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Wang Z, Guo Z, Luo Y, Ma L, Hu X, Chen F, Li D. A review of the traditional uses, pharmacology, and toxicology of areca nut. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 134:156005. [PMID: 39241389 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca nut, the fruit of A. catechu, is an important Chinese herbal medicine and is the first of China's "four southern medicines". The main chemical components are alkaloids, phenols, polysaccharides, amino acids, and terpenoids. The flowers, leaves, fruits and seeds of A. catechu contain high medicinal value. However, with the emergence of adverse reactions in people who chew areca nut, people have doubts about the safety of the use of areca nut. PURPOSE In view of the two sides of pharmacology and toxicology of areca nut, this study comprehensively reviewed the components of different parts of A. catechu, the mechanism of pharmacology and toxicology, and the relationship between dosage and pharmacology and toxicology, in order to provide a new reference for the safe application of areca nut. METHODS We used "Areca nut", "Betel nut", and known biologically active ingredients in areca nut, combined with "natural active ingredients", "pharmacological activity", and "toxicological effect" as keywords to search in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and CNKI up to March 2024. RESULTS A large number of studies have shown that low-dose areca nut has pharmacological effects such as deworming, anti-inflammatory, improving gastrointestinal function, lowering blood lipids, preventing atherosclerosis, anti-depression properties. The important mechanism involved in these effects is to reduce the generation of ROS, inhibit the activation of NADPH oxidase, increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, affect MAPK, AKT, TLR, NF-κB, Nrf-2, PI3 K, STAT3 signaling pathway, reduce COX-2, IL-1β m RNA, MCP-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA gene expression, reduce IL-6, IL-8, IGE levels, activate AMPK signaling pathway, change the ion level in cells, and increase Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. It interferes with the biochemical metabolic process of bacteria. Long-term consumption of areca nut in large quantities will cause some adverse reactions or related malignant diseases to the human body. CONCLUSION We reviewed the pharmacological and toxicological effects and related mechanisms of areca nut, revealed the relationship between dose and pharmacological and toxicological effects, and discussed how to reduce the toxicity of areca nut and improve the comprehensive utilization of areca nut. It provides a reference for the study of the relationship between areca nut and human health, as well as the safe and rational use and full development and utilization of areca nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziyuan Guo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinghua Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingjun Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Daotong Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Feitosa Ribeiro T, Carvalho de Souza NA, Cícero de Lima Araújo T, Ferreira Macedo CA, Souza Silva F, de Oliveira Siqueira A, Modesto Nascimento Menezes P, Gomes de Melo C, Rolim Neto PJ, Gonçalves de Oliveira Junior R, Douglas Melo Coutinho H, Raposo A, Araújo Rolim L. Antitussive, Expectorant and Antipyretic Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Momordica charantia L. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400072. [PMID: 38780224 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The traditional use of the M. charantia L. plant to treat coughs, fever and expectoration is widely practiced in different cultures, but its effectiveness and safety still require scientific investigation. This study sought to perform a chemical analysis and evaluate the antitussive, expectorant and antipyretic effects of the ethanolic extract of M. charantia leaves (EEMc) in rats and mice. The EEMc was subjected to chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD, revealing the presence of the flavonoids astragalin and isoquercetin. Acute oral toxicity in mice did not result in deaths, although changes in liver weight and stool consistency were observed. EEMc demonstrated an antitussive effect at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg in mice subjected to cough induction by citric acid nebulization. Furthermore, it showed expectorant activity at a dose of 300 mg/kg, assessed based on the elimination of the phenol red marker in bronchoalveolar lavage. In the evaluation of antipyretic activity in rats, fever induced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was reduced at all doses tested during the first hour after treatment. This innovative study identified the presence of astragalin and isoquercetin in EEMc and indicated that the extract has antitussive, expectorant and antipyretic properties. Therefore, EEMc presents itself as a promising option in herbal medicine for the treatment of respiratory symptoms and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Feitosa Ribeiro
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Nathália Andrezza Carvalho de Souza
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Cícero de Lima Araújo
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício Souza Silva
- Program of Graduate Studies in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Bahia, Brazil
- Federal University of Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Larissa Araújo Rolim
- Central for Analysis of Drugs, Medicines and Food (CAFMA), Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Li J, Chen Y, Wang L, Li D, Liu L, Li M. An ethylene response factor AcERF116 identified from A. catechu is involved in fruitlet abscission. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 344:112091. [PMID: 38615719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Procedural abscission of outer reproductive organs during flower and fruit development occurs in most plant lineages. Undesired abscission, such as fruitlet shedding causes considerable yield loss in many fruit-producing species. Ethylene is one of the key factors regulating organ abscission. However, the participants involved in the ethylene-mediated abscission pathway remains largely unidentified. In this study, we focused on the ethylene response transcription factors (ERFs) regulating fruitlet abscission in an industrial tree species, A. catechu. A total of 165 ERF genes have been found in the A. catechu genome and eight of these showed distinct expression between the "about-to-abscise" and "non-abscised" samples. An AcERF116 gene with high expression level in the fruit abscission zone (FAZ) was selected for further study. Overexpression of the AcERF116 gene accelerated cell separation in the abscission zone (AZ) and promoted pedicel abscission in transgenic tomato lines. The PG (ploygalacturonase) activity was enhanced in the FAZs of A. catechu fruitlets during ethylene-induced fruitlet abscission, while the PME (pectin methylesterase) activity was suppressed. In addition, cytosolic alkalization was observed in the AZs during abscission in both tomato and A. catechu. Our results suggest that AcERF116 plays a critical role in the crosstalk of ethylene and fruitlet abscission in A. catechu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, PR China
| | - Yunche Chen
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, PR China
| | - Linkai Wang
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, PR China
| | - Dongxia Li
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, PR China
| | - Liyun Liu
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan 571339, PR China.
| | - Meng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China.
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Sun H, Yu W, Li H, Hu X, Wang X. Bioactive Components of Areca Nut: An Overview of Their Positive Impacts Targeting Different Organs. Nutrients 2024; 16:695. [PMID: 38474823 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Areca catechu L. is a widely cultivated tropical crop in Southeast Asia, and its fruit, areca nut, has been consumed as a traditional Chinese medicinal material for more than 10,000 years, although it has recently attracted widespread attention due to potential hazards. Areca nut holds a significant position in traditional medicine in many areas and ranks first among the four southern medicines in China. Numerous bioactive compounds have been identified in areca nuts, including alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, and fatty acids, which exhibit diverse bioactive functions, such as anti-bacterial, deworming, anti-viral, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, they also display beneficial impacts targeting the nervous, digestive, and endocrine systems. This review summarizes the pharmacological functions and underlying mechanisms of the bioactive ingredients in areca nut. This helps to ascertain the beneficial components of areca nut, discover its medicinal potential, and guide the utilization of the areca nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenzhen Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Wahid M, Saqib F, Abbas G, Shah S, Alshammari A, Albekairi TH, Ali A, Khurm M, Mubarak MS. Cardioprotective and hypotensive mechanistic insights of hydroethanolic extract of Cucumis melo L. kernels in isoprenaline-induced cardiotoxicity based on metabolomics and in silico electrophysiological models. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1277594. [PMID: 38348351 PMCID: PMC10859416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1277594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) continue to threaten health worldwide, and account for a significant portion of deaths and illnesses. In both developing and industrialized nations, they challenge their health systems. There are several traditional uses of Cucurbitaceae seeds in Pakistan, India, Iran, and China, including treating cardiovascular, neurological, and urogenital diseases. Methods: In the present work, integrated techniques of metabolomics profiling and computational cardiomyocyte stimulation were used to investigate possible mechanisms of C. melo in isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction. In vitro, vasoconstrictions, paired atria, and in vivo invasive blood pressure measurement models were performed to explore the mechanism of action of C. melo hydroethanolic seed extract (Cm-EtOH). Results: Results showed that Cm-EtOH demonstrates NO-based endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) vasorelaxant response, negative chronotropic and inotropic response in the atrium, and hypotensive effects in normotensive rats. Results also revealed that Cm-EtOH decreases cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and reverts the altered gene expressions, biochemical, and metabolites in ISO-induced myocardial infarction (MI) rats. The extract additionally reversed ISO-induced MI-induced oxidative stress, energy consumption, and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, C. melo seeds increased EDRF function, energy production, and antioxidant capacity to treat myocardial and vascular disorders. In computational cardiomyocyte simulation, gallic acid reduced action potential duration, upstroke velocity (dV/dtmax), and effective refractory period. Conclusion: This study highlights the therapeutic potential of C. melo seeds to treat cardiovascular diseases and provides mechanistic insight into its antihypertensive and cardioprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H. Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anam Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khurm
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Wahid M, Saqib F, Akhtar S, Ali A, Tallei TE, Simal-Gandara J. Mechanistic insights of Cucumis melo L. seeds for gastrointestinal muscle spasms through calcium signaling pathway-related gene regulation networks in WGCNA and in vitro, in vivo studies. Comput Biol Med 2023; 155:106596. [PMID: 36773554 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the nutritional benefits of Cucumis melo L., herbalists in Pakistan and India employ seeds to treat various ailments. This study aimed to determine the regulatory role of C. melo seeds in calcium-mediated smooth muscle contraction. METHODS We identified and quantified the phytochemicals of C. melo with LC ESI-MS/MS and HPLC, then conducted in vitro and in vivo tests to confirm the involvement in smooth muscle relaxation. Then, diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome gene datasets from NCBI GEO were acquired, DEGs and WGCNA followed by functional enrichment analysis. Next, molecular docking of key genes was performed. RESULTS The quantification of C. melo seeds revealed concentrations of rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin were 702.38 μg/g, 686.29 μg/g, and 658.41 μg/g, respectively. In vitro experiments revealed that C. melo seeds had a dose-dependent relaxant effect for potassium chloride (80 mM)-induced spastic contraction and exhibited calcium antagonistic response in calcium dose-response curves. In in vivo studies, Cm.EtOH exhibited antidiarrheal, antiperistaltic, and antisecretory effects. The functional enrichment of WGCNA and DEGs IBS-associated pathogenic genes, including those involved in calcium-mediated signaling, MAPK cascade, and inflammatory responses. MAPK1 and PIK3CG were identified as key genes with greater binding affinity with rutin, quercitrin, and kaempferol in molecular docking. CONCLUSIONS The bronchodilator and antidiarrheal effects of C. melo were produced by altering the regulatory genes of calcium-mediated smooth contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Saeed Akhtar
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Anam Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan.
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, E32004, Ourense, Spain.
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Choudhir G, Sharma S, Hariprasad P. A combinatorial approach to screen structurally diverse acetylcholinesterase inhibitory plant secondary metabolites targeting Alzheimer's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:11705-11718. [PMID: 34351840 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1962408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of Dementia known to diminish the brain's function by perturbating its structural and functional components. Though cholinesterase inhibitors are widely used to treat AD, they are limited by numbers and side effects. Hence, present study aims to identify structurally diverse Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory plant secondary metabolites (PSM) by employing high throughput screening and computational studies. AChE inhibitory activity was performed using 390 crude extracts from 63 plant parts belongs to 58 plants. The lowest IC50 value was recorded by acetone extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizome at 0.5 mg/ml, followed by methanol extract of Terminalia arjuna bark (0.95 mg/ml) and water extract Acacia catechu stem (0.95 mg/ml). A virtual library containing 487 PSM belongs to 18 plants found positive for AChE inhibition (IC50≤5 mg/ml) was prepared. Through ADMET analysis, 78 PSM fulfilling selected drug-likeness parameters were selected for further analysis. Molecular docking studies of selected PSM against AChE recorded a wide range of binding energy from -3.40 to -10.90 Kcal/mol. Further molecular dynamics simulation studies also recorded stabilized interactions of AChE-ligand complexes in the term of RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and hydrogen bond interaction. MMPBSA analysis revealed the binding energy of selected PSM ranging from -123.757 to -261.697 kJ/mol. Our study demonstrated the potential of 12 PSM (Sugiol, Margolone, 7-Hydroxy-3',4'-(Methylenedioxy) flavan, Beta-cyprone, Ethenone, Isomargolonone, Serpentine, Cryptolepine, Rotundone, Strictamin, Rotundenol and Nootkatone) as AChE inhibitors. Further in vitro and in vivo experimental evaluations with pure PSM could be beneficial for therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Choudhir
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Satyawati Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - P Hariprasad
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Wahid M, Saqib F, Ali A, Alshammari A, Alharbi M, Rauf A, Mubarak MS. Integrated Mechanisms of Polarity-Based Extracts of Cucumis melo L. Seed Kernels for Airway Smooth Muscle Relaxation via Key Signaling Pathways Based on WGCNA, In Vivo, and In Vitro Analyses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121522. [PMID: 36558973 PMCID: PMC9784679 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the mechanisms responsible for calcium-mediated smooth muscle contractions in C. melo seeds. The phytochemicals of C. melo were identified and quantified with the aid of Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC/ESI-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and then tested in-vitro and in vivo to confirm involvement in smooth muscle relaxation. Allergic asthma gene datasets were acquired from the NCBI gene expression omnibus (GEO) and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and functional enrichment analysis were conducted. Additionally, molecular docking of key genes was carried out. Kaempferol, rutin, and quercetin are identified as phytochemical constituents of C. melo seeds. Results indicated that C. melo seeds exhibit a dose-dependent relaxant effect for potassium chloride (80 mM)- induced spastic contraction and calcium antagonistic response in calcium dose-response curves. The functional enrichment of WGCNA and DEG asthma-associated pathogenic genes showed cytokine-mediated pathways and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, CACNA1A, IL2RB, and NOS2 were identified as key genes with greater binding affinity with rutin, quercitrin, and kaempferol in molecular docking. These results show that the bronchodilator and antidiarrheal effects of C. melo were produced by altering the regulatory genes of calcium-mediated smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Anam Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Post Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi 94640, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad S. Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amma 11942, Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.S.M.)
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Ren J, Sang Y, Aballay A. Cholinergic receptor-Wnt pathway controls immune activation by sensing intestinal dysfunction. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Aqueous extract of Piper betle L. leaf and Areca catechu L. nut protects against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and positively modulates cognitive function in adult Zebrafish. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Patil B, Hegde V, Sridhara S, Narayanaswamy H, Naik MK, Patil KKR, Rajashekara H, Mishra AK. Exploring the Impact of Climatic Variables on Arecanut Fruit Rot Epidemic by Understanding the Disease Dynamics in Relation to Space and Time. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070745. [PMID: 35887500 PMCID: PMC9319122 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the spatio-temporal dynamics and the effect of climate on fruit rot occurrence in arecanut plantations, we evaluated the intensity of fruit rot in three major growing regions of Karnataka, India for two consecutive years (2018 and 2019). A total of 27 sampling sites from the selected regions were monitored and the percentage disease intensity (PDI) was assessed on 50 randomly selected palms. Spatial interpolation technique, ordinary kriging (OK) was employed to predict the disease occurrence at unsampled locations. OK resulted in aggregated spatial maps, where the disease intensity was substantial (40.25–72.45%) at sampling sites of the Malnad and coastal regions. Further, Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation test confirmed the presence of significant spatial clusters (p ≤ 0.01) across the regions studied. Temporal analysis indicated the initiation of disease on different weeks dependent on the sampling sites and evaluated years with significant variation in PDI, which ranged from 9.25% to 72.45%. The occurrence of disease over time revealed that the epidemic was initiated early in the season (July) at the Malnad and coastal regions in contrary to the Maidan region where the occurrence was delayed up to the end of the season (September). Correlations between environmental variables and PDI revealed that, the estimated temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and total rainfall (TRF) significantly positively associated (p = 0.01) with disease occurrence. Regression model analysis revealed that the association between Tmax, RH1 and TRF with PDI statistically significant and the coefficients for the predictors Tmax, RH1 and TRF are 1.731, 1.330 and 0.541, respectively. The information generated in the present study will provide a scientific decision support system, to generate forecasting models and a better surveillance system to develop adequate strategies to curtail the fruit rot of arecanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balanagouda Patil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga 577255, Karnataka, India; (H.N.); (M.K.N.)
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod 671124, Kerala, India;
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (A.K.M.)
| | - Vinayaka Hegde
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod 671124, Kerala, India;
| | - Shankarappa Sridhara
- Center for Climate Resilient Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga 577255, Karnataka, India;
| | - Hanumappa Narayanaswamy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga 577255, Karnataka, India; (H.N.); (M.K.N.)
| | - Manjunatha K. Naik
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga 577255, Karnataka, India; (H.N.); (M.K.N.)
| | - Kiran Kumar R. Patil
- Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga 577255, Karnataka, India;
| | - Hosahatti Rajashekara
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur 574202, Karnataka, India;
| | - Ajay Kumar Mishra
- Khalifa Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.P.); (A.K.M.)
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Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Antispasmodic, Bronchodilator, and Antidiarrheal Activities of Polarity-Based Extracts of Cucumis sativus L. Seeds in In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050641. [PMID: 35631468 PMCID: PMC9143705 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from the nutritional value, Cucumis sativus L. has also been used in the traditional medicine of Iran, Pakistan, and India. Its seeds are used by herbalists to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary problems. However, more investigations are required to explain its mechanisms for treating GI, respiratory, and urinary diseases. Accordingly, the aim of the present work was to investigate the antispasmodic, bronchodilator, and antidiarrheal activities of C. sativus seeds extracts and the underlying mechanisms of action. For this purpose, sequential extracts of C. sativus seeds were prepared in n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. Bioactive compounds in C. sativus seed extracts were identified and quantified by utilizing LC ESI–MS/MS and HPLC. Moreover, network pharmacology and molecular docking were employed to examine the antispasmodic and bronchodilator effects of the bioactive substances in the extracts. In vitro and in vivo experiments were also conducted to validate the mechanistic insights gained from the in silico analysis. Results indicated the presence of kaempferol with a concentration of 813.74 µg/g (highest concentration) in the seed extract of C. sativus, followed by quercetin (713.83 µg/g), narcissin (681.87 µg/g), and orientin (676.19 µg/g). In silico investigations demonstrated that the bioactive chemicals in C. sativus seeds inhibited the expression of the target genes involved in smooth muscle contraction and calcium-mediated signaling. Sequential seed extracts of C. sativus caused a dose-dependent relaxant response for spasmolytic reaction and resulted in a relaxation of K+ (80 mM) spastic contraction. In animal models, C. sativus seed extracts exhibited partial or complete antiperistalsis, antidiarrheal, and antisecretory actions. By modulating the contractile response through calcium-mediated signaling target proteins, C. sativus seeds generated bronchodilator, antispasmodic, and antidiarrheal therapeutic effects.
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Trigonella foenum-graecum Methanolic Extract on Isolated Smooth Muscles and Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme: An In Vitro and Mechanistic In Silico Investigation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:4849464. [PMID: 35425837 PMCID: PMC9005292 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4849464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn., also called fenugreek, is a popular medicinal plant cultivated all over the globe. Fenugreek seeds are known for their many medicinal properties. We present our findings on the effect of a 70% aqueous methanolic fenugreek seed extract (Tfg.Cr) on isolated GI smooth muscles (rabbit jejunum and rat ileum) and the effect of extract and its constituent diosgenin on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. Results. When tested on the baseline of isolated tissues, Tfg.Cr was devoid of any activity (stimulant or relaxant) till 10 mg/ml. This is an interesting finding, keeping in mind that the fenugreek seeds are used to alleviate constipation and diarrhoea. When Tfg.Cr was tried for any potential AChE inhibitory activity, it did show an inhibitory effect in increasing concentrations (47-380 μg/ml). This inhibitory effect was comparable to the effect produced by a standard AChE inhibitor physostigmine. One of the known fenugreek constituents, diosgenin, was also tested, and it also showed an AChE inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner (11-190 μg/ml). Interaction between diosgenin and AChE was further investigated by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations for 100 ns, which showed that diosgenin interacted with the active-site gorge of AChE through hydrophobic, pi-pi stacking, and hydrogen bonds with various amino acids of the AChE enzyme. Conclusion. The results show that the fenugreek extract does not possess any GI stimulant or relaxant activity even though it is used traditionally in GI motility disorders. The extract and diosgenin could inhibit the AChE enzyme pointing towards their benefit to enhance the memory.
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Ji X, Guo J, Pan F, Kuang F, Chen H, Guo X, Liu Y. Structural Elucidation and Antioxidant Activities of a Neutral Polysaccharide From Arecanut (Areca catechu L.). Front Nutr 2022; 9:853115. [PMID: 35340550 PMCID: PMC8948432 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.853115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel neutral polysaccharide designated as PAP1b was isolated from Areca catechu L. by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and column chromatography. PAP1b was mainly composed of mannose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose in a ratio of 4.1:3.3:0.9:1.7, with an average molecular weight of 37.3 kDa. Structural characterization indicated that the backbone of PAP1b appeared to be composed mainly of → 6-β-Manp-(1 →, → 4)-α-Galp-(1 → and → 3,6)-β-Manp-(1 →) residues with some branches, and terminal of (1 →)-linked-β-Manp residues. The results of bioactivity experiments showed that PAP1b had antioxidant in vitro, esspecially on scavenging DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, the polysaccharide from Areca catechu L. could be used as a potential antioxidant in functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Ji
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhang Guo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feibing Pan
- Huachuang Institute of Areca Research-Hainan, Haikou, China
| | - Fengjun Kuang
- Hainan Kouweiwang Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd., Wanning, China
| | - Haiming Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xudan Guo
- Basic Medical College, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Hebei Higher Education Institute Applied Technology Research Center on TCM Formula Preparation, Hebei TCM Formula Preparation Technology Innovation Center, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Xudan Guo
| | - Yanqi Liu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
- Yanqi Liu
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Saqib F, Usman F, Malik S, Bano N, Ur-Rahman N, Riaz M, Marc (Vlaic) RA, Mureşan CC. Antidiarrheal and Cardio-Depressant Effects of Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab-Straube: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 35009082 PMCID: PMC8747237 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab-Straube is a commonly used remedy against various diseases. Crude extract and fractions of H. heteromalla were investigated for a gastrointestinal, bronchodilator, cardiovascular, and anti-inflammatory activities. H. heteromalla crude extract (Hh.Cr) relaxed spontaneous contractions and K+ (80 mM)-induced contraction in jejunum tissue dose-dependently. The relaxation of K+ (80 mM) indicates the presence of Ca++ channel blocking (CCB) effect, which was further confirmed by constructing calcium response curves (CRCs) as they caused rightward parallel shift of CRCs in a manner comparable to verapamil, so the spasmolytic effect of Hh.Cr was due to its CCB activity. Application of Hh.Cr on CCh (1 µM) and K+ (80 mM)-induced contraction in tracheal preparation resulted in complete relaxation, showing its bronchodilator effect mediated through Ca++ channels and cholinergic antagonist activity. Application of Hh.Cr on aortic preparations exhibited vasorelaxant activity through angiotensin and α-adrenergic receptors blockage. It also showed the cardio suppressant effect with negative chronotropic and inotropic response in paired atrium preparation. Similar effects were observed in in vivo models, i.e., decreased propulsive movement, wet feces, and inhibition of edema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Saqib
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (F.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Faisal Usman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (F.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Shehneela Malik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (F.U.); (S.M.)
| | - Naheed Bano
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Najm Ur-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18050, Pakistan; (N.U.-R.); (M.R.)
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18050, Pakistan; (N.U.-R.); (M.R.)
| | - Romina Alina Marc (Vlaic)
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Crina Carmen Mureşan
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Yang Y, Huang H, Cui Z, Chu J, Du G. UPLC-MS/MS and Network Pharmacology-Based Analysis of Bioactive Anti-Depression Compounds in Betel Nut. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4827-4836. [PMID: 34880597 PMCID: PMC8645950 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s335312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Betel nuts have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. In our study, the bioactive components of betel nut were systematically investigated, and the main components and their target genes in the treatment of depression were predicted. Methods The metabolites of the kernels and peels were analyzed with a UPLC–MS/MS system. Mass spectrometry outcomes were annotated by MULTIAQUANT. “Compound‐disease targets” were utilized to construct a pharmacology network. Results A total of 873 metabolites were identified, with a high abundance of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Moreover, the abundance of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols in the kernel was significantly higher than that in the peel. A high abundance of catechin, arginine, and phenylalanine was detected in the kernel, while a high abundance of arginine, arecoline, and aminobutyric acid was detected in the peel. Catechins and cyanoside were the most abundant flavonoids in the kernel and peel, respectively. Arecoline was the most abundant alkaloid. A total of 111 metabolites showed a significant difference between the kernels and peels. The relative abundance of 40 differential metabolites was higher than 100,000, including 14 primary metabolites, 12 flavonoids, 4 phenols, and 4 alkaloids. Among the 40 high abundance metabolites, 20 were higher in the kernel and 20 in the peel. In addition, the enrichment of metabolic pathways found that the kernel and peel of the fruit adopted different metabolic pathways for the synthesis of flavonoids and alkaloids. Network pharmacology prediction showed that 93 metabolites could target 141 depression-related genes. The main components of betel nut intervention in depression were predicted to include L-phenylalanine, protocatechuic acid, okanin, nicotinic acid, L-tyrosine, benzocaine, syringic acid, benzocaine, phloretic acid, cynaroside, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. Conclusion Betel nuts are rich in natural metabolites, and some of these metabolites can participate in the intervention of depression. In addition, the metabolites showed distinct characteristics between the kernel and peel. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively and rationally use betel nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Yang
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Huang
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeying Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Guankui Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.,Biotechnology and Biochemisty Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
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Spasmolytic Effect of Grewia asiatica Fruit Extract on Isolated Smooth Muscles is Mediated via Multiple Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5583372. [PMID: 34552651 PMCID: PMC8452403 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5583372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Grewia asiatica Linn, or phalsa, is a commonly consumed fruit in Pakistan. The fruit is employed in the traditional medicine practice of Pakistan as a smooth muscle relaxant in different gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular diseases. In this investigation, we show the antispasmodic and vasorelaxant actions of Grewia asiatica fruit extract. Methods A 70% methanolic crude extract of the plant material was prepared (Ga.Cr). Different isolated GI tissue preparations and endothelium-intact aortas from rats were utilized to observe the pharmacological actions of the extract. Results Ga.Cr, in increasing concentrations, inhibited the spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum. In an effort to determine the mechanism of this relaxant action, contractions were induced in jejunum and ileum tissues with K+ (80 mM). Ga.Cr was able to only partially inhibit these induced contractions indicating that the mechanism might not be completely through a blockade of Ca2+ channels (CCB). When tested on low K+-(25 mM) sustained contractions, Ga.Cr cumulatively suppressed these contractions (0.1–10 mg/ml), indicating an opening of K+ channels (KCO) as the mechanism. Cromakalim, a standard KCO, was also more specific in blocking low K+-induced contractions. For the effect in aorta tissues, Ga.Cr suppressed the agonist-induced contractions from 0.3 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml. Upon challenge with L-NAME, a nitric oxide (NO) blocker, the extract response curve shifted right, indicating vasodilation was mediated via endothelial NO. Conclusion This study shows that GI antispasmodic and vasodilator activities of Ga.Cr may be mediated via a KCO mechanism in the GI tract and through the release of NO from vascular endothelium.
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18
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Li J, Cao X, Jia X, Liu L, Cao H, Qin W, Li M. Iron Deficiency Leads to Chlorosis Through Impacting Chlorophyll Synthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism in Areca catechu L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710093. [PMID: 34408765 PMCID: PMC8365612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of certain elements can cause leaf chlorosis in Areca catechu L. trees, which causes considerable production loss. The linkage between nutrient deficiency and chlorosis phenomenon and physiological defect in A. catechu remains unclear. Here, we found that low iron supply is a determinant for chlorosis of A. catechu seedling, and excessive iron supply resulted in dark green leaves. We also observed morphological characters of A. catechu seedlings under different iron levels and compared their fresh weight, chlorophyll contents, chloroplast structures and photosynthetic activities. Results showed that iron deficiency directly caused chloroplast degeneration and reduced chlorophyll synthesis in chlorosis leaves, while excessive iron treatment can increase chlorophyll contents, chloroplasts sizes, and inflated starch granules. However, both excessive and deficient of iron decreases fresh weight and photosynthetic rate in A. catechu seedlings. Therefore, we applied transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to understand the effect of different iron supply to A. catechu seedlings. The genes involved in nitrogen assimilation pathway, such as NR (nitrate reductase) and GOGAT (glutamate synthase), were significantly down-regulated under both iron deficiency and excessive iron. Moreover, the accumulation of organic acids and flavonoids indicated a potential way for A. catechu to endure iron deficiency. On the other hand, the up-regulation of POD-related genes was assumed to be a defense strategy against the excessive iron toxicity. Our data demonstrated that A. catechu is an iron-sensitive species, therefore the precise control of iron level is believed to be the key point for A. catechu cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, China
| | - Xianmei Cao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaocheng Jia
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, China
| | - Liyun Liu
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, China
| | - Haowei Cao
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiquan Qin
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, China
| | - Meng Li
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Ansari A, Mahmood T, Bagga P, Ahsan F, Shamim A, Ahmad S, Shariq M, Parveen S. Areca catechu
: A phytopharmacological legwork. FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Farogh Ahsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
| | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
| | | | - Saba Parveen
- Faculty of Pharmacy Integral University Lucknow India
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Sari EF, Prayogo GP, Loo YT, Zhang P, McCullough MJ, Cirillo N. Distinct phenolic, alkaloid and antioxidant profile in betel quids from four regions of Indonesia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16254. [PMID: 33004929 PMCID: PMC7529777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel quid (BQ) is a chewing mixed package that mainly contains areca nut (AN), betel leaf (Leaf) or betel stem inflorescence (SI), and slaked lime, and is consumed with or without tobacco BQ chewing is common in South East Asia and has been strongly associated with malignant and potentially malignant diseases of the oral cavity. Alkaloids such as arecoline are often accounted for the carcinogenic potential of BQ, however the chemical composition of BQ has not been studied in detail. In the current study, we investigated the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (by mean of ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP), radical scavenging activity (DPPH test), polyphenolic profile and arecoline content in different components of BQ, namely AN, Leaf or SI, Husk, and blended BQ (BQ mix, containing AN, Leaf or SI and slaked lime). Samples were imported from 4 major regions of Indonesia, namely: Banda Aceh (BA), North Sumatra (NS), West Kalimantan (WK) and West Papua (WP). The highest TPC, FRAP, and DPPH values were detected in AN samples compared to other BQ components, while samples from WP region were of higher values compared to the other regions. High performance liquid chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis showed that Husk contains the widest range of polyphenols, including hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, flavonols and stilbenes. Catechin and epicatechin were the main polyphenols detected in BQ, and they were present at the highest concentrations in WP–AN sample. Arecoline was detected in all AN and BQ mix samples and was significantly correlated with catechin and epicatechin, and significantly negatively correlated with p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Notably, arecoline concentration changed significantly when AN was blended in BQ mixtures. The current study is the first to extensively characterise the chemical composition of BQ and provides insight for a better understanding of the interactions of BQ alkaloids and phenolics in the development of oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fitriana Sari
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia. .,Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia. .,Dentistry and Oral Health, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, 3550, Australia.
| | - Grace Puspita Prayogo
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Yit Tao Loo
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Michael John McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC, 3053, Australia.
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Barrientos RE, Ahmed S, Cortés C, Fernández-Galleguillos C, Romero-Parra J, Simirgiotis MJ, Echeverría J. Chemical Fingerprinting and Biological Evaluation of the Endemic Chilean Fruit Greigia sphacelata (Ruiz and Pav.) Regel (Bromeliaceae) by UHPLC-PDA-Orbitrap-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:E3750. [PMID: 32824604 PMCID: PMC7464012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Greigia sphacelata (Ruiz and Pav.) Regel (Bromeliaceae) is a Chilean endemic plant popularly known as "quiscal" and produces an edible fruit consumed by the local Mapuche communities named as "chupón". In this study, several metabolites including phenolic acids, organic acids, sugar derivatives, catechins, proanthocyanidins, fatty acids, iridoids, coumarins, benzophenone, flavonoids, and terpenes were identified in G. sphacelata fruits using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection coupled with a Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-Orbitrap-MS) analysis for the first time. The fruits showed moderate antioxidant capacities (i.e., 487.11 ± 26.22 μmol TE/g dry weight) in the stable radical DPPH assay, 169.08 ± 9.81 TE/g dry weight in the ferric reducing power assay, 190.32 ± 6.23 TE/g dry weight in the ABTS assay, and 76.46 ± 3.18% inhibition in the superoxide anion scavenging assay. The cholinesterase inhibitory potential was evaluated against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). From the findings, promising results were observed for pulp and seeds. Our findings suggest that G. sphacelata fruits are a rich source of diverse secondary metabolites with antioxidant capacities. In addition, the inhibitory effects against AChE and BChE suggest that natural products or food supplements derived from G. sphacelata fruits are of interest for their neuroprotective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E. Barrientos
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (R.E.B.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Shakeel Ahmed
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (R.E.B.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Carmen Cortés
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (R.E.B.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Carlos Fernández-Galleguillos
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (R.E.B.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Javier Romero-Parra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos 1007, Casilla 233, Santiago 8380544, Chile;
| | - Mario J. Simirgiotis
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (R.E.B.); (S.A.); (C.C.); (C.F.-G.)
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170002, Chile
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Zhang F, Yang P, He Q, Dong X, Zhang S. Is gastrointestinal motility related to alkaloids of Charred Semen Arecae? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112825. [PMID: 32320728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Semen Arecae (SA) is one of the most commonly used Traditional Chinese Medicine. Charred Semen Arecae (CSA) is the processed product of SA. Alkaloids are considered as pharmacological mechanisms of SA and CSA on gastrointestinal motility. Recent studies have shown alkaloids decreased quickly after procession. However, the promoting on gastrointestinal motility were not decreased. Is gastrointestinal motility related to alkaloids of CSA? This study explored the effects of SA, CSA, Semen Arecae-Removal (SA-R), and Charred Semen Arecae-Removal (CSA-R) on gastrointestinal motility, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP), Glucagon Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric juice and bile in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were randomly divided into six groups, including the Control group, SA group, CSA group, SA-R group, CSA-R group, and Positive drug group (Mosapride). Alkaloids of samples were knocked out by using the "target constituent removal" strategy. Gastric residue and intestinal propulsion rate were evaluated in rats. Serum levels of GIP and GLP-1 were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Gastric juice and bile were examined, respectively. RESULTS CSA-R and SA-R have been investigated by the Preparative Thin-layer Chromatography (PTLC) method. Intestinal propulsion and gastric residue assessments confirmed the effectiveness of CSA and CSA-R. CSA-R was higher than SA-R in the GLP-1, pepsin activity, the secretion of bile, Bilirubin (BIL), and Cholesterol (CHO). The statistical comparison demonstrated that there is no difference between the CSA group and CSA-R group. CONCLUSIONS After processing, the promoting gastrointestinal motility might be not related to alkaloids. Maillard reaction could be produced to promote the secretion of GLP-1, bile, and CHO for gastrointestinal motility. Our findings provide a pharmacological reference for the clinical application of SA and CSA in the treatment of digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qiujun He
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xing Dong
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Sanyin Zhang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Li WD, Zang CJ, Yin S, Shen W, Sun QY, Zhao M. Metformin protects against mouse oocyte apoptosis defects induced by arecoline. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12809. [PMID: 32557964 PMCID: PMC7377942 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Arecoline is the main bioactive substance extracted from Areca catechu L, which has cell, neural and genetic toxicity. The function of arecoline in reproductive system has not been well explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the toxic effects of arecoline on oocyte development, immunofluorescence staining, qPCR, Western blotting, sperm binding assays and in vitro fertilization were performed to evaluate oocyte meiosis competence and embryo development. RESULTS Our data revealed that arecoline exposure disrupts actin filament dynamics, spindle assembly and kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability in mouse oocytes, leading to aneuploidy and oocyte meiosis arrest. In addition, arecoline treatment disturbs the distribution of mitochondria, reduces ATP production and increases the level of oxidative stress, which ultimately induces oocyte apoptosis. Supplementation with metformin, a medicine for type 2 diabetes in the clinic, partially alleviates these damages. CONCLUSIONS Metformin has a protective effect on arecoline-induced mouse oocytes apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Zang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shen Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Cao M, Liu Y, Yuan H, Qiu Y, Xie Q, Yi P, Tan D, Peng Y, Wang W. HPLC-Based Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Alkaloids in Chewable Areca Products from Different Geographic Regions. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1400-1405. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chewable areca products are popular in Asian countries, including India, Pakistan, Malaysia, and China. The major alkaloids present in areca products are guvacine, arecaidine, guvacoline, and arecoline which cause carcinogenicity and addiction.
Objective
The objective of this study was the quantitative analysis of the alkaloid content of areca chewable products from different countries and regions using HPLC-UV, as well as the benefit of their safety evaluation products.
Method
An HPLC-UV method was established for qualitative and quantitative analyses of 65 batches of areca chewable products from different countries and regions. Additionally, similarity evaluation of chromatographic fingerprints was applied for data analysis.
Results
These results reveal a significant variation in the levels of areca alkaloids among tested products, specifically guvacoline (0.060–1.216 mg/g), arecoline (0.376–3.592 mg/g), guvacine (0.028–1.184 mg/g), and arecaidine (0.184–1.291 mg/g). There were significant differences in the alkaloid content of areca chewable products from different producing areas.
Conclusions
The method will be useful in the safety evaluation of different areca chewable products.
Highlights
The established HPLC-UV method can be adopted for safety evaluation of areca chewable products from different countries and regions due to its general applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Cao
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yingkai Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yixing Qiu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qingling Xie
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Pan Yi
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Dianbo Tan
- Hunan Academy of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yanmei Peng
- Hunan Academy of Chinese medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Academician Atta-ur-Rahman Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
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Cao M, Yuan H, Daniyal M, Yu H, Xie Q, Liu Y, Li B, Jian Y, Peng C, Tan D, Peng Y, Choudhary MI, Rahman AU, Wang W. Two new alkaloids isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Binglang the fruit of Areca catechu. Fitoterapia 2019; 138:104276. [PMID: 31351128 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Binglang, the fruit of Areca catechu L, has a long history as an important Chinese herbal medicine. Two new alkaloids (1 and 2), along with forty-one known compounds (3-43) were isolated from the dried fruit of Areca catechu L. The structures were elucidated on basis of the IR, UV, MS and 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compounds 26 and 33 showed weak cytotoxicity against human gastric cancer cell line (BGC-823) with IC50 of 15.91 μM and 20.13 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Cao
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Huanghe Yu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Qingling Xie
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Yingkai Liu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Yuqing Jian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Caiyun Peng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Dianbo Tan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China.
| | - Yanmei Peng
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Atta-Ur Rahman
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Academician Atta-ur-Rahamn Belt and Road Traditional Medicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China.
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26
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Labed SA, Wani KA, Jagadeesan S, Hakkim A, Najibi M, Irazoqui JE. Intestinal Epithelial Wnt Signaling Mediates Acetylcholine-Triggered Host Defense against Infection. Immunity 2019; 48:963-978.e3. [PMID: 29768179 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulated antimicrobial peptide expression in the intestinal epithelium is key to defense against infection and to microbiota homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate such expression is necessary for understanding immune homeostasis and inflammatory disease and for developing safe and effective therapies. We used Caenorhabditis elegans in a preclinical approach to discover mechanisms of antimicrobial gene expression control in the intestinal epithelium. We found an unexpected role for the cholinergic nervous system. Infection-induced acetylcholine release from neurons stimulated muscarinic signaling in the epithelium, driving downstream induction of Wnt expression in the same tissue. Wnt induction activated the epithelial canonical Wnt pathway, resulting in the expression of C-type lectin and lysozyme genes that enhanced host defense. Furthermore, the muscarinic and Wnt pathways are linked by conserved transcription factors. These results reveal a tight connection between the nervous system and the intestinal epithelium, with important implications for host defense, immune homeostasis, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sid Ahmed Labed
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Khursheed A Wani
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sakthimala Jagadeesan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Abdul Hakkim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mehran Najibi
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Javier Elbio Irazoqui
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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27
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Aleem A, Janbaz KH. Dual mechanisms of anti-muscarinic and Ca ++ antagonistic activities to validate the folkloric uses of Cyperus niveus Retz. as antispasmodic and antidiarrheal. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:138-148. [PMID: 29122673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cyperus species are famous for their traditional uses and very commonly used for their anti-spasmodic and anti-diarrheal activities. Cyperus niveus Retz. is used in local traditional system of medicine in Pakistan to treat diarrhea and emesis. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to validate the traditional uses and to provide the possible mechanisms for the medicinal use of Cyperus niveus Retz. as anti-spasmodic, anti-diarrheal and anti emetic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in-vivo studies of anti-diarrheal, charcoal meal GI transit test and anti-emetic activities were conducted in rats, mice and chicks respectively, while isolated tissues of rabbit's jejunum and rat's ileum were used for in-vitro experiments. Phytochemical analysis was also undertaken. RESULTS The phytochemical study of hydro-ethanolic extract of Cyperus niveus Retz. showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and glycosides. Cn. Cr caused significant inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats (300,500 & 700mg/kg) using loperamide (10mg/kg, p.o) as standard. Cn. Cr also significantly decreased the motility in charcoal meal GI transit test at 100-200mg/kg in mice, using atropine (3.0mg/kg) as positive control. In jejunum tissue, Cn. Cr relaxed carbachol(1µM) and K+(80mM)-induced contractions, similar to the effect of dicyclomine. Pre-incubation of isolated rat ileum tissues with Cn. Cr (0.1mg/mL) caused the corresponding shift of CCh concentration response curve (CRC) to right without decrease in max. response whereas at the concentration of 0.3mg/mL caused the rightward nonparallel shift with max. response suppression, similar to dicyclomine. Antimuscarinic effect was further confirmed when prior administration of Cn. Cr (0.1, 0.3 and 1mg/mL) caused concentration dependent inhibition of induced contractions of carbachol, comparable to atropine (1µM). To confirm the Ca2+ channel blocking (CCB), the rabbit jejunum was pre-incubated with Cn. Cr (0.3 & 1.0mg/mL), produced a shift in CRCs of calcium toward right with decrease in the maximum response at next concentration, similar to that of dicyclomine. The organic fraction of Cyperus niveus Retz. (Cn. Dcm) showed Ca2+ antagonist and anticholinergic activities with higher potency against K+(80mM) induced contractions, like verapamil, while aqueous fraction (Cn. Aq) relaxed only carbachol(1µM) induced contractions with no prominent effect on K+ (80mM)-contractions even at the higher concentration of 10mg/mL, similar to atropine. Cn. Cr also showed significant anti-emetic effect in Chick emesis model using chlorpromazine as standard. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities in Cyperus niveus Retz. extract, mediated by dual blocking mechanisms of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels. The results further indicate the presence of anti-emetic activity in Cn. Cr, which may be because of its anti-muscarinic potential. This study provides the scientific bases to the traditional use of Cn. Cr in diarrhea and emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Aleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
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28
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Tang SN, Zhang J, Liu D, Liu ZW, Zhang XQ, Ye WC. Three new areca alkaloids from the nuts of Areca catechu. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2017; 19:1155-1159. [PMID: 28347169 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1307187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three new areca alkaloids arecatemines A-C (1-3), together with five known ones (4-8), were isolated from the nuts of Areca catechu. The structures of new compounds including absolute configurations were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The known compounds were identified by comparing with data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nan Tang
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Jian Zhang
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Dong Liu
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Zhi-Wen Liu
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- a Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
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Osborne PG, Ko YC, Wu MT, Lee CH. Intoxication and substance use disorder to Areca catechu nut containing betel quid: A review of epidemiological evidence, pharmacological basis and social factors influencing quitting strategies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:187-197. [PMID: 28787696 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM We present a systematic review of substance use disorder (SUD) to Areca catechu nut (AN) and AN containing betel quid (ANcBQ) with emphasis on dependence resulting from chewing of tobacco-free ANcBQ. We examined pharmacology of intoxication and addiction, and factors influencing quitting strategies. METHODS Epidemiological publications of SUD were included according to PRISMA criteria. Pharmacological publications were retrieved from the PUBMED database and websites of the WHO, United Nations, and Sigma-Aldrich. RESULTS Nine epidemiological studies show clear evidence of abuse and dependence in tobacco-free ANcBQ and/or ANcBQ+Tobacco chewers. Dependency is greater if ANcBQ contains tobacco. In both groups higher dependency scores were positively correlated with higher frequency of chewing. Dependency on AN+Lime is associated with altered brain morphology, resting state brain activity, neurochemistry and deterioration of working spatial memory. ANcBQ contains a complex mixture of neuroactive compounds that have the potential to act directly upon all major cerebral neurotransmitter systems. Of these compounds, only arecoline (muscarinic agonist) has been the focus of limited pharmacological investigation. In animal studies, arecoline increases dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic circuit and this action may be one factor contributing to ANcBQ dependency in humans. Societal and familial acceptance of ANcBQ consumption is paramount for commencement and persistence of chewing. CONCLUSIONS ANcBQ SUD remains an orphan disease. The limited understanding of pharmacological basis of intoxication and SUD determines there are no pharmacological replacement therapies for ANcBQ SUD. The addictive properties of ANcBQ coupled with social acceptance of ANcBQ chewing limits the effectiveness of counseling-based quitting programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Osborne
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Community Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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30
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Jiang Z, Cao LX, Liu B, Chen QC, Shang WF, Zhou L, Li DY, Guo DA, Chen ZQ. Effects of Chinese herbal medicine Xiangbin prescription on gastrointestinal motility. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2987-2994. [PMID: 28522917 PMCID: PMC5413794 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i16.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of Xiangbin prescription (XBP), a Chinese herbal concoction, on gastrointestinal motility.
METHODS Forty healthy volunteers were recruited for this randomized controlled trial of XBP. Antroduodenojejunal manometry was used to monitor gastrointestinal motility in these subjects. After the subjects had fasted for at least 12 h, XBP (n = 30) or placebo (n = 10) was orally administrated and gastrointestinal motility was recorded for 4 h. Plasma motilin and ghrelin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS Oral administration of XBP significantly increased the amplitude of duodenal contractions [19.5 (13.0-26.7) vs 16.9 (12.3-23.9), P < 0.05], jejunal contractions [18.3 (15.3-25.0) vs 15.4 (11.7-23.9), P < 0.01], and the motility index of duodenal contractions [522.0 (146.0-139.0) vs 281.0 (76.5-1006.0), P < 0.01] in phase II of the migratory motor complex (MMC), which subsequently initiated the MMC cycle [74.0 (30.0-118.0) vs 116.5 (24.0-219.0), P < 0.05], shortened the duration of phase I of the MMC [42.0 (0.0-90.0) vs 111.5 (42.0-171.0), P < 0.01], and lengthened the duration of phase II of the MMC [120 (21-240) vs 58 (16-170), P < 0.01] compared to the duration before XBP administration. There were significant differences in the amplitude of jejunal contractions [19.8 (14.0-30.0) vs 18.0 (13.0-28.5), P < 0.05], the motility index of duodenal contractions [236.0 (115.0-306.0) vs 195.0 (109.0-310.0), P < 0.05)], and jejunal contractions [214.0 (95.0-403.0) vs 178.0 (55.0-304.0), P < 0.01] in phase III of the MMC. Oral administration of XBP greatly increased plasma motilin (57.69 ± 9.03 vs 49.38 ± 8.63, P < 0.01) and ghrelin (279.20 ± 104.31 vs 238.73 ± 115.59, P < 0.01) concentrations compared to concentrations after oral administration of the placebo.
CONCLUSION XBP can stimulate duodenal and jejunal motility and increase the concentrations of plasma motilin and ghrelin. The clinical applicability of XBP in treating GDIM deserves investigation.
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31
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Saeedi M, Babaie K, Karimpour-Razkenari E, Vazirian M, Akbarzadeh T, Khanavi M, Hajimahmoodi M, Shams Ardekani MR. In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory activity of some plants used in Iranian traditional medicine. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2690-2694. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1290620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Saeedi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatereh Babaie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Vazirian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Akbarzadeh
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Khanavi
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoodi
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drug and Food Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shams Ardekani
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Adilijiang A, Guan T, Xu ZZ, Hartle K, Zhang YB, Wang WQ, Li XM. The Aqueous Fraction of Areca catechu Nut Ameliorates Demyelination in Prefrontal Cortex-Induced Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Decline through Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Activation. Chin J Integr Med 2016:10.1007/s11655-016-2455-8. [PMID: 27081000 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2455-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if Areca catechu L. treatment could ameliorate depressive symptoms and cognitive decline by facilitating myelination processes in prefrontal cortex. METHODS A mouse model of cuprizoneinduced demyelination was used to mimic demyelinating disease. Two concentrations of A. catechu nut extract (ANE; 1% and 2%) were administered orally in the diet for 8 weeks. Depressive symptoms and cognition-associated behaviors were evaluated in tests of locomotor activity, tail suspension, and forced swimming; spatial memory was tested with the Y-maze. Expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase), glutathione S-transferases pi (GSTpi), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and the transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding (CREB) were evaluated by western blot. RESULTS Animals subjected to demyelination showed hyperactivity (P<0.01), impaired spatial memory (P<0.01), and depressive behaviors (P<0.05). Internally, they displayed signifificant myelin damage in the cortex, lower expression of CNPase and GSTpi, slightly decreased BDNF (P>0.05), and signifificantly reduced p-CREB (P<0.05). Nevertheless, ANE treatment demonstrated signifificant anti-depressant activity and enhancement of working memory (P<0.05 or 0.01). In addition, ANE treatment increased MBP, CNPase and GSTpi protein expression in prefrontal cortex (P<0.05). Concomitant with increased BDNF production (P<0.05), ANE treatment up-regulated phosphorylated CREB, but without statistical signifificance (P>0.05). CONCLUSION ANE treatment might ameliorate depressive symptoms and cognitive decline by facilitating myelination processes in prefrontal cortex via induction of BDNF-CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abulimiti Adilijiang
- Mental Health Research Laboratory, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361012, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E7.31 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Teng Guan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Zhi-Zhong Xu
- Mental Health Research Laboratory, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361012, China
| | - Kelly Hartle
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E7.31 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Yan-Bo Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E7.31 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- Mental Health Research Laboratory, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361012, China.
| | - Xin-Min Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 1E7.31 Walter C. Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
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Khan RA, Aslam M, Ahmed S. Evaluation of Toxicological Profile of a Polyherbal Formulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2016.71008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Peng W, Liu YJ, Wu N, Sun T, He XY, Gao YX, Wu CJ. Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): a review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:340-356. [PMID: 25681543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae), widely distributed in South and Southeast Asia, is a popular traditional herbal medicine that can be chewed for the purpose of dispersing accumulated fluid in the abdominal cavity and killing worms. The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review on the traditional uses and advances in the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of this plant. Furthermore, the possible trends and a perspective for future research of this plant are also discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was performed on A. catechu based on classic books of herbal medicine, PhD. and MSc. dissertations, government reports, the state and local drug standards, scientific databases including Pubmed, SciFinder, Scopus, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and others. Various types of information regarding this plant are discussed in corresponding parts of this paper. In addition, perspectives for possible future studies of A. catechu are discussed. RESULTS The seeds of A. catechu (areca nut) have been widely used in clinical practice in China, India and other South and Southeast Asian Countries. Currently, over 59 compounds have been isolated and identified from A. catechu, including alkaloids, tannins, flavones, triterpenes, steroids, and fatty acids. The extracts and compounds isolated from A. catechu have many pharmacological activities. These include antiparasitic effects, anti-depressive effects, anti-fatigue effects, antioxidant effects, antibacterial and antifungal effects, antihypertensive effects, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, anti-allergic effects, the promotion of digestive functions, suppression of platelet aggregation, regulatory effects on blood glucose and lipids, etc. Although arecoline is the primary active constituent of A. catechu, it is also the primary toxic compound. The main toxicities of arecoline are the promotion of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and cytotoxic effects on normal human cells, which involve inducing apoptosis. CONCLUSION As an important herbal medicine, A. catechu has potential for the treatment of many diseases, especially parasitic diseases, digestive function disorders, and depression. Many traditional uses of A. catechu have now been validated by current investigations. However, further research should be undertaken to investigate the clinical effects, toxic constituents, target organs, and pharmacokinetics and to establish criteria for quality control for A. catechu-derived medications. In addition, it will be interesting to investigate the active macromolecular compounds and active constituents other than alkaloids in both raw and processed products of A. catechu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Yu-Jie Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Na Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Tao Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China
| | - Yong-Xiang Gao
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
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The Protective Effects of Areca catechu Extract on Cognition and Social Interaction Deficits in a Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:426092. [PMID: 25815032 PMCID: PMC4357051 DOI: 10.1155/2015/426092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness with an unclear cause. One theory is that demyelination of white matter is one of the main pathological factors involved in the development of schizophrenia. The current study evaluated the protective effects of Areca catechu nut extract (ANE) on a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model. Two doses of ANE (1% and 2%) were administered orally in the diet for 8 weeks. Animals subjected to demyelination showed impaired spatial memory and less social activity. In addition, mice subjected to demyelination displayed significant myelin damage in cortex and demonstrated a higher expression of NG2 and PDGFRα and AMPK activation. ANE treatment not only significantly enhanced cognitive ability and social activity, but also protected myelin against cuprizone toxicity by promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation. In addition, ANE treatment demonstrated significant dephosphorylation of AMPKα, indicating a regulatory role for ANE in schizophrenia. This study showed that ANE treatment may enhance cognitive ability and social activity by facilitating OPC differentiation and protecting against myelin damage in cortex. Results also suggest the AMPK signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
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Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC. A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2014; 35:3-9. [PMID: 25006276 PMCID: PMC4080659 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5851.133702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut is widely consumed by all ages groups in many parts of the world, especially south-east Asia. The objective of this review is to systematically review and collate all the published data that are related to the systemic effects of areca nut. The literature search was performed by an electronic search of the Pubmed and Cochrane databases using keywords and included articles published till October 2012. We selected studies that covered the effect of areca nut on metabolism, and a total of 62 studies met the criteria. There is substantial evidence for carcinogenicity of areca nut in cancers of the mouth and esophagus. Areca nut affects almost all organs of the human body, including the brain, heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract and reproductive organs. It causes or aggravates pre-existing conditions such as neuronal injury, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, hepatotoxicity, asthma, central obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, metabolic syndrome, etc. Areca nut affects the endocrine system, leading to hypothyroidism, prostate hyperplasia and infertility. It affects the immune system leading to suppression of T-cell activity and decreased release of cytokines. It has harmful effects on the fetus when used during pregnancy. Thus, areca nut is not a harmless substance as often perceived and proclaimed by the manufacturers of areca nut products such as Pan Masala, Supari Mix, Betel quid, etc. There is an urgent need to recognize areca nut as a harmful food substance by the policy makers and prohibit its glamorization as a mouth freshener. Strict laws are necessary to regulate the production of commercial preparations of areca nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Garg
- Department of Head and Neck Oncosurgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Head and Neck Oncosurgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prakash C. Gupta
- Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Antihyperglycemic activity of Areca Catechu flowers. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dalai MK, Bhadra S, Bandyopadhyay A, Mukherjee PK. Evaluation of anti-cholinesterase activity of the standardized extract of Piper betel L. leaf. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-013-0141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tsai WC, Chen CY, Kuo HF, Wu MT, Tang WH, Chu CS, Lin TH, Su HM, Hsu PC, Jhuo SJ, Lin MY, Lee KT, Sheu SH, Lai WT. Areca nut chewing and risk of atrial fibrillation in Taiwanese men: a nationwide ecological study. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:804-11. [PMID: 23794944 PMCID: PMC3689880 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca nut chewing is associated with the risk of obesity, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, and cardiovascular mortality. Although a few case reports or case series have suggested the link between areca nut chewing and cardiac arrhythmias, information about the relationship between areca nut chewing and atrial fibrillation (AF) is lacking. Thus, a nationwide ecological study was conducted to investigate this. METHODS Two national datasets, the nationwide population-based 2005 Taiwan National Health Insurance Research dataset (NHIRD) and the 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), were used for analyses. The clinical characteristics, inhabited area and medical histories for 375,360 eligible males were retrieved from the 2005 NHIRD. Health related behaviors including areca nut chewing, cigarette smoking, infrequent vegetable eating, and exercise habit were collected from the 2005 NHIS. The prevalence of AF and the areca nut chewing rate were evaluated by multivariate analysis. RESULTS Of the 375,360 males (mean age, 44 years old), 1,326 (0.35%) were diagnosed with AF. The higher areca nut chewing rate, the higher prevalence rate of AF in Taiwan (Spearman correlation coefficient r=0.558, p=0.007). After adjusting for other covariates, the current areca nut chewing rate was found to be independently associated with the prevalence of AF. The adjusted odd ratio for areca nut chewing was 1.02 (95% CI=1.00-1.04) in risk of AF prevalence. CONCLUSIONS Areca nut chewing is independently associated with the prevalence of AF in Taiwanese men. However, further exploration of the underlying mechanisms is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Tsai
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- 2. Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yu Chen
- 3. College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Fu Kuo
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- 4. Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- 5. Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hua Tang
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Lin
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ming Su
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- 2. Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chao Hsu
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jie Jhuo
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yen Lin
- 5. Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tai Lee
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Sheu
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ter Lai
- 1. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Intestinal, airway, and cardiovascular relaxant activities of thymoquinone. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:305319. [PMID: 23320027 PMCID: PMC3540993 DOI: 10.1155/2012/305319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) is a bioactive component found in many medicinal herbs. In this study, we report the smooth and cardiac muscle relaxant activities of this compound. TQ concentration dependently suppressed spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum while also relaxed high K+-(80 mM) induced contractions in jejunum and guinea-pig ileum, indicating activity at voltage-operated Ca++ channels (VOCC). Further, TQ displaced Ca++ concentration-response curves, obtained in a Ca++-free environment, to the right, showing blockade of VOCC. Similar activity was observed with verapamil, a standard VOCC blocker. TQ also exhibited nonadrenergic relaxation of agonist-induced contractions in guinea-pig trachea. When tested in fluo-4-loaded mouse lung slices, TQ inhibited ACh-induced airway narrowing and Ca++ signalling in airway smooth muscle cells. In endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded rat aorta, TQ inhibited high K+-induced contractions at significantly lower concentrations than phenylephrine-(PE-) (1 microM) induced contractions. Relaxation of PE-induced contractions was resistant to blockade by L-NAME and atropine. In guinea-pig atria, TQ showed noncholinergic relaxation of atrial force and rate of contractions. These data suggest smooth and cardiac muscle relaxant activity of TQ possibly mediated, in part, via blockade of VOCC. The results also justify the use of TQ containing plants in related health disorders like colic, diarrhoea, cough, and asthma.
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Ghayur MN, Kazim SF, Rasheed H, Khalid A, Jumani MI, Choudhary MI, Gilani AH. Identification of antiplatelet and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory constituents in betel nut. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:619-25. [PMID: 21669165 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible mechanism and the compound(s) responsible for the antiplatelet and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effects of Areca catechu crude extract (Ac.Cr). METHODS Aqueous-methanol (70%) was used for extraction of plant material (betel nut). Antiplatelet activity was measured in human platelet-rich plasma by using a Lumi-aggregometer while anti-AChE activity was measured spectrophotometrically in vitro. In an attempt to find the responsible compound(s) in betel nut for antiplatelet and anti-AChE activities, different commercially available betel nut compounds were tested. RESULTS Ac.Cr inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), platelet-activating factor (PAF), epinephrine and Ca(2+)-ionophore. Ac.Cr was the most potent in inhibiting ADP- and Ca(2+)-ionophore-induced aggregation. In the AChE assay, Ac.Cr showed significant AChE inhibitory activity with almost complete inhibition of the enzyme. Out of the tested compounds, none of the compounds in betel nut showed any antiplatelet effect except for catechin that was the most potent against epinephrine-induced aggregation. Catechin was significantly less potent than Ac.Cr, indicating a presence of additional compound(s) with antiplatelet activity. For the AChE inhibitory effect, only tannic acid, gallic acid, diosgenin and isoguvacine were found to be active, whereby tannic acid was more potent than Ac.Cr. CONCLUSION This study shows the possible antiplatelet and AChE inhibitory potential of betel nut while further studies are needed to confirm and identify more compounds in betel nut for these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nabeel Ghayur
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Abbas S, Bashir S, Khan A, Mehmood MH, Gilani AH. Gastrointestinal Stimulant Effect of Urginea indica
Kunth. and Involvement of Muscarinic Receptors. Phytother Res 2011; 26:704-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy; Bahauddin Zakariya University; Multan Pakistan
| | - Samra Bashir
- Department of Pharmacy; Bahauddin Zakariya University; Multan Pakistan
- Natural Product Research Unit; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; the Aga Khan University Medical College; Karachi 74800 Pakistan
| | - Aslam Khan
- Natural Product Research Unit; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; the Aga Khan University Medical College; Karachi 74800 Pakistan
| | - Malik Hassan Mehmood
- Natural Product Research Unit; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; the Aga Khan University Medical College; Karachi 74800 Pakistan
| | - Anwarul Hassan Gilani
- Natural Product Research Unit; Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences; the Aga Khan University Medical College; Karachi 74800 Pakistan
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Osborne PG, Chou TS, Shen TW. Characterization of the psychological, physiological and EEG profile of acute betel quid intoxication in naïve subjects. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23874. [PMID: 21909371 PMCID: PMC3166120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Betel quid use and abuse is wide spread in Asia but the physiological basis of intoxication and addiction are unknown. In subjects naïve to the habit of betel quid intoxication, the psychological and physiological profile of intoxication has never been reported. We compared the effect of chewing gum or chewing betel quid, and subsequent betel quid intoxication, on psychological assessment, prospective time interval estimation, numerical and character digit span, computerized 2 choice tests and mental tasks such as reading and mathematics with concurrent monitoring of ECG, EEG and face temperature in healthy, non-sleep deprived, male subjects naïve to the habit of chewing betel quid. Betel quid intoxication, dose dependently induced tachycardia (max 30 bpm) and elevated face temperature (0.7°C) (P<0.001) above the effects observed in response to chewing gum (max 12 bpm and 0.3°C) in 12 subjects. Gross behavioral indices of working memory such as numerical or character digit span in 8 subjects, or simple visual-motor performance such as reaction speed or accuracy in a two choice scenario in 8 subjects were not affected by betel quid intoxication. Betel quid intoxication strongly influenced the psychological aspects of perception such as slowing of the prospective perception of passage of a 1 minute time interval in 8 subjects (P<0.05) and perceived increased arousal (P<0.01) and perceived decreased ability to think (P<0.05) in 31 subjects. The EEG spectral profile recorded from mental states associated with open and closed eyes, and mental tasks such as reading and eyes closed mental arithmetic were significantly modified (P<0.05) relative to chewing gum by betel quid intoxication in 10 subjects. The prevalence of betel quid consumption across a range of social and work settings warrants greater investigation of this widespread but largely under researched drug.
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Hussain A, Khan MN, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS, Khan MK. Anthelmintic activity of Trianthema portulacastrum L. and Musa paradisiaca L. against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. Vet Parasitol 2011; 179:92-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Khan S, Mehmood MH, Ali ANA, Ahmed FS, Dar A, Gilani AH. Studies on anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of betel nut in rodents. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 135:654-61. [PMID: 21501676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Areca catechu, commonly known as betel nut, is very famous for its medicinal use in multiple disorders. It is also popular as a remedy against inflammatory disorders in the Unani (Greco-Arab) system of medicine. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study was aimed at investigating the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the crude extract of Areca catechu and its respective fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Paw edema, formalin-induced nociception and acetic acid-induced writhing assays were carried out in vivo. Free radical scavenging activity of the plant extract was performed in vitro. RESULTS Preliminary experiments using a single dose (100 mg/kg) of Areca catechu and its respective fractions demonstrated an anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced edema in mice and rats, the aqueous fraction being distinctly more effective. When studied on prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), arachidonic acid, histamine, or serotonin (5HT)-induced edema in rats, Areca catechu and its aqueous fraction markedly repressed only the PGE₂ and arachidonic acid-induced inflammation. When studied for analgesic activity, the crude extract and its aqueous fraction produced a dose-dependent (10-100 mg/kg) inhibitory effect on formalin-induced nociception in mice and acetic acid-induced writhing in rats, similar to aspirin. In DPPH assay, Areca catechu and its aqueous fraction exhibited free radical scavenging activity with respective IC(50) values of 5.34 μg/ml (4.93-5.78, CI; 95%, n=5) and 7.28 μg/ml (6.04-7.95, n=4), like that of rutin with IC(50) value of 4.75 μg/ml (3.89-5.42, n=4). CONCLUSION These results indicate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Areca catechu and provide a rationale for its medicinal use in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta Khan
- Natural Product Research Division, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, the Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the use of natural products as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. The compounds span a diverse array of structural classes and are organized according to their mechanism of action, with the focus primarily on the major hypotheses. Overall, the review discusses more than 180 compounds and summarizes 400 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
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Ghayur MN, Gilani AH, Ahmed T, Khalid A, Nawaz SA, Agbedahunsi JM, Choudhary MI, Houghton PJ. Muscarinic, Ca++ antagonist and specific butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of dried ginger extract might explain its use in dementia. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.10.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) has been used for centuries to treat dementia in South Asia. This study was undertaken to possibly justify its use. A 70% aqueous/methanolic extract of dried ginger (Zo.Cr) was used. Zo.Cr tested positive for the presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, secondary amines, phenols, alkaloids and saponins. When tested on isolated rat stomach fundus, Zo.Cr showed a spasmogenic effect (0.03–5.00 mg mL−1); it relaxed the tissue at concentrations ≥5 mg mL−1. The stimulant effect was resistant to blockade by hexamethonium and methysergide, but sensitive to atropine, indicating activity via muscarinic receptors. In atropinized (0.1 μM) preparations, Zo.Cr (0.3–3.0 mg mL−1) relaxed high K+ (80 mm)-induced contractions, indicating Ca++ antagonism in addition to the muscarinic effect. This possible Ca++ antagonist activity was investigated in Ca++-free conditions, with the inhibitory effect of the extract tested against contractions induced by externally administered Ca++. Zo.Cr (0.1–0.3 mg mL−1), similar to verapamil (0.03–0.10 μm), shifted the contractions induced by externally administered Ca++ to the right, thus suggesting an inhibitory interaction between Zo.Cr and voltage-operated Ca++ channels. Zo.Cr (0.1–3.0 μg mL−1) also potentiated acetylcholine peak responses in stomach fundus, similar to physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Zo.Cr, in an in-vitro assay, showed specific inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) rather than acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Different pure compounds of ginger also showed spasmolytic activity in stomach fundus, with 6-gingerol being the most potent. 6-Gingerol also showed a specific anti-BuChE effect. This study shows a unique combination of muscarinic, possible Ca++ antagonist and BuChE inhibitory activities of dried ginger, indicating its benefit in dementia, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N Ghayur
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anwarul H Gilani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz A Nawaz
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Joseph M Agbedahunsi
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, London, UK
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad I Choudhary
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, London, UK
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Ghayur MN, Gilani AH, Houghton PJ. Species differences in the gut stimulatory effects of radish seeds. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:1493-501. [PMID: 16259783 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.57.11.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study describes the gastrointestinal (GI) prokinetic effects of the aqueous extract of radish seeds (Rs.Cr). Rs.Cr, which tested positive for terpenes, flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids and saponins, showed a spasmogenic effect in isolated rabbit jejunum and ileum, rat stomach fundus and ileum, and guinea-pig ileum and jejunum. Rs.Cr was around 10 times more potent in the guinea-pig tissues and this effect was resistant to atropine, pyrilamine or SB203186 while the spasmogenic effect in the rat and rabbit tissues was atropine sensitive. The extract exhibited atropine-sensitive GI prokinetic and laxative effects in vivo in mice. In the atropinized rabbit jejunum, Rs.Cr produced a spasmolytic effect independent of Ca++ or K+ channels, adrenergic or opioid receptor involvement. Activity-directed fractionation of Rs.Cr yielded four fractions, all showing effects similar to that of the parent extract. Rs.Cr and its fractions were found to be non-lethal up to 10 g kg−1 in mice for 24 h, except for the petroleum fraction, which showed 50% mortality at high doses. Some known radish compounds (spermine, spermidine, putrescine and sinigrin) were also tested and found to be devoid of any activity. The study shows species-specific spasmogenic effects of radish in rabbit, rat and mouse via muscarinic receptors but through an uncharacterized pathway in guinea-pig tissues. Additionally, a dormant relaxant effect was also seen, while the three polyamines and one glucosinolate from radish were found to be inactive, indicating that the compound(s) responsible for the activities reported remains to be isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nabeel Ghayur
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University Medical College, Karachi-74800, Sind, Pakistan
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Sun YP, Liu Q, Luo J, Guo P, Chen F, Lawrence AJ, Liang JH. Systemic administration of arecoline reduces ethanol-induced sleeping through activation of central muscarinic receptor in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 34:150-7. [PMID: 19860797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence of co-use of alcohol and areca nuts suggests a potential central interaction between arecoline, a major alkaloid of areca and a muscarinic receptor agonist, and ethanol. Moreover, the central cholinergic system plays an important role in the depressant action of ethanol and barbiturates. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of arecoline on pentobarbital- and ethanol-induced hypnosis in mice. METHODS Male ICR mice were tested for locomotor activity following acute systemic administration of ethanol alone, arecoline alone, or ethanol plus arecoline. For the loss of the righting reflex (LORR) induced by pentobarbital and ethanol, sleep latency and sleeping duration were evaluated in mice treated with arecoline alone or the combination of arecoline and scopolamine or methscopolamine. RESULTS Ethanol (1.0 to 3.0 g/kg, i.p.) reduced locomotor activity significantly and a declining trend was observed after treatment with arecoline (0.25 to 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), but there were no synergistic effects of ethanol and arecoline on locomotor activity. The experiments on LORR demonstrated that arecoline (0.125 to 1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) shortened the duration of sleeping induced by ethanol (4.0 g/kg, i.p.), but not pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, alterations of sleep latency were not obvious in both pentobarbital- and ethanol-induced LORR. Statistical analyses revealed that scopolamine (centrally acting), but not methscopolamine (peripherally acting), could antagonize the effect of arecoline on the duration of ethanol-induced LORR in mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that central muscarinic receptor is a pharmacological target for the action of arecoline to modulate ethanol-induced hypnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Sun
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Khan MTH. Molecular interactions of cholinesterases inhibitors using in silico methods: current status and future prospects. N Biotechnol 2009; 25:331-46. [PMID: 19491049 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a low amount of acetylcholine (ACh) in hippocampus and cortex. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the most important enzymes in many living organisms including human being and other vertebrates, insects like mosquitoes, among others. Several reports have been published where it has been clearly shown that the genesis of amyloid protein plaques associated with AD is connected to modifications of both AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), since the plaque is significantly decreased in AD patients using cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs). This review gives some examples of these inhibitors discovered during past couple of years that have shown very prominent interactions at the active site triad of the proteins as well as different other parts of the active site like, peripheral anionic site (PAS), oxyanionic hole, anionic subsite or acyl binding pocket (ABP). Most of the inhibition and their interactions have been visualized by X-ray crystallography, but some of the other inhibitors have been studied either by molecular docking or molecular dynamic (MD) simulations or by both the in silico methods. Some of these prominent studies have been crucially observed and reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway(1)
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