest correlation are found among the elasticity values of different frequencies. But it can also be seen that the elasticity values correlate with phonation parameters. CONCLUSION It was possible to produce a data set of 560 measurements in total. To our knowledge, this is the first time Pipette Aspiration Technique was combined with ex vivo phonation measurements for combined measurements. The amount of measurement data made it possible to carry out statistic investigations. The effect of the manipulations on material properties as well as on phonation parameters could be measured and different correlations could be found. The results lead to the hypothesis that the stretch does not have a huge effect on the material properties of the lamina propria, but more on the underlying muscle.
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Lamprecht R, Scheible F, Veltrup R, Schaan C, Semmler M, Henningson JO, Sutor A. Quasi-static ultrasound elastography of ex-vivo porcine vocal folds during passive elongation and adduction. J Voice 2022:S0892-1997(22)00386-1. [PMID: 36529564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The elastic properties of the vocal folds have great influence on the primary sound and thus on the entire subsequent phonation process. Muscle contractions in the larynx can alter the elastic properties of the vocal fold tissue. Quasi-static ultrasound elastography is a non-destructive examination method that can be applied to ex-vivo vocal folds. In this work, porcine vocal folds were passively elongated and adducted and the changes of the elastic properties due to that manipulations were measured. METHODS Manipulations were performed by applying force to sewn-in sutures. Elongation was achieved by a suture attached to the thyroid cartilage, which was pulled forward by defined weights. Adduction was effected by two sutures exerting torque on the arytenoid cartilage. A series of ten specimens was examined and evaluated using a quasi-static elastography algorithm. In addition, the surface stretch was measured optically using tattooed reference points. RESULTS This study showed that the expected stiffening of the tissue during the manipulations can be measured using quasi-static ultrasound elastography. The measured effect of elongation and adduction, both of which result in stretching of the tissue, is stiffening. However, the relative change of specific manipulations is not the same for the same load on different larynges, but is rather related to stretch caused and other uninvestigated factors. CONCLUSION The passive elongation and adduction of vocal folds stiffen the tissue of the vocal folds and can be measured using ultrasound elastography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Lamprecht
- Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology, UMIT TIROL - Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | - Florian Scheible
- Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology, UMIT TIROL - Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.
| | - Reinhard Veltrup
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head- and Neck surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Casey Schaan
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head- and Neck surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Marion Semmler
- Division of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head- and Neck surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jann-Ole Henningson
- Chair of Visual Computing, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Sutor
- Institute of Measurement and Sensor Technology, UMIT TIROL - Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.
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Zhang L, Fujiki RB, Brookes S, Calcagno H, Awonusi O, Kluender K, Berry K, Venkatraman A, Maulden A, Sivasankar MP, Voytik-Harbin S, Halum S. Eliciting and Characterizing Porcine Vocalizations: When Pigs Fly. J Voice 2022:S0892-1997(22)00062-5. [PMID: 35504794 PMCID: PMC9617810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES While voice-related therapeutic interventions are often researched preclinically in the porcine model, there are no well-established methods to induce porcine glottic phonation. Described approaches, such as training animals to phonate for positive reinforcement are time-consuming and plagued by inherent variability in the type of phonation produced and contamination of background noise. Thus, a reliable method of assessing glottic phonation in the porcine model is needed. METHODS In this study, we have created a novel pulley-based apparatus with harness for "pig-lifting" with surrounding acoustic insulation and high-directional microphone with digital recorder for recording phonation. Praat and Matlab were used to analyze all porcine vocalizations for fundamental frequency (F0), intensity, duration of phonation and cepstral peak prominence (CPP). Glottic phonation was detected using F0 (≥2000 hz), duration (≥3 seconds) and researcher perceptual judgment. Partial-glottic phonations were also analyzed. Reliability between researcher judgment and acoustic measures for glottic phonation detection was high. RESULTS Acoustic analysis demonstrated that glottic and partial-glottic phonation was consistently elicited, with no formal training of the minipigs required. Glottic vocalizations increased with multiple lifts. Glottic phonation continued to be elicited after multiple days but became less frequent. Glottic and partial-glottic phonations had similar CPP values over the 6 experimental days. CONCLUSION Our cost-effective, reliable method of inducing and recording glottic phonation in the porcine model may provide a cost effective, preclinical tool in voice research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert Brinton Fujiki
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sarah Brookes
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Haley Calcagno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Oluwaseyi Awonusi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Keith Kluender
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Kevin Berry
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Anumitha Venkatraman
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Amanda Maulden
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - M Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sherry Voytik-Harbin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Stacey Halum
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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Kimball EE, Sayce L, Xu XC, Kruszka CM, Rousseau B. Protein Substrate Alters Cell Physiology in Primary Culture of Vocal Fold Epithelial Cells. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:10-23. [PMID: 33910192 PMCID: PMC8222167 DOI: 10.1159/000514200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane interacts directly with the vocal fold epithelium. Signaling between the basement membrane and the epithelium modulates gene regulation, differentiation, and proliferation. The purpose of this study was to identify an appropriate simple single-protein substrate for growth of rabbit vocal fold epithelial cells. Vocal folds from 3 New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were treated to isolate epithelial cells, and cells were seeded onto cell culture inserts coated with collagen I, collagen IV, laminin, or fibronectin. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured, and phase contrast microscopy, PanCK, CK14, and E-cadherin immunofluorescence were utilized to assess for epithelial cell-type characteristics. Further investigation via immunofluorescence labeling was conducted to assess proliferation (Ki67) and differentiation (Vimentin). There was a significant main effect of substrate on TEER, with collagen IV eliciting the highest, and laminin the lowest resistance. Assessment of relative TEER across cell lines identified a larger range of TEER in collagen I and laminin. Phase contrast imaging identified altered morphology in the laminin condition, but cell layer depth did not appear to be related to TEER, differentiation, or morphology. Ki67 staining additionally showed no significant difference in proliferation. All conditions had confluent epithelial cells and dispersed mesenchymal cells, with increased mesenchymal cell numbers over time; however, a higher proportion of mesenchymal cells was observed in the laminin condition. The results suggest collagen IV is a preferable basement membrane substrate for in vitro vocal fold epithelial primary cell culture, providing consistent TEER and characteristic cell morphology, and that laminin is an unsuitable substrate for vocal fold epithelial cells and may promote mesenchymal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Kimball
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Lea Sayce
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Xiaochuan C. Xu
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Chase M. Kruszka
- Department of Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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Dynamic Biomechanical Analysis of Vocal Folds Using Pipette Aspiration Technique. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21092923. [PMID: 33919359 PMCID: PMC8122672 DOI: 10.3390/s21092923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The voice producing process is a complex interplay between glottal pressure, vocal folds, their elasticity and tension. The material properties of vocal folds are still insufficiently studied, because the determination of material properties in soft tissues is often difficult and connected to extensive experimental setups. To shed light on this less researched area, in this work, a dynamic pipette aspiration technique is utilized to measure the elasticity in a frequency range of 100–1000 Hz. The complex elasticity could be assessed with the phase shift between exciting pressure and tissue movement. The dynamic pipette aspiration setup has been miniaturized with regard to a future in-vivo application. The techniques were applied on 3 different porcine larynges 4 h and 1 d postmortem, in order to investigate the deterioration of the tissue over time and analyze correlation in elasticity values between vocal fold pairs. It was found that vocal fold pairs do have different absolute elasticity values but similar trends. This leads to the assumption that those trends are more important for phonation than having same absolute values.
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Herbst CT, Nishimura T, Garcia M, Migimatsu K, Tokuda IT. Effect of Ventricular Folds on Vocalization Fundamental Frequency in Domestic Pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Voice 2020; 35:805.e1-805.e15. [PMID: 33388229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the ventricular folds on fundamental frequency (fo) in the voice production of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). The excised larynges of six subadult pigs were phonated in two preparation stages, with the ventricular folds present (PS1) and removed (PS2). Vocal fold resonances were tested with a laser vibrometer, and a four-mass computational model was created. Highly significant fo differences were found between PS1 and PS2 (means at 93.7 and 409.3 Hz, respectively). Two tissue resonances were found at 115 Hz and 250-290 Hz. The computational model had unique solutions for abducted and adducted ventricular folds at about 150 and 400 Hz, roughly matching the fo measured ex vivo for PS1 and PS2. The differing fo encountered across preparation stages PS1 and PS2 is explained by distinct activation of either a high or a low eigenfrequency mode, depending on the engagement of the ventricular folds. The inability of the investigated larynges to vibrate at frequencies below 250 Hz in PS2 suggests that in vivo low-frequency calls of domestic pigs (pre-eminently grunts) are likely produced with engaged ventricular folds. Allometric comparison suggests that the special, mechanically coupled "double oscillator" has evolved to prevent signaling disadvantages. Given these traits, the porcine larynx might - apart from special applications relating to the involvement of ventricular folds - not be an ideal candidate for emulating human voice production in excised larynx experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian T Herbst
- Antonio Salieri Department of Vocal Studies and Vocal Research in Music Education, University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Maxime Garcia
- ENES Lab, Université Lyon/Saint-Etienne, Neuro-PSI, CNRS UMR 9197, Saint-Etienne, France; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kishin Migimatsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Isao T Tokuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Gartling GJ, Sayce L, Kimball EE, Sueyoshi S, Rousseau B. A Comparison of the Localization of Integral Membrane Proteins in Human and Rabbit Vocal Folds. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E1265-E1271. [PMID: 33155693 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study's objective was to identify and compare the localization of Aquaporin (AQP) 1, 4, 7, Na+/K + -ATPase, E-cadherin, zona occludin (ZO)-1, and occludin in human and rabbit vocal folds (VF)s to inform the design of future studies to explore the function of these proteins in the regulation of VF homeostasis. METHODS Four human larynges and five New Zealand white rabbit larynges were used. Samples were immunolabeled for primary antibodies against AQP1, AQP4, AQP7, the alpha subunit of Na+/K + -ATPase, E-cadherin, and ZO-1 and occludin and then captured digitally using a Nikon Eclipse 90i microscope and Hamamatsu C10600 Camera. Two raters familiar with human and rabbit VF histology identified positive labeling in tissue structures, including the apical epithelium, basal epithelium/basement membrane, and lamina propria (LP). RESULTS Samples from both species showed positive labeling for AQP1 in the basal epithelium/basement membrane, superficial LP, and deep/intermediate LP. Aquaporin 4, Aquaporin 7, Na+/K + -ATPase, and E-cadherin were primarily localized to the epithelium of both species. Zona occludin-1 was primarily localized apical epithelium and the superficial LP of both species. Occludin was primarily present in the apical epithelium in rabbit samples but not human. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence of the presence of key ion transport channels and cell adhesion proteins in human and rabbit VFs. Aquaporin 1, 4, 7, Na+/K + -ATPase, E-cadherin, and ZO-1 were similarly localized in both species. These findings will be useful to investigators interested in the exploration of VF homeostasis and barrier integrity in future studies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 131:E1265-E1271, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Gartling
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Lea Sayce
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Emily E Kimball
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Shintaro Sueyoshi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Bernard Rousseau
- Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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12
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Xu H, Fan GK. The Role of Cytokines in Modulating Vocal Fold Fibrosis: A Contemporary Review. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:139-145. [PMID: 32293731 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vocal fold (VF) scarring and laryngeal stenosis are a significant clinical challenge. Excessive scar formation causes low voice quality or even life-threatening obstructions. Cytokines are thought to modulate multiple steps of the establishment of VF fibrosis, but there is no systematic report regarding their role in modulating VF fibrosis. This review aims to investigate the role of cytokines in modulating vocal fold fibrosis. STUDY DESIGN Literature review. METHODS This review searched for all relevant peer publications in English for the period 2009 to 2019 in the PubMed database using search terms: "laryngeal stenosis," "vocal fold scarring," and "cytokines." A thorough investigation of the methods and results of the reviewed studies was performed. RESULTS Comprehensive research in various studies, including analyses of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), supports cytokine therapy for VF scarring and laryngeal stenosis to some extent. A few clinical studies on this topic support the conclusion that HGF and bFGF can be selected as effective drugs, and no serious side effects were found. CONCLUSIONS This review describes the potential of cytokines for modulating the process of VF fibrogenesis, although cytokines are still an unproven treatment method. As no ideal drugs exist, cytokines may be considered the candidate treatment for preventing VF fibrogenesis. Laryngoscope, 131:139-145, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Kang Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Rohlfing ML, Kuperstock JE, Friedman D, Spiegel JH. An ex vivo porcine model of the anterior glottoplasty for voice feminization surgery. Laryngoscope 2020; 130:E206-E212. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.28204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Rohlfing
- Department of OtolaryngologyBoston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Jacob E. Kuperstock
- Department of OtolaryngologyBoston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Daniel Friedman
- The Spiegel Center: Advanced Facial Aesthetics Newton Massachusetts U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey H. Spiegel
- The Spiegel Center: Advanced Facial Aesthetics Newton Massachusetts U.S.A
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14
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Chan RW. Ovine Vocal Fold Tissue Fatigue Response to Accumulated, Large-Amplitude Vibration Exposure at Phonatory Frequencies. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:4291-4299. [PMID: 31770065 PMCID: PMC7201329 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The contribution of tissue mechanical response to vocal fatigue is poorly understood. This study investigated the fatigue response of vocal fold tissues to large-amplitude vibration exposure at phonatory frequencies, using an ex vivo ovine model. Method Twelve sheep vocal fold mucosal specimens were subjected to sinusoidal, simple-shear deformation for prolonged cycles, under a large but physiological shear strain (46%) in a frequency range of 100-230 Hz. The duration of shear varied from a critical vibration exposure limit of 1,040 s to 4 times the limit (4,160 s). Tissue viscoelastic response was quantified by the elastic shear modulus (G'), viscous shear modulus (G″), and damping ratio (G″/G'). Results Distinct response patterns were observed at different frequencies. G' and G″ generally decreased with vibration exposure at 100 Hz, whereas they generally increased with vibration exposure at 200 and 230 Hz. Statistically significant differences were found for G″ increasing with vibration exposure at 200 Hz and damping ratio decreasing with vibration exposure at 200 Hz. Significant increases with frequency were also found for all viscoelastic functions. Results suggested that the contribution of tissue viscoelastic response to vocal fatigue could be highly frequency dependent. In particular, increases in G″ with vibration exposure could lead to high phonation threshold pressures and difficulty sustaining phonation at higher frequencies following prolonged vocalization. Conclusion These preliminary findings may help us better understand vocal fatigue and recovery and should be corroborated by studies with human vocal fold tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger W. Chan
- Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan
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15
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Yu P, Luan J, Cui X, Li X, Hu X, Sun G. Development and Validation of a Low-Cost and Simple Simulator for Microlaryngeal Surgery. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 13:58-63. [PMID: 31370389 PMCID: PMC7010492 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The simulation of microlaryngeal skills is rarely seen in surgical training, but it is particularly important in phonomicrosurgery. This study described and validated the laryngeal surgical simulator through surgical training. Methods. A simple and low-cost simulator was developed for the fixation of the suspension laryngoscope and porcine larynges. Twenty participants with work skills and experience did preparation before training, and performed suture and carbon dioxide (CO2) laser cordectomy for simulator evaluation. The results were proposed by the aspects of time taken for each procedure, the global rating scale, a procedure-specific assessment, and a post-simulation questionnaire. Results. All participants completed the preparation within 9 minutes and reached the conclusion that the microlaryngeal surgical simulator was helpful in improving their surgical skills. The performance of experts was superior to that of novices in both suture and CO2 laser cordectomy. Conclusion. This simulator could be easily assembled and was successfully validated by microlaryngeal surgical training both subjectively and objectively. It may be helpful to clinicians in microlaryngeal skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Luan
- Outpatient Department, Huashan Worldwide Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xidong Cui
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xumao Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinqi Hu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangbin Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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16
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Imaging the Vocal Folds: A Feasibility Study on Strain Imaging and Elastography of Porcine Vocal Folds. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9132729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vocal folds are an essential part of human voice production. The biomechanical properties are a good indicator for pathological changes. In particular, as an oscillation system, changes in the biomechanical properties have an impact on the vibration behavior. Subsequently, those changes could lead to voice-related disturbances. However, no existing examination combines biomechanical properties and spatial imaging. Therefore, we propose an image registration-based approach, using ultrasound in order to gain this information synchronously. We used a quasi-static load to compress the tissue and measured the displacement by image registration. The strain distribution was directly calculated from the displacement field, whereas the elastic properties were estimated by a finite element model. In order to show the feasibility and reliability of the algorithm, we tested it on gelatin phantoms. Further, by examining ex vivo porcine vocal folds, we were able to show the practicability of the approach. We displayed the strain distribution in the tissue and the elastic properties of the vocal folds. The results were superimposed on the corresponding ultrasound images. The findings are promising and show the feasibility of the suggested approach. Possible applications are in improved diagnosis of voice disorders, by measuring the biomechanical properties of the vocal folds with ultrasound. The transducer will be placed on the vocal folds of the anesthetized patient, and the elastic properties will be measured. Further, the understanding of the vocal folds’ biomechanics and the voice forming process could benefit from it.
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17
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Pathophysiology of Fibrosis in the Vocal Fold: Current Research, Future Treatment Strategies, and Obstacles to Restoring Vocal Fold Pliability. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102551. [PMID: 31137626 PMCID: PMC6567075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication by voice depends on symmetrical vibrations within the vocal folds (VFs) and is indispensable for various occupations. VF scarring is one of the main reasons for permanent dysphonia and results from injury to the unique layered structure of the VFs. The increased collagen and decreased hyaluronic acid within VF scars lead to a loss of pliability of the VFs and significantly decreases their capacity to vibrate. As there is currently no definitive treatment for VF scarring, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have become increasingly important research areas within otolaryngology. Several recent reviews have described the problem of VF scarring and various possible solutions, including tissue engineered cells and tissues, biomaterial implants, stem cells, growth factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines antifibrotic agents. Despite considerable research progress, these technical advances have not been established as routine clinical procedures. This review focuses on emerging techniques for restoring VF pliability using various approaches. We discuss our studies on interactions among adipose-derived stem/stromal cells, antifibrotic agents, and VF fibroblasts using an in vitro model. We also identify some obstacles to advances in research.
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18
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Burks G, De Vita R, Leonessa A. Characterization of the Continuous Elastic Parameters of Porcine Vocal Folds. J Voice 2018; 34:1-8. [PMID: 30446272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an evaluation of the elastic properties of porcine vocal folds through uniaxial tensile tests. Inferior vocal fold tissue samples were subjected to tension in the longitudinal direction while digital image correlation techniques were employed to determine strain values throughout the tests. The stress-strain results showed a low-strain linear region, followed by both a nonlinear exponential and then a higher strain linear region. Data from 16 porcine vocal fold samples were analyzed following a similar optimization method as proposed in prior studies [1] to yield continuous model parameters which describe the elastic properties of the tissue. The average low and high strain linear modulus values were found to be 17.86 kPa and 609.27 kPa, respectively. The model also identified the location of two transition points: p1, describing the transition from the low-strain linear region to an exponential region at 0.122 ± 0.058 mm/mm and p2, describing the transition from the exponential to the high strain linear region at 0.308 ± 0.069 mm/mm. The exponential region of the averaged data set was found to be described by the relationship [Formula: see text] kPa. In addition to locating transition points, the optimization method maintained modulus continuity across all strain values. Averaged elastic modulus values across strain from 0 to 0.40 mm/mm were compared to representative low and high strain linear modulus which were measured at 0.05 and 0.35 mm/mm, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found among all strain intervals between the two transition points and the linear modulus values. These results indicate the need to consider the location of transition points and further highlight the nonlinearity and changes in elastic modulus which are especially important when using excised porcine vocal folds as a model for phonation. The results quantify continuous linear and nonlinear parameters describing the elastic properties which can be used as a framework for future excised larynx tests and while evaluating the dynamics of sound production, which rely heavily on the elastic properties of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret Burks
- Center for Dynamic Systems Modeling and Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
| | - Raffaella De Vita
- STRETCH Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
| | - Alexander Leonessa
- Center for Dynamic Systems Modeling and Control, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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19
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Luo R, Kong W, Wei X, Lamb J, Jiang JJ. Development of Excised Larynx. J Voice 2018; 34:38-43. [PMID: 30262190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The larynx is a complex organ which has a role in a variety of functions such as phonation, breathing, and swallowing. To research these functions, it is widely accepted that in vivo studies provide more anatomically and physiologically relevant findings. However, invasive procedures are generally needed to measure variables such a subglottal pressure, vocal fold tension and stiffness, and cricothyroid muscle stretch. Performing studies using excised larynges is a useful technique which makes it possible to not only measure phonation parameters but control them as well. Early studies using excised larynges mainly focused on controlling specific parameters and mathematical modeling simulations. The use of these studies has helped further research in laryngeal anatomy, imaging techniques, as well as aerodynamic, acoustic, and biomechanical properties. Here, we describe the progress of this research over the past 5 years. The number of accepted animal models has increased and ideas from excised larynx studies are starting to be applied to treatment methods for laryngeal disorders. These experiments are only valid for an excised situation and must continue to be combined with animal experimentation and clinical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Luo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jim Lamb
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jack J Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Madison, Wisconsin.
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20
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GARCIA MAXIME, HERBST CHRISTIANT. Excised larynx experimentation: history, current developments, and prospects for bioacoustic research. ANTHROPOL SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.171216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MAXIME GARCIA
- ENES Lab, Université Lyon/Saint-Etienne, Neuro-PSI, CNRS UMR 9197, Saint-Etienne
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21
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Gerstenberger C, Döllinger M, Kniesburges S, Bubalo V, Karbiener M, Schlager H, Sadeghi H, Wendler O, Gugatschka M. Phonation Analysis Combined with 3D Reconstruction of the Thyroarytenoid Muscle in Aged Ovine Ex Vivo Larynx Models. J Voice 2017; 32:517-524. [PMID: 28964638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to establish a basic data set of combined functional and anatomical measures of aged sheep larynges using ex vivo models. Combining these two approaches in one and the same larynx is an unmet goal so far yet is important as newer treatment strategies aim to preserve the organ structure and new assessment tools are required. Ovine larynges were used as their dimensions, and muscle fiber type distribution highly resemble the human larynx. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo animal study. METHODS Larynges of six sheep (~9 years of age) were subjected to ex vivo functional phonatory experiments. Phonatory characteristics were analyzed as a function of longitudinal vocal fold (VF) prestress. Anatomical measurements of the same larynges comprised micro-computed tomography scans followed by three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions. Using specially adapted radiological scan protocols with subsequent 3D reconstruction, muscle volumes, surface areas, and anatomical measurements were computed. RESULTS Increasing longitudinal prestress yielded higher subglottal pressure (PS) for the same airflow. Quantitative differences to previous studies-such as the increased PS and increased phonation threshold pressure-were detected. We achieved excellent visualization of the laryngeal muscles and framework, resulting in accurate 3D reconstructions for quantitative analysis. We found no significant intraindividual volume differences of the thyroarytenoid muscles. CONCLUSION The established protocol allows precise functional and anatomical measures. The data created provide a reference data set for upcoming therapeutic strategies (eg, growth factor therapy, functional electrical stimulation) that target essential structures of the VFs such as the laryngeal muscles and/or the VF mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Gerstenberger
- Department of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Döllinger
- Division for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU-Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kniesburges
- Division for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU-Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Bubalo
- Center of Biomedical Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Karbiener
- Department of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Schlager
- Department of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Division for Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU-Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Wendler
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical School, FAU-Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Gugatschka
- Department of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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22
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Düring DN, Knörlein BJ, Elemans CPH. In situ vocal fold properties and pitch prediction by dynamic actuation of the songbird syrinx. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11296. [PMID: 28900151 PMCID: PMC5595934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanics of sound production forms an integral part of the neuromechanical control loop of avian vocal motor control. However, we critically lack quantification of basic biomechanical parameters describing the vocal organ, the syrinx, such as material properties of syringeal elements, forces and torques exerted on, and motion of the syringeal skeleton during song. Here, we present a novel marker-based 3D stereoscopic imaging technique to reconstruct 3D motion of servo-controlled actuation of syringeal muscle insertions sites in vitro and focus on two muscles controlling sound pitch. We furthermore combine kinematic analysis with force measurements to quantify elastic properties of sound producing medial labia (ML). The elastic modulus of the zebra finch ML is 18 kPa at 5% strain, which is comparable to elastic moduli of mammalian vocal folds. Additionally ML lengthening due to musculus syringealis ventralis (VS) shortening is intrinsically constraint at maximally 12% strain. Using these values we predict sound pitch to range from 350–800 Hz by VS modulation, corresponding well to previous observations. The presented methodology allows for quantification of syringeal skeleton motion and forces, acoustic effects of muscle recruitment, and calibration of computational birdsong models, enabling experimental access to the entire neuromechanical control loop of vocal motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Düring
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin J Knörlein
- Center for Computation and Visualization, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Coen P H Elemans
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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23
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Garcia M, Herbst CT, Bowling DL, Dunn JC, Fitch WT. Acoustic allometry revisited: morphological determinants of fundamental frequency in primate vocal production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10450. [PMID: 28874852 PMCID: PMC5585385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental issue in the evolution of communication is the degree to which signals convey accurate ("honest") information about the signaler. In bioacoustics, the assumption that fundamental frequency (f o) should correlate with the body size of the caller is widespread, but this belief has been challenged by various studies, possibly because larynx size and body size can vary independently. In the present comparative study, we conducted excised larynx experiments to investigate this hypothesis rigorously and explore the determinants of f o. Using specimens from eleven primate species, we carried out an inter-specific investigation, examining correlations between the minimum f o produced by the sound source, body size and vocal fold length (VFL). We found that, across species, VFL predicted minimum f o much better than body size, clearly demonstrating the potential for decoupling between larynx size and body size in primates. These findings shed new light on the diversity of primate vocalizations and vocal morphology, highlighting the importance of vocal physiology in understanding the evolution of mammal vocal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Garcia
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- ENES Lab, Université Lyon/Saint-Etienne, NEURO-PSI, CNRS UMR 9197, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Christian T Herbst
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel L Bowling
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacob C Dunn
- Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, UK
- Animal and Environment Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - W Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Ravignani A, Gross S, Garcia M, Rubio-Garcia A, de Boer B. How small could a pup sound? The physical bases of signaling body size in harbor seals. Curr Zool 2017; 63:457-465. [PMID: 29492005 PMCID: PMC5804196 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zox026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal communication is a crucial aspect of animal behavior. The mechanism which most mammals use to vocalize relies on three anatomical components. First, air overpressure is generated inside the lower vocal tract. Second, as the airstream goes through the glottis, sound is produced via vocal fold vibration. Third, this sound is further filtered by the geometry and length of the upper vocal tract. Evidence from mammalian anatomy and bioacoustics suggests that some of these three components may covary with an animal's body size. The framework provided by acoustic allometry suggests that, because vocal tract length (VTL) is more strongly constrained by the growth of the body than vocal fold length (VFL), VTL generates more reliable acoustic cues to an animal's size. This hypothesis is often tested acoustically but rarely anatomically, especially in pinnipeds. Here, we test the anatomical bases of the acoustic allometry hypothesis in harbor seal pups Phoca vitulina. We dissected and measured vocal tract, vocal folds, and other anatomical features of 15 harbor seals post-mortem. We found that, while VTL correlates with body size, VFL does not. This suggests that, while body growth puts anatomical constraints on how vocalizations are filtered by harbor seals' vocal tract, no such constraints appear to exist on vocal folds, at least during puppyhood. It is particularly interesting to find anatomical constraints on harbor seals' vocal tracts, the same anatomical region partially enabling pups to produce individually distinctive vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravignani
- Veterinary & Research Department, Sealcentre Pieterburen, Hoofdstraat 94a, Pieterburen, AG 9968, The Netherlands
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
- Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, Nijmegen, XD 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Gross
- Veterinary & Research Department, Sealcentre Pieterburen, Hoofdstraat 94a, Pieterburen, AG 9968, The Netherlands
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Werftstrasse 6, Buesum 25761, Germany
| | - Maxime Garcia
- ENES Lab/Neuro-PSI, CNRS UMR9197, University of Lyon/Saint Etienne, 23 rue Paul Michelon, 42023 Saint-Etienne cedex 2, France
| | - Ana Rubio-Garcia
- Veterinary & Research Department, Sealcentre Pieterburen, Hoofdstraat 94a, Pieterburen, AG 9968, The Netherlands
| | - Bart de Boer
- Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels 1050, Belgium
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Cazau D, Adam O, Aubin T, Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS. A study of vocal nonlinearities in humpback whale songs: from production mechanisms to acoustic analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31660. [PMID: 27721476 PMCID: PMC5056341 DOI: 10.1038/srep31660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammalian vocalizations are predominantly harmonically structured, they can exhibit an acoustic complexity with nonlinear vocal sounds, including deterministic chaos and frequency jumps. Such sounds are normative events in mammalian vocalizations, and can be directly traceable to the nonlinear nature of vocal-fold dynamics underlying typical mammalian sound production. In this study, we give qualitative descriptions and quantitative analyses of nonlinearities in the song repertoire of humpback whales from the Ste Marie channel (Madagascar) to provide more insight into the potential communication functions and underlying production mechanisms of these features. A low-dimensional biomechanical modeling of the whale’s U-fold (vocal folds homolog) is used to relate specific vocal mechanisms to nonlinear vocal features. Recordings of living humpback whales were searched for occurrences of vocal nonlinearities (instabilities). Temporal distributions of nonlinearities were assessed within sound units, and between different songs. The anatomical production sources of vocal nonlinearities and the communication context of their occurrences in recordings are discussed. Our results show that vocal nonlinearities may be a communication strategy that conveys information about the whale’s body size and physical fitness, and thus may be an important component of humpback whale songs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Cazau
- ENSTA Bretagne, Lab-STICC (UMR CNRS 6285), 2 rue François Verny, 29806 Brest Cedex 09, France
| | - Olivier Adam
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, F-75005, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, Bat 446, Orsay, France
| | - Thierry Aubin
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Université Paris Sud, Bat 446, Orsay, France
| | - Jeffrey T Laitman
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Joy S Reidenberg
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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Autologous fat injection therapy including a high concentration of adipose-derived regenerative cells in a vocal fold paralysis model: animal pilot study. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2016; 130:914-922. [PMID: 27604559 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215116008707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To verify the effectiveness and safety of the addition of adipose-derived regenerative cells to autologous fat injection therapy. METHODS Unilateral vocal fold paralysis models were made by cutting the right recurrent laryngeal nerve in two pigs. At day 30, 0.5 ml adipose-derived regenerative cells mixed with 1 ml autologous fat was injected into the right vocal fold of one pig, with the other receiving 0.5 ml Ringer's solution mixed with 1 ml autologous fat. At day 120, fibrescopy, laser Doppler flowmeter, computed tomography, vocal function evaluation and histological assessment were conducted. RESULTS Although histological assessment revealed atrophy of the thyroarytenoid muscle fibre in both pigs, there was remarkable hypertrophy of the thyroarytenoid muscle fibre in the area surrounding the adipose-derived regenerative cells injection site. CONCLUSION The addition of a high concentration of adipose-derived regenerative cells to autologous fat injection therapy has the potential to improve the treatment outcome for unilateral vocal fold paralysis.
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Dion GR, Jeswani S, Roof S, Fritz M, Coelho PG, Sobieraj M, Amin MR, Branski RC. Functional assessment of the ex vivo vocal folds through biomechanical testing: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 64:444-453. [PMID: 27127075 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human vocal folds are complex structures made up of distinct layers that vary in cellular and extracellular composition. The mechanical properties of vocal fold tissue are fundamental to the study of both the acoustics and biomechanics of voice production. To date, quantitative methods have been applied to characterize the vocal fold tissue in both normal and pathologic conditions. This review describes, summarizes, and discusses the most commonly employed methods for vocal fold biomechanical testing. Force-elongation, torsional parallel plate rheometry, simple-shear parallel plate rheometry, linear skin rheometry, and indentation are the most frequently employed biomechanical tests for vocal fold tissues and each provide material properties data that can be used to compare native tissue to diseased or treated tissue. Force-elongation testing is clinically useful, as it allows for functional unit testing, while rheometry provides physiologically relevant shear data, and nanoindentation permits micrometer scale testing across different areas of the vocal fold as well as whole organ testing. Thoughtful selection of the testing technique during experimental design to evaluate a hypothesis is critical to optimize biomechanical testing of vocal fold tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Dion
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Seema Jeswani
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Scott Roof
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mark Fritz
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael Sobieraj
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Milan R Amin
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ryan C Branski
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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Coelho PG, Sobieraj M, Tovar N, Andrews K, Paul B, Govil N, Jeswani S, Amin MR, Janal MN, Branski RC. Preliminary investigation of a novel technique for the quantification of the ex vivo biomechanical properties of the vocal folds. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 45:333-6. [PMID: 25491836 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The human vocal fold is a complex structure made up of distinct layers that vary in cellular and extracellular matrix composition. Elucidating the mechanical properties of vocal fold tissues is critical for the study of both acoustics and biomechanics of voice production, and essential in the context of vocal fold injury and repair. Both quasistatic and dynamic behavior in the 10-300 Hz range was explored in this preliminary investigation. The resultant properties of the lamina propria were compared to that of the nearby thyroarytenoid muscle. Er, quantified via quasistatic testing of the lamina propria, was 609±138 MPa and 758±142 MPa in the muscle (p=0.001). E' of the lamina propria as determined by dynamic testing was 790±526 MPa compared to 1061±928 MPa in the muscle. Differences in E' did not achieve statistical significance via linear mixed effect modeling between the tissue types (p=0.95). In addition, frequency dependence was not significant (p=0.18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo G Coelho
- Biomaterials and Biomimetics, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michael Sobieraj
- Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nick Tovar
- Biomaterials and Biomimetics, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Andrews
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Paul
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nandini Govil
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seema Jeswani
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Milan R Amin
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Malvin N Janal
- Departments of Public Health and Epidemiology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan C Branski
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Mechanical Characterization of Vocal Fold Tissue: A Review Study. J Voice 2014; 28:657-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Alipour F, Finnegan EM, Jaiswal S. Phonatory characteristics of the excised human larynx in comparison to other species. J Voice 2014; 27:441-7. [PMID: 23809568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions needed to elicit phonation from excised human larynges and the resultant range of phonations produced; compare that with similar information previously obtained from canine, pig, sheep, and cow; and relate those findings to previously reported information about viscoelastic properties of the vocal fold tissue (ie, stress-strain curves and Young's modulus). METHODS Six human larynges of the geriatric group (age range, 70-89) were mounted on the bench without supraglottic structures, and phonation was achieved with the flow of heated and humidified air through the tracheal tube. Using various sutures to mimic the function of the laryngeal muscles, the larynges were put through a series of sustained oscillations with adduction as a control parameter. RESULTS The human larynges oscillated with an average frequency that was close to the canine larynges, but the oscillation behavior and wide frequency range were similar to those of pig larynges. The similarity of the wide vibration frequency ranges of human and pig larynges may be because of the nonlinear behavior of their elasticity, which is related to the high collagen content of the vocal folds. On the contrary, other species with limited frequency ranges showed almost linear stress-strain curves because of the higher elastin and lower collagen contents. CONCLUSIONS The physiological differences in the linearity and ranges of oscillation of excised larynges reported in this study and previous studies are reflective of the tissue composition and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Alipour
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Miri AK, Heris HK, Mongeau L, Javid F. Nanoscale viscoelasticity of extracellular matrix proteins in soft tissues: A multiscale approach. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 30:196-204. [PMID: 24317493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the bulk viscoelasticity of soft tissues is determined by two length-scale-dependent mechanisms: the time-dependent response of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins at the nanometer scale and the biophysical interactions between the ECM solid structure and interstitial fluid at the micrometer scale. The latter is governed by poroelasticity theory assuming free motion of the interstitial fluid within the porous ECM structure. In a recent study (Heris, H.K., Miri, A.K., Tripathy, U., Barthelat, F., Mongeau, L., 2013. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.), atomic force microscopy was used to measure the response of porcine vocal folds to a creep loading and a 50-nm sinusoidal oscillation. A constitutive model was calibrated and verified using a finite element model to accurately predict the nanoscale viscoelastic moduli of ECM. A generally good correlation was obtained between the predicted variation of the viscoelastic moduli with depth and that of hyaluronic acids in vocal fold tissue. We conclude that hyaluronic acids may regulate vocal fold viscoelasticity. The proposed methodology offers a characterization tool for biomaterials used in vocal fold augmentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir K Miri
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C3.
| | - Hossein K Heris
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C3
| | - Luc Mongeau
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C3
| | - Farhad Javid
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C3
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Heris HK, Miri AK, Tripathy U, Barthelat F, Mongeau L. Indentation of poroviscoelastic vocal fold tissue using an atomic force microscope. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013; 28:383-92. [PMID: 23829979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The elastic properties of the vocal folds (VFs) vary as a function of depth relative to the epithelial surface. The poroelastic anisotropic properties of porcine VFs, at various depths, were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based indentation. The minimum tip diameter to effectively capture the local properties was found to be 25µm, based on nonlinear laser scanning microscopy data and image analysis. The effects of AFM tip dimensions and AFM cantilever stiffness were systematically investigated. The indentation tests were performed along the sagittal and coronal planes for an evaluation of the VF anisotropy. Hertzian contact theory was used along with the governing equations of linear poroelasticity to calculate the diffusivity coefficient of the tissue from AFM indentation creep testing. The permeability coefficient of the porcine VF was found to be 1.80±0.32×10(-15)m(4)/Ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein K Heris
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 0C3
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Alipour F, Vigmostad S. Measurement of vocal folds elastic properties for continuum modeling. J Voice 2012; 26:816.e21-9. [PMID: 22921299 PMCID: PMC3508138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to quantify the major elastic properties of human vocal fold's lamina propria, including longitudinal and transverse Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio. METHODS Samples were obtained from cadaveric human larynges that were snap frozen within 48 hours postmortem and kept at -82°F and thawed overnight in saline solution. Once the sample was tested in the longitudinal direction, two special brackets were glued to the side of each sample and the sample was mounted with brackets in the transverse direction. The shear modulus was obtained from samples mounted between two parallel plates applying shear forces. The Poisson ratio was obtained using high-speed video imaging of two-dimensional samples with markers for longitudinal and transverse strain measurements. RESULTS Results indicate that human vocal fold elasticity is very nonlinear with slope that increases 10-15 times from low- to high-strain values. Its average low-strain Young's modulus is approximately 30 kPa in the longitudinal direction and 1 kPa in the transverse direction. The vocal fold longitudinal shear modulus is in the same order of magnitude of its transverse shear modulus (less than 1 kPa). The average Poisson ratio is approximately 0.57. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides quantitative data for the longitudinal and transverse elastic properties of the human vocal fold tissue and indicates that nonlinear behavior and relative difference of these properties may lead to wide ranges of oscillation frequency and amplitude in human larynges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Alipour
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1012, USA.
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Miri AK, Mongrain R, Chen LX, Mongeau L. Quantitative assessment of the anisotropy of vocal fold tissue using shear rheometry and traction testing. J Biomech 2012; 45:2943-6. [PMID: 23021593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human vocal folds are layered structures with intrinsically anisotropic elastic properties. Most testing methods assume isotropic behavior. Biaxial testing of vocal folds is strictly difficult because the very soft tissue tends to delaminate under transverse traction loads. In the present study, a linear transversely isotropic model was used to characterize the tissue in-vitro. Shear rheometry was used in conjunction with traction testing to quantify the elasticity of porcine vocal fold tissue. Uniaxial traction testing along with optical measurements were used to obtain the longitudinal modulus. The alternate vocal fold of each animal was subjected to a test-specific sample preparation and concurrently tested using dynamic shear rheometry. The stiffness ratio (i.e., the ratio of the longitudinal modulus and the transverse modulus) varied between ∼5 and ∼7 at low frequencies. The proposed methodology can be applied to other soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir K Miri
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C3.
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Teller SS, Farran AJE, Xiao L, Jiao T, Duncan RL, Clifton RJ, Jia X. High-frequency viscoelastic shear properties of vocal fold tissues: implications for vocal fold tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:2008-19. [PMID: 22741523 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical function of the vocal folds (VFs) depends on their viscoelastic properties. Many conditions can lead to VF scarring that compromises voice function and quality. To identify candidate replacement materials, the structure, composition, and mechanical properties of native tissues need to be understood at phonation frequencies. Previously, the authors developed the torsional wave experiment (TWE), a stress-wave-based experiment to determine the linear viscoelastic shear properties of small, soft samples. Here, the viscoelastic properties of porcine and human VFs were measured over a frequency range of 10-200 Hz. The TWE utilizes resonance phenomena to determine viscoelastic properties; therefore, the specimen test frequency is determined by the sample size and material properties. Viscoelastic moduli are reported at resonance frequencies. Structure and composition of the tissues were determined by histology and immunochemistry. Porcine data from the TWE are separated into two groups: a young group, consisting of fetal and newborn pigs, and an adult group, consisting of 6-9-month olds and 2+-year olds. Adult tissues had an average storage modulus of 2309±1394 Pa and a loss tangent of 0.38±0.10 at frequencies of 36-200 Hz. The VFs of young pigs were significantly more compliant, with a storage modulus of 394±142 Pa and a loss tangent of 0.40±0.14 between 14 and 30 Hz. No gender dependence was observed. Histological staining showed that adult porcine tissues had a more organized, layered structure than the fetal tissues, with a thicker epithelium and a more structured lamina propria. Elastin fibers in fetal VF tissues were immature compared to those in adult tissues. Together, these structural changes in the tissues most likely contributed to the change in viscoelastic properties. Adult human VF tissues, recovered postmortem from adult patients with a history of smoking or disease, had an average storage modulus of 756±439 Pa and a loss tangent of 0.42±0.10. Contrary to the results of some other investigators, no significant frequency dependence was observed. This lack of observable frequency dependence may be due to the modest frequency range of the experiments and the wide range of stiffnesses observed within nominally similar sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Teller
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Miri AK, Barthelat F, Mongeau L. Effects of dehydration on the viscoelastic properties of vocal folds in large deformations. J Voice 2012; 26:688-97. [PMID: 22483778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dehydration may alter vocal fold viscoelastic properties, thereby hampering phonation. The effects of water loss induced by an osmotic pressure potential on vocal fold tissue viscoelastic properties were investigated. Porcine vocal folds were dehydrated by immersion in a hypertonic solution, and quasi-static and low-frequency dynamic traction tests were performed for elongations of up to 50%. Digital image correlation was used to determine local strains from surface deformations. The elastic modulus and the loss factor were then determined for normal and dehydrated tissues. An eight-chain hyperelastic model was used to describe the observed nonlinear stress-stretch behavior. Contrary to the expectations, the mass history indicated that the tissue absorbed water during cyclic extension when submerged in a hypertonic solution. During loading history, the elastic modulus was increased for dehydrated tissues as a function of strain. The response of dehydrated tissues was much less affected when the load was released. This observation suggests that hydration should be considered in micromechanical models of the vocal folds. The internal hysteresis, which is often linked to phonation effort, increased significantly with water loss. The effects of dehydration on the viscoelastic properties of vocal fold tissue were quantified in a systematic way. A better understanding of the role of hydration on the mechanical properties of vocal fold tissue may help to establish objective dehydration and phonotrauma criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir K Miri
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Klemuk SA, Riede T, Walsh EJ, Titze IR. Adapted to roar: functional morphology of tiger and lion vocal folds. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27029. [PMID: 22073246 PMCID: PMC3206895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal production requires active control of the respiratory system, larynx and vocal tract. Vocal sounds in mammals are produced by flow-induced vocal fold oscillation, which requires vocal fold tissue that can sustain the mechanical stress during phonation. Our understanding of the relationship between morphology and vocal function of vocal folds is very limited. Here we tested the hypothesis that vocal fold morphology and viscoelastic properties allow a prediction of fundamental frequency range of sounds that can be produced, and minimal lung pressure necessary to initiate phonation. We tested the hypothesis in lions and tigers who are well-known for producing low frequency and very loud roaring sounds that expose vocal folds to large stresses. In histological sections, we found that the Panthera vocal fold lamina propria consists of a lateral region with adipocytes embedded in a network of collagen and elastin fibers and hyaluronan. There is also a medial region that contains only fibrous proteins and hyaluronan but no fat cells. Young's moduli range between 10 and 2000 kPa for strains up to 60%. Shear moduli ranged between 0.1 and 2 kPa and differed between layers. Biomechanical and morphological data were used to make predictions of fundamental frequency and subglottal pressure ranges. Such predictions agreed well with measurements from natural phonation and phonation of excised larynges, respectively. We assume that fat shapes Panthera vocal folds into an advantageous geometry for phonation and it protects vocal folds. Its primary function is probably not to increase vocal fold mass as suggested previously. The large square-shaped Panthera vocal fold eases phonation onset and thereby extends the dynamic range of the voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Klemuk
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tobias Riede
- Department of Biology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Edward J. Walsh
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ingo R. Titze
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- National Center for Voice and Speech, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Huttner B, Sutor A, Luegmair G, Rupitsch SJ, Lerch R, Döllinger M. Optical 3-D Metric Measurements of Local Vocal Fold Deformation Characteristics in an In Vitro Setup. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2011; 58:2758-66. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2011.2130525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Characterization of vocal fold scar formation, prophylaxis, and treatment using animal models. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 18:481-6. [PMID: 20962643 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e3283407d87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent literature on animal models used to study the pathogenesis, detection, prevention, and treatment of vocal fold scarring. Animal work is critical to studying vocal fold scarring because it is the only way to conduct systematic research on the biomechanical properties of the layered structure of the vocal fold lamina propria, and therefore develop reliable prevention and treatment strategies for this complex clinical problem. RECENT FINDINGS During the period of review, critical anatomic, physiologic, and wound healing characteristics, which may serve as the bases for selection of a certain species to help answer a specific question, have been described in mouse, rat, rabbit, ferret, and canine models. A number of different strategies for prophylaxis and chronic scar treatment in animals show promise for clinical application. The pathways of scar formation and methods for quantifying treatment-induced change have become better defined. SUMMARY Recent animal vocal fold scarring studies have enriched and confirmed earlier work indicating that restoring pliability to the scarred vocal fold mucosa is challenging but achievable. Differences between animal models and differences in outcome measurements across studies necessitate considering each study individually to obtain guidance for future research. With increased standardization of measurement techniques it may be possible to make more inter-study comparisons.
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Riede T, York A, Furst S, Müller R, Seelecke S. Elasticity and stress relaxation of a very small vocal fold. J Biomech 2011; 44:1936-40. [PMID: 21550608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Across mammals many vocal sounds are produced by airflow induced vocal fold oscillation. We tested the hypothesis that stress-strain and stress-relaxation behavior of rat vocal folds can be used to predict the fundamental frequency range of the species' vocal repertoire. In a first approximation vocal fold oscillation has been modeled by the string model but it is not known whether this concept equally applies to large and small species. The shorter the vocal fold, the more the ideal string law may underestimate normal mode frequencies. To accommodate the very small size of the tissue specimen, a custom-built miniaturized tensile test apparatus was developed. Tissue properties of 6 male rat vocal folds were measured. Rat vocal folds demonstrated the typical linear stress-strain behavior in the low strain region and an exponential stress response at strains larger than about 40%. Approximating the rat's vocal fold oscillation with the string model suggests that fundamental frequencies up to about 6 kHz can be produced, which agrees with frequencies reported for audible rat vocalization. Individual differences and time-dependent changes in the tissue properties parallel findings in other species, and are interpreted as universal features of the laryngeal sound source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Riede
- Department of Biology and National Center for Voice and Speech, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Kelleher JE, Siegmund T, Chan RW, Henslee EA. Optical measurements of vocal fold tensile properties: implications for phonatory mechanics. J Biomech 2011; 44:1729-34. [PMID: 21497355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In voice research, in vitro tensile stretch experiments of vocal fold tissues are commonly employed to determine the tissue biomechanical properties. In the standard stretch-release protocol, tissue deformation is computed from displacements applied to sutures inserted through the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages, with the cartilages assumed to be rigid. Here, a non-contact optical method was employed to determine the actual tissue deformation of vocal fold lamina propria specimens from three excised human larynges in uniaxial tensile tests. Specimen deformation was found to consist not only of deformation of the tissue itself, but also deformation of the cartilages, as well as suture alignment and tightening. Stress-stretch curves of a representative load cycle were characterized by an incompressible Ogden model. The initial longitudinal elastic modulus was found to be considerably higher if determined based on optical displacement measurements than typical values reported in the literature. The present findings could change the understanding of the mechanics underlying vocal fold vibration. Given the high longitudinal elastic modulus the lamina propria appeared to demonstrate a substantial level of anisotropy. Consequently, transverse shear could play a significant role in vocal fold vibration, and fundamental frequencies of phonation should be predicted by beam theories accounting for such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Kelleher
- Mechanical Engineering, 585 Purdue Mall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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