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Chen F, He Y, Yao X, Zho B, Tian S, Yin J, Lu L. CsMOF1-guided regulation of drought-induced theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131725. [PMID: 38677697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The distinctive flavor and numerous health benefits of tea are attributed to the presence of theanine, a special amino acid found in tea plants. Nitrogen metabolite is greatly impacted by drought; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the synthesis of theanine in drought-stricken tea plants is still not clear. Through the drought transcriptome data of tea plants, we have identified a gene CsMOF1 that appears to play a role in theanine biosynthesis under drought stress, presenting a significantly negative correlation with both theanine content and the expression of CsGS1. Further found that CsMOF1 is a transcription factor containing a MYB binding domain, localized in the nucleus. Upon silencing CsMOF1, there was a prominent increase in the level of the theanine and glutamine, as well as the expression of CsGS1, while glutamic acid content decreased significantly. Conversely, overexpression of CsMOF1 yielded opposite effects. Dual luciferase reporter assay and electromobility shift assays demonstrated that CsMOF1 binds to the promoter of CsGS1, thereby inhibiting its activity. These results indicate that CsMOF1 plays a crucial role in theanine biosynthesis in tea plants under drought stress, acting as a transcriptional repressor related to theanine biosynthesis. This study provides new insights into the tissue-specific regulation of theanine biosynthesis and aids with the cultivation of new varieties of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuan He
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xinzhuan Yao
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Bokun Zho
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Litang Lu
- College of Tea Science, Institute of Plant Health & Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Qiao M, Xiong H, Cai X, Jiang Y, Zhao X, Miao B. Evaluation of Loquat Jam Quality at Different Cooking Times Based on Physicochemical Parameters, GC-IMS and Intelligent Senses. Foods 2024; 13:340. [PMID: 38275707 PMCID: PMC10815106 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The study compared and analyzed the quality of loquat jam with different cooking times through physicochemical parameters, headspace-gas chromatography-ion migration spectroscopy (HS-GC-IMS) and intelligent senses. The results showed that with the prolongation of the cooking time, the color of loquat jam slowly deepened, the energy significantly increased, the adhesiveness, gumminess, hardness and chewiness enhanced, the free amino acid content increased from 22.40 to 65.18 mg/g. The organic acid content increased from 1.64 to 9.82 mg/g. Forty-seven volatile flavor compounds were identified in five types of loquat jam using HS-GC-IMS, among which the relative content of aldehydes was sharply higher than that of other chemical substances, playing an important role in the flavor formation of loquat jam. LJ0, LJ1 and LJ2 had higher aldehyde content, followed by LJ3 and LJ4 had the lowest aldehyde content. The orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) screened 15 marker compounds that could distinguish five types of loquat jam. The E-nose results showed a significant difference in olfactory sense between loquat jam cooked for 100 and 120 min. The E-tongue results corroborated the results of free amino acids (FAAs) and organic acids, indicating that the gustatory sense of loquat jam changed significantly when the cooking time reached 120 min. The results provided a basis for further research on the relationship between the cooking process and quality characteristics of loquat jam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Qiao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (M.Q.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
- Culinary Science Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, China; (H.X.); (X.C.)
| | - Huan Xiong
- Culinary Science Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, China; (H.X.); (X.C.)
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xuemei Cai
- Culinary Science Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, China; (H.X.); (X.C.)
| | - Yuqin Jiang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (M.Q.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (M.Q.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
| | - Baohe Miao
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu National Agricultural Science & Technology Center, Chengdu 610213, China; (M.Q.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.)
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3
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Suo K, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhou C, Chen W, Shi L, Yan C. Comparative Evaluation of Quality Attributes of the Dried Cherry Blossom Subjected to Different Drying Techniques. Foods 2023; 13:104. [PMID: 38201132 PMCID: PMC10778660 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Choosing an appropriate drying method is crucial for producing dried cherry blossoms with desirable quality. This study is designed to assess the effects of seven different drying methods-hot-air drying (HAD), infrared hot-air drying (IHAD), catalytic infrared drying (CID), relative humidity drying (RHD), pulsed vacuum drying (PVD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), and vacuum freeze drying (VFD)-on drying time and various attributes of cherry blossoms, such as appearance, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase activity, and sensory properties. Our findings revealed that MVD recorded the shortest drying time, followed by PVD, CID, IHAD, RHD, HAD, and VFD. In qualities, VFD-dried petals exhibited superior appearance, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory capability; MVD-dried petals were a close second. Furthermore, the quality of tea infusions prepared from the dried petals was found to be significantly correlated with the quality of the dried petals themselves. Regarding sensory attributes, VFD-dried petals produced tea infusions most similar in flavor and taste to those made with fresh petals and received the highest sensory evaluation scores, followed by MVD, PVD, RHD, CID, IHAD, and HAD. These results could offer a scientific foundation for the mass production of high-quality dried cherry blossoms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Suo
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Yabin Feng
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhenfeng Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Cunshan Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Liyu Shi
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China (Z.Y.)
| | - Chunfeng Yan
- Haishu Agricultural Extension Center of Zhejiang, Ningbo 315100, China
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Yan QJ, Chen YY, Wu MX, Yang H, Cao JP, Sun CD, Wang Y. Phenolics and Terpenoids Profiling in Diverse Loquat Fruit Varieties and Systematic Assessment of Their Mitigation of Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1795. [PMID: 37891875 PMCID: PMC10604257 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare and investigate the phenolic compounds in the peel and flesh of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) and evaluate their ability to protect against alcohol-induced liver oxidative stress, we employed a combination of ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze 22 phenolics and 2 terpenoid compounds in loquat peel and flesh extracts (extraction with 95% ethanol). Among these, six compounds were identified for the first time in loquat, revealing distinct distribution patterns based on variety and tissue. Various chemical models, such as DPPH, FRAP, ORAC, and ABTS, were used to assess free radical scavenging and metal ion reduction capabilities. The results indicate that peel extracts exhibited higher antioxidant capacity compared with flesh extracts. Using a normal mouse liver cell line, AML-12, we explored the protective effects of loquat extracts and individual compounds against ethanol-induced oxidative stress. The findings demonstrate the enhanced cell viability and the induction of antioxidant enzyme activity through the modulation of Nrf2 and Keap1 gene expression. In a C57/BL6 mouse model of alcohol-induced liver damage, loquat extract was found to alleviate liver injury induced by alcohol. The restoration of perturbed serum liver health indicators underscored the efficacy of loquat extract in reclaiming equilibrium. The culmination of these findings significantly bolsters the foundational knowledge necessary to explore the utilization of loquat fruit extract in the creation of health-focused products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Jiao Yan
- Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100000, China;
| | - Yun-Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Man-Xi Wu
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Han Yang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Jin-Ping Cao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Chong-De Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology, The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (M.-X.W.); (H.Y.); (J.-P.C.); (C.-D.S.)
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5
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Shen Z, Chen J, Zhu J, Yu H. Changes of bioactive composition and concentration in loquat flower extracted with water/Chinese Baijiu. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14701. [PMID: 37012910 PMCID: PMC10066521 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Loquat is a high-value fruit tree with medicine and fruit homology. Loquat flowers with special fragrance, strong cold resistance and rich in various bioactive components, are valuable agricultural auxiliary products and have been widely used for making floral teas and beverages in recent years. In this study, we found the concentration of active components increased from the floral buds to initial flowers along with flower development, the bioactives of initial flowers were the richest in four flowering stages, and loquat flowers contained major volatile components such as alcohols, aldehydes and esters, which are the source of fragrance. When extract with hot water, the most efficient method was 80 °C for 30 min or boiling water within 2 h. For Baijiu (56% Vol), the best solid-to-liquid ratio was 3:100 (Dry flower: Baijiu) in 6-12 h. Baijiu achieved higher bioactive content than water extraction, the amygdalin concentration in Baijiu reached 0.3 mg/mL.
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Lu T, Sun Y, Huang Y, Chen X. Effects of roasting on the chemical compositions, color, aroma, microstructure, and the kinetics of changes in coffee pulp. J Food Sci 2023; 88:1430-1444. [PMID: 36924029 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Roasting is a critical process that affects the quality attributes of coffee beans; however, how roasting conditions affect the physical, chemical, biological, and organoleptic changes of coffee pulp needs more research. In the present study, we investigated the effects of roasting temperatures and times on chemical compositions and quality attributes of coffee pulp. The results showed that the contents of total soluble sugar (TSS) and free amino acid (FAA) followed a temporal pattern of first increasing and then decreasing under the roasting temperatures between 100 and 160°C. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of coffee pulp significantly (p < 0.05) increased after roasting, reaching the maximum values of 83.09 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /g and 360.45 µM 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) /g, respectively, when coffee pulp was roasted at 160°C for 18 min. Drying rates of coffee pulp fitted the Logarithmic kinetic model, while color (L*, a*, and b*) changes and 5-caffeoylquinic acid degradation followed the first-order kinetic model. Electronic nose analysis showed that the main aroma compounds of the coffee pulp are sulfur-containing organics that were reduced with the extended roasting time. Scanning electronic microscopy analysis presented the loosened, shrunk, and cracked microstructure on the surface of the roasted coffee pulp, which might contribute to the increased TSS, FAA, TPC, and antioxidant activity of coffee pulp roasted under specific conditions. In conclusion, our research provides valuable information for preparing high-quality coffee pulp tea. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This article investigates the effects of roasting on the chemical composition, color, flavor, microstructure, and the kinetics of changes in the moisture, color, and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) of the coffee pulp. We have found that high-temperature and short-time roasting helps retain the total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, and aroma. The drying kinetic fits the Logarithmic model, and the changes in color and 5-CQA fit the first-order kinetic model. This study provides meaningful information for preparing coffee pulp tea with high-quality attributes and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Lu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiumin Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Yu R, Li Y, Si D, Yan S, Liu J, Si J, Zhang X. Identification, quantitative and bioactivity analyses of aroma and alcohol-soluble components in flowers of Gardenia jasminoides and its variety during different drying processes. Food Chem 2023; 420:135846. [PMID: 37060668 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides is an important ornamental greening plant with medicinal and edible values. This study investigated volatile constituents, alcoholic components and physiological activities on flowers of G. jasminoides Ellis and its variety. It was found that a total of 56 volatile components were identified, and terpenoids and esters were the main compounds to distinguish these species. Furthermore, the alcohol-soluble extracts of G. jasminoides flowers have the high contents of total phenols and total flavonoids, with potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. In addition, nine compounds were identified, whose distribution in petals and stamens of G. jasminoides were significantly dissimilar. The contents of flavonoids and phenolics were stable after blanching confirmed by our findings, while iridoids were remarkably higher after freeze-drying (FD) and hot-air drying (HD). This research provides evidences that the fragrance, active components and activity of flowers of these species were affected by species, flower parts and processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Dun Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Shulei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jinping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Zhang C, Zhou C, Xu K, Tian C, Zhang M, Lu L, Zhu C, Lai Z, Guo Y. A Comprehensive Investigation of Macro-Composition and Volatile Compounds in Spring-Picked and Autumn-Picked White Tea. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223628. [PMID: 36429222 PMCID: PMC9688969 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavour of white tea can be influenced by the season in which the fresh leaves are picked. In this study, the sensory evaluation results indicated that spring-picked white tea (SPWT) was stronger than autumn-picked white tea (APWT) in terms of the taste of umami, smoothness, astringency, and thickness as well as the aromas of flower and fresh. To explore key factors of sensory differences, a combination of biochemical composition determination, widely targeted volatilomics (WTV) analysis, multivariate statistical analysis, and odour activity value (OAV) analysis was employed. The phytochemical analysis showed that the free amino acid, tea polyphenol, and caffeine contents of SPWTs were significantly higher than those of APWTs, which may explain the higher umami, smoothness, thickness, and astringency scores of SPWTs than those of APWTs. The sabinene, (2E, 4E)-2, 4-octadienal, (-)-cis-rose oxide, caramel furanone, trans-rose oxide, and rose oxide contents were significantly higher in SPWTs than in APWTs, which may result in stronger flowery, fresh, and sweet aromas in SPWTs than in APWTs. Among these, (2E,4E)-2,4-octadienal and (-)-cis-rose oxide can be identified as key volatiles. This study provides an objective and accurate basis for classifying SPWTs and APWTs at the metabolite level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Kai Xu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Caiyun Tian
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mengcong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li Lu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Tea Industry Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence:
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Effects of different drying methods on chemical compositions, antioxidant activity and anti-α-glucosidase activity of Coreopsis tinctoria flower tea. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chen Q, Li Q, Liang Y, Zu M, Chen N, Canup BS, Luo L, Wang C, Zeng L, Xiao B. Natural exosome-like nanovesicles from edible tea flowers suppress metastatic breast cancer via ROS generation and microbiota modulation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:907-923. [PMID: 35256954 PMCID: PMC8897038 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several artificial nanotherapeutics have been approved for practical treatment of metastatic breast cancer, their inefficient therapeutic outcomes, serious adverse effects, and high cost of mass production remain crucial challenges. Herein, we developed an alternative strategy to specifically trigger apoptosis of breast tumors and inhibit their lung metastasis by using natural nanovehicles from tea flowers (TFENs). These nanovehicles had desirable particle sizes (131 nm), exosome-like morphology, and negative zeta potentials. Furthermore, TFENs were found to contain large amounts of polyphenols, flavonoids, functional proteins, and lipids. Cell experiments revealed that TFENs showed strong cytotoxicities against cancer cells due to the stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) amplification. The increased intracellular ROS amounts could not only trigger mitochondrial damage, but also arrest cell cycle, resulting in the in vitro anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and anti-invasion activities against breast cancer cells. Further mice investigations demonstrated that TFENs after intravenous (i.v.) injection or oral administration could accumulate in breast tumors and lung metastatic sites, inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer, and modulate gut microbiota. This study brings new insights to the green production of natural exosome-like nanoplatform for the inhibition of breast cancer and its lung metastasis via i.v. and oral routes.
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Key Words
- AF633, Alexa Fluor 633-labeled phalloidin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, urea nitrogen
- Breast cancer
- CDK, CYCLIN-dependent kinase
- CRE, creatinine
- DAF-FM DA, 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DCFH-DA, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate
- DGDG, digalactosyl diacylglycerols
- DHE, dihydroethidium
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DiO, 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate
- DiR, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′′,3′-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide
- EC, epicatechin
- ECG, epicatechin gallate
- EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate
- Exosome-like nanoparticle
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- H&E, Hematoxylin & Eosin
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- Intravenous injection
- LC‒MS, liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MGDG, monogalactosyl diacylglycerols
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Metastasis
- Microbiota modulation
- NO, nitrogen monoxide
- NPs, nanoparticles
- OUT, operational taxonomic unit
- Oral administration
- PA, phosphatidic acids
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PC, phosphatidylcholines
- PDI, polydispersity index
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamines
- PG, phosphatidylglycerol
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PLT, platelets
- PMe, phosphatidylmethanol
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- RBC, red blood cell
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS generation
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SA, superoxide anion
- SQDG, sulphoquinovosyl diylyceride
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TFENs, exosome-like NPs from tea flowers
- TG, triglyceride
- TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-end labeling
- Tea flower
- WBC, white blood cell
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Zareef M, Mehedi Hassan M, Arslan M, Ahmad W, Ali S, Ouyang Q, Li H, Wu X, Chen Q. Rapid prediction of caffeine in tea based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled multivariate calibration. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Xianchen Z, Huiguang J, Xiaochun W, Yeyun L. The effects of different types of mulch on soil properties and tea production and quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5292-5300. [PMID: 32542650 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea is an important economic crop in China. Mulching, a modern agricultural practice, can modify the soil microenvironment and maintain the crop yield. RESULTS To investigate the effect of different mulching modes on tea plant growth, filed experiments were conducted in a Shizipu tea plantation located in Langxi Country (Xuanchen City, Anhui Province, China). Five treatments were carried out in a randomized complete block arrangement: (i) clean tillage (control); (ii) black plastic film; (iii) weed barrier fabric; (iv) rice straw mulch; and (v) intercropping with Vulpia myuros. The effects of different mulch modes on soil temperature, water moisture, soil compactness, root activity, soil enzyme activity and nutrition status on tea yield, quality and economic benefits were compared at the harvest stage. In the present study, compared with other mulch treatments, intercropping with V. myuros significantly reduced the topsoil temperature (to an optimum temperature) and soil compactness, and increased the water holding capacity in the deep soil layer, which contributed to increased tea root activity and respiration. Furthermore, intercropping with V. myuros significantly increased soil enzymes activity, soil organic matter, and the available nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the main root zone. Therefore, the stronger tea root activity accelerated nutrition uptake and increased the tea yield and quality-related components of the tea, thus resulting in a larger average net income. CONCLUSION Intercropping with V. myuros could serve as a profitable agricultural method for tea production. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Xianchen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiang Huiguang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wan Xiaochun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yeyun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Qiu L, Zhang M, Bhandari B, Wang B. Effects of infrared freeze drying on volatile profile, FTIR molecular structure profile and nutritional properties of edible rose flower (Rosa rugosa flower). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4791-4800. [PMID: 32458412 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infrared freeze drying (IRFD) utilizes infrared radiation as a novel heating source in freeze drying (FD), leading to high-quality dehydrated products and less drying time. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of IRFD on the drying characteristics (drying time and energy consumption), volatiles, physical structure and nutritional properties of Rosa rugosa flower. In addition, freeze drying (FD) and hot air drying (HAD) were also evaluated in a comparison with the IFRD drying method with respect to product quality parameters. RESULTS Fifty-six volatile compounds were identified in fresh samples, whereas 53, 51 and 46 volatile compounds were identified in FD, IRFD and HAD samples, respectively. FD and IRFD were relatively more effective than HAD for better retention of volatile compounds of Rosa rugose flower. E-nose analysis also exhibited similar flavor properties in FD and IRFD samples. The molecular structure properties of FD and IRFD samples measured by FTIR spectroscopy were also similar. As for nutritional properties, HAD dramatically (P < 0.05) reduced the nutritional values of R. rugosa flower after drying. The content of vitamin C (from 14.83 to 12.15 mg 100 g-1 ), flavonoids (from 478.00 to 333.33 mg 100 g-1 ) and anthocyanins (from 220.70 to 196.90 mg 100 g-1 ) in R. rugosa flower is well retained by IRFD and no significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between FD and IRFD samples. CONCLUSION IRFD was found to be effective in retaining the aroma, structure and nutrition of R. rugosa flower, as well as demonstrating a lower energy consumption and shorter drying time. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bhesh Bhandari
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bin Wang
- Shandong Huamei Biology Science & Technology Co, Pingyin, China
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López-Lluch DB, Cano-Lamadrid M, Hernández F, Zimmer A, Lech K, Figiel A, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Wojdyło A. Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Carotenoids of Dried Loquat Fruit cv. 'Algar' Affected by Freeze-, Convective-, Vacuum-Microwave- and Combined-Drying Methods. Molecules 2020; 25:E3643. [PMID: 32785157 PMCID: PMC7464511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of different drying techniques (freeze, convective, vacuum-microwave and combined drying) on the drying kinetics, the phytochemical compounds and sensory characteristics in loquat cultivar 'Algar' was studied. The convective drying resulted in the highest amount of total hydroxycinnamic acids (5077 mg/kg wet weight (ww)), with 3-caffeoyl quinic acid and 5-caffeoyl quinic acid being the greatest carotenoids. The highest values of total carotenoids were obtained by the freeze-drying technique (2601 mg/kg ww), followed by all convective treatments and vacuum-microwave at 360 W. The highest carotenoid was β-carotene. The ABTS+• (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (Ferric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Power) values ranged from 2.04 up to 3.27 mmol Trolox/100 g ww, and from 1.89 up to 2.29 mmol Trolox/100 g ww, respectively. As expected, the color difference of freeze-dried samples was the lowest (7.06), similar to combined drying conditions (9.63), whilst the highest value was found after convective drying (37.0). All treatments were sensory acceptable (no off-flavors). However, still, further research is needed to fully optimize these studied drying treatments because the freeze-dried sample still had higher carotenoid content and better instrumental color parameters. Although recently the impact of microwave drying has been studied, this is the first work comparing phytochemical composition of loquat fruit under the different drying methods mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernardo López-Lluch
- Departamento Economía Agroambiental, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain;
| | - Marina Cano-Lamadrid
- Departamento Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Grupo Calidad y Seguridad Alimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (M.C.-L.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
| | - Francisca Hernández
- Department of Plant Sciences and Microbiology, Group Plant Production and Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain;
| | - Aleksandra Zimmer
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Krzysztof Lech
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Adam Figiel
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.L.); (A.F.)
| | - Ángel Antonio Carbonell-Barrachina
- Departamento Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Grupo Calidad y Seguridad Alimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Alicante, Spain; (M.C.-L.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
| | - Aneta Wojdyło
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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Xu K, Zhang M, Fang Z, Wang B. Degradation and regulation of edible flower pigments under thermal processing: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:1038-1048. [PMID: 32301328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1752142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
More and more consumers are aware of the potential health benefits of edible flower pigments. With the increased popularity and broader application of edible flower pigments, their degradation under thermal processing has attracted researchers' attention, because this may affect the pigment functionalities. At high temperature of thermal processing, polyene pigments are easy to oxidize, degrade and isomerize due to high unsaturation, and phenolic pigments may hydrolyze and isomerize of glycosides, which will result in the decreased antioxidant activity and eating quality, and discounted potential health benefits. Therefore, it is very important to understand the degradation mechanisms of edible flower pigments under thermal processing, which is important to develop corresponding control methods to minimize such negative impacts. This review paper discussed the recent development in the degradation mechanisms and regulation methods of edible flower pigments under thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bin Wang
- Shandong Huamei Biology Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Pingyin, Shandong, China
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Zhao L, Fan H, Zhang M, Chitrakar B, Bhandari B, Wang B. Edible flowers: Review of flower processing and extraction of bioactive compounds by novel technologies. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108660. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Thanimkarn S, Cheevitsopon E, Jongyingcharoen JS. Effects of vibration, vacuum, and material thickness on infrared drying of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01999. [PMID: 31338461 PMCID: PMC6626483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared (IR), vibratory bed assisted infrared (VIR), vacuum infrared (VC-IR), and vibratory bed assisted vacuum infrared (VC-VIR) drying of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. (CQ) were conducted. The objective was to investigate the effects of vibration, vacuum, and material thickness on IR drying of CQ. VC-VIR drying of 5-mm CQ provided the highest maximum drying rate (DR) of 0.258 g water/g dry matter·min. Although the vacuum operation contributed to improved effective moisture diffusivity (D eff ), it consumed high energy and degraded active compounds of CQ. VIR drying could be a more promising technique. VIR drying of 15-mm CQ produced the greatest total phenolic content (TPC) and quercetin content of 1083.62 mg GAE/100 g dry matter and 3.472 mg/100 g dry matter, respectively. The lowest total color difference (ΔE) of 13.69 was also obtained. It required low specific energy consumption (SEC) of 17.62 kWh/kg and provided maximum DR of 0.112 g water/g dry matter·min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setthawat Thanimkarn
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Ekkapong Cheevitsopon
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
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18
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Chitrakar B, Zhang M, Bhandari B. Edible flowers with the common name “marigold”: Their therapeutic values and processing. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Li W, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhao X, Wu Y, Tan S, Zheng Q, Gao X. Multivariate Analysis Illuminates the Effects of Vacuum Drying on the Extractable and Nonextractable Polyphenols Profile of Loquat Fruit. J Food Sci 2019; 84:726-737. [PMID: 30875438 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study evaluated the effects of vacuum drying on the whole polyphenol profile of loquat fruit, including extractive and nonextractive polyphenols. Absorbance analysis determined that total polyphenol content and antioxidant levels were higher in loquat fruit vacuum dried at 140 °C than in loquat fruit vacuum dried at 70 °C. The results of ultra-HPLC-triple quadruple mass spectrum analysis showed that 15 phenolic acids and 17 flavonoids were found in dried loquat fruit. Multivariate integrative (MINT) sparse partial least square-discriminant analysis showed that vacuum drying affects the polyphenol profile of loquat fruit. Co-analysis of principal component analysis, partial least square-discriminant analysis, and orthometric partial least square-discriminant analysis revealed that vacuum drying mainly changed the content of chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, phloretin, and hesperidin in loquat fruit. Chlorogenic acid (12.020 to 39.153 µg/g d.b. [dried base weight]), the main polyphenol in dried loquat fruit, was degraded to caffeic acid (0.028 to 2.365 µg/g d.b.) and protocatechuic acid (0.014 to 18.285 µg/g d.b.) during vacuum drying. Moreover, vacuum drying also induced the isomerization of chlorogenic acid into cryptochlorogenic acid (1.628 to 12.737 µg/g d.b.). These results might be used to develop dried loquat fruit with high levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Interests in polyphenols of loquat fruit had increased greatly because of their possible role in health benefits. This work provided a holistic insight in the effects of vacuum drying on polyphenols profile of loquat fruit. Current results have contributed to the development of vacuum-drying method, which produced loquat fruit rich in polyphenols. Furthermore, it also suggested that multivariate analysis was a feasible method to reveal the important changes of polyphenols profile during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal Univ., Chongqing, 408100, China.,Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Univ. of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Xv Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal Univ., Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal Univ., Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Univ. of Education, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Yingmei Wu
- The Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Green Cultivation and Deep Processing of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area's Medicinal Herbs, College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges Univ., Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Si Tan
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal Univ., Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Qiaoran Zheng
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal Univ., Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Xiaoxv Gao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal Univ., Chongqing, 408100, China
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20
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Cheng K, Dong W, Long Y, Zhao J, Hu R, Zhang Y, Zhu K. Evaluation of the impact of different drying methods on the phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and in vitro digestion of green coffee beans. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:1084-1095. [PMID: 30918651 PMCID: PMC6418437 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of different drying methods (room temperature drying, heat pump drying, freeze drying, microwave vacuum drying [MVD], and combined microwave power vacuum drying) on the active ingredients of green coffee beans. We specifically focused on eleven phenolic acids, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), the inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation (LPO), and enzyme activity, and the bio-accessibility in vitro and bioavailability of phenolics and antioxidant activities were also evaluated. MVD-treated beans had the lowest PPO activity and the highest contents of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (1.39 g/100 g DW), 3-feruloylquinic acid (0.25 g/100 g DW), 4-feruloylquinic acid (0.25 g/100 g DW), 5-feruloylquinic acid (1.52 g/100 g DW), and TPC (5.98 g GAE/100 g DW), and the highest antioxidant activity. MVD was the least time-consuming (0.63 hr/kg) and energy-consuming (1.88 kwh/kg) method. Moreover, the strongest inhibition of LPO and α-glucosidase was observed in MVD-treated beans. Thus, MVD is suggested to be the most suitable drying technique for the preservation of phenolic compounds and bioactivities of green coffee beans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cheng
- Spice and Beverage Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesWanningChina
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenjiang Dong
- Spice and Beverage Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesWanningChina
| | - Yuzhou Long
- Spice and Beverage Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesWanningChina
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesDanzhouChina
| | - Rongsuo Hu
- Spice and Beverage Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesWanningChina
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Spice and Beverage Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesWanningChina
| | - Kexue Zhu
- Spice and Beverage Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesWanningChina
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Zhu J, Pan J, Nong S, Ma Y, Xing A, Zhu X, Wen B, Fang W, Wang Y. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Fluoride Treatment Affecting Biochemical Components in Camellia sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020237. [PMID: 30634430 PMCID: PMC6359021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), one of the main crops in China, is high in various bioactive compounds including flavonoids, catechins, caffeine, theanine, and other amino acids. C. sinensis is also known as an accumulator of fluoride (F), and the bioactive compounds are affected by F, however, the mechanism remains unclear. Here, the effects of F treatment on the accumulation of F and major bioactive compounds and gene expression were investigated, revealing the molecular mechanisms affecting the accumulation of bioactive compounds by F treatment. The results showed that F accumulation in tea leaves gradually increased under exogenous F treatments. Similarly, the flavonoid content also increased in the F treatment. In contrast, the polyphenol content, free amino acids, and the total catechins decreased significantly. Special amino acids, such as sulfur-containing amino acids and proline, had the opposite trend of free amino acids. Caffeine was obviously induced by exogenous F, while the theanine content peaked after two day-treatment. These results suggest that the F accumulation and content of bioactive compounds were dramatically affected by F treatment. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the metabolism of main bioactive compounds and amino acids, especially the pivotal regulatory genes of catechins, caffeine, and theanine biosynthesis pathways, were identified and analyzed using high-throughput Illumina RNA-Seq technology and qRT-PCR. The expression of pivotal regulatory genes is consistent with the changes of the main bioactive compounds in C. sinensis leaves, indicating a complicated molecular mechanism for the above findings. Overall, these data provide a reference for exploring the possible molecular mechanism of the accumulation of major bioactive components such as flavonoid, catechins, caffeine, theanine and other amino acids in tea leaves in response to fluoride treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Junting Pan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Shouhua Nong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Anqi Xing
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Fernandes L, Casal S, Pereira JA, Saraiva JA, Ramalhosa E. Effects of different drying methods on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of edible Centaurea (Centaurea cyanus) petals. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.21117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of hot-air convective drying, shade drying and freeze-drying on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Centaurea ( Centaurea cyanus L.) petals, as well as on several of their physicochemical properties. All the dried samples showed different appearances as compared to fresh petals, with lower titratable acidity, lower carotenoids and hydrolysable tannins contents, and greater antioxidant activity. Of the drying methods, shade drying presented the highest values for monomeric anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins, total reducing capacity and antioxidant activity. By contrast, greater losses were observed as a result of hot-air convective drying. Thus shade drying is a highly promising process that should be considered as a suitable drying method for Centaurea petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Fernandes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Portugal; Universidade do Porto, Portugal; Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
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23
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Effects of different drying methods on phenolic contents, antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of peach blossoms. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-018-9850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Effect of Microwave Vacuum Drying on the Drying Characteristics, Color, Microstructure, and Antioxidant Activity of Green Coffee Beans. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051146. [PMID: 29751607 PMCID: PMC6100066 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of microwave vacuum drying (MVD) on the drying characteristics and quality attributes of green coffee beans. We specifically focused on the effective moisture diffusion coefficient (Deff), surface temperature, glass transition temperature (Tg), water state, and microstructure. The kinetics of color changes during drying, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS) were also characterized. Microwave power during MVD affected the porosity of coffee beans, their color, TPC, and antioxidant activity. The Allometric 1 model was the most suitable for simulating surface temperature rise kinetics. Thermal processing of green coffee beans resulted in increased b*, L*, ΔE, and TPC values, and greater antioxidant capacity. These findings may provide a theoretical reference for the technical improvement, mechanisms of flavor compound formation, and quality control of dried green coffee beans.
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25
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Turola Barbi RC, Teixeira GL, Hornung PS, Ávila S, Hoffmann-Ribani R. Eriobotrya japonica seed as a new source of starch: Assessment of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, thermal, rheological and morphological properties. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Fan K, Zhang M, Mujumdar AS. Recent developments in high efficient freeze-drying of fruits and vegetables assisted by microwave: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1357-1366. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1420624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, China
| | - Arun S. Mujumdar
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, H9 × 3V9, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Ramachandraiah K, Chin KB. Impact of drying and micronization on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of celery stalk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4539-4547. [PMID: 28337767 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of convective drying and ball-mill treatment of celery stalk on particle size distribution, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities were analyzed in this study. RESULTS Ball-milling of celery stalk dried at temperatures of 50, 75 and 100 °C resulted in decreased average particle sizes of 48.8, 10.5 and 7.2 µm, respectively. Bulk density was increased with reduced particle size. Darker (L*) and reddish (a*) powders were formed at higher temperatures, while ball-milling increased greenness (-a*) of powders dried at 50 and 75 °C. Total content of phenol compounds increased with increasing temperature. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power were affected by ball-milling for 24 h and drying at elevated temperatures. Iron chelating ability was unaffected by increasing temperature or reduced particle size. CONCLUSION Increasing drying temperatures not only decreased the average particle size of powders, but also increasingly reduced particle size after ball-milling. Micronization of celery stalk dried at the highest temperature had the best antioxidant activities. Drying and ball-milling were not highly deleterious to the major phenolic structures. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koo Bok Chin
- Department of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Fernandes L, Casal S, Pereira JA, Pereira EL, Ramalhosa E, Saraiva JA. Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the quality of four edible flowers:Viola × wittrockiana,Centaurea cyanus,Borago officinalisandCamellia japonica. Int J Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO); School of Agriculture; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança; Campus de Stª Apolónia 5300-253 Bragança Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Porto University; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
- Organic Chemistry; Natural Products and Agrifood (QOPNA) - Chemistry Department; University of Aveiro; Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Porto University; Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 4050-313 Porto Portugal
| | - José Alberto Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO); School of Agriculture; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança; Campus de Stª Apolónia 5300-253 Bragança Portugal
| | - Ermelinda L. Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO); School of Agriculture; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança; Campus de Stª Apolónia 5300-253 Bragança Portugal
| | - Elsa Ramalhosa
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO); School of Agriculture; Polytechnic Institute of Bragança; Campus de Stª Apolónia 5300-253 Bragança Portugal
| | - Jorge A. Saraiva
- Organic Chemistry; Natural Products and Agrifood (QOPNA) - Chemistry Department; University of Aveiro; Campus Universitário de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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Gao Q, Ma R, Chen L, Shi S, Cai P, Zhang S, Xiang H. Antioxidant profiling of vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata): Off-line coupling heart-cutting HSCCC with HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS/MS. Food Chem 2017; 225:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Červenka L, Červenková Z, Velichová H. Is air-drying of plant-based food at low temperature really favorable? A meta-analytical approach to ascorbic acid, total phenolic, and total flavonoid contents. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2017.1307389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libor Červenka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Červenková
- Department of Clinical Subspecialities, Faculty of Health Studies, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Velichová
- Department of Food Analysis and Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tomáš Baťa University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republic
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Valadez-Carmona L, Cortez-García RM, Plazola-Jacinto CP, Necoechea-Mondragón H, Ortiz-Moreno A. Effect of microwave drying and oven drying on the water activity, color, phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of coconut husk ( Cocos nucifera L.). Journal of Food Science and Technology 2016; 53:3495-3501. [PMID: 27777455 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2324-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) husk is basically composed by fiber and pith material and remained under-utilized. This is an important source of phenolic compounds that could be used as functional ingredients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of: oven-drying (OD) and microwave drying (MD), on the water activity, color, phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of coconut husk. The OD was performed at 60 °C for 12 h and MD was performed at 900 W for 10 min. The total phenolic content (TPC) in fresh coconut husk was 64.2 mg GAE/g dry wt and significant higher than observed after OD and MD of 35.8 and 45.5 mg GAE/g dry wt, respectively. Ten phenols were identified in fresh and dehydrated coconut husks. The husk MD showed an increase in the content of gallic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, ferulic and syringic acids and epicatechin compared with the fresh; while coconut husk OD and MD, showed a decrease in the content of vanillic acid, vanillin, catequin and kaempferol. The antioxidant activity decreased after both OD and MD. However, MD resulted in a better antioxidant activity in husk than OD. MD of husk resulted into better retention of preserved color, TPC and TFC than OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Valadez-Carmona
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Cda. Luis Stampa s/n, c.p. 07738 Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosa María Cortez-García
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Cda. Luis Stampa s/n, c.p. 07738 Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carla Patricia Plazola-Jacinto
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Cda. Luis Stampa s/n, c.p. 07738 Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Hugo Necoechea-Mondragón
- Coordinación de Cooperación Académica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Miguel Othón de Mendizábal s/n, Colonia La Escalera, c.p. 07738 Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México México
| | - Alicia Ortiz-Moreno
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Wilfrido Massieu esq. Cda. Luis Stampa s/n, c.p. 07738 Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
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Dang TT, Vuong QV, Schreider MJ, Bowyer MC, Altena IAV, Scarlett CJ. The Effects of Drying on Physico-Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of the Brown Alga (Hormosira banksii
(Turner) Decaisne). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh T. Dang
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Food Technology; NhaTrang University; Nha Trang Khanh Hoa Vietnam
| | - Quan Van Vuong
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Maria J. Schreider
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Michael C. Bowyer
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Ian A. Van Altena
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Christopher J. Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
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Antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of Lonicerae macranthoides by HPLC–DAD–QTOF-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:254-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Characterization of hot-air drying and infrared drying of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) leaves. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-016-9325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wang W, Xin H, Wang M, Ma Q, Wang L, Kaleri NA, Wang Y, Li X. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Drought-Stress-Induced Decreases in Camellia sinensis Leaf Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:385. [PMID: 27066035 PMCID: PMC4811933 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is an important commercial crop rich in bioactive ingredients, especially catechins, caffeine, theanine and other free amino acids, which the quality of tea leaves depends on. Drought is the most important environmental stress affecting the yield and quality of this plant. In this study, the effects of drought stress on the phenotype, physiological characteristics and major bioactive ingredients accumulation of C. sinensis leaves were examined, and the results indicated that drought stress resulted in dehydration and wilt of the leaves, and significant decrease in the total polyphenols and free amino acids and increase in the total flavonoids. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that the catechins, caffeine, theanine and some free amino acids in C. sinensis leaves were significantly reduced in response to drought stress, implying that drought stress severely decreased the quality of C. sinensis leaves. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to amino acid metabolism and secondary metabolism were identified and quantified in C. sinensis leaves under drought stress using high-throughput Illumina RNA-Seq technology, especially the key regulatory genes of the catechins, caffeine, and theanine biosynthesis pathways. The expression levels of key regulatory genes were consistent with the results from the HPLC analysis, which indicate a potential molecular mechanism for the above results. Taken together, these data provide further insights into the mechanisms underlying the change in the quality of C. sinensis leaves under environmental stress, which involve changes in the accumulation of major bioactive ingredients, especially catechins, caffeine, theanine and other free amino acids.
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36
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Contributions of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus to growth and physiology of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) plants subjected to drought stress. Mycol Prog 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-015-1108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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