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Zhao Y, Wan Y, Hu X, Tong X, Xu B, Jiang X, Bai S, Cao C. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Improves Semen Quality in Men Recovered From COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Am J Mens Health 2024; 18:15579883241264120. [PMID: 39054777 DOI: 10.1177/15579883241264120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to decrease semen quality in reproductive-age men. Semen quality in vaccinated men after SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. We recruited reproductive-age Chinese men scheduled for COVID-19 vaccination from December 2022 to March 2023. Among 1,639 vaccinated participants, an upward trend was found in sperm concentration (p < .001), progressive motility (p < .001), total motility (p < .001), total motile sperm count (TMSC) (p < .001), and normal morphology (p = .01) over time following COVID-19 recovery. Among men with an SARS-CoV-2 infection that lasted less than 30 days, men who received an inactivated vaccine booster had higher sperm progressive (p = .006) and total motility (p = .005) as well as TMSC (p = .008) than those without a booster vaccine, whereas no difference was found in semen parameters among men who received a recombinant protein vaccine. Similarly, an upward trend in semen quality was found among 122 men who provided semen samples before and after COVID-19. Higher risks of asthenozoospermia (odds ratio [OR] = 2.23, p < .001) and teratozoospermia (OR = 2.09, p = .03) were found among men who had an SARS-CoV-2 infection that lasted less than 30 days than among those without COVID-19. Collectively, after receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, adverse but reversible semen parameters were observed in men recovering from COVID-19 over time. Recombinant protein vaccines and inactivated vaccine boosters should be recommended to all reproductive-age men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Zhao
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
- Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Wan
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xuechun Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xianhong Tong
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Shun Bai
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
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Galhaut M, Lundberg U, Marlin R, Schlegl R, Seidel S, Bartuschka U, Heindl-Wruss J, Relouzat F, Langlois S, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Morin J, Galpin-Lebreau M, Gallouët AS, Gros W, Naninck T, Pascal Q, Chapon C, Mouchain K, Fichet G, Lemaitre J, Cavarelli M, Contreras V, Legrand N, Meinke A, Le Grand R. Immunogenicity and efficacy of VLA2001 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection in male cynomolgus macaques. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:62. [PMID: 38570605 PMCID: PMC10991505 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-024-00488-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fight against COVID-19 requires mass vaccination strategies, and vaccines inducing durable cross-protective responses are still needed. Inactivated vaccines have proven lasting efficacy against many pathogens and good safety records. They contain multiple protein antigens that may improve response breadth and can be easily adapted every year to maintain preparedness for future seasonally emerging variants. METHODS The vaccine dose was determined using ELISA and pseudoviral particle-based neutralization assay in the mice. The immunogenicity was assessed in the non-human primates with multiplex ELISA, neutralization assays, ELISpot and intracellular staining. The efficacy was demonstrated by viral quantification in fluids using RT-qPCR and respiratory tissue lesions evaluation. RESULTS Here we report the immunogenicity and efficacy of VLA2001 in animal models. VLA2001 formulated with alum and the TLR9 agonist CpG 1018™ adjuvant generate a Th1-biased immune response and serum neutralizing antibodies in female BALB/c mice. In male cynomolgus macaques, two injections of VLA2001 are sufficient to induce specific and polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses, predominantly Th1-biased, and high levels of antibodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture. These antibodies also inhibit the binding of the Spike protein to human ACE2 receptor of several variants of concern most resistant to neutralization. After exposure to a high dose of homologous SARS-CoV-2, vaccinated groups exhibit significant levels of protection from viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and from lung tissue inflammation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that the VLA2001 adjuvanted vaccine is immunogenic both in mouse and NHP models and prevent cynomolgus macaques from the viruses responsible of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Galhaut
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Romain Marlin
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis Relouzat
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Sébastien Langlois
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julie Morin
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maxence Galpin-Lebreau
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Wesley Gros
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Mouchain
- ONCODESIGN SERVICES, François Hyafil Research Center, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Fichet
- ONCODESIGN SERVICES, François Hyafil Research Center, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Julien Lemaitre
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mariangela Cavarelli
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Legrand
- ONCODESIGN SERVICES, François Hyafil Research Center, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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Qin SX, Cheng FWT, Kwok WC, Fung LWY, Ma TT, Yiu HHE, Bloom C, McDonald CF, Cheung CL, Lai FTT, Chui CSL, Li X, Wong CKH, Wan EYF, Wong ICK, Chan EWY. Effectiveness and Respiratory Adverse Events Following Inactivated and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Patients with COPD and Asthma: A Chinese Population-Based Study. Drug Saf 2024; 47:135-146. [PMID: 38085500 PMCID: PMC10821837 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-023-01364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effectiveness and respiratory adverse events following coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have not been well investigated in Chinese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. METHODS Using electronic health care records in Hong Kong, we included adults with COPD or asthma or both and hospitalised for severe respiratory exacerbation in a self-controlled case series (SCCS) study between 23/02/2021 and 30/11/2022. Conditional Poisson regression models were used to estimate the incidence of outcomes within exposure periods (28 days after each dose) compared with baseline periods. Cox proportional hazard models evaluated vaccine effectiveness (VE) against COVID-related mortality, hospitalisation, and severe complications, including admission to intensive care units or ventilatory support. The VE assessment was based on vaccine types and the number of doses. RESULTS In the SCCS, 343 CoronaVac recipients and 212 BNT162b2 recipients were included. No increased risk of outcomes was observed within the exposure periods. In the cohort study, 108,423 and 83,323 patients received ≥ 2 doses of CoronaVac and BNT162b2, respectively. The VE (95% CI) against COVID-related mortality, hospitalisation, and severe complications after two-dose CoronaVac was 77% (74-80%), 18% (6-23%), and 29% (12-43%), respectively, while for the two-dose regimen of BNT162b2, it was 92% (91-94%), 33% (30-37%), and 57% (45-66%), respectively. Higher VE against COVID-related mortality, hospitalisation, and severe complications was found for the three-dose regimen of CoronaVac (94%, 40%, and 71%) and BNT162b2 (98%, 65%, and 83%). Administering a fourth dose of either vaccine showed additional reductions in COVID-related outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Among people with COPD and asthma, the COVID-19 vaccines CoronaVac and BNT162b2 did not increase severe exacerbations and achieved moderate-to-high effectiveness against COVID-related outcomes. COVID-19 vaccination remains essential and should be encouraged to protect this vulnerable population in future epidemic waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Xiwen Qin
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Franco Wing Tak Cheng
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wang Chun Kwok
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lydia W Y Fung
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tian Tian Ma
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hei Hang Edmund Yiu
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chloe Bloom
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christine F McDonald
- School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Celine Sze Ling Chui
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xue Li
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carlos King Ho Wong
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric Yuk Fai Wan
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian Chi Kei Wong
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Esther Wai Yin Chan
- Centre for Safe Medicine Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, L2-57, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- , 02-08, 2/F Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Monteiro HS, Lima Neto AS, Kahn R, Sousa GS, Carmona HA, Andrade JS, Castro MC. Impact of CoronaVac on Covid-19 outcomes of elderly adults in a large and socially unequal Brazilian city: A target trial emulation study. Vaccine 2023; 41:5742-5751. [PMID: 37573202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although CoronaVac was the only Covid-19 vaccine adopted in the first months of the Brazilian vaccination campaign, randomized clinical trials to evaluate its efficacy in elderly adults were limited. In this study, we use routinely collected surveillance and SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and testing data comprising the population of the fifth largest city of Brazil to evaluate the effectiveness of CoronaVac in adults 60+ years old against severe outcomes. METHODS Using large observational databases on vaccination and surveillance data from the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, we defined a retrospective cohort including 324,302 eligible adults aged ≥60 years to evaluate the effectiveness of the CoronaVac vaccine. The cohort included individuals vaccinated between January 21, 2021, and August 31, 2021, who were matched with unvaccinated persons at the time of rollout following a 1:1 ratio according to baseline covariates of age, sex, and Human Development Index of the neighborhood of residence. Only Covid-19-related severe outcomes were included in the analysis: hospitalization, ICU admission, and death. Vaccine effectiveness for each outcome was calculated by using the risk ratio between the two groups, with the risk obtained by the Kaplan-Meier estimator. RESULTS We obtained 62,643 matched pairs for assessing the effectiveness of the two-dose regimen of CoronaVac. The demographic profile of the matched population was statistically representative of the population of Fortaleza. Using the cumulative incidence as the risk associated with each group, starting at day 14 since the receipt of the second dose, we found an 82.3 % (95 % CI 66.3-93.9) effectiveness against Covid-19-related death, 68.4 % (95 % CI 42.3-86.4) against ICU admission, and 55.8 % (95 % CI 42.7-68.3) against hospital admission. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that, despite critical delays in vaccine delivery and limited evidence in efficacy trial estimates, CoronaVac contributed to preventing deaths and severe morbidity due to Covid-19 in elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higor S Monteiro
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza (SMS-Fortaleza), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Antonio S Lima Neto
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza (SMS-Fortaleza), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Kahn
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Geziel S Sousa
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza (SMS-Fortaleza), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Humberto A Carmona
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - José S Andrade
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Zhang X, Xia J, Jin L, Wu Y, Zheng X, Cao X, Meng X, Li J, Zhu F. Effectiveness of homologous or heterologous immunization regimens against SARS-CoV-2 after two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2221146. [PMID: 37344370 PMCID: PMC10288895 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2221146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness or efficacy of heterologous or homologous COVID-19 vaccine regimens against COVID-19-related outcomes after primary immunization with two doses of CoronaVac or Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccines. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to 31 October 2022. The primary measure was vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 infection with homologous or heterologous booster. The results showed heterologous and homologous booster significantly improved effectiveness against COVID-19 infection compared to primary immunization. The effectiveness against COVID-19 infection was 89.19% (95%CI 78.49, 99.89) for heterologous mRNA vaccine booster, 87.00% (95%CI 82.14, 91.85) for non-replicating vector vaccine booster, 69.99% (95%CI 52.16, 87.82) for homologous booster, and 51.48% (95%CI 41.75, 61.21) for two doses of inactivated vaccine. Homologous and heterologous regimens were also effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants, and more evidence is still needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jiayue Xia
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Lairun Jin
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yanfei Wu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Zheng
- Research & Development Center, CanSino Biologics Inc, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Cao
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xingchen Meng
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jingxin Li
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Institute of Global Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, P.R. China
- Institute of Global Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Messina NL, Sperotto MG, Puga MAM, da Silva PV, de Oliveira RD, Moore CL, Pittet LF, Jamieson T, Dalcolmo M, dos Santos G, Jardim B, Lacerda MVG, Curtis N, Croda J. Impact of vaccine platform and BCG vaccination on antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172851. [PMID: 37465688 PMCID: PMC10352084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors, including vaccine platform and prior vaccinations, influence vaccine responses. We compared antibody responses to CoronaVac (Sinovac) and ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca-Oxford) vaccination in 874 healthcare workers in Brazil. As participants were randomised to BCG vaccination or placebo in the preceding 0-6 months as part of the BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in healthcare workers (BRACE) trial, we also investigated the influence of recent BCG vaccination on antibody responses to these COVID-19 vaccines. Twenty-eight days after the second dose of each vaccine, ChAdOx1-S induced a stronger anti-spike IgG response than CoronaVac vaccination. Recent BCG vaccination did not impact IgG antibody responses to ChAdOx1-S or CoronaVac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Messina
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mariana G. Sperotto
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marco A. M. Puga
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Patricia V. da Silva
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto D. de Oliveira
- State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados-Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Cecilia L. Moore
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laure F. Pittet
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Infectious Diseases, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tenaya Jamieson
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Margareth Dalcolmo
- Helio Fraga Reference Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glauce dos Santos
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Jardim
- Institute of Clinical Research Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcus V. G. Lacerda
- Institute of Clinical Research Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Group, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Infectious Diseases, The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Julio Croda
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
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7
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Khan UI, Niaz M, Azam I, Hasan Z, Hassan I, Mahmood SF, Ali A. Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare personnel in Pakistan: a test-negative case-control study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071789. [PMID: 37369396 PMCID: PMC10410856 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-071789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During the COVID-19 pandemic, several vaccines that were efficacious in randomised controlled trials were authorised for mass vaccination. In developing countries, inactivated vaccines were widely administered. While inactivated vaccines have been deemed effective in reducing disease severity, for healthcare personnel (HCP), effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections is essential to reduce the risk to vulnerable patients and ensure a stable healthcare workforce. There are limited studies examining inactivated vaccines' effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in real-world settings. We estimated the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac) against reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections among HCP in the setting of emerging SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in Pakistan. DESIGN A retrospective matched, test-negative case-control analysis using existing data from an Employee Health database on HCP at a large, private healthcare system in Pakistan. PARTICIPANTS 4599 HCP were tested between 1 April and 30 September 2021. Each case (PCR positive) was matched to two to six controls (PCR negative) by the date of the RT-PCR test (±7 days) to reduce bias. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection. The secondary outcome was VE against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Per cent VE was calculated using (1-OR)*100, with the OR of getting a PCR-confirmed SARS-COV-2 infection estimated using conditional logistic regression, after adjusting for age, gender, work area and history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS Inactivated vaccines were ineffective against SARS-CoV-2 infections after receiving the first dose (VE 17%, 95% CI -10, 39; p=0.261). They showed modest effectiveness ≥14 days after the second dose against SARS-CoV-2 infections (VE 30%, 95% CI 7, 48; p=0.015) and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections (VE 33%, 95% CI 6, 52; p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Inactivated vaccines show modest effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections in the setting of emerging VOCs. This builds a strong case for boosters and/or additional vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahnoor Niaz
- Department of Family Medicine, Dean's Clinical Research Fellowship Program, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Azam
- Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Hasan
- Pathology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Imran Hassan
- Family Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Asad Ali
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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8
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Xu S, Li J, Wang H, Wang F, Yin Z, Wang Z. Real-world effectiveness and factors associated with effectiveness of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. BMC Med 2023; 21:160. [PMID: 37106390 PMCID: PMC10134725 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The two inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV, have been widely used to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The influence of multiple factors on inactivated vaccine effectiveness (VE) during long-term use and against variants is not well understood. METHODS We selected published or preprinted articles from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, medRxiv, BioRxiv, and the WHO COVID-19 database by 31 August 2022. We included observational studies that assessed the VE of completed primary series or homologous booster against SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19. We used DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models to calculate pooled estimates and conducted multiple meta-regression with an information theoretic approach based on Akaike's Information Criterion to select the model and identify the factors associated with VE. RESULTS Fifty-one eligible studies with 151 estimates were included. For prevention of infection, VE associated with study region, variants, and time since vaccination; VE was significantly decreased against Omicron compared to Alpha (P = 0.021), primary series VE was 52.8% (95% CI, 43.3 to 60.7%) against Delta and 16.4% (95% CI, 9.5 to 22.8%) against Omicron, and booster dose VE was 65.2% (95% CI, 48.3 to 76.6%) against Delta and 20.3% (95% CI, 10.5 to 28.0%) against Omicron; primary VE decreased significantly after 180 days (P = 0.022). For the prevention of severe COVID-19, VE associated with vaccine doses, age, study region, variants, study design, and study population type; booster VE increased significantly (P = 0.001) compared to primary; though VE decreased significantly against Gamma (P = 0.034), Delta (P = 0.001), and Omicron (P = 0.001) compared to Alpha, primary and booster VEs were all above 60% against each variant. CONCLUSIONS Inactivated vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection was moderate, decreased significantly after 6 months following primary vaccination, and was restored by booster vaccination. VE against severe COVID-19 was greatest after boosting and did not decrease over time, sustained for over 6 months after the primary series, and more evidence is needed to assess the duration of booster VE. VE varied by variants, most notably against Omicron. It is necessary to ensure booster vaccination of everyone eligible for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and continue monitoring virus evolution and VE. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO, CRD42022353272.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Xu
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jincheng Li
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuzhen Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Programme, Beijing, China
| | - Zundong Yin
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Programme, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Firouzabadi N, Ghasemiyeh P, Moradishooli F, Mohammadi-Samani S. Update on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines on different variants of SARS-CoV-2. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109968. [PMID: 37012880 PMCID: PMC9977625 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than three years since the first emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and millions of lives have been taken to date. Like most pandemics caused by viral infections, massive public vaccination is the most promising approach to cease COVID-19 infection. In this regard, several vaccine platforms including inactivated virus, nucleic acid-based (mRNA and DNA vaccines), adenovirus-based, and protein-based vaccines have been designed and developed for COVID-19 prevention and many of them have received FDA or WHO approval. Fortunately, after global vaccination, the transmission rate, disease severity, and mortality rate of COVID-19 infection have diminished significantly. However, a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases due to the omicron variant in vaccinated countries has raised concerns about the effectiveness of these vaccines. In this review, articles published between January 2020 and January 2023 were reviewed using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science search engines with appropriate related keywords. The related papers were selected and discussed in detail. The current review mainly focuses on the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Along with discussing the available and approved vaccines, characteristics of different variants of COVID-19 have also been discussed in brief. Finally, the currently circulating COVID-19 variant i.e Omicron, along with the effectiveness of available COVID-19 vaccines against these new variants are discussed in detail. In conclusion, based on the available data, administration of newly developed bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, as booster shots, would be crucial to prevent further circulation of the newly developed variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradishooli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Pinheiro FD, Lopes LW, Dórea RSDM, Araújo GRL, Silva FAFD, de Brito BB, Cordeiro Santos ML, Júnior GMS, de Lorenzo Barcia MTA, Marques RDA, Botelho AB, Dantas ACS, Costa DT, Teixeira AF, Souza CL, Marques LM, Campos GB, Oliveira MV, de Magalhães Queiroz DM, Freire de Melo F. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in a Brazilian public hospital. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:1761-1770. [PMID: 36970001 PMCID: PMC10037278 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i8.1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major health concern worldwide. In that context, the understanding of epidemiological and clinical features associated with the disease and its severity is crucial for the establishment of strategies aimed at disease control and remedy.
AIM To describe epidemiological features, signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings among severely ill COVID-19 patients from an intensive care unit in northeastern Brazil as well as to evaluate predictor factors for disease outcomes.
METHODS This is a prospective single-center study that evaluated 115 patients admitted to the intensive care unit in a northeastern Brazilian hospital.
RESULTS The patients had a median age of 65.60 ± 15.78 years. Dyspnea was the most frequent symptom, affecting 73.9% of the patients, followed by cough (54.7%). Fever was reported in approximately one-third of patients and myalgia in 20.8% of the patients. At least two comorbidities were found in 41.7% of the patients, and hypertension was the most prevalent (57.3%). In addition, having two or more comorbidities was a predictor of mortality, and lower platelet count was positively associated with death. Nausea and vomiting were two symptoms that were predictors of death, and the presence of a cough was a protective factor.
CONCLUSION This is the first report of a negative correlation between cough and death in severely ill severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected individuals. The associations between comorbidities, advanced age, and low platelet count and the outcomes of the infection were similar to the results of previous studies, highlighting the relevance of these features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillipe Dantas Pinheiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luana Weber Lopes
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Glauber Rocha Lima Araújo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Breno Bittencourt de Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - André Bezerra Botelho
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Anna Carolina Saúde Dantas
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Davi Tanajura Costa
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Vitória da Conquista 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano Fernandes Teixeira
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Lima Souza
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Barretos Campos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vasconcelos Oliveira
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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11
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Shi X, Li KQ, Mukherjee B. Current Challenges With the Use of Test-Negative Designs for Modeling COVID-19 Vaccination and Outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:328-333. [PMID: 36446573 PMCID: PMC10372864 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has facilitated the use of test-negative designs (TNDs) for modeling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and outcomes. Despite the comprehensive literature on TND, the use of TND in COVID-19 studies is relatively new and calls for robust design and analysis to adapt to a rapidly changing and dynamically evolving pandemic and to account for changes in testing and reporting practices. In this commentary, we aim to draw the attention of researchers to COVID-specific challenges in using TND as we are analyzing data amassed over more than two years of the pandemic. We first review when and why TND works and general challenges in TND studies presented in the literature. We then discuss COVID-specific challenges which have not received adequate acknowledgment but may add to the risk of invalid conclusions in TND studies of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Correspondence to Dr. Bhramar Mukherjee, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (e-mail: )
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12
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Lai FTT, Yan VKC, Ye X, Ma T, Qin X, Chui CSL, Li X, Wan EYF, Wong CKH, Cheung CL, Li PH, Cheung BMY, Lau CS, Wong ICK, Chan EWY. Booster vaccination with inactivated whole-virus or mRNA vaccines and COVID-19-related deaths among people with multimorbidity: a cohort study. CMAJ 2023; 195:E143-E152. [PMID: 36717123 PMCID: PMC9888544 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.221068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multimorbidity is a prevalent risk factor for COVID-19-related complications and death. We sought to evaluate the association of homologous booster vaccination using BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or CoronaVac (Sinovac) with COVID-19-related deaths among people with multimorbidity during the initial Omicron wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Using routine clinical records from public health care facilities in Hong Kong, we conducted a territory-wide retrospective cohort study comparing people aged 18 years or older with 2 or more chronic conditions who received a homologous booster (third) dose with those who received only 2 doses, between Nov. 11, 2021, and Mar. 31, 2022. The primary outcome was death related to COVID-19. RESULTS We included 120 724 BNT162b2 recipients (including 87 289 who received a booster), followed for a median of 34 (interquartile range [IQR] 20-63) days and 127 318 CoronaVac recipients (including 94 977 who received a booster), followed for a median of 38 (IQR 22-77) days. Among BNT162b2 recipients, booster-vaccinated people had fewer COVID-19-related deaths than those who received 2 doses (5 v. 34, incidence rate 1.3 v. 23.4 per million person-days, weighted incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.16). We observed similar results among recipients of CoronaVac booster vaccination compared with those who received only 2 doses (26 v. 88, incidence rate 5.3 v. 53.1 per million person-days, weighted IRR 0.08, 95% CI 0.05-0.12). INTERPRETATION Among people with multimorbidity, booster vaccination with BNT162b2 or CoronaVac was associated with reductions of more than 90% in COVID-19-related mortality rates compared with only 2 doses. These results highlight the crucial role of booster vaccination for protecting vulnerable populations as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tsz Tsun Lai
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vincent Ka Chun Yan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xuxiao Ye
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xiwen Qin
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Celine Sze Ling Chui
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xue Li
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eric Yuk Fai Wan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carlos King Ho Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ching Lung Cheung
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Philip Hei Li
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bernard Man Yung Cheung
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ian Chi Kei Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Esther Wai Yin Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (Lai, Yan, Ye, Ma, Qin, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (Lai, Ma, Chui, X. Li, Wan, C.K.H. Wong, C.L. Cheung, I.C.K. Wong, Chan), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park; School of Nursing (Chui) and of Public Health (Chui) and Departments of Medicine (X. Li, P.H. Li, B.M.U. Cheung, Lau) and of Family Medicine and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine (Wan, C.K.H. Wong), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Aston Pharmacy School (I.C.K. Wong), Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Nunez FA, Castro ACH, de Oliveira VL, Lima AC, Oliveira JR, de Medeiros GX, Sasahara GL, Santos KS, Lanfredi AJC, Alves WA. Electrochemical Immunosensors Based on Zinc Oxide Nanorods for Detection of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Convalescent and Vaccinated Individuals. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:458-473. [PMID: 36048716 PMCID: PMC9469957 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Even after over 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, research on rapid, inexpensive, and accurate tests remains essential for controlling and avoiding the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 across the planet during a potential reappearance in future global waves or regional outbreaks. Assessment of serological responses for COVID-19 can be beneficial for population-level surveillance purposes, supporting the development of novel vaccines and evaluating the efficacy of different immunization programs. This can be especially relevant for broadly used inactivated whole virus vaccines, such as CoronaVac, which produced lower titers of neutralizing antibodies. and showed lower efficacy for specific groups such as the elderly and immunocompromised. We developed an impedimetric biosensor based on the immobilization of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant trimeric spike protein (S protein) on zinc oxide nanorod (ZnONR)-modified fluorine-doped tin oxide substrates for COVID-19 serology testing. Due to electrostatic interactions, the negatively charged S protein was immobilized via physical adsorption. The electrochemical response of the immunosensor was measured at each modification step and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques. We successfully evaluated the applicability of the modified ZnONR electrodes using serum samples from COVID-19 convalescent individuals, CoronaVac-vaccinated with or without positive results for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and pre-pandemic samples from healthy volunteers as controls. ELISA for IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was performed for comparison, and ELISA for IgG anti-RBDs of seasonal coronavirus (HCoVs) was used to test the specificity of immunosensor detection. No cross-reactivity with HCoVs was detected using the ZnONR immunosensor, and more interestingly, the sensor presented higher sensitivity when compared to negative ELISA results. The results demonstrate that the ZnONRs/spike-modified electrode displayed sensitive results for convalescents and vaccinated samples and shows excellent potential as a tool for the population's assessment and monitoring of seroconversion and seroprevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy A. Nunez
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas,
Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo
André, São Paulo09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ana C. H. Castro
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas,
Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo
André, São Paulo09210-580, Brazil
| | - Vivian L. de Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas,
Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo
André, São Paulo09210-580, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, LIM19, Instituto do
Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de
Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo,
44, São Paulo, São Paulo05403-900, Brazil
| | - Ariane C. Lima
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina
de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade
de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São
Paulo01246-903, Brazil
| | - Jamille R. Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina
de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade
de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São
Paulo01246-903, Brazil
| | - Giuliana X. de Medeiros
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina
de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade
de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São
Paulo01246-903, Brazil
| | - Greyce L. Sasahara
- Laboratório de Imunologia, LIM19, Instituto do
Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de
Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo,
44, São Paulo, São Paulo05403-900, Brazil
| | - Keity S. Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia, LIM19, Instituto do
Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de
Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo,
44, São Paulo, São Paulo05403-900, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina
de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade
de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, São
Paulo01246-903, Brazil
| | - Alexandre J. C. Lanfredi
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências
Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos
Estados, 5001, Santo André, São Paulo09210-580,
Brazil
| | - Wendel A. Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas,
Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo
André, São Paulo09210-580, Brazil
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14
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Effectiveness of two coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines (viral vector and inactivated viral vaccine) against severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in a cohort of healthcare workers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2023; 44:75-81. [PMID: 35351217 PMCID: PMC9002147 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2022.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated real-world vaccine effectiveness for Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1) and CoronaVac against laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among healthcare workers (HCWs). METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study among HCWs (aged ≥18 years) working in a private healthcare system in Brazil between January 1, 2021 and August 3, 2021, to assess vaccine effectiveness. We calculated vaccine effectiveness as 1 - rate ratio (RR), with RR determined by adjusting Poisson models with the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection as the outcome and the vaccination status as the main variable. We used the logarithmic link function and simple models adjusting for sex, age, and job types. RESULTS In total, 13,813 HCWs met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. Among them, 6,385 (46.2%) received the CoronaVac vaccine, 5,916 (42.8%) received the ChAdOx1 vaccine, and 1,512 (11.0%) were not vaccinated. Overall, COVID-19 occurred in 6% of unvaccinated HCWs, 3% of HCWs who received 2 doses of CoronaVac vaccine, and 0.7% of HCWs who received 2 doses of ChAdOx1 vaccine (P < .001). In the adjusted analyses, the estimated vaccine effectiveness rates were 51.3% for CoronaVac, and 88.1% for ChAdOx1 vaccine. Both vaccines reduced the number of hospitalizations, the length of hospital stay, and the need for mechanical ventilation. In addition, 19 SARS-CoV-2 samples from 19 HCWs were screened for mutations of interest. Of 19 samples, 18 were the γ (gamma) variant. CONCLUSIONS Although both COVID-19 vaccines (viral vector and inactivated virus) can significantly prevent COVID-19 among HCWs, CoronaVac was much less effective. The COVID-19 vaccines were also effective against the dominant γ variant.
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15
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Morales-Núñez JJ, Muñoz-Valle JF, Machado-Sulbarán AC, Díaz-Pérez SA, Torres-Hernández PC, Panduro-Espinoza BV, Gallegos-Díaz de Leon JA, Munguía-Ramirez CD, Hernández-Bello J. Comparison of three different COVID-19 vaccine platforms (CoronaVac, BTN162b2, and Ad5-nCoV) in individuals with and without prior COVID-19: Reactogenicity and neutralizing antibodies. Immunol Lett 2022; 251-252:20-28. [PMID: 36279685 PMCID: PMC9585342 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can be indicators of collective immunity, vaccine efficacy, and the longevity of the humoral response. This study aimed to compare reactogenicity and NAbs generated by three different COVID-19 vaccine platforms in individuals with and without prior COVID-19. 336 individuals vaccinated (112 with CoronaVac [inactivated virus], 112 with BNT162b2 [messenger RNA], and 112 with Ad5-nCoV [non-replicating viral vector]) were included. NAbs were quantified with the cPass SARS-CoV-2 kit. Individuals immunized with the Ad5-nCoV showed higher reactogenicity than those immunized with the other vaccines (p < 0.001). The BTN162b2 vaccine-induced NAbs with higher inhibition capacity than the other platforms in the first dose. In individuals without prior COVID-19, the Ad5-nCoV vaccine generated lower NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 than those induced by two doses of the BTN162b2 (Ad5-nCoV 72.10 [55.6-93.4] vs. BTN162b2 98.41 [98.16-98.56], p < 0.0001). One individual did not generate NAbs (0.89%) after a complete immunization with CoronaVac; in BTN162b2, all generated these antibodies, and in the Ad5-nCoV group, four individuals (3.57%) did not generate NAbs. Comorbidities, gender, age, and reactogenicity did not significantly influence the generation of NAbs (p > 0.05); however, a history of COVID-19 before vaccination was associated with antibodies with greater neutralizing capacity after the first dose (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the mRNA vaccine (BTN162b2) had a remarkable better ability to produce NAbs and lower reactogenicity than the other platforms, whereas the Ad5-nCov vaccine induced the lowest NAbs response in individuals without a history of COVID-19; therefore, we suggest that a booster could benefit these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Morales-Núñez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Andrea Carolina Machado-Sulbarán
- Institute for Research on Cancer in Childhood and Adolescence, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Saúl Alberto Díaz-Pérez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | | | - Beatriz Verónica Panduro-Espinoza
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca" y Departamento de Clínicas de la Reproducción Humana, Crecimiento y Desarrollo Infantil, CUCS, UdeG, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos David Munguía-Ramirez
- Institute for Research on Cancer in Childhood and Adolescence, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Mexico,Corresponding author
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16
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Jin L, Li Z, Zhang X, Li J, Zhu F. CoronaVac: A review of efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2096970. [PMID: 35878789 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2096970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CoronaVac, also known as the Sinovac inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, has been widely implemented in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. We summarized the results of clinical trials and real-world studies of CoronaVac in this review. The overall efficacy for the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19 (before the emergence of variants of concern) using two doses of 3 μg CoronaVac was 67.7% (95% CI, 35.9% to 83.7%). Effectiveness in preventing hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths was more prominent than that in preventing COVID-19. A third dose inherited the effectiveness against non-variants of concern and increased effectiveness against severe COVID-19 outcomes caused by omicron variants compared to two doses. Most adverse reactions were mild. Few vaccine-related serious adverse reactions have been reported. Moreover, three-dose regimen significantly increased the seroconversion levels of neutralizing antibodies against omicron as compared to two-dose regimen. This review of CoronaVac may provide a scientific basis for optimizing global immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lairun Jin
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhuopei Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jingxin Li
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, P.R. China
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17
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Chua GT, Lok Yan C, Wong WH, Sridhar S, To KK, Lau J, Gurung S, Mahtani S, Ho R, Li WS, Yam JC, Rosa Duque JS, Wong ICK, Lau YL, Kwan MYW, Ip P. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among ethnic minorities in Hong Kong. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2054261. [PMID: 35475949 PMCID: PMC9225673 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2054261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnic minorities account for 8% of the Hong Kong population, most are Filipino and Indonesian domestic helpers taking care of children and the elderly. To understand the COVID-19 vaccination rates and factors associated with vaccine acceptance of ethnic minorities, we performed a cross-sectional questionnaire study recruiting Hong Kong ethnic minorities aged ≥18 years between 1 July and 18 July 2021 in public areas. Demographics, knowledge about COVID-19, vaccination status, intention and reasons to receive the vaccine, and planning to be re-vaccinated were analyzed. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using unpaired t-test and Chi-square test, respectively. Potential confounders were adjusted using multiple logistic regression. 2,012 ethnic minorities participated, with a mean age of 39 years, of which 97.6% were female, 79.5% were Filipino, and 17.5% were Indonesian. 80.6% of participants were categorized as vaccine acceptance, and 69.2% were willing to be re-vaccinated. There were significantly more Filipinos than Indonesians in the vaccine acceptance group (p < .001). Subjects in the vaccine acceptance group were more likely to have higher education (p < .001), a higher COVID-19 knowledge score (p < .001), received information from the Government website (p = .003) and not from their friends or family members (p = .02), and were more confident in judging the accuracy of the information (p < .001). Logistic regression showed the mean knowledge score (β = 3.07, p < .001) and receiving information from official Government websites (adjusted OR = 1.37, p = .03) were significant factors that positively influenced vaccine acceptance. The Hong Kong Government should improve COVID-19 vaccination acceptance among ethnic minorities through public education using official channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert T Chua
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheung Lok Yan
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wilfred Hs Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siddharth Sridhar
- Department of Microbiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Kw To
- Department of Microbiology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph Lau
- United Christian Nethersole Community Health Service, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Shalini Mahtani
- Department of Health, Health Promotion Branch, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Raymond Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Sum Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Cs Yam
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jaime S Rosa Duque
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian C K Wong
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College, London, UK.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mike Yat Wah Kwan
- Center for Health Behaviours Research, Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Patrick Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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18
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Sales-Moioli AIL, Galvão-Lima LJ, Pinto TKB, Cardoso PH, Silva RD, Fernandes F, Barbalho IMP, Farias FLO, Veras NVR, Souza GF, Cruz AS, Andrade IGM, Gama L, Valentim RAM. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination on Reduction of Hospitalizations and Deaths in Elderly Patients in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13902. [PMID: 36360782 PMCID: PMC9653712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic emerged, vaccination has been the core strategy to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in humans. This paper analyzes the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on hospitalizations and deaths in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. We analyzed data from 23,516 hospitalized COVID-19 patients diagnosed between April 2020 and August 2021. We excluded the data from patients hospitalized through direct occupancy, unknown outcomes, and unconfirmed COVID-19 cases, resulting in data from 12,635 patients cross-referenced with the immunization status during hospitalization. Our results indicated that administering at least one dose of the immunizers was sufficient to significantly reduce the occurrence of moderate and severe COVID-19 cases among patients under 59 years. Considering the partially or fully immunized patients, the mean age is similar between the analyzed groups, despite the occurrence of comorbidities and higher than that observed among not immunized patients. Thus, immunized patients present lower Unified Score for Prioritization (USP) levels when diagnosed with COVID-19. Our data suggest that COVID-19 vaccination significantly reduced the hospitalization and death of elderly patients (60+ years) after administration of at least one dose. Comorbidities do not change the mean age of moderate/severe COVID-19 cases and the days required for the hospitalization of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabela L. Sales-Moioli
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Leonardo J. Galvão-Lima
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Talita K. B. Pinto
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Pablo H. Cardoso
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo D. Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fernandes
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Ingridy M. P. Barbalho
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Fernando L. O. Farias
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Nicolas V. R. Veras
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F. Souza
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Agnaldo S. Cruz
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
| | - Ion G. M. Andrade
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
- Rio Grande do Norte School of Public Health (ESPRN), Natal 59015-350, RN, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ricardo A. M. Valentim
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59012-300, RN, Brazil
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19
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Chi WY, Li YD, Huang HC, Chan TEH, Chow SY, Su JH, Ferrall L, Hung CF, Wu TC. COVID-19 vaccine update: vaccine effectiveness, SARS-CoV-2 variants, boosters, adverse effects, and immune correlates of protection. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:82. [PMID: 36243868 PMCID: PMC9569411 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, the rapid development and deployment of effective COVID-19 vaccines have successfully controlled this pandemic and greatly reduced the risk of severe illness and death associated with COVID-19. However, due to its ability to rapidly evolve, the SARS-CoV-2 virus may never be eradicated, and there are many important new topics to work on if we need to live with this virus for a long time. To this end, we hope to provide essential knowledge for researchers who work on the improvement of future COVID-19 vaccines. In this review, we provided an up-to-date summary for current COVID-19 vaccines, discussed the biological basis and clinical impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants, and analyzed the effectiveness of various vaccine booster regimens against different SARS-CoV-2 strains. Additionally, we reviewed potential mechanisms of vaccine-induced severe adverse events, summarized current studies regarding immune correlates of protection, and finally, discussed the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chi
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yen-Der Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hsin-Che Huang
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy En Haw Chan
- International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sih-Yao Chow
- Downstream Process Science, EirGenix Inc., Zhubei, Hsinchu, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Jun-Han Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Louise Ferrall
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CRB II Room 309, 1550 Orleans St, MD, 21231, Baltimore, USA.
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Browne RAV, Cabral LLP, Oliveira GTA, Macêdo GAD, Sócrates J, Silva RDM, Araújo MBF, Freire YA, Costa EC. Life-Space Mobility and Objectively Measured Movement Behavior in Older Adults with Hypertension after Receiving COVID-19 Vaccination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12532. [PMID: 36231832 PMCID: PMC9566032 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the changes in life-space (LS) mobility and objectively measured movement behavior in older adults with hypertension after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine and their associations with housing type. A total of 32 participants were included in this exploratory longitudinal study with a 1-year follow-up. LS mobility and accelerometer-based physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) were assessed before and ~2 months after receiving COVID-19 vaccination. Participants residing in apartment/row housing showed an increase in LS mobility composite score (β = 14, p < 0.05). In addition, they showed an increase in light PA on weekdays and the weekend (β = 3.5%; β = 6.5%; p < 0.05) and a decrease in SB on weekdays and the weekend (β = -3.7%; β = -6.6%; p < 0.05). Furthermore, changes in SB pattern were found (less time spent in bouts of ≥10 and 30 min, more breaks/day and breaks/hour). Significant associations were found between changes in LS mobility composite score and PA (positive association) and SB (negative association) in older adults residing in apartment/row housing (p < 0.05). Older adults with hypertension, particularly those who resided in houses with limited outdoor space (apartment/row housing), showed positive changes in LS mobility and objectively measured movement behavior in a period after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine and characterized by social distancing policies without mobility restrictions when compared with the period of social distancing policies with high mobility restrictions and without vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. V. Browne
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Ludmila L. P. Cabral
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Gledson T. A. Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Geovani A. D. Macêdo
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Júlio Sócrates
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Raíssa de M. Silva
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Maria B. F. Araújo
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Yuri A. Freire
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C. Costa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
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21
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Barchuk A, Cherkashin M, Bulina A, Berezina N, Rakova T, Kuplevatskaya D, Stanevich O, Skougarevskiy D, Okhotin A. Vaccine effectiveness against referral to hospital after SARS-CoV-2 infection in St. Petersburg, Russia, during the Delta variant surge: a test-negative case-control study. BMC Med 2022; 20:312. [PMID: 36123681 PMCID: PMC9484844 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of a randomised trial showed the safety and efficacy of Gam-COVID-Vac against COVID-19. However, compared to other vaccines used across the globe, the real-world data on the effectiveness of Gam-COVID-Vac, especially against the disease caused by the Delta variant of concern, was limited. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of vaccination mainly conducted with Gam-COVID-Vac in St. Petersburg, Russia. METHODS We designed a case-control study to assess the vaccine effectiveness (VE) against referral to hospital. Self-reported vaccination status was collected for individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were referred for initial low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) triage in two outpatient centres in July 3-August 9, 2021, in St. Petersburg, Russia. We used logistic regression models to estimate the adjusted (for age, sex, and triage centre) VE for complete (14 days or more after the second dose) vaccination. We estimated the VE against referral for hospital admission, COVID-19-related lung injury assessed with LDCT, and decline in oxygen saturation. RESULTS In the final analysis, 13,893 patients were included, 1291 (9.3%) patients met our criteria for complete vaccination status, and 495 (3.6%) were referred to hospital. In the primary analysis, the adjusted VE against referral to hospital was 81% (95% confidence interval: 68-88) for complete vaccination. The VE against referral to hospital was more pronounced in women (84%, 95% CI: 66-92) compared to men (76%, 95% CI: 51-88). Vaccine protective effect increased with increasing lung injury categories, from 54% (95% CI: 48-60) against any sign of lung injury to 76% (95% CI: 59-86) against more than 50% lung involvement. A sharp increase was observed in the probability of hospital admission with age for non-vaccinated patients in relation to an almost flat relationship for the completely vaccinated group. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 vaccination was effective against referral to hospital in patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in St. Petersburg, Russia. This protection is probably mediated through VE against lung injury associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Barchuk
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Health Research, European University at St. Petersburg, Shpalernaya Ulitsa 1, St. Petersburg, 191187, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Cherkashin
- Medical Institute named after Berezin Sergey, Esenina Ulitsa 2-3a, St. Petersburg, 194354, Russia
| | - Anna Bulina
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Health Research, European University at St. Petersburg, Shpalernaya Ulitsa 1, St. Petersburg, 191187, Russia
| | - Natalia Berezina
- Medical Institute named after Berezin Sergey, Esenina Ulitsa 2-3a, St. Petersburg, 194354, Russia
| | - Tatyana Rakova
- Medical Institute named after Berezin Sergey, Esenina Ulitsa 2-3a, St. Petersburg, 194354, Russia
| | - Darya Kuplevatskaya
- Medical Institute named after Berezin Sergey, Esenina Ulitsa 2-3a, St. Petersburg, 194354, Russia
| | - Oksana Stanevich
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Health Research, European University at St. Petersburg, Shpalernaya Ulitsa 1, St. Petersburg, 191187, Russia.,ITMO University, Kronverksky Prospekt 49, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Skougarevskiy
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Health Research, European University at St. Petersburg, Shpalernaya Ulitsa 1, St. Petersburg, 191187, Russia
| | - Artemiy Okhotin
- Tarusa Hospital, Karla Libknekhta Ulitsa 16, Tarusa, 249100, Russia.,ITMO University, Kronverksky Prospekt 49, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
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22
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da Silva SJR, do Nascimento JCF, Germano Mendes RP, Guarines KM, Targino Alves da Silva C, da Silva PG, de Magalhães JJF, Vigar JRJ, Silva-Júnior A, Kohl A, Pardee K, Pena L. Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1758-1814. [PMID: 35940589 PMCID: PMC9380879 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and virulent human-infecting coronavirus that emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, causing a respiratory disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has massively impacted global public health and caused widespread disruption to daily life. The crisis caused by COVID-19 has mobilized scientists and public health authorities across the world to rapidly improve our knowledge about this devastating disease, shedding light on its management and control, and spawned the development of new countermeasures. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of knowledge gained in the last 2 years about the virus and COVID-19, including its origin and natural reservoir hosts, viral etiology, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, emerging variants, and vaccines, highlighting important differences from previously known highly pathogenic coronaviruses. We also discuss selected key discoveries from each topic and underline the gaps of knowledge for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severino Jefferson Ribeiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jessica Catarine Frutuoso do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Renata Pessôa Germano Mendes
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Klarissa Miranda Guarines
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Caroline Targino Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Poliana Gomes da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jurandy Júnior Ferraz de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Virology, Pernambuco State Central Laboratory (LACEN/PE), 52171-011 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,University of Pernambuco (UPE), Serra Talhada Campus, 56909-335 Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Public Health Laboratory of the XI Regional Health, 56912-160 Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Justin R J Vigar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), 57072-900 Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Pardee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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23
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Shao W, Chen X, Zheng C, Liu H, Wang G, Zhang B, Li Z, Zhang W. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Real-world: a Literature Review and Meta-analysis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2383-2392. [PMID: 36069511 PMCID: PMC9542696 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2122582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Knowing vaccine effectiveness (VE) against variants of concern (VOCs) in the real-world setting is essential for public health decision-making. A systematic landscape of the VE against a series of clinical outcomes caused by the VOCs in the real-world setting is needed. We systematically searched for studies that evaluated VE against VOCs in the real-world setting and collected individual data. We identified 113 studies meeting the eligibility criteria. We found full vaccination provided strong protection against each clinical outcome with summary VE ranging from 86.8% to 96.0% Alpha, moderate protection against infection caused by Beta, Gamma and Delta with summary VE ranging from 70.9% to 72.8%, strong protection against severe disease caused by Delta with summary VE ranging from 84.9% to 90.3%, limited protection with summary VE of 23.5% (95% CI, 17.0–29.5) against infection and moderate protection with summary VE ranging from 56.5% to 82.4% against severe diseases caused by Omicron. Booster vaccination can provide a substantial improvement in protection against Delta and Omicron, but not as much as the Delta. The meta-regression analysis showed that the VE against the Omicron wanned over time, and the VE against hospitalization declined relatively slowly, compared to against infection. Those findings supported the need for public health measures, increasing booster vaccination coverage in response to current and new infectious waves driven by variants and developing broadly protective vaccines to confront virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Caifang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Haoshuang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Gaili Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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24
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T-Cell Responses Induced by an Intradermal BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Booster Following Primary Vaccination with Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091494. [PMID: 36146571 PMCID: PMC9501140 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical booster vaccine is urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We have previously reported the safety and immunogenicity of a fractional intradermal booster, using the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in healthy volunteers who had completed two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this study, an intramuscular booster at full dosage was used as a control, and a half-dose vaccination was included for reciprocal comparison. Detailed T-cell studies are essential to understand cellular responses to vaccination. T-cell immunity was examined using S1 peptide restimulation and flow cytometry. The fractional dose (1:5) of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine enhanced antigen-specific effector T-cells, but the responses were less remarkable compared to the intramuscular booster at full dosage. However, the intradermal regimen was not inferior to the intramuscular booster a month after boosting. An intradermal booster using only one-fifth of the standard dosage could provide comparable T-cell responses with the fractional intramuscular booster. This work confirms the efficacy of intradermal and fractional vaccination in terms of T-cell immunogenicity in previously immunised populations.
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25
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Beeraka NM, Sukocheva OA, Lukina E, Liu J, Fan R. Development of antibody resistance in emerging mutant strains of SARS CoV-2: Impediment for COVID-19 vaccines. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2346. [PMID: 35416390 PMCID: PMC9111059 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly infectious agent associated with unprecedented morbidity and mortality. A failure to stop growth of COVID-19-linked morbidity rates is caused by SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the emergence of new highly virulent SARS-CoV-2 strains. Several acquired SARS-CoV-2 mutations reflect viral adaptations to host immune defence. Mutations in the virus Spike-protein were associated with the lowered effectiveness of current preventive therapies, including vaccines. Recent in vitro studies detected diminished neutralisation capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies, which are targeted to bind Spike receptor-binding and N-terminal domains in the emerging strains. Lower than expected inhibitory activity of antibodies was reported against viruses with E484K Spike mutation, including B.1.1.7 (UK), P.1 (Brazil), B.1.351 (South African), and new Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) with E484A mutation. The vaccine effectiveness is yet to be examined against new mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 originating in Europe, Nigeria, Brazil, South Africa, and India. To prevent the loss of anti-viral protection in vivo, often defined as antibody resistance, it is required to target highly conserved viral sequences (including Spike protein) and enhance the potency of antibody cocktails. In this review, we assess the reported mutation-acquiring potential of coronaviruses and compare efficacies of current COVID-19 vaccines against 'parent' and 'mutant' strains of SARS-CoV-2 (Kappa (B.1.617.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhouChina
- Department of Human AnatomyI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Olga A. Sukocheva
- Discipline of Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesFlinders University of South AustraliaBedford ParkAustralia
| | - Elena Lukina
- Discipline of BiologyCollege of SciencesFlinders University of South AustraliaBedford ParkAustralia
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhouChina
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26
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Scovino AM, Dahab EC, Vieira GF, Freire-de-Lima L, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A. SARS-CoV-2’s Variants of Concern: A Brief Characterization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834098. [PMID: 35958548 PMCID: PMC9361785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disclose the variants of concern (VOC) including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529). Its spike protein (S) present on the surface of the virus is recognized by the host cell receptor, the angiotensin-2 converting enzyme (ACE2) which promotes their entry into the cell. The mutations presented by VOCs are found in RBD and the N-terminal region of S protein. Therefore, mutations occurring in RBD can modify the biological and immunogenic characteristics of the virus, such as modifying the spike affinity for ACE2, increasing the virus transmissibility, or conferring the ability to escape the immune responses. The raise of a potential new SARS-CoV-2 variant capable of evading the host defenses at the same time maintaining its fitness justifies the importance of continued genetic monitoring of the pandemic coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Miranda Scovino
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Chen Dahab
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Goes, Universidade federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Alexandre Morrot,
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27
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Fu Y, Zhao J, Wei X, Han P, Yang L, Ren T, Zhan S, Li L. Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Inactivated Vaccine to Address COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Evidence From Randomized Control Trials and Real-World Studies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:917732. [PMID: 35928479 PMCID: PMC9343737 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.917732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines (CoronaVac and BBIBP-CorV) in China using existing international clinical trials and real-world evidence.MethodsThrough a search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI, studies investigating the effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines were identified, and a meta-analysis was undertaken to synthesize the vaccine efficacy and effectiveness data. Moreover, a decision-analytic model was developed to estimate the cost-effectiveness of inactivated vaccines for combating the COVID-19 pandemic in the Chinese context from a societal perspective. Results of the meta-analysis, along with cost data from official websites and works of literature were used to populate the model. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test the robustness of the model results.ResultsA total of 24 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In comparison to no immunization, the effectiveness of inactivated vaccine against COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, ICU admission and death were 65.18% (95% CI 62.62, 67.75), 79.10% (95% CI 71.69, 86.51), 90.46% (95% CI 89.42, 91.50), and 86.69% (95% CI 85.68, 87.70); and the efficacy against COVID-19 infection and hospitalization were 70.56% (95% CI 57.87, 83.24) and 100% (95% CI 61.72, 100). Inactivated vaccine vaccination prevented more infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths with lower total costs, thus was cost-saving from a societal perspective in China. Base-case analysis results were robust in the one-way sensitivity analysis, and the percentage of ICU admission or death and direct medical cost ranked the top influential factors in our models. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, vaccination had a 100% probability of being cost-effective.ConclusionInactivated vaccine is effective in preventing COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, ICU admission and avoiding COVID-19 related death, and COVID-19 vaccination program is cost-saving from societal perspective in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Fu
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Wei
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peien Han
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Yang
| | - Tao Ren
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Siyan Zhan
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China
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28
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Magalis BR, Mavian C, Tagliamonte M, Rich SN, Cash M, Riva A, Loeb JC, Norris M, Amador DM, Zhang Y, Shapiro J, Starostik P, Marini S, Myers P, Ostrov DA, Lednicky JA, Glenn Morris J, Lauzardo M, Salemi M. Low-frequency variants in mildly symptomatic vaccine breakthrough infections presents a doubled-edged sword. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3192-3202. [PMID: 35307848 PMCID: PMC9325371 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC) has raised questions regarding vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, transmission, and ongoing virus evolution. Twenty-three mildly symptomatic "vaccination breakthrough" infections were identified as early as January 2021 in Alachua County, Florida, among individuals fully vaccinated with either the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) or the Ad26 (Janssen/J&J) vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 genomes were successfully generated for 11 of the vaccine breakthroughs, and 878 individuals in the surrounding area and were included for reference-based phylogenetic investigation. These 11 individuals were characterized by infection with VOCs, but also low-frequency variants present within the surrounding population. Low-frequency mutations were observed, which have been more recently identified as mutations of interest owing to their location within targeted immune epitopes (P812L) and association with increased replicative capacity (L18F). We present these results to posit the nature of the efficacy of vaccines in reducing symptoms as both a blessing and a curse-as vaccination becomes more widespread and self-motivated testing reduced owing to the absence of severe symptoms, we face the challenge of early recognition of novel mutations of potential concern. This case study highlights the critical need for continued testing and monitoring of infection and transmission among individuals regardless of vaccination status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R. Magalis
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Carla Mavian
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Massimiliano Tagliamonte
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Shannan N. Rich
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Florida Department of HealthGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Melanie Cash
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Alberto Riva
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Julia C. Loeb
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Environmental and Global HealthUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Michael Norris
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Environmental and Global HealthUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - David M. Amador
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Jerne Shapiro
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Florida Department of HealthGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Petr Starostik
- Department of PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Simone Marini
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Paul Myers
- Florida Department of HealthGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of Environmental and Global HealthUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - J. Glenn Morris
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Michael Lauzardo
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Florida Department of HealthGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens InstituteUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Saberiyan M, Karimi E, Khademi Z, Movahhed P, Safi A, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A. SARS-CoV-2: phenotype, genotype, and characterization of different variants. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:50. [PMID: 35715738 PMCID: PMC9204680 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a major international public health concern. Because of very similar amino acid sequences of the seven domain names, SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronavirinae subfamily of the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria, placed in exceptional clusters, but categorized as a SARS-like species. As the RNA virus family with the longest genome, the Coronaviridae genome consists of a single strand of positive RNA (25–32 kb in length). Four major structural proteins of this genome include the spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, all of which are encoded within the 3′ end of the genome. By engaging with its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells. According to the most recent epidemiological data, as the illness spread globally, several genetic variations of SARS-CoV-2 appeared quickly, with the World Health Organization (WHO) naming 11 of them. Among these, seven SARS-CoV-2 subtypes have received the most attention. Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.617.2) are now designated as variations of concern (VOC) (B.1.1.529). Lambda (C.37) and Mu are variations of interest (VOI) (B.1.621). The remaining six are either being monitored or are no longer considered a threat. On the basis of studies done so far, antiviral drugs, antibiotics, glucocorticoids, recombinant intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma therapy, and IFN-α2b have been used to treat patients. Moreover, full vaccination is associated with lower infection and helps prevent transmission, but the risk of infection cannot be eliminated completely in vaccinated people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Saberiyan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elham Karimi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zahra Khademi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Movahhed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Safi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ameneh Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Hitchings MDT, Ranzani OT, Lind ML, Dorion M, D'Agostini TL, de Paula RC, de Paula OFP, de Moura Villela EF, Scaramuzzini Torres MS, de Oliveira SB, Schulz W, Almiron M, Said R, de Oliveira RD, Vieira da Silva P, de Araújo WN, Gorinchteyn JC, Dean NE, Andrews JR, Cummings DAT, Ko AI, Croda J. Change in covid-19 risk over time following vaccination with CoronaVac: test negative case-control study. BMJ 2022; 377:e070102. [PMID: 35697361 PMCID: PMC9189440 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-070102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the change in odds of covid-19 over time following primary series completion of the inactivated whole virus vaccine CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech) in São Paulo State, Brazil. DESIGN Test negative case-control study. SETTING Community testing for covid-19 in São Paulo State, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS Adults aged ≥18 years who were residents of São Paulo state, had received two doses of CoronaVac, did not have a laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection before vaccination, and underwent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 from 17 January to 14 December 2021. Cases were matched to test negative controls by age (in 5 year bands), municipality of residence, healthcare worker status, and epidemiological week of RT-PCR test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES RT-PCR confirmed symptomatic covid-19 and associated hospital admissions and deaths. Conditional logistic regression was adjusted for sex, number of covid-19 associated comorbidities, race, and previous acute respiratory illness. RESULTS From 202 741 eligible people, 52 170 cases with symptomatic covid-19 and 69 115 test negative controls with covid-19 symptoms were formed into 43 257 matched sets. Adjusted odds ratios of symptomatic covid-19 increased with time since completion of the vaccination series. The increase in odds was greater in younger people and among healthcare workers, although sensitivity analyses suggested that this was in part due to bias. In addition, the adjusted odds ratios of covid-19 related hospital admission or death significantly increased with time compared with the odds 14-41 days after series completion: from 1.25 (95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.51) at 70-97 days up to 1.94 (1.41 to 2.67) from 182 days onwards. CONCLUSIONS Significant increases in the risk of moderate and severe covid-19 outcomes occurred three months after primary vaccination with CoronaVac among people aged 65 and older. These findings provide supportive evidence for the implementation of vaccine boosters in these populations who received this inactivated vaccine. Studies of waning should include analyses designed to uncover common biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D T Hitchings
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Otavio T Ranzani
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Margaret L Lind
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Murilo Dorion
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wade Schulz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria Almiron
- Pan American Health Organization, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Said
- Pan American Health Organization, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wildo Navegantes de Araújo
- Pan American Health Organization, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute for Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Natalie E Dean
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Contributed equally
| | - Julio Croda
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Contributed equally
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Xia W, Zhao J, Hu Y, Fang L, Wu S. Investigate the effect of COVID-19 inactivated vaccine on sperm parameters and embryo quality in in vitro fertilization. Andrologia 2022; 54:e14483. [PMID: 35610731 PMCID: PMC9348065 DOI: 10.1111/and.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the reproductive toxicity of COVID‐19 vaccines have not been assessed in previous clinical trials, and studies have shown that SARS‐CoV‐2 is associated with a decrease in sperm parameters. Although it has been reported that the mRNA SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines do not adversely affect semen parameters, whether this conclusion applies to inactivated vaccines remains unclear. Here, we conducted a study among patients who accepted in vitro fertilization (IVF) at the reproductive centre between June and August of 2021. In the enrolled cases, men who have completed two doses of COVID‐19 inactivated vaccine were included in “vaccine group” (N = 105), and those who were not vaccinated were included in “control group” (N = 155). In this study, we compare the sperm parameters and embryo quality between these two groups. Our data showed that the sperm parameters were similar in terms of volume, sperm concentration, sperm count, progressive motility, total motility and total motile sperm count between these two groups. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in IVF outcomes. The mean number of 2PN, cleavage‐stage embryos, blastocysts, and good‐quality blastocysts was 8.59 ± 4.47, 5.06 ± 3.17 and 2.08 ± 1.79 in vaccine group, 7.75 ± 4.14, 4.34 ± 3.06 and 1.74 ± 1.54 in control group, respectively. The high‐quality blastocyst rate was 41.05% (218 of 531) in vaccine group and 40.03% (269 of 672) in control group (p > 0.05). In addition, no differences were observed in biochemical and clinical pregnancy rates between the two groups. In summary, our results revealed that COVID‐19 inactivated vaccine administration exhibited no negative effect on sperm parameters and embryo quality in IVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Xia
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junzhao Zhao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lizi Fang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shenghao Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zeng B, Gao L, Zhou Q, Yu K, Sun F. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2022; 20:200. [PMID: 35606843 PMCID: PMC9126103 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was urgent and necessary to synthesize the evidence for vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the effectiveness profile of COVID-19 vaccines against VOC. METHODS Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case-control studies that evaluated the VE against VOC (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, or Omicron) were searched until 4 March 2022. Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. VE was defined as (1-estimate). RESULTS Eleven RCTs (161,388 participants), 20 cohort studies (52,782,321 participants), and 26 case-control studies (2,584,732 cases) were included. Eleven COVID-19 vaccines (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, ChAdOx1, Ad26.COV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BBV152, CoronaVac, BBIBP-CorV, SCB-2019, CVnCoV, and HB02) were included in this analysis. Full vaccination was effective against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, with VE of 88.0% (95% CI, 83.0-91.5), 73.0% (95% CI, 64.3-79.5), 63.0% (95% CI, 47.9-73.7), 77.8% (95% CI, 72.7-82.0), and 55.9% (95% CI, 40.9-67.0), respectively. Booster vaccination was more effective against Delta and Omicron variants, with VE of 95.5% (95% CI, 94.2-96.5) and 80.8% (95% CI, 58.6-91.1), respectively. mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273/BNT162b2) seemed to have higher VE against VOC over others; significant interactions (pinteraction < 0.10) were observed between VE and vaccine type (mRNA vaccines vs. not mRNA vaccines). CONCLUSIONS Full vaccination of COVID-19 vaccines is highly effective against Alpha variant, and moderate effective against Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants. Booster vaccination is more effective against Delta and Omicron variants. mRNA vaccines seem to have higher VE against Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta variants over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqi Zeng
- Department of Science and Education, Peking University Binhai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Le Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Science and Education, Peking University Binhai Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China.
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Wang K, Wang L, Li M, Xie B, He L, Wang M, Zhang R, Hou N, Zhang Y, Jia F. Real-Word Effectiveness of Global COVID-19 Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:820544. [PMID: 35665358 PMCID: PMC9160927 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.820544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, promoted vaccinations against SARS-CoV-2 are being given out globally. However, the occurrence of numerous COVID-19 variants has hindered the goal of rapid mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic by effective mass vaccinations. The real-word effectiveness of the current vaccines against COVID-19 variants has not been assessed by published reviews. Therefore, our study evaluated the overall effectiveness of current vaccines and the differences between the various vaccines and variants. Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, medRxiv, bioRxiv, and arXiv were searched to screen the eligible studies. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the Egger test were applied to estimate the quality of the literature and any publication bias, respectively. The pooled incident rates of different variants after vaccination were estimated by single-arm analysis. Meanwhile, the pooled efficacies of various vaccines against variants were evaluated by two-arm analysis using odds ratios (ORs) and vaccine effectiveness (VE). Results A total of 6,118 studies were identified initially and 44 articles were included. We found that the overall incidence of variants post first/second vaccine were 0.07 and 0.03, respectively. The VE of the incidence of variants post first vaccine between the vaccine and the placebo or unvaccinated population was 40% and post second vaccine was 96%, respectively. The sub-single-arm analysis showed a low prevalence rate of COVID-19 variants after specific vaccination with the pooled incidence below 0.10 in most subgroups. Meanwhile, the sub-two-arm analysis indicated that most current vaccines had a good or moderate preventive effect on certain variants considering that the VE in these subgroups was between 66 and 95%, which was broadly in line with the results of the sub-single-arm analysis. Conclusion Our meta-analysis shows that the current vaccines that are used globally could prevent COVID-19 infection and restrict the spread of variants to a great extent. We would also support maximizing vaccine uptake with two doses, as the effectiveness of which was more marked compared with one dose. Although the mRNA vaccine was the most effective against variants according to our study, specific vaccines should be taken into account based on the local dominant prevalence of variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Mingzhe Li
- Independent Researcher, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Lu He
- Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The People's Hospital of Zhangdian District, Zibo, China
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Nianzong Hou
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
| | - Fusen Jia
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Zibo, China
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Orellana JDY, Cunha GMD, Marrero L, Leite IDC, Domingues CMAS, Horta BL. [Changes in the pattern of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths after substantial vaccination of the elderly in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:PT192321. [PMID: 35584432 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xpt192321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 vaccination in the elderly has received relatively little attention, particularly in a scenario predominated by the gamma variant. The aim of this study was to assess vaccination coverage and its relationship to changes in the pattern of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in the elderly in Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. This was an ecological study with Brazilian Ministry of Health data on hospitalizations and deaths, assessing vaccination coverage based on a two-dose regimen, in addition to two vaccination regimens associated with a significant protective effect, one partial (35 days or more after the first dose of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine) and the other complete (14 days or more after the second dose of the Sinovac-CoronaVac vaccine). Based on the date of initial symptoms, patterns of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths were assessed comparatively in elderly 60-69 years and 70 years or more in two groups of Epidemiological Weeks (EW) in 2020 (unvaccinated) and 2021 (vaccinated). Hospitalization and death rates were estimated with Poisson regression. In the groups 60-69 and 70 years or more, vaccination coverage rates were 41.8% and 54.8%, as well as 53.5% and 90.1%, in the EW groups 18-20/2021 and 21-23/2021, respectively. Both EW groups in 2021 showed a substantial change in the patterns of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths, with an increase in the risk of hospitalization and death in unvaccinated younger individuals and an important reduction in vaccinated elderly, especially those 60-69 years of age, besides overall reductions of 62% (95%CI: 52-69) and 63% (95%CI: 43-75) in hospitalization and death rates, respectively. Our results emphasize the importance of mass vaccination, especially during an epidemic such as in Manaus, marked by high circulation of the gamma variant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iuri da Costa Leite
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Pinpathomrat N, Intapiboon P, Seepathomnarong P, Ongarj J, Sophonmanee R, Hengprakop J, Surasombatpattana S, Uppanisakorn S, Mahasirimongkol S, Sawaengdee W, Phumiamorn S, Sapsutthipas S, Kongkamol C, Ingviya T, Sangsupawanich P, Chusri S. Immunogenicity and safety of an intradermal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 boost in a healthy population. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:52. [PMID: 35562372 PMCID: PMC9106663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. Two doses of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) have been shown to be insufficient to protect against variants of concern (VOCs), while viral vector vaccines remain protective against the infection. Herein, we conducted a preliminary study to evaluate the safety and immunity in an adult population who received the conventional 2 dosage-regimen of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; with an additional intradermal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 reciprocal dosage (1:5). An Intramuscular ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 booster was also included as a control. Immediate and delayed local reactions were frequently observed in the fractional intradermal boost, but systemic side effects were significantly decreased compared to the conventional intramuscular boost. The anti-RBD-IgG levels, the neutralising function against delta variants, and T cell responses were significantly increased after boosting via both routes. Interestingly, the shorter interval elicited higher immunogenicity compared to the extended interval. Taken together, a reciprocal dosage of intradermal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 booster reduces systemic adverse reactions and enhances non inferiority humoral and cellular immune responses compared to a full dose of intramuscular boosting. These findings provide for an effective vaccine management during the shortages of vaccine supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawamin Pinpathomrat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Porntip Intapiboon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Purilap Seepathomnarong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jomkwan Ongarj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ratchanon Sophonmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jariya Hengprakop
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Supattra Uppanisakorn
- Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Waritta Sawaengdee
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Phumiamorn
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sompong Sapsutthipas
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Chanon Kongkamol
- Division of Digital Innovation and Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thammasin Ingviya
- Division of Digital Innovation and Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Pasuree Sangsupawanich
- Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Sarunyou Chusri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Barrera-Avalos C, Luraschi R, Acuña-Castillo C, Vidal M, Mella-Torres A, Inostroza-Molina A, Vera R, Vargas S, Hernández I, Perez C, Vallejos-Vidal E, Valdés D, Imarai M, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. Description of Symptoms Caused by the Infection of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.621 (Mu) Variant in Patients With Complete CoronaVac Vaccination Scheme: First Case Report From Santiago of Chile. Front Public Health 2022; 10:797569. [PMID: 35387187 PMCID: PMC8977486 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.797569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine administration is one of the most efficient ways to control the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the appearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants can avoid the immunity generated by vaccines. Thus, in patients with a complete vaccine schedule, the infection by SARS-CoV-2 may cause severe, mild, and asymptomatic manifestations of the disease. In this case report, we describe for the first time the clinical symptoms of four patients (three symptomatic; one asymptomatic) from Santiago of Chile, with a complete vaccination schedule with two doses of CoronaVac (Sinovac Life Science) infected with the variant of interest (VOI) B.1.621 (Mu). They were compared with four unvaccinated patients, who had a higher prevalence of symptoms after infection compared to vaccinated patients. In the CoronaVac-vaccinated group, an 80-year-old patient who registered various comorbidities required Invasive mechanical ventilation for 28 days with current home medical recovery discharge. By contrast, in the unvaccinated group, a 71-year-old presented more symptoms with more than 45 days of Invasive mechanical ventilation, which continues to date, presenting greater lung damage than the vaccinated hospitalized patient. This first report evidence differences in the clinical symptomatology of patients vaccinated and non-vaccinated infected with the VOI B.1.621 (Mu) and suggest the protective effects of CoronaVac against this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Department of Computer Science, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Mella-Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ailen Inostroza-Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vera
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Iván Hernández
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Perez
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Valdés
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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CoronaVac vaccine is effective in preventing symptomatic and severe COVID-19 in pregnant women in Brazil: a test-negative case-control study. BMC Med 2022; 20:146. [PMID: 35379250 PMCID: PMC8979723 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More doses of CoronaVac have been administered worldwide than any other COVID-19 vaccine. However, the effectiveness of COVID-19 inactivated vaccines in pregnant women is still unknown. We estimated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of CoronaVac against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 in pregnant women in Brazil. METHODS We conducted a test-negative design study in all pregnant women aged 18-49 years with COVID-19-related symptoms in Brazil from March 15, 2021, to October 03, 2021, linking records of negative and positive SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests to national vaccination records. We also linked records of test-positive cases with notifications of severe, hospitalised or fatal COVID-19. Using logistic regression, we estimated the adjusted odds ratio and VE against symptomatic COVID-19 and against severe COVID-19 by comparing vaccine status in test-negative subjects to test-positive symptomatic cases and severe cases. RESULTS Of the 19,838 tested pregnant women, 7424 (37.4%) tested positive for COVID-19 and 588 (7.9%) had severe disease. Only 83% of pregnant women who received the first dose of CoronaVac completed the vaccination scheme. A single dose of the CoronaVac vaccine was not effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19. The effectiveness of two doses of CoronaVac was 41% (95% CI 27.1-52.2) against symptomatic COVID-19 and 85% (95% CI 59.5-94.8) against severe COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS A complete regimen of CoronaVac in pregnant women was effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and highly effective against severe illness in a setting that combined high disease burden and marked COVID-19-related maternal deaths.
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Yang Z, Zhang S, Tang YP, Zhang S, Xu DQ, Yue SJ, Liu QL. Clinical Characteristics, Transmissibility, Pathogenicity, Susceptible Populations, and Re-infectivity of Prominent COVID-19 Variants. Aging Dis 2022; 13:402-422. [PMID: 35371608 PMCID: PMC8947836 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the rapid, global spread of SARS-CoV-2, new and comparatively more contagious variants are of considerable concern. These emerging mutations have become a threat to the global public health, creating COVID-19 surges in different countries. However, information on these emerging variants is limited and scattered. In this review, we discuss new variants that have emerged worldwide and identify several variants of concern, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2 and B.1.1.529, and their basic characteristics. Other significant variants such as C.37, B.1.621, B.1.525, B.1.526, AZ.5, C.1.2, and B.1.617.1 are also discussed. This review highlights the clinical characteristics of these variants, including transmissibility, pathogenicity, susceptible population, and re-infectivity. It provides the latest information on the recent variants of SARS-CoV-2. The summary of this information will help researchers formulate reasonable strategies to curb the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- 1Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,2School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- 3School of Clinical Medicine (Guang'anmen Hospital), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- 1Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ding-Qiao Xu
- 1Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shi-Jun Yue
- 1Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, and State Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Characteristic Qin Medicine Resources (Cultivation), and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Fundamentals and New Drugs Research, and Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi-Ling Liu
- 2School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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SARS-CoV-2: Evolution and Emergence of New Viral Variants. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040653. [PMID: 35458383 PMCID: PMC9025907 DOI: 10.3390/v14040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The high rate of mutation of this virus is associated with a quick emergence of new viral variants that have been rapidly spreading worldwide. Several mutations have been documented in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein that increases the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and its cellular receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Mutations in the spike can increase the viral spread rate, disease severity, and the ability of the virus to evade either the immune protective responses, monoclonal antibody treatments, or the efficacy of current licensed vaccines. This review aimed to highlight the functional virus classification used by the World Health Organization (WHO), Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak (PANGO), Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID), and Nextstrain, an open-source project to harness the scientific and public health potential of pathogen genome data, the chronological emergence of viral variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs), the major findings related to the rate of spread, and the mutations in the spike protein that are involved in the evasion of the host immune responses elicited by prior SARS-CoV-2 infections and by the protection induced by vaccination.
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COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness: A Review of the First 6 Months of COVID-19 Vaccine Availability (1 January–30 June 2021). Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030393. [PMID: 35335025 PMCID: PMC8951318 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies are needed to demonstrate real-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outcomes. Our objective was to conduct a review of published SARS-CoV-2 VE articles, supplemented by preprints, during the first 6 months of COVID-19 vaccine availability. This review compares the effectiveness of completing the primary COVID-19 vaccination series against multiple SARS-CoV-2 disease presentations and disease severity outcomes in three population groups (general population, frontline workers, and older adults). Four hundred and seventy-one published articles and 47 preprints were identified. After title and abstract screening and full article review, 50 studies (28 published articles, 22 preprints) were included. VE results were reported for five COVID-19 vaccines and four combinations of COVID-19 vaccines. VE results for BNT162b2 were reported in 70.6% of all studies. Seventeen studies reported variant specific VE estimates; Alpha was the most common. This comprehensive review demonstrates that COVID-19 vaccination is an important tool for preventing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality among fully vaccinated persons aged 16 years and older and serves as an important baseline from which to follow future trends in COVID-19 evolution and effectiveness of new and updated vaccines.
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Rayati Damavandi A, Dowran R, Al Sharif S, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. Molecular variants of SARS-CoV-2: antigenic properties and current vaccine efficacy. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:79-103. [PMID: 35235048 PMCID: PMC8889515 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An ongoing pandemic of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 has puzzled many scientists and health care policymakers around the globe. The appearance of the virus was accompanied by several distinct antigenic changes, specifically spike protein which is a key element for host cell entry of virus and major target of currently developing vaccines. Some of these mutations enable the virus to attach to receptors more firmly and easily. Moreover, a growing number of trials are demonstrating higher transmissibility and, in some of them, potentially more serious forms of illness related to novel variants. Some of these lineages, especially the Beta variant of concern, were reported to diminish the neutralizing activity of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies present in both convalescent and vaccine sera. This could imply that these independently emerged variants could make antiviral strategies prone to serious threats. The rapid changes in the mutational profile of new clades, especially escape mutations, suggest the convergent evolution of the virus due to immune pressure. Nevertheless, great international efforts have been dedicated to producing efficacious vaccines with cutting-edge technologies. Despite the partial decrease in vaccines efficacy against worrisome clades, most current vaccines are still effective at preventing mild to severe forms of disease and hospital admission or death due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we summarize existing evidence about newly emerged variants of SARS-CoV-2 and, notably, how well vaccines work against targeting new variants and modifications of highly flexible mRNA vaccines that might be required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Dowran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Al Sharif
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Hematology, Immune Cell Therapy, and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Insight into the Advances in Clinical Trials of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2022; 2022:6913772. [PMID: 35186175 PMCID: PMC8850041 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6913772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has thrown a challenge to the scientific community. Several interventions to stop or limit the spread of infection have failed, and every time the virus emerges, it becomes more contagious and more deadly. Vaccinating a significant proportion of the population is one of the established methods to achieve herd immunity. More than 100 COVID-19 vaccines have been designed and tested against the virus. The development of a new vaccine takes years of testing, but due to the pandemic, healthcare authorities have given emergency use authorization for a few vaccines. Among them are BioNTech and Moderna vaccines (mRNA based); ChAdOx1, Gam-COVID-Vac, Janssen vaccines (vector-based); CoronaVac, COVAXIN (virus inactivated); and EpiVacCorona vaccine (viral peptide). Mixtures of vaccines are also being tested to evaluate their efficacy against mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2. All these vaccines in clinical trials have shown robust production of neutralizing antibodies sufficient to prevent infection. Some of the vaccinated people reported serious complications. However, no definitive relationship could be established between vaccination administration and the occurrence of these complications. None of the COVID-19 vaccines approved to date have been found to be effective against all of the SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Multiple COVID-19 Waves and Vaccination Effectiveness in the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042282. [PMID: 35206474 PMCID: PMC8871705 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused multiple waves of cases and deaths in the United States (US). The wild strain, the Alpha variant (B.1.1.7) and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were the principal culprits behind these waves. To mitigate the pandemic, the vaccination campaign was started in January 2021. While the vaccine efficacy is less than 1, breakthrough infections were reported. This work aims to examine the effects of the vaccination across 50 US states and the District of Columbia. (2) Methods: Based on the classic Susceptible—Exposed—Infectious–Recovered (SEIR) model, we add a delay class between infectious and death, a death class and a vaccinated class. We compare two special cases of our new model to simulate the effects of the vaccination. The first case expounds the vaccinated individuals with full protection or not, compared to the second case where all vaccinated individuals have the same level of protection. (3) Results: Through fitting the two approaches to reported COVID-19 deaths in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia, we found that these two approaches are equivalent. We calculate that the death toll could be 1.67–3.33 fold in most states if the vaccine was not available. The median and mean infection fatality ratio are estimated to be approximately 0.6 and 0.7%. (4) Conclusions: The two approaches we compared were equivalent in evaluating the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign in the US. In addition, the effect of the vaccination campaign was significant, with a large number of deaths averted.
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Abstract
The CoronaVac vaccine was found to be effective against symptomatic COVID-19 and protective against severe disease in phase 3 studies. However, there are little data about its effectiveness in real-world conditions. The aim of the current study was to investigate the protective effect of the CoronaVac vaccine in health-care workers (HCWs) in Turkey, a country where CoronaVac is widely used. The questionnaire was sent to all employees in the form of a survey link by using a telephone application. In the survey, HCWs were asked about demographic characteristics; CoronaVac vaccination status, history of a COVID-19 infection, whether COVID-19 infection was before or after the CoronaVac vaccination; the time between being vaccinated and the COVID-19 infection; the clinical pictures of COVID-19 infection. Those who experienced COVID-19 before vaccination were compared with the breakthrough cases in terms of demographic and clinical features. A total of 628 HCW agreed to participate in the study. A total of 536 (85.3%) volunteers had been vaccinated and 92 (14.6%) had not been vaccinated against COVID-19 with CoronaVac. There was a history of COVID-19 infection in 234 (37.2%) subjects and 188 (35%) had been vaccinated and 46 (50%) not vaccinated. The rate experiencing COVID-19 disease was significantly lower in the vaccinated than the unvaccinated volunteers. The rate of breakthrough cases after CoronaVac was found to be 7%. The hospitalization rate was similar in the breakthrough cases and those who had COVID-19 before CoronaVac vaccination. The results of our study indicate that CoronaVac provides protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsum Iclal Bayhan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease Ankara City Hospital, Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahmet Guner
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara City Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
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Effectiveness of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (CoronaVac) on Survival at Intensive Care Unit: A Cross-sectional Study. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e35. [PMID: 35135644 PMCID: PMC8886076 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and evaluated the effect of vaccination with CoronaVac on admission to ICU. Patients admitted to ICU due to COVID-19 between 1 April 2021 and 15 May 2021 were enrolled to the study. Clinical, laboratory, radiological parameters, hospital and ICU mortality were compared between vaccinated patients and eligible but unvaccinated patients. Patients over 65 years old were the target population of the study due to the national vaccination schedule. Data from 90 patients were evaluated. Of these, 36 (40.0%) were vaccinated. All patients had the CoronaVac vaccine. Lactate dehydrogenase and ferritin levels were higher in an unvaccinated group than vaccinated group (P = 0.021 and 0.008, respectively). SpO2 from the first arterial blood gas at ICU was 83.71 ± 19.50% in vaccinated, 92.36 ± 6.59% in unvaccinated patients (P = 0.003). Length of ICU and hospital stay were not different (P = 0.204, 0.092, respectively). ICU and hospital mortality were similar between groups (P = 0.11 and 0.70, respectively). CoronaVac vaccine had no effect on survival from COVID-19. CoronaVac's protective effect, especially on new genetic variants, should be investigated further.
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Huang Z, Su Y, Zhang T, Xia N. A review of the safety and efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines. Front Med 2022; 16:39-55. [PMID: 35122210 PMCID: PMC8815389 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-021-0893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective and feasible way to contain the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The rapid development of effective COVID-19 vaccines is an extraordinary achievement. This study reviewed the efficacy/effectiveness, immunogenicity, and safety profile of the 12 most progressed COVID-19 vaccines and discussed the challenges and prospects of the vaccine-based approaches in a global crisis. Overall, most of the current vaccines have shown safety and efficacy/effectiveness during actual clinical trials or in the real-world studies, indicating a development of pandemic control. However, many challenges are faced by pandemic control in terms of maximizing the effect of vaccines, such as rapid vaccine coverage, strategies to address variants with immune escape capability, and surveillance of vaccine safety in the medium- and long-terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yingying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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Fiolet T, Kherabi Y, MacDonald CJ, Ghosn J, Peiffer-Smadja N. Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:202-221. [PMID: 34715347 PMCID: PMC8548286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 256.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines are critical cost-effective tools to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the emergence of variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may threaten the global impact of mass vaccination campaigns. AIMS The objective of this study was to provide an up-to-date comparative analysis of the characteristics, adverse events, efficacy, effectiveness and impact of the variants of concern for 19 COVID-19 vaccines. SOURCES References for this review were identified through searches of PubMed, Google Scholar, BioRxiv, MedRxiv, regulatory drug agencies and pharmaceutical companies' websites up to 22nd September 2021. CONTENT Overall, all COVID-19 vaccines had a high efficacy against the original strain and the variants of concern, and were well tolerated. BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 and Sputnik V after two doses had the highest efficacy (>90%) in preventing symptomatic cases in phase III trials. mRNA vaccines, AZD1222, and CoronaVac were effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and severe infections against Alpha, Beta, Gamma or Delta variants. Regarding observational real-life data, full immunization with mRNA vaccines and AZD1222 seems to effectively prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection against the original strain and Alpha and Beta variants but with reduced effectiveness against the Delta strain. A decline in infection protection was observed at 6 months for BNT162b2 and AZD1222. Serious adverse event rates were rare for mRNA vaccines-anaphylaxis 2.5-4.7 cases per million doses, myocarditis 3.5 cases per million doses-and were similarly rare for all other vaccines. Prices for the different vaccines varied from $2.15 to $29.75 per dose. IMPLICATIONS All vaccines appear to be safe and effective tools to prevent severe COVID-19, hospitalization, and death against all variants of concern, but the quality of evidence greatly varies depending on the vaccines considered. Questions remain regarding a booster dose and waning immunity, the duration of immunity, and heterologous vaccination. The benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the risks, despite rare serious adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Fiolet
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, ‘Exposome and Heredity’ team, CESP UMR1018, Villejuif, France,Corresponding author. Thibault Fiolet
| | - Yousra Kherabi
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Paris, France,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Conor-James MacDonald
- Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, INSERM, Gustave Roussy, ‘Exposome and Heredity’ team, CESP UMR1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Jade Ghosn
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Paris, France,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nathan Peiffer-Smadja
- Université de Paris, IAME, INSERM, Paris, France,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College, London, UK
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Ravindra Naik B, Anil Kumar S, Rachegowda N, Yashas Ullas L, Revanth RB, Venkata Sai Aluru NR. Severity of COVID-19 Infection Using Chest Computed Tomography Severity Score Index Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated COVID-19-Positive Healthcare Workers: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2022; 14:e22087. [PMID: 35295366 PMCID: PMC8917791 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines protect against severe illness. However, data on post-vaccination COVID-19 breakthrough infections are limited. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to July 2021 among 2043 COVID-19-positive healthcare workers who were divided into a vaccinated group (n=1010) and an unvaccinated group (n=1033). A pre-tested questionnaire was circulated among the healthcare workers using Google Forms. Chest computed tomography (CT) severity score was the primary outcome variable analyzed using coGuide. Results: The average age of the study population was less than 45 years in both groups (43.05 ± 13.02 years). Most respondents (62%) were males. Hypertension (39%) and diabetes (33%) were the most common underlying diseases. Significant differences in age and cardiac disease were observed between the two groups (p = 0.07 and p <0.001, respectively). However, the difference was insignificant (p >0.05) for gender, hypertension, and diabetes. Most unvaccinated respondents had an increased CT severity score, and the difference between the studies groups was significant (p <0.001). Of the 1,010 vaccinated individuals, 382 (37.82%) received the only first vaccination dose, and 628 (62.18%) received both doses. The CT severity score decreased after receiving both vaccination doses, and the difference between CT severity score and vaccination status was significant (p <0.001). Conclusion: COVID-19 was mild in the vaccinated group. Chest CT severity score index can be considered an efficient tool in predicting prognosis and monitoring disease in patients with COVID-19 in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N Rachegowda
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, IND
| | - L Yashas Ullas
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, IND
| | - R B Revanth
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, IND
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Dubik SD. Understanding the Facilitators and Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake Among Teachers in the Sagnarigu Municipality of Northern Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthc Policy 2022; 15:311-322. [PMID: 35237079 PMCID: PMC8884702 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s352584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This research aims to identify facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination intention and uptake among teachers in the Sagnarigu Municipality of Ghana. Methods The survey collected quantitative data from the teachers using a cross-sectional study design. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination. Results The teachers’ (N = 421) COVID-19 vaccination intention before rollout, after rollout, and actual uptake were 49%, 63%, and 11%, respectively. In a multiple regression analysis, key facilitators of intention were vaccinated against hepatitis B (AOR: 2.5, 95 CI: 1.03, 4.93), willingness to recommend COVID-19 vaccine to students (AOR: 4.78,95% CI: 1.95, 11.70), adequacy of information about the expectation of the COVID-19 vaccine (2.42, 95% CI: 1.04, 5.56), and the disbelief that COVID-19 vaccine will cause illness (AOR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.16, 5.33). Unconfident in the COVID-19 vaccine (AOR: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.118), perception of not being susceptible to COVID-19 (AOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.88), and feeling uncomfortable getting the vaccine (AOR: 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.38) were barriers to COVID-19 vaccination intention. Key facilitators of COVID-19 vaccine uptake were being a Christian (AOR: 3.63, 95% CI: 1.60, 8.24), teaching in the Senior High School (SHS)/technical (AOR: 13.43, 95% CI: 1.90, 9.48). Barriers to the vaccine uptake were uncomfortable getting the vaccine (AOR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.49), disbelief that vaccinating teachers will reduce school absenteeism (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.07), unconfident in the COVID-19 vaccine (AOR: 0.45, 95 CI: 0.18, 1.07), and unavailability of the COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion Facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination are multifaceted, including sociodemographic, health beliefs, and contextual factors. Addressing the obstacles to COVID-19 vaccination is crucial for adequate COVID-19 vaccine coverage among teachers in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Dajaan Dubik
- Department of Public Health, Catholic University College of Ghana, Fiapre, Ghana
- Correspondence: Stephen Dajaan Dubik, Email
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da Silva SJR, de Lima SC, da Silva RC, Kohl A, Pena L. Viral Load in COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Prognosis and Vaccine Efficacy in the Context of Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:836826. [PMID: 35174189 PMCID: PMC8841511 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.836826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an unprecedented public health crisis in the 21st century. As the pandemic evolves, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized by the emergence of new variants of concern (VOCs), which resulted in a catastrophic impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection. In light of this, research groups around the world are unraveling key aspects of the associated illness, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A cumulative body of data has indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 viral load may be a determinant of the COVID-19 severity. Here we summarize the main characteristics of the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, discussing their impact on viral transmissibility, viral load, disease severity, vaccine breakthrough, and lethality among COVID-19 patients. We also provide a rundown of the rapidly expanding scientific evidence from clinical studies and animal models that indicate how viral load could be linked to COVID-19 prognosis and vaccine efficacy among vaccinated individuals, highlighting the differences compared to unvaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severino Jefferson Ribeiro da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Suelen Cristina de Lima
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Celerino da Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Therapy (LAVITE), Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
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