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Battey E, Levy Y, Pollock RD, Pugh JN, Close GL, Kalakoutis M, Lazarus NR, Harridge SDR, Ochala J, Stroud MJ. Muscle fibre size and myonuclear positioning in trained and aged humans. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:549-561. [PMID: 38461483 PMCID: PMC10988734 DOI: 10.1113/ep091567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Changes in myonuclear architecture and positioning are associated with exercise adaptations and ageing. However, data on the positioning and number of myonuclei following exercise are inconsistent. Additionally, whether myonuclear domains (MNDs; i.e., the theoretical volume of cytoplasm within which a myonucleus is responsible for transcribing DNA) and myonuclear positioning are altered with age remains unclear. The aim of this investigation was to investigate relationships between age and activity status and myonuclear domains and positioning. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies from younger endurance-trained (YT) and older endurance-trained (OT) individuals were compared with age-matched untrained counterparts (YU and OU; OU samples were acquired during surgical operation). Serial, optical z-slices were acquired throughout isolated muscle fibres and analysed to give three-dimensional coordinates for myonuclei and muscle fibre dimensions. The mean cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fibres from OU individuals was 33%-53% smaller compared with the other groups. The number of nuclei relative to fibre CSA was 90% greater in OU compared with YU muscle fibres. Additionally, scaling of MND volume with fibre size was altered in older untrained individuals. The myonuclear arrangement, in contrast, was similar across groups. Fibre CSA and most myonuclear parameters were significantly associated with age in untrained individuals, but not in trained individuals. These data indicate that regular endurance exercise throughout the lifespan might better preserve the size of muscle fibres in older age and maintain the relationship between fibre size and MND volumes. Inactivity, however, might result in reduced muscle fibre size and altered myonuclear parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Battey
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Yotam Levy
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Ross D. Pollock
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jamie N. Pugh
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom StreetLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Graeme L. Close
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom StreetLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Michaeljohn Kalakoutis
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Norman R. Lazarus
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Stephen D. R. Harridge
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Julien Ochala
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Matthew J. Stroud
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
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2
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Mirzai S, Tang WHW. Targeting cardiac and cerebrovascular risks of sarcopenia: Is it time to screen for muscle health? J Am Geriatr Soc 2024; 72:654-657. [PMID: 38241461 PMCID: PMC10947918 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.18777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
This Editorial comments on the article by Jauffret et al. in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Mirzai
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Kaufman Center for Heart Failure Treatment and Recovery, Heart Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH
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3
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Hirabara SM, Marzuca-Nassr GN, Cury-Boaventura MF. Nutrition and Exercise Interventions on Skeletal Muscle Physiology, Injury and Recovery: From Mechanisms to Therapy. Nutrients 2024; 16:293. [PMID: 38257187 PMCID: PMC10818585 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Interventional strategies involving nutrition and physical exercise have been widely proposed to positively modulate skeletal muscle function, in both physiological and pathological states, such as obesity, T2DM, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, aging, and sarcopenia [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, Brazil;
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Zhang S, Yang F, Huang Y, He L, Li Y, Wan YCE, Ding Y, Chan KM, Xie T, Sun H, Wang H. ATF3 induction prevents precocious activation of skeletal muscle stem cell by regulating H2B expression. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4978. [PMID: 37591871 PMCID: PMC10435463 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells (also called satellite cells, SCs) are important for maintaining muscle tissue homeostasis and damage-induced regeneration. However, it remains poorly understood how SCs enter cell cycle to become activated upon injury. Here we report that AP-1 family member ATF3 (Activating Transcription Factor 3) prevents SC premature activation. Atf3 is rapidly and transiently induced in SCs upon activation. Short-term deletion of Atf3 in SCs accelerates acute injury-induced regeneration, however, its long-term deletion exhausts the SC pool and thus impairs muscle regeneration. The Atf3 loss also provokes SC activation during voluntary exercise and enhances the activation during endurance exercise. Mechanistically, ATF3 directly activates the transcription of Histone 2B genes, whose reduction accelerates nucleosome displacement and gene transcription required for SC activation. Finally, the ATF3-dependent H2B expression also prevents genome instability and replicative senescence in SCs. Therefore, this study has revealed a previously unknown mechanism for preserving the SC population by actively suppressing precocious activation, in which ATF3 is a key regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yile Huang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liangqiang He
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Ching Esther Wan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Yingzhe Ding
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Huating Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Nishikori S, Yasuda J, Murata K, Takegaki J, Harada Y, Shirai Y, Fujita S. Resistance training rejuvenates aging skin by reducing circulating inflammatory factors and enhancing dermal extracellular matrices. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10214. [PMID: 37353523 PMCID: PMC10290068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic training (AT) is suggested to be an effective anti-aging strategy for skin aging. However, the respective effects of resistance training (RT) have not been studied. Therefore, we compared the effects of AT and RT on skin aging in a 16-week intervention in 61 healthy sedentary middle-aged Japanese women. Data from 56 women were available for analysis. Both interventions significantly improved skin elasticity and upper dermal structure, and RT also improved dermal thickness. After the training intervention, expression of dermal extracellular matrix-related genes was increased in normal human primary dermal fibroblasts. AT and RT had different effects on circulating levels of factors, such as cytokines, hormones in serum, and metabolites, and RT increased dermal biglycan (BGN). To our knowledge, this is the first report to show different effects of AT and RT on skin aging and identify the key factors involved in RT-induced skin rejuvenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Nishikori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Japan
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kao Murata
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Junya Takegaki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuko Harada
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuki Shirai
- Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Japan.
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Kolodziej F, McDonagh B, Burns N, Goljanek-Whysall K. MicroRNAs as the Sentinels of Redox and Hypertrophic Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314716. [PMID: 36499053 PMCID: PMC9737617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are associated with skeletal muscle function decline with ageing or disease or inadequate exercise and/or poor diet. Paradoxically, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines are key for mounting the muscular and systemic adaptive responses to endurance and resistance exercise. Both ageing and lifestyle-related metabolic dysfunction are strongly linked to exercise redox and hypertrophic insensitivity. The adaptive inability and consequent exercise intolerance may discourage people from physical training resulting in a vicious cycle of under-exercising, energy surplus, chronic mitochondrial stress, accelerated functional decline and increased susceptibility to serious diseases. Skeletal muscles are malleable and dynamic organs, rewiring their metabolism depending on the metabolic or mechanical stress resulting in a specific phenotype. Endogenous RNA silencing molecules, microRNAs, are regulators of these metabolic/phenotypic shifts in skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle microRNA profiles at baseline and in response to exercise have been observed to differ between adult and older people, as well as trained vs. sedentary individuals. Likewise, the circulating microRNA blueprint varies based on age and training status. Therefore, microRNAs emerge as key regulators of metabolic health/capacity and hormetic adaptability. In this narrative review, we summarise the literature exploring the links between microRNAs and skeletal muscle, as well as systemic adaptation to exercise. We expand a mathematical model of microRNA burst during adaptation to exercise through supporting data from the literature. We describe a potential link between the microRNA-dependent regulation of redox-signalling sensitivity and the ability to mount a hypertrophic response to exercise or nutritional cues. We propose a hypothetical model of endurance exercise-induced microRNA "memory cloud" responsible for establishing a landscape conducive to aerobic as well as anabolic adaptation. We suggest that regular aerobic exercise, complimented by a healthy diet, in addition to promoting mitochondrial health and hypertrophic/insulin sensitivity, may also suppress the glycolytic phenotype and mTOR signalling through miRNAs which in turn promote systemic metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kolodziej
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CMNHS, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CMNHS, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicole Burns
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CMNHS, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, CMNHS, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Beaudry KM, Binet ER, Collao N, De Lisio M. Nutritional Regulation of Muscle Stem Cells in Exercise and Disease: The Role of Protein and Amino Acid Dietary Supplementation. Front Physiol 2022; 13:915390. [PMID: 35874517 PMCID: PMC9301335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.915390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle is a remarkedly plastic tissue that has a high capacity to adapt in response to various stimuli. These adaptations are due in part to the function of muscle-resident stem/progenitor cells. Skeletal muscle regeneration and adaptation is facilitated by the activation and expansion of muscle stem cells (MuSCs). MuSC fate is regulated by signals released from cells in their niche, such as fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), as well as a variety of non-cellular niche components. Sufficient dietary protein consumption is critical for maximizing skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise and maintaining skeletal muscle in disease; however, the role of dietary protein in altering MuSC and FAP responses to exercise in healthy populations and skeletal muscle disease states requires more research. The present review provides an overview of this emerging field and suggestions for future directions. The current literature suggests that in response to resistance exercise, protein supplementation has been shown to increase MuSC content and the MuSC response to acute exercise. Similarly, protein supplementation augments the increase in MuSC content following resistance training. Endurance exercise, conversely, is an area of research that is sparse with respect to the interaction of protein supplementation and exercise on muscle stem/progenitor cell fate. Initial evidence suggests that protein supplementation augments the early myogenic response to acute endurance exercise but does not enhance the MuSC response to endurance training. Resistance training increases the number of proliferating FAPs with no additional effect of protein supplementation. Future research should continue to focus on the nutritional regulation of skeletal muscle stem/progenitor cell fate paired with studies examining the effects of exercise on a variety of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolás Collao
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael De Lisio
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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8
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Effects of Low-Intensity and Long-Term Aerobic Exercise on the Psoas Muscle of mdx Mice: An Experimental Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094483. [PMID: 35562874 PMCID: PMC9105402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a muscle disease characterized by the absence of the protein dystrophin, which causes a loss of sarcolemma integrity, determining recurrent muscle injuries, decrease in muscle function, and progressive degeneration. Currently, there is a need for therapeutic treatments to improve the quality of life of DMD patients. Here, we investigated the effects of a low-intensity aerobic training (37 sessions) on satellite cells, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α protein (PGC-1α), and different types of fibers of the psoas muscle from mdx mice (DMD experimental model). Wildtype and mdx mice were randomly divided into sedentary and trained groups (n = 24). Trained animals were subjected to 37 sessions of low-intensity running on a motorized treadmill. Subsequently, the psoas muscle was excised and analyzed by immunofluorescence for dystrophin, satellite cells, myosin heavy chain (MHC), and PGC-1α content. The minimal Feret’s diameters of the fibers were measured, and light microscopy was applied to observe general morphological features of the muscles. The training (37 sessions) improved morphological features in muscles from mdx mice and caused an increase in the number of quiescent/activated satellite cells. It also increased the content of PGC-1α in the mdx group. We concluded that low-intensity aerobic exercise (37 sessions) was able to reverse deleterious changes determined by DMD.
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9
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Sun L, Billups A, Rietsch A, Damaser MS, Zutshi M. Stromal cell derived factor 1 plasmid to regenerate the anal sphincters. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 16:355-366. [PMID: 35092171 DOI: 10.1002/term.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate regeneration of a chronic large anal sphincter defect in a pig model after treatment with a plasmid encoding Stromal Cell Derived Factor-1(SDF-1). METHODS Under ethics approved protocol 19 age/weight matched Sinclair mini-pigs were subjected to excision of the posterior 50% of anal sphincter muscle and left to recover for 6 weeks. They were randomly allocated to receive either saline treatment (Saline 1 ml, n = 5), 1 injection of SDF-1 plasmid 2 mg/ml (1 SDF-1, n = 9) or 2 injections of SDF-1, 2 mg/ml each at 2 weeks intervals (2 SDF-1, n = 5). Euthanasia occurred 8 weeks after the last treatment. In vivo outcomes included anal resting pressures done under anesthesia pre-injury, pre-injection and before euthanasia (8 weeks after treatment). Anal ultrasound was done pre injury and pre-euthanasia. Tissues were saved for histology and analyzed quantitatively. Two way ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak test and one way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test were used for data analysis, p < 0.05 was regarded as significant. RESULTS Posterior anal pressures at the 3 time points were not significantly different in the saline group. In contrast, post-treatment pressures in the 1 SDF-1 group pressures were significantly higher than both pre-injury (p = 0.001) and pre-treatment time points (p = 0.003). At the post-treatment time point, both 1 SDF-1 (p = 0.01) and 2 SDF-1 (p = 0.01) groups had significantly higher mean pressures compared to the saline group. Histology showed distortion of normal anatomy with patchy regeneration in the control group while muscle was more organized in both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks after a single or two doses of SDF-1injected into a chronic anal sphincter injury improved resting anal pressures and regenerated muscle in the entire defect. SDF-1 plasmid is effective in treating chronic defects of the anal sphincter in a large animal and could be clinically translated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alanna Billups
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna Rietsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Margot S Damaser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Advanced Platform Technology Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Massarat Zutshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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10
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Latham CM, Owen RN, Dickson EC, Guy CP, White-Springer SH. Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Exercise Training in Young and Aged Horses. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:708918. [PMID: 35822026 PMCID: PMC9261331 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.708918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In aged humans, low-intensity exercise increases mitochondrial density, function and oxidative capacity, decreases the prevalence of hybrid fibers, and increases lean muscle mass, but these adaptations have not been studied in aged horses. Effects of age and exercise training on muscle fiber type and size, satellite cell abundance, and mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS), function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; CCO), and integrative (per mg tissue) and intrinsic (per unit CS) oxidative capacities were evaluated in skeletal muscle from aged (n = 9; 22 ± 5 yr) and yearling (n = 8; 9.7 ± 0.7 mo) horses. Muscle was collected from the gluteus medius (GM) and triceps brachii at wk 0, 8, and 12 of exercise training. Data were analyzed using linear models with age, training, muscle, and all interactions as fixed effects. At wk 0, aged horses exhibited a lower percentage of type IIx (p = 0.0006) and greater percentage of hybrid IIa/x fibers (p = 0.002) in the GM, less satellite cells per type II fiber (p = 0.03), lesser integrative and intrinsic (p ≤ 0.04) CCO activities, lesser integrative oxidative phosphorylation capacity with complex I (PCI; p = 0.02) and maximal electron transfer system capacity (ECI+II; p = 0.06), and greater intrinsic PCI, ECI+II, and electron transfer system capacity with complex II (ECII; p ≤ 0.05) than young horses. The percentage of type IIx fibers increased (p < 0.0001) and of type IIa/x fibers decreased (p = 0.001) in the GM, and the number of satellite cells per type II fiber increased (p = 0.0006) in aged horses following exercise training. Conversely, the percentage of type IIa/x fibers increased (p ≤ 0.01) and of type IIx fibers decreased (p ≤ 0.002) in young horses. Integrative maximal oxidative capacity (p ≤ 0.02), ECI+II (p ≤ 0.07), and ECII (p = 0.0003) increased for both age groups from wk 0 to 12. Following exercise training, aged horses had a greater percentage of IIx (p ≤ 0.002) and lesser percentage of IIa/x fibers (p ≤ 0.07), and more satellite cells per type II fiber (p = 0.08) than young horses, but sustained lesser integrative and intrinsic CCO activities (p ≤ 0.04) and greater intrinsic PCI, ECI+II, and ECII (p ≤ 0.05). Exercise improved mitochondrial measures in young and aged horses; however, aged horses showed impaired mitochondrial function and differences in adaptation to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah H. White-Springer
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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11
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Kao SY, Nikonova E, Chaabane S, Sabani A, Martitz A, Wittner A, Heemken J, Straub T, Spletter ML. A Candidate RNAi Screen Reveals Diverse RNA-Binding Protein Phenotypes in Drosophila Flight Muscle. Cells 2021; 10:2505. [PMID: 34685485 PMCID: PMC8534295 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper regulation of RNA processing is critical for muscle development and the fine-tuning of contractile ability among muscle fiber-types. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) regulate the diverse steps in RNA processing, including alternative splicing, which generates fiber-type specific isoforms of structural proteins that confer contractile sarcomeres with distinct biomechanical properties. Alternative splicing is disrupted in muscle diseases such as myotonic dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy and is altered after intense exercise as well as with aging. It is therefore important to understand splicing and RBP function, but currently, only a small fraction of the hundreds of annotated RBPs expressed in muscle have been characterized. Here, we demonstrate the utility of Drosophila as a genetic model system to investigate basic developmental mechanisms of RBP function in myogenesis. We find that RBPs exhibit dynamic temporal and fiber-type specific expression patterns in mRNA-Seq data and display muscle-specific phenotypes. We performed knockdown with 105 RNAi hairpins targeting 35 RBPs and report associated lethality, flight, myofiber and sarcomere defects, including flight muscle phenotypes for Doa, Rm62, mub, mbl, sbr, and clu. Knockdown phenotypes of spliceosome components, as highlighted by phenotypes for A-complex components SF1 and Hrb87F (hnRNPA1), revealed level- and temporal-dependent myofibril defects. We further show that splicing mediated by SF1 and Hrb87F is necessary for Z-disc stability and proper myofibril development, and strong knockdown of either gene results in impaired localization of kettin to the Z-disc. Our results expand the number of RBPs with a described phenotype in muscle and underscore the diversity in myofibril and transcriptomic phenotypes associated with splicing defects. Drosophila is thus a powerful model to gain disease-relevant insight into cellular and molecular phenotypes observed when expression levels of splicing factors, spliceosome components and splicing dynamics are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yen Kao
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; (S.-Y.K.); (E.N.); (S.C.); (A.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Elena Nikonova
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; (S.-Y.K.); (E.N.); (S.C.); (A.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Sabrina Chaabane
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; (S.-Y.K.); (E.N.); (S.C.); (A.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Albiona Sabani
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1117 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Alexandra Martitz
- Molecular Nutrition Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Anja Wittner
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; (S.-Y.K.); (E.N.); (S.C.); (A.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jakob Heemken
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; (S.-Y.K.); (E.N.); (S.C.); (A.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Tobias Straub
- Biomedical Center, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany;
| | - Maria L. Spletter
- Biomedical Center, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152 Martinsried-Planegg, Germany; (S.-Y.K.); (E.N.); (S.C.); (A.W.); (J.H.)
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12
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Murach KA, Fry CS, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Fusion and beyond: Satellite cell contributions to loading-induced skeletal muscle adaptation. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21893. [PMID: 34480776 PMCID: PMC9293230 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101096r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells support adult skeletal muscle fiber adaptations to loading in numerous ways. The fusion of satellite cells, driven by cell-autonomous and/or extrinsic factors, contributes new myonuclei to muscle fibers, associates with load-induced hypertrophy, and may support focal membrane damage repair and long-term myonuclear transcriptional output. Recent studies have also revealed that satellite cells communicate within their niche to mediate muscle remodeling in response to resistance exercise, regulating the activity of numerous cell types through various mechanisms such as secretory signaling and cell-cell contact. Muscular adaptation to resistance and endurance activity can be initiated and sustained for a period of time in the absence of satellite cells, but satellite cell participation is ultimately required to achieve full adaptive potential, be it growth, function, or proprioceptive coordination. While significant progress has been made in understanding the roles of satellite cells in adult muscle over the last few decades, many conclusions have been extrapolated from regeneration studies. This review highlights our current understanding of satellite cell behavior and contributions to adaptation outside of regeneration in adult muscle, as well as the roles of satellite cells beyond fusion and myonuclear accretion, which are gaining broader recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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13
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Rando TA, Jones DL. Regeneration, Rejuvenation, and Replacement: Turning Back the Clock on Tissue Aging. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a040907. [PMID: 34187808 PMCID: PMC8411956 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
While some animals, such as planaria and hydra, appear to be capable of seemingly endless cycles of regeneration, most animals experience a gradual decline in fitness and ultimately die. The progressive loss of cell and tissue function, leading to senescence and death, is generally referred to as aging. Adult ("tissue") stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis and facilitate repair; however, age-related changes in stem cell function over time are major contributors to loss of organ function or disease in older individuals. Therefore, considerable effort is being invested in restoring stem cell function to counter degenerative diseases and age-related tissue dysfunction. Here, we will review strategies that could be used to restore stem cell function, including the use of environmental interventions, such as diet and exercise, heterochronic approaches, and cellular reprogramming. Maintaining optimal stem cell function and tissue homeostasis into late life will likely extend the amount of time older adults are able to be independent and lead healthy lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences
- Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Departments of Anatomy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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14
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Battey E, Furrer R, Ross J, Handschin C, Ochala J, Stroud MJ. PGC-1α regulates myonuclear accretion after moderate endurance training. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:696-705. [PMID: 34322871 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional demands of skeletal muscle fibres are high and require hundreds of nuclei (myonuclei) to produce specialised contractile machinery and multiple mitochondria along their length. Each myonucleus spatially regulates gene expression in a finite volume of cytoplasm, termed the myonuclear domain (MND), which positively correlates with fibre cross-sectional area (CSA). Endurance training triggers adaptive responses in skeletal muscle, including myonuclear accretion, decreased MND sizes and increased expression of the transcription co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). Previous work has shown that overexpression of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle regulates mitochondrial biogenesis, myonuclear accretion and MND volume. However, whether PGC-1α is critical for these processes in adaptation to endurance training remained unclear. To test this, we evaluated myonuclear distribution and organisation in endurance-trained wild-type mice and mice lacking PGC-1α in skeletal muscle (PGC-1α mKO). Here, we show a differential myonuclear accretion response to endurance training that is governed by PGC-1α and is dependent on muscle fibre size. The positive relationship of MND size and muscle fibre CSA trended towards a stronger correlation in PGC-1a mKO versus control after endurance training, suggesting that myonuclear accretion was slightly affected with increasing fibre CSA in PGC-1α mKO. However, in larger fibres, the relationship between MND and CSA was significantly altered in trained versus sedentary PGC-1α mKO, suggesting that PGC-1α is critical for myonuclear accretion in these fibres. Accordingly, there was a negative correlation between the nuclear number and CSA, suggesting that in larger fibres myonuclear numbers fail to scale with CSA. Our findings suggest that PGC-1α is an important contributor to myonuclear accretion following moderate-intensity endurance training. This may contribute to the adaptive response to endurance training by enabling a sufficient rate of transcription of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Battey
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jacob Ross
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Julien Ochala
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Stroud
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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15
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Pandey A, Gilbert O, Kitzman DW. Physical frailty in older patients with acute heart failure: From risk marker to modifiable treatment target. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 69:2451-2454. [PMID: 34146340 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambarish Pandey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Olivia Gilbert
- Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dalane W Kitzman
- Sections on Cardiovascular Medicine and Geriatrics/Gerontology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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16
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Abstract
Exercise has long been known to extend health and lifespan in humans and other mammals. However, typically exercise is thought to slow the loss of function that accompanies aging. Brett et al. have now shown that exercise restores functional competency to regenerate muscle stem cells (MuSCs) in mice as well as restore a significant portion of the transcriptional signature associated with young MuSCs. The mechanism involves the likely induction of plasma-borne factors that upregulate cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, which otherwise decreases with increasing age. Cyclin D1, in turn, through its noncanonical attenuation of TGF-beta/Smad3 signaling, helps maintain the regenerative capacity of MuSCs, which is lost as TGF-beta signaling increases with age. Interestingly, elevated levels of some proinflammatory regulators including NF-κB, TNF-alpha, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are also reduced by exercise or ectopic expression of cyclin D1. Importantly, the rejuvenation is not complete, as Notch signaling, which also decreases with age, remains at old levels and the rejuvenative effect is not permanent: wearing off in ∼2 weeks after cessation of exercise. Understanding the limitations of the rejuvenative effect of exercise on MuSCs at the molecular level, including changes in the epigenome such as altered DNA methylation age, will be critical in developing more significant rejuvenative therapies including some for aged people wherein morbidities limit exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Larrick
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA.,Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - Andrew R Mendelsohn
- Panorama Research Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA.,Regenerative Sciences Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA
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17
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Abreu P, Kowaltowski AJ. Satellite cell self-renewal in endurance exercise is mediated by inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1661-1676. [PMID: 32748470 PMCID: PMC7749620 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells) are well known to participate in regeneration and maintenance of the tissue over time. Studies have shown increases in the number of satellite cells after exercise, but their functional role in endurance training remains unexplored. METHODS Young adult mice were submitted to endurance exercise training and the function, differentiation, and metabolic characteristics of satellite cells were investigated in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS We found that injured muscles from endurance-exercised mice display improved regenerative capacity, demonstrated through higher densities of newly formed myofibres compared with controls (evidenced by an increase in embryonic myosin heavy chain expression), as well as lower inflammation (evidenced by quantifying CD68-marked macrophages), and reduced fibrosis. Enhanced myogenic function was accompanied by an increased fraction of satellite cells expressing self-renewal markers, while control satellite cells had morphologies suggestive of early differentiation. The beneficial effects of endurance exercise were associated with satellite cell metabolic reprogramming, including reduced mitochondrial respiration (O2 consumption) under resting conditions (absence of muscle injury) and increased stemness. During proliferation or activated states (3 days after injury), O2 consumption was equal in control and exercised cells, while exercise enhanced myogenic colony formation. Surprisingly, inhibition of mitochondrial O2 consumption was sufficient to enhance muscle stem cell self-renewal characteristics in vitro. Moreover, transplanted muscle satellite cells from exercised mice or cells with reduced mitochondrial respiration promoted a significant reduction in inflammation compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that endurance exercise promotes self-renewal and inhibits differentiation in satellite cells, an effect promoted by metabolic reprogramming and respiratory inhibition, which is associated with a more favourable muscular response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phablo Abreu
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alicia J Kowaltowski
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Masschelein E, D'Hulst G, Zvick J, Hinte L, Soro-Arnaiz I, Gorski T, von Meyenn F, Bar-Nur O, De Bock K. Exercise promotes satellite cell contribution to myofibers in a load-dependent manner. Skelet Muscle 2020; 10:21. [PMID: 32646489 PMCID: PMC7346400 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Satellite cells (SCs) are required for muscle repair following injury and are involved in muscle remodeling upon muscular contractions. Exercise stimulates SC accumulation and myonuclear accretion. To what extent exercise training at different mechanical loads drive SC contribution to myonuclei however is unknown. RESULTS By performing SC fate tracing experiments, we show that 8 weeks of voluntary wheel running increased SC contribution to myofibers in mouse plantar flexor muscles in a load-dependent, but fiber type-independent manner. Increased SC fusion however was not exclusively linked to muscle hypertrophy as wheel running without external load substantially increased SC fusion in the absence of fiber hypertrophy. Due to nuclear propagation, nuclear fluorescent fate tracing mouse models were inadequate to quantify SC contribution to myonuclei. Ultimately, by performing fate tracing at the DNA level, we show that SC contribution mirrors myonuclear accretion during exercise. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, mechanical load during exercise independently promotes SC contribution to existing myofibers. Also, due to propagation of nuclear fluorescent reporter proteins, our data warrant caution for the use of existing reporter mouse models for the quantitative evaluation of satellite cell contribution to myonuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Masschelein
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel Zvick
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Regenerative and Movement Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Hinte
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inés Soro-Arnaiz
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tatiane Gorski
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand von Meyenn
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ori Bar-Nur
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Regenerative and Movement Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Department Health Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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19
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Abstract
Individuals that maintain healthy skeletal tissue tend to live healthier, happier lives as proper muscle function enables maintenance of independence and actuation of autonomy. The onset of skeletal muscle decline begins around the age of 30, and muscle atrophy is associated with a number of serious morbidities and mortalities. Satellite cells are responsible for regeneration of skeletal muscle and enter a reversible non-dividing state of quiescence under homeostatic conditions. In response to injury, satellite cells are able to activate and re-enter the cell cycle, creating new cells to repair and create nascent muscle fibres while preserving a small population that can return to quiescence for future regenerative demands. However, in aged muscle, satellite cells that experience prolonged quiescence will undergo programmed cellular senescence, an irreversible non-dividing state that handicaps the regenerative capabilities of muscle. This review examines how periodic activation and cycling of satellite cells through exercise can mitigate senescence acquisition and myogenic decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chen
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - David Datzkiw
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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20
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Wang R, Tian H, Guo D, Tian Q, Yao T, Kong X. Impacts of exercise intervention on various diseases in rats. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 9:211-227. [PMID: 32444146 PMCID: PMC7242221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is considered as an important intervention for treatment and prevention of several diseases, such as osteoarthritis, obesity, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes decadal exercise intervention studies with various rat models across 6 major systems to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms behind the effects that exercise brought. METHODS PubMed was utilized as the data source. To collect research articles, we used the following terms to create the search: (exercise [Title] OR physical activity [Title] OR training [Title]) AND (rats [Title/Abstract] OR rat [Title/Abstract] OR rattus [Title/Abstract]). To best cover targeted studies, publication dates were limited to "within 11 years." The exercise intervention methods used for different diseases were sorted according to the mode, frequency, and intensity of exercise. RESULTS The collected articles were categorized into studies related to 6 systems or disease types: motor system (17 articles), metabolic system (110 articles), cardiocerebral vascular system (171 articles), nervous system (71 articles), urinary system (2 articles), and cancer (21 articles). Our review found that, for different diseases, exercise intervention mostly had a positive effect. However, the most powerful effect was achieved by using a specific mode of exercise that addressed the characteristics of the disease. CONCLUSION As a model animal, rats not only provide a convenient resource for studying human diseases but also provide the possibility for exploring the molecular mechanisms of exercise intervention on diseases. This review also aims to provide exercise intervention frameworks and optimal exercise dose recommendations for further human exercise intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haili Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qianqian Tian
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ting Yao
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xingxing Kong
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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21
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Brett JO, Arjona M, Ikeda M, Quarta M, de Morrée A, Egner IM, Perandini LA, Ishak HD, Goshayeshi A, Benjamin DI, Both P, Rodríguez-Mateo C, Betley MJ, Wyss-Coray T, Rando TA. Exercise rejuvenates quiescent skeletal muscle stem cells in old mice through restoration of Cyclin D1. Nat Metab 2020; 2:307-317. [PMID: 32601609 PMCID: PMC7323974 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs tissue repair. This is pronounced in skeletal muscle, whose regeneration by muscle stem cells (MuSCs) is robust in young adult animals but inefficient in older organisms. Despite this functional decline, old MuSCs are amenable to rejuvenation through strategies that improve the systemic milieu, such as heterochronic parabiosis. One such strategy, exercise, has long been appreciated for its benefits on healthspan, but its effects on aged stem cell function in the context of tissue regeneration are incompletely understood. Here we show that exercise in the form of voluntary wheel running accelerates muscle repair in old animals and improves old MuSC function. Through transcriptional profiling and genetic studies, we discovered that the restoration of old MuSC activation ability hinges on restoration of Cyclin D1, whose expression declines with age in MuSCs. Pharmacologic studies revealed that Cyclin D1 maintains MuSC activation capacity by repressing TGFβ signaling. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that voluntary exercise is a practicable intervention for old MuSC rejuvenation. Furthermore, this work highlights the distinct role of Cyclin D1 in stem cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie O Brett
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marina Arjona
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mika Ikeda
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marco Quarta
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Antoine de Morrée
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid M Egner
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luiz A Perandini
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heather D Ishak
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Armon Goshayeshi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel I Benjamin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pieter Both
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Mateo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Betley
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Neurosciences Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair, and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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22
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Moghadam BH, Bagheri R, Ashtary-Larky D, Tinsley GM, Eskandari M, Wong A, Moghadam BH, Kreider RB, Baker JS. The Effects of Concurrent Training Order on Satellite Cell-Related Markers, Body Composition, Muscular and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Older Men with Sarcopenia. J Nutr Health Aging 2020; 24:796-804. [PMID: 32744578 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concurrent Training (CT) is described as a combination of resistance training (RT) and endurance training (ET) in a periodized program to maximize all aspects of physical performance. To date, effects of CT order on muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness adaptations are controversial. Owing to the age-related decrement in satellite cells (SC) which are critical for fiber repair, conservation, muscle hypertrophy as well as cardiorespiratory fitness, the present study examined the response of SC related markers to CT order in older sarcopenic men. PARTICIPANTS Thirty older men (age= 64.3 ± 3.5 years) were randomly assigned into one of 3 groups, ET followed by RT (E+R; n=10), RT followed by ET (R+E; n= 10) or a control (C; n=10). INTERVENTION The training protocol consisted of 3 exercise sessions per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and 48 hours after the final training session. RESULTS Weight, skeletal muscle mass, lower and upper body power, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), Paired Box 7 (Pax7), and Myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) significantly increased, while were percent body fat significantly decreased following E+R and R+E compared to C. Importantly, the improvement in skeletal muscle mass, lower and upper body power, Myf5 and Pax7 in the E+R was significantly greater than the R+E group. Myogenin (Myog) and Paired Box 3 (Pax3) significantly increased (P < 0.01) in both training groups compared to no changes in C. CONCLUSION An 8-week CT intervention improves SC related markers, body composition and enhances power and VO2max in older sarcopenic participants, regardless of the order of RT and ET. However, performing ET before RT may be more effective at enhancing skeletal muscle mass, Myf5 and Pax7, in addition to both lower and upper body power. While both CT programs produced notable physiological and performance benefits, performing ET before RT during CT may provide the greatest therapeutic benefits for aging individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Moghadam
- Julien S Baker, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, Office Tel: +852 3411 8032, Fax: +852 3411 5757, e-mail:
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23
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Liang J, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Chen N. Regulatory role of exercise-induced autophagy for sarcopenia. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110789. [PMID: 31765742 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an aging-related disease, described as the progressive reduction in mass and strength of skeletal muscle. Sarcopenia is typically characterized as the accumulation of damaged products due to an imbalance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. This imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation is attributed to impaired autophagic signal pathways. Sarcopenia can predispose elderly patients to several complications that may significantly impact patient quality of life. Recent evidence indicates that autophagy is required for the control of skeletal muscle mass under catabolic conditions and plays a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis and integrity of skeletal muscle, specifically at appropriate level of autophagy. Exercise may be considered as a stress stimulus that can substantially modulate cellular signaling to promote metabolic adaptations. Appropriate exercise can induce autophagy or regulate the functional status of autophagy. Additionally, exercise-induced autophagy is the most effective treatment available in slowing down sarcopenia, improving mitochondrial quality, and the number of quiescent satellite cells, as a process that depends on basal autophagy. The molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of sarcopenia, however, remained largely unknown. In this narrative review, the current molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia are discussed from the perspective of exercise-induced autophagy and the effect of different exercise modalities on this response. This narrative review will aim to provide the references for developing scientific and optimal intervention strategies including exercise intervention for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia through regulating autophagic signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiling Liang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhengzhong Zeng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Ye L, Yao Y, Guo H, Peng Y. Exogenous skeletal muscle satellite cells promote the repair of levator palpebrae superioris mechanical damage in rat. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:128-135. [PMID: 29651864 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1465054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Blepharoptosis is a drooping of the upper eyelid, usually due to dysfunction of the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS). Recently, skeletal muscle satellite cells (SSCs) have been reported to promote the repair of damaged skeletal muscle. This study aims to investigate the potential contribution of exogenous SSCs to the regeneration of mechanically damaged LPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups, including control group, SSCs-treated group, SSCs-treated injury group and non-treated injury group. After rats in injury groups were artificially lacerated on both the left and right LPS, HBBS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution) containing SSCs was injected into upper eyelid tissue. After 7 days, the LPS muscle tissues were excised. In addition, skeletal muscle cells (SMCs) and SSCs were cocultured for use as an in vitro model, and the protective effects of SSCs on cultured SMCs were also investigated. RESULTS Histological staining revealed that exogenous SSCs repaired the damaged muscle fibers and attenuated the fibrosis of LPS, possibly due to the increased level of IGF-1. In contrast, the level of IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 (phospho-T8) were significantly reduced in the SSCs-treated group. The in vitro model using coculture of skeletal muscle cells (SMCs) and SSCs also revealed an increased level of IGF-1 and reduced level of inflammatory factors, resulting in a better cell survival rate. CONCLUSIONS This study found that exogenous SSCs can promote the repair of LPS mechanical damage and provides new insight into the development of novel therapeutic approaches for blepharoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ye
- a Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ocular Trauma Treatment and Stem Cell Differentiation Public Service Platform of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- a Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ocular Trauma Treatment and Stem Cell Differentiation Public Service Platform of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Hui Guo
- a Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ocular Trauma Treatment and Stem Cell Differentiation Public Service Platform of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
| | - Yun Peng
- a Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ocular Trauma Treatment and Stem Cell Differentiation Public Service Platform of Shenzhen , Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Affiliated Shenzhen Eye Hospital of Jinan University , Shenzhen , China
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Schwartz LM. Skeletal Muscles Do Not Undergo Apoptosis During Either Atrophy or Programmed Cell Death-Revisiting the Myonuclear Domain Hypothesis. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1887. [PMID: 30740060 PMCID: PMC6356110 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are the largest cells in the body and are one of the few syncytial ones. There is a longstanding belief that a given nucleus controls a defined volume of cytoplasm, so when a muscle grows (hypertrophy) or shrinks (atrophy), the number of myonuclei change accordingly. This phenomenon is known as the “myonuclear domain hypothesis.” There is a general agreement that hypertrophy is accompanied by the addition of new nuclei from stem cells to help the muscles meet the enhanced synthetic demands of a larger cell. However, there is a considerable controversy regarding the fate of pre-existing nuclei during atrophy. Many researchers have reported that atrophy is accompanied by the dramatic loss of myonuclei via apoptosis. However, since there are many different non-muscle cell populations that reside within the tissue, these experiments cannot easily distinguish true myonuclei from those of neighboring mononuclear cells. Recently, two independent models, one from rodents and the other from insects, have demonstrated that nuclei are not lost from skeletal muscle fibers when they undergo either atrophy or programmed cell death. These and other data argue against the current interpretation of the myonuclear domain hypothesis and suggest that once a nucleus has been acquired by a muscle fiber it persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Morrill Science Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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26
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Exercise and the control of muscle mass in human. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:397-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Kneppers A, Leermakers P, Pansters N, Backx E, Gosker H, van Loon L, Schols A, Langen R, Verdijk L. Coordinated regulation of skeletal muscle mass and metabolic plasticity during recovery from disuse. FASEB J 2018; 33:1288-1298. [PMID: 30133324 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701403rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration after disuse is essential for muscle maintenance and involves the regulation of both mass- and metabolic plasticity-related processes. However, the relation between these processes during recovery from disuse remains unclear. In this study, we explored the potential interrelationship between the molecular regulation of muscle mass and oxidative metabolism during recovery from disuse. Molecular profiles were measured in biopsies from the vastus lateralis of healthy men after 1-leg cast immobilization and after 1 wk reloading, and in mouse gastrocnemius obtained before and after hindlimb suspension and during reloading (RL-1, -2, -3, -5, and -8 d). Cluster analysis of the human recovery response revealed correlations between myogenesis and autophagy markers in 2 clusters, which were distinguished by the presence of markers of early myogenesis, autophagosome formation, and mitochondrial turnover vs. markers of late myogenesis, autophagy initiation, and mitochondrial mass. In line with these findings, an early transient increase in B-cell lymphoma-2 interacting protein-3 and sequestosome-1 protein, and GABA type A receptor-associated protein like-1 protein and mRNA and a late increase in myomaker and myosin heavy chain-8 mRNA, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II:I ratio, and FUN14 domain-containing-1 mRNA and protein were observed in mice. In summary, the regulatory profiles of protein, mitochondrial, and myonuclear turnover are correlated and temporally associated, suggesting a coordinated regulation of muscle mass- and oxidative metabolism-related processes during recovery from disuse.-Kneppers, A., Leermakers, P., Pansters, N., Backx, E., Gosker, H., van Loon, L., Schols, A., Langen, R., Verdijk, L. Coordinated regulation of skeletal muscle mass and metabolic plasticity during recovery from disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kneppers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Pieter Leermakers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Nicholas Pansters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Evelien Backx
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gosker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Luc van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ramon Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Lex Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Orssatto LBDR, Wiest MJ, Diefenthaeler F. Neural and musculotendinous mechanisms underpinning age-related force reductions. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 175:17-23. [PMID: 29997056 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ageing leads to substantial force production capacity reductions, which is an indicator of frailty and disability, and a mortality predictor in elders. Understanding the age-dependent neuromuscular mechanisms underlying force reductions can optimize healthcare professionals' exercise protocol choices for patients and allows researchers to investigate new interventions to mitigate these reductions. Our primary goal was to provide an updated review about the main neural and musculotendinous mechanisms underpinning age-related reductions in force capacity. Our secondary goal was to summarize how aerobic and strength training can lessen these age-related reductions. This review suggests that several steps in the force production pathway, from cortical to muscular mechanisms, are negatively affected by ageing. However, combining aerobic and strength training can attenuate these effects. Strength training (i.e. moderate to high- intensity, progressive volume, accentuated eccentric loading and fast concentric contraction velocity) can increase overall force production capacity by producing beneficial neural and musculotendinous adaptations. Additionally, aerobic training (i.e. moderate and high intensities) plays an essential role in preserving the structure and function of the neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Bet da Rosa Orssatto
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Matheus Joner Wiest
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - UHN. Neural Engineering & Therapeutic Team, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Centro de Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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29
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Abreu P. Bioenergetics mechanisms regulating muscle stem cell self-renewal commitment and function. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:463-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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30
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Heydemann A. Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy-Implications for Therapies. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060796. [PMID: 29925809 PMCID: PMC6024668 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between nutrition and metabolism and skeletal muscle have long been known. Muscle is the major metabolic organ—it consumes more calories than other organs—and therefore, there is a clear need to discuss these interactions and provide some direction for future research areas regarding muscle pathologies. In addition, new experiments and manuscripts continually reveal additional highly intricate, reciprocal interactions between metabolism and muscle. These reciprocal interactions include exercise, age, sex, diet, and pathologies including atrophy, hypoxia, obesity, diabetes, and muscle myopathies. Central to this review are the metabolic changes that occur in the skeletal muscle cells of muscular dystrophy patients and mouse models. Many of these metabolic changes are pathogenic (inappropriate body mass changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, and increased Ca2+) and others are compensatory (increased phosphorylated AMP activated protein kinase (pAMPK), increased slow fiber numbers, and increased utrophin). Therefore, reversing or enhancing these changes with therapies will aid the patients. The multiple therapeutic targets to reverse or enhance the metabolic pathways will be discussed. Among the therapeutic targets are increasing pAMPK, utrophin, mitochondrial number and slow fiber characteristics, and inhibiting reactive oxygen species. Because new data reveals many additional intricate levels of interactions, new questions are rapidly arising. How does muscular dystrophy alter metabolism, and are the changes compensatory or pathogenic? How does metabolism affect muscular dystrophy? Of course, the most profound question is whether clinicians can therapeutically target nutrition and metabolism for muscular dystrophy patient benefit? Obtaining the answers to these questions will greatly aid patients with muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlke Heydemann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Watt KI, Goodman CA, Hornberger TA, Gregorevic P. The Hippo Signaling Pathway in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:92-96. [PMID: 29346163 PMCID: PMC6319272 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates the activity of the proteins Yes-associated protein (Yap) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (Taz) to control tissue growth in many different cell types. Previously, we demonstrated that Yap is a critical regulator of skeletal muscle mass. We hypothesize that alterations in Yap and Taz activity modulate the anabolic adaptations of skeletal muscle to resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin I. Watt
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Washington, USA
| | - Craig A. Goodman
- College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia
- Institute for Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, 8001, Australia
- Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS),Victoria University, St Albans, Victoria 3021, Australia
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- Dept of Comparative Bioscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3010
- Dept of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800
- Dept of Neurology, The University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA 98195
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Abstract
Down syndrome, caused by trisomy 21, is characterized by a variety of medical conditions including intellectual impairments, cardiovascular defects, blood cell disorders and pre-mature aging phenotypes. Several somatic stem cell populations are dysfunctional in Down syndrome and their deficiencies may contribute to multiple Down syndrome phenotypes. Down syndrome is associated with muscle weakness but skeletal muscle stem cells or satellite cells in Down syndrome have not been investigated. We find that a failure in satellite cell expansion impairs muscle regeneration in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Ts65Dn satellite cells accumulate DNA damage and over express Usp16, a histone de-ubiquitinating enzyme that regulates the DNA damage response. Impairment of satellite cell function, which further declines as Ts65Dn mice age, underscores stem cell deficiencies as an important contributor to Down syndrome pathologies.
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Miller BF, Hamilton KL, Majeed ZR, Abshire SM, Confides AL, Hayek AM, Hunt ER, Shipman P, Peelor FF, Butterfield TA, Dupont‐Versteegden EE. Enhanced skeletal muscle regrowth and remodelling in massaged and contralateral non-massaged hindlimb. J Physiol 2018; 596:83-103. [PMID: 29090454 PMCID: PMC5746529 DOI: 10.1113/jp275089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Muscle fibre cross sectional area is enhanced with massage in the form of cyclic compressive loading during regrowth after atrophy. Massage enhances protein synthesis of the myofibrillar and cytosolic, but not the mitochondrial fraction, in muscle during regrowth. Focal adhesion kinase activation and satellite cell number are elevated in muscles undergoing massage during regrowth. Muscle fibre cross sectional area and protein synthesis of the myofibrillar fraction, but not DNA synthesis, are elevated in muscle of the contralateral non-massaged limb. Massage in the form of cyclic compressive loading is a potential anabolic intervention during muscle regrowth after atrophy. ABSTRACT Massage, in the form of cyclic compressive loading (CCL), is associated with multiple health benefits, but its potential anabolic effect on atrophied muscle has not been investigated. We hypothesized that the mechanical activity associated with CCL induces an anabolic effect in skeletal muscle undergoing regrowth after a period of atrophy. Fischer-Brown Norway rats at 10 months of age were hindlimb unloaded for a period of 2 weeks. The rats were then allowed reambulation with CCL applied at a 4.5 N load at 0.5 Hz frequency for 30 min every other day for four bouts during a regrowth period of 8 days. Muscle fibre cross sectional area was enhanced by 18% with massage during regrowth compared to reloading alone, and this was accompanied by elevated myofibrillar and cytosolic protein as well as DNA synthesis. Focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation indicated that CCL increased mechanical stimulation, while a higher number of Pax7+ cells likely explains the elevated DNA synthesis. Surprisingly, the contralateral non-massaged limb exhibited a comparable 17% higher muscle fibre size compared to reloading alone, and myofibrillar protein synthesis, but not DNA synthesis, was also elevated. We conclude that massage in the form of CCL induces an anabolic response in muscles regrowing after an atrophy-inducing event. We suggest that massage can be used as an intervention to aid in the regrowth of muscle lost during immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F. Miller
- Health and Exercise ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523‐1582USA
| | - Karyn L. Hamilton
- Health and Exercise ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523‐1582USA
| | - Zana R. Majeed
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Sarah M. Abshire
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Amy L. Confides
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Amanda M. Hayek
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Emily R. Hunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Patrick Shipman
- Department of MathematicsColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523‐1582USA
| | - Frederick F. Peelor
- Health and Exercise ScienceColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523‐1582USA
| | - Timothy A. Butterfield
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
| | - Esther E. Dupont‐Versteegden
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40536‐0200USA
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Furrer R, Handschin C. Optimized Engagement of Macrophages and Satellite Cells in the Repair and Regeneration of Exercised Muscle. RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN ENDOCRINE INTERACTIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72790-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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