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Kumar A, Suryakumar G, Singh SN, Rathor R. A comprehensive review on physiological and biological activities of carnosine: turning from preclinical facts to potential clinical applications. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03427-7. [PMID: 39302423 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03427-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Carnosine, a compound with plethora of benefits, was originally discovered in 1900 and is formed by the amide linkage of β-alanine and L-histidine. Carnosine production is limited by β-alanine whereas the imidazole ring of histidine moiety makes it a suitable buffer in physiological pH range. It is reported to be found in the skeletal muscle, brain, heart, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans. This review focuses on the biological properties of carnosine including pH buffering ability, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-aging effect, enhancement of cognitive function, and immunomodulation. The relevance of carnosine in muscle function attributing to enhancement of physical performance has also been highlighted. Studies spanning several years have proved the preclinical effectiveness of carnosine in treating diverse pathological diseases. A complete summary of all key activities of carnosine from in vivo investigations and clinical trials has been compiled. Considering its numerous advantages, carnosine may be a promising option for the development of a nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshita Kumar
- Soldier Performance Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Geetha Suryakumar
- Soldier Performance Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Som Nath Singh
- Soldier Performance Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Richa Rathor
- Soldier Performance Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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2
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Cesak O, Vostalova J, Vidlar A, Bastlova P, Student V. Carnosine and Beta-Alanine Supplementation in Human Medicine: Narrative Review and Critical Assessment. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071770. [PMID: 37049610 PMCID: PMC10096773 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dipeptide carnosine is a physiologically important molecule in the human body, commonly found in skeletal muscle and brain tissue. Beta-alanine is a limiting precursor of carnosine and is among the most used sports supplements for improving athletic performance. However, carnosine, its metabolite N-acetylcarnosine, and the synthetic derivative zinc-L-carnosine have recently been gaining popularity as supplements in human medicine. These molecules have a wide range of effects—principally with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiglycation, anticarbonylation, calcium-regulatory, immunomodulatory and chelating properties. This review discusses results from recent studies focusing on the impact of this supplementation in several areas of human medicine. We queried PubMed, Web of Science, the National Library of Medicine and the Cochrane Library, employing a search strategy using database-specific keywords. Evidence showed that the supplementation had a beneficial impact in the prevention of sarcopenia, the preservation of cognitive abilities and the improvement of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, the improvement of diabetes mellitus parameters and symptoms of oral mucositis was seen, as well as the regression of esophagitis and taste disorders after chemotherapy, the protection of the gastrointestinal mucosa and the support of Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment. However, in the areas of senile cataracts, cardiovascular disease, schizophrenia and autistic disorders, the results are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Cesak
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Vidlar
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Bastlova
- Department of Rehabilitaion, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Student
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Olomouc, 775 20 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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3
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Chen C, Zheng J, Xiong C, Zhou H, Wei C, Hu X, Qian X, He M, Shi Y, Liu Y, Li Z. Metabolomics Characterize the Differential Metabolic Markers between Bama Xiang Pig and Debao Pig to Identify Pork. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010005. [PMID: 36613221 PMCID: PMC9818558 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bama Xiang pig (BM) is a unique pig species in Guangxi Province, China. Compared to other breeds of domestic pig, such as the Debao pig (DB), it is smaller in size, better in meat quality, resistant to rough feeding and strong in stress resistance. These unique advantages of Bama Xiang pigs make them of great edible value and scientific research value. However, the differences in muscle metabolites between Bama Xiang pigs (BM) and Debao pigs (DB) are largely unexplored. Here, we identified 214 differential metabolites between these two pig breeds by LC-MS. Forty-one such metabolites are enriched into metabolic pathways, and these metabolites correspond to 11 metabolic pathways with significant differences. In Bama pigs, the abundance of various metabolites such as creatine, citric acid, L-valine and hypoxanthine is significantly higher than in Debao pigs, while the abundance of other metabolites, such as carnosine, is significantly lower. Among these, we propose six differential metabolites: L-proline, citric acid, ribose 1-phosphate, L-valine, creatine, and L-arginine, as well as four potential differential metabolites (without the KEGG pathway), alanyl-histidine, inosine 2'-phosphate, oleoylcarnitine, and histidinyl hydroxyproline, as features for evaluating the meat quality of Bama pigs and for differentiating pork from Bama pigs and Debao pigs. This study provides a proof-of-concept example of distinguishing pork from different pig breeds at the metabolite level and sheds light on elucidating the biological processes underlying meat quality differences. Our pork metabolites data are also of great value to the genomics breeding community in meat quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyi Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Junwen Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Chenyong Xiong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Hongjin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Chuntao Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Xin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Xinxiu Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Mengyi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Yandi Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530003, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Z.L.)
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Tabibzadeh S. Resolving Geroplasticity to the Balance of Rejuvenins and Geriatrins. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1664-1714. [PMID: 36465174 PMCID: PMC9662275 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the cell centric hypotheses, the deficits that drive aging occur within cells by age dependent progressive damage to organelles, telomeres, biologic signaling pathways, bioinformational molecules, and by exhaustion of stem cells. Here, we amend these hypotheses and propose an eco-centric model for geroplasticity (aging plasticity including aging reversal). According to this model, youth and aging are plastic and require constant maintenance, and, respectively, engage a host of endogenous rejuvenating (rejuvenins) and gero-inducing [geriatrin] factors. Aging in this model is akin to atrophy that occurs as a result of damage or withdrawal of trophic factors. Rejuvenins maintain and geriatrins adversely impact cellular homeostasis, cell fitness, and proliferation, stem cell pools, damage response and repair. Rejuvenins reduce and geriatrins increase the age-related disorders, inflammatory signaling, and senescence and adjust the epigenetic clock. When viewed through this perspective, aging can be successfully reversed by supplementation with rejuvenins and by reducing the levels of geriatrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Tabibzadeh
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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5
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Behl T, Gupta A, Chigurupati S, Singh S, Sehgal A, Badavath VN, Alhowail A, Mani V, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Bungau S. Natural and Synthetic Agents Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species against Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules 2022; 27:1583. [PMID: 35268685 PMCID: PMC8911959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) may originate from the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and sugar in conditions of pathology. They are known to have high reactivity towards DNA as well as nucleophilic sites of proteins, resulting in cellular dysfunction. It has been considered that various pathological conditions are associated with an increased level of RCS and their reaction products. Thus, regulating the levels of RCS may be associated with the mitigation of various metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. In order to perform a comprehensive review, various literature databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, along with Google Scholar, were utilized to obtain relevant articles. The voluminous review concluded that various synthetic and natural agents are available or in pipeline research that hold tremendous potential to be used as a drug of choice in the therapeutic management of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and diabetes-associated complications of atherosclerosis, neuropathy, and nephropathy. From the available data, it may be emphasized that various synthetic agents, such as carnosine and simvastatin, and natural agents, such as polyphenols and terpenoids, can become a drug of choice in the therapeutic management for combating metabolic syndromes that involve RCS in their pathophysiology. Since the RCS are known to regulate the biological processes, future research warrants detailed investigations to decipher the precise mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Amit Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 52571, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Vishnu Nayak Badavath
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (V.N.B.)
| | - Ahmad Alhowail
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (V.M.)
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (V.M.)
| | - Saurabh Bhatia
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa P.O. Box 33, Oman; (S.B.); (A.A.-H.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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6
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DUMAN E, KURBAN H. Investigation of in vitro formation of advanced lipoxidation end products and advanced glycation end products precursors in high-fat processed meat products. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.110921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Wang H, Fang Z, Qiu G, Zhang C, Tang M, Zhou B. Bioprotective and Functional Effect of Carnosine on Sepsis Induced Renal Damage in Male Albino Rat Model through Targeting IL-1β and TNF-α Production. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2021; 500:408-414. [PMID: 34697750 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672921050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), one of the frequently diagnosed and serious sepsis induced complication has high morbidity and mortality. The present study investigated the bioprotective and functional effect of carnosine on AKI induced pathological damage in Male Albino rat model in vivo. AKI in Albino rats was induced by cecal ligation and puncture surgery where as TNF-α and IL-1β levels were detected using ELISA assay. Protein expression was examined by western blotting and pathological damage using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Treatment with carnosine suppressed AKI induced urea nitrogen and creatinine in Male Albino rat serum in dose-dependent manner. Development of sepsis mediated renal injury in Albino rats was also effectively prevented on treatment with carnosine. Secretion of AKI-induced IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α in renal tissues was alleviated significantly in Albino rats by carnosine treatment. Additionally, in carnosine-treated Albino rats renal tissues AKI induced Bax expression was alleviated while as Bcl-2 was promoted compared to AKI Albino rats. Carnosine treatment improved the survival rate of the Albino rats with AKI. Carnosine inhibits renal tissue damage and increases survival rate in AKI Albino rat model. The mechanism involves alleviation of inflammatory cytokine secretion and promotion of Bcl-2 expression. Thus, carnosine may be used as a therapeutic agent for treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Wang
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Linhai, 317000, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuochun Fang
- Department of Intensive care medicine, Zhejiang Cangnan TCM Hospital, 325800, Cangnan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoqiang Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, 363000, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 317000, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Linhai, 317000, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Air Force No. 986 Hospital, 710054, Xi'an, China.
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8
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Li YY, Yaylayan V, Palin MF, Sullivan B, Fortin F, Cliche S, Sabik H, Gariépy C. Protective effects of dietary carnosine during in-vitro digestion of pork differing in fat content and cooking conditions. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13624. [PMID: 33615508 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Muscle carnosine represents an important health advantage of meat. Ground pork samples with intrinsic or added carnosine; fat content; and cooked under low or high intensity as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial were digested in-vitro. Changes in free carnosine and in markers of lipid (hexanal, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein (protein-carbonyls, thiols) oxidation, and of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) Nε -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) were determined in the saliva, gastric, and duodenal digests. During digestion, the different markers overall indicated increased oxidation and decreased free carnosine. Increasing pork carnosine level significantly reduced protein carbonyls, loss of thiols, and 4-HNE during in-vitro gastric digestion, irrespective of fat and cooking level of the meat. Increased carnosine also significantly reduced hexanal, MDA and CML up to the duodenum phase in moderately cooked lean pork. Besides substantiating the formation of AGEs during digestion, these results show a potentially important role of dietary carnosine occurring in the gastrointestinal tract. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The ailments epidemiologically associated with red meat consumption could be counteracted by ingesting carnosine into meat. The health advantages of dietary carnosine, however, have never been demonstrated during digestion, a unique and complex oxidative environment compounded by the composition and cooking of the meat. The results obtained substantiated that AGEs formation occurred in-vitro in the GIT. They also showed that increased carnosine had an immediate health beneficial role during pork digestion in reducing the formation of different harmful molecules, including AGEs, modulated by the composition and cooking of the meat. However, in exerting this protective role in the GIT, the remaining free level of carnosine, gradually decreased during digestion. Carnosine, as an important meat compositional factor may, depending on the fat content and cooking conditions, change the image of meat from representing a health risk to a health benefit. Carnosine level may also explain discrepancies observed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao Li
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada.,Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Varoujan Yaylayan
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-France Palin
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Sullivan
- Canadian Centre for Swine Improvement, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frederic Fortin
- Centre de développement du porc du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Cliche
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Hassan Sabik
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Claude Gariépy
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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9
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Wątły J, Miller A, Kozłowski H, Rowińska-Żyrek M. Peptidomimetics - An infinite reservoir of metal binding motifs in metabolically stable and biologically active molecules. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 217:111386. [PMID: 33610030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of metal ions in interactions with therapeutic peptides is inevitable. They are one of the factors able to fine-tune the biological properties of antimicrobial peptides, a promising group of drugs with one large drawback - a problematic metabolic stability. Appropriately chosen, proteolytically stable peptidomimetics seem to be a reasonable solution of the problem, and the use of D-, β-, γ-amino acids, unnatural amino acids, azapeptides, peptoids, cyclopeptides and dehydropeptides is an infinite reservoir of metal binding motifs in metabolically stable, well-designed, biologically active molecules. Below, their specific structural features, metal-chelating abilities and antimicrobial potential are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wątły
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot - Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland.
| | - Adriana Miller
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot - Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Henryk Kozłowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot - Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland; Department of Health Sciences, University of Opole, Katowicka 68, Opole 45-060, Poland
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10
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Caruso G, Fresta CG, Grasso M, Santangelo R, Lazzarino G, Lunte SM, Caraci F. Inflammation as the Common Biological Link Between Depression and Cardiovascular Diseases: Can Carnosine Exert a Protective Role? Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1782-1800. [PMID: 31296155 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712091515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have clearly shown the high co-morbidity between depression and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Different studies have been conducted to identify the common pathophysiological events of these diseases such as the overactivation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis and, most importantly, the dysregulation of immune system which causes a chronic pro-inflammatory status. The biological link between depression, inflammation, and CVD can be related to high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, released by macrophages which play a central role in the pathophysiology of both depression and CVD. Pro-inflammatory cytokines interfere with many of the pathophysiological mechanisms relevant to depression by upregulating the rate-limiting enzymes in the metabolic pathway of tryptophan and altering serotonin metabolism. These cytokines also increase the risk to develop CVD, because activation of macrophages under this pro-inflammatory status is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, a preamble to atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is an endogenous dipeptide which exerts a strong antiinflammatory activity on macrophages by suppressing reactive species and pro-inflammatory cytokines production and altering pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. This dipeptide exhibits antioxidant properties scavenging reactive species and preventing oxidative stress-induced pathologies such as CVD. In the present review we will discuss the role of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation as common pathophysiological events both in depression and CVD and the preclinical and clinical evidence on the protective effect of carnosine in both diseases as well as the therapeutic potential of this dipeptide in depressed patients with a high co-morbidity of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero, 73, Troina 94018, Italy
| | - Claudia G Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Margherita Grasso
- Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero, 73, Troina 94018, Italy.,Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Rosa Santangelo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Susan M Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, Kansas, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, Kansas, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, Kansas, United States
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero, 73, Troina 94018, Italy.,Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
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11
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Moulahoum H, Sanli S, Timur S, Zihnioglu F. Potential effect of carnosine encapsulated niosomes in bovine serum albumin modifications. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:583-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Histamine and diabetic nephropathy: an up-to-date overview. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:41-54. [PMID: 30606813 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The classification of diabetic nephropathy (DN) as a vascular complication of diabetes makes the possible involvement of histamine, an endogenous amine that is well known for its vasoactive properties, an interesting topic for study. The aim of the present review is to provide an extensive overview of the possible involvement of histamine in the onset and progression of DN. The evidence collected on the role of histamine in kidney function together with its well-known pleiotropic action suggest that this amine may act simultaneously on glomerular hyperfiltration, tubular inflammation, fibrosis development and tubular hypertrophy.
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13
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Yehia R, Saleh S, El Abhar H, Saad AS, Schaalan M. L-Carnosine protects against Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in colorectal cancer patients: A perspective on targeting Nrf-2 and NF-κB pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 365:41-50. [PMID: 30592963 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a common side effect afflicting cancer patients treated with oxalipatin based chemotherapy. AIM The study investigated the potential prophylactic effect of L-carnosine against acute oxaliplatin neurotoxicity in colorectal cancer patients with emphasis on the redox (Nrf-2, MDA), inflammatory (NF-κB, TNF-α), and apoptotic (caspase-3) parameters. METHODS In this pilot study, 65 patients were recruited using a prospective randomized controlled study design and enrolled randomly into two arms; Arm A, 31 patients received FOLFOX-6 regimen (oxaliplatin, 5FU & leucovorin) and Arm B, 34 patients received FOLFOX-6 regimen and daily oral L-carnosine (500 mg) along the treatment period. Patients were followed up for three months, then both arms were analyzed for neuropathy incidence/grade and any additional toxicities according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTC version 4). RESULTS The neuropathy grading evaluation of Arm B vs Arm A revealed that 17 patients (56.7%) vs 11 patients (35.5%) suffered grade 1, one patient (3.3%) vs 19 patients (61.3%) suffered grade 2, while 12 patients (40%) vs one patient (3.2%) were normal. In arm B, the addition of L-carnosine decreased significantly the levels/activity of NF-κB (27%) and TNF-α (36.6%); this anti-inflammatory effect entailed also its anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects, thus MDA level (51.8%) and caspase-3 activity (49%) were also reduced, whereas Nrf-2 was increased (38.7%) as compared to Arm A. In both arms a significant correlation was only evident between TNF-α and the neuropathy grading score (P < .03); the correlation analysis was significantly positive between NF-κB and both Nrf-2 and caspase 3. CONCLUSION L-Carnosine exerted a neuroprotective effect against oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in colorectal cancer patients by targeting Nrf-2 and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Yehia
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Samira Saleh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt (FUE), Cairo, Egypt.; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan El Abhar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr S Saad
- Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Schaalan
- Biochemistry and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
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Elbarbary NS, Ismail EAR, El-Naggar AR, Hamouda MH, El-Hamamsy M. The effect of 12 weeks carnosine supplementation on renal functional integrity and oxidative stress in pediatric patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:470-477. [PMID: 28744992 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Carnosine is a natural radical oxygen species scavenger. We investigated the effect of carnosine as an adjuvant therapy on urinary albumin excretion (UAE), the tubular damage marker alpha 1-microglobulin (A1M), and oxidative stress in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy. METHODS This randomized placebo-controlled trial included 90 patients with diabetic nephropathy, despite oral angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is), who were randomly assigned to receive either 12 weeks of carnosine 1 g/day (n = 45), or matching placebo (n = 45). Both groups were followed-up with assessment of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), UAE, A1M, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdhyde (MDA). RESULTS Baseline clinical and laboratory parameters were consistent between carnosine and placebo groups (P > .05). After 12 weeks, carnosine treatment resulted in significant decrease of HbA1c (8.2 ± 2.1% vs 7.4 ± 1.3%), UAE (91.7 vs 38.5 mg/g creatinine), A1M (16.5 ± 6.8 mg/L vs 9.3 ± 6.6 mg/L), MDA levels (25.5 ± 8.1 vs 18.2 ± 7.7 nmol/mL) while TAC levels were increased compared with baseline levels (P < .001) and compared with placebo (P < .001). No adverse reactions due to carnosine supplementation were reported. Baseline TAC was inversely correlated to HbA1c (r = -0.58, P = .04) and A1M (r = -0.682, P = .015) among carnosine group. CONCLUSIONS Oral supplementation with L-Carnosine for 12 weeks resulted in a significant improvement of oxidative stress, glycemic control and renal function. Thus, carnosine could be a safe and effective strategy for treatment of pediatric patients with diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdel Rahman El-Naggar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern technology and Information University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahitab Hany Hamouda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern technology and Information University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manal El-Hamamsy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Glycotoxins: Dietary and Metabolic Origins; Possible Amelioration of Neurotoxicity by Carnosine, with Special Reference to Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:164-172. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Carbon nanotube as a carrier in drug delivery system for carnosine dipeptide: A computer simulation study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 73:173-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Pandurangan M, Mistry B, Enkhataivan G, Kim DH. Efficacy of carnosine on activation of caspase 3 and human renal carcinoma cell inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:377-382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Effect of glycation inhibitors on aging and age-related diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:1-18. [PMID: 27671971 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vast evidence supports the view that glycation of proteins is one of the main factors contributing to aging and is an important element of etiopathology of age-related diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus, cataract and neurodegenerative diseases. Counteracting glycation can therefore be a means of increasing both the lifespan and healthspan. In this review, accumulation of glycation products during aging is presented, pathophysiological effects of glycation are discussed and ways of attenuation of the effects of glycation are described, concentrating on prevention of glycation. The effects of glycation and glycation inhibitors on the course of selected age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and cataract are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza St. 4, 35-604 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza St. 4, 35-604 Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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Ammendola S, Stoppoloni D, Loreto MD, Scotto d'Abusco A. A Nutraceutical Composition Decreases CPK Levels in Saos-2 Cells and in Patients with Elevated Serum Levels of This Enzyme. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 35:559-567. [PMID: 27314492 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1093972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the effects of a nutraceutical composition on the expression of some genes involved in muscle cells and functioning in osteoblast cells. The effects of nutraceutical composition have been compared to the effects of atorvastatin, which induces muscle pain and elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) serum level when administered to patients. In particular, we analyzed the MyoD-1 gene, which is responsible for modulation of the CPK gene, which is a marker of muscle pain and damage. METHODS The effects of nutraceutical composition on Saos-2 cells were compared with the effects of atorvastatin. The mRNAs were extracted and the expression levels of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic CPK genes and MyoD-1 were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Moreover, the effects on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis were measured in the osteoblast cell line. Furthermore, 11 patients with muscle pain or elevated CPK serum levels received a supplementation of the nutraceutical composition to test whether CPK levels could be downregulated. RESULTS The analysis in Saos-2 cells showed that the nutraceutical composition upregulates the gene expression of MyoD-1 and downregulates the expression of the cytoplasmic isoform of CPK gene expression (p ≤ 0.05); moreover, it slightly increases ATP amount and decreases LDH activity. Conversely, atorvastatin represses the expression of MyoD-1 gene without significant changing into the expression levels of both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial CPK genes. Moreover, atorvastatin does not increase the ATP amount or increase LDH activity. Remarkable, the nutraceutical composition is able to decrease CPK levels in serum of patients and in some cases improve myalgia symptoms. CONCLUSION The nutraceutical composition decreases CPK levels both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it might be useful to management of nonneurological myalgia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Stoppoloni
- b Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University of Roma , Roma , ITALY
| | | | - Anna Scotto d'Abusco
- b Department of Biochemical Sciences , Sapienza University of Roma , Roma , ITALY
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20
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Pandurangan M, Enkhtaivan G, Kim DH. Therapeutic efficacy of natural dipeptide carnosine against human cervical carcinoma cells. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:426-35. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gansukh Enkhtaivan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Doo Hwan Kim
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science; Konkuk University; Seoul Korea
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21
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Hwang SW, Lee YM, Aldini G, Yeum KJ. Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species with Natural Sequestering Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:280. [PMID: 26927058 PMCID: PMC6273166 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species generated by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sugars are highly reactive due to their electrophilic nature, and are able to easily react with the nucleophilic sites of proteins as well as DNA causing cellular dysfunction. Levels of reactive carbonyl species and their reaction products have been reported to be elevated in various chronic diseases, including metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. In an effort to identify sequestering agents for reactive carbonyl species, various analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography, western blot, and mass spectrometry have been utilized. In particular, recent advances using a novel high resolution mass spectrometry approach allows screening of complex mixtures such as natural products for their sequestering ability of reactive carbonyl species. To overcome the limited bioavailability and bioefficacy of natural products, new techniques using nanoparticles and nanocarriers may offer a new attractive strategy for increased in vivo utilization and targeted delivery of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Hwang
- Department of Nano Science & Mechatronics Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Mi Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health, Konkuk University, Chungju-si 27478, Korea.
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22
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Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Wilborn CD, Sale C, Kreider RB, Jäger R, Earnest CP, Bannock L, Campbell B, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss TN, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:30. [PMID: 26175657 PMCID: PMC4501114 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of beta-alanine supplementation. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1) Four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation (4-6 g daily) significantly augments muscle carnosine concentrations, thereby acting as an intracellular pH buffer; 2) Beta-alanine supplementation currently appears to be safe in healthy populations at recommended doses; 3) The only reported side effect is paraesthesia (tingling), but studies indicate this can be attenuated by using divided lower doses (1.6 g) or using a sustained-release formula; 4) Daily supplementation with 4 to 6 g of beta-alanine for at least 2 to 4 weeks has been shown to improve exercise performance, with more pronounced effects in open end-point tasks/time trials lasting 1 to 4 min in duration; 5) Beta-alanine attenuates neuromuscular fatigue, particularly in older subjects, and preliminary evidence indicates that beta-alanine may improve tactical performance; 6) Combining beta-alanine with other single or multi-ingredient supplements may be advantageous when supplementation of beta-alanine is high enough (4-6 g daily) and long enough (minimum 4 weeks); 7) More research is needed to determine the effects of beta-alanine on strength, endurance performance beyond 25 min in duration, and other health-related benefits associated with carnosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Trexler
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX USA
| | - Craig Sale
- Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, 2138 E Lafayette Pl, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA.,Nutrabolt International, Bryan, TX USA
| | | | - Bill Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Douglas Kalman
- Department of Nutrition & Endocrinology, Miami Research Associates, QPS-MRA, Miami, FL USA
| | - Tim N Ziegenfuss
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, 4302 Allen Rd, STE 120 Stow, OH USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sports Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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23
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Young H, Benton D, Carter N. The effect of chicken extract on mood, cognition and heart rate variability. Nutrients 2015; 7:887-904. [PMID: 25642970 PMCID: PMC4344566 DOI: 10.3390/nu7020887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken extract, which is rich in anserine and carnosine, has been widely taken in Asian countries as a traditional remedy with various aims, including attenuation of psychological fatigue. The effects of consuming BRAND’S Essence of Chicken (EOC) or a placebo on 46 young adults’ responses to a standard psychological “stressor” were considered. Heart rate variability (HRV), cortisol responses, mood and cognition were measured at baseline and after ten days supplementation. EOC resulted in feeling less anxious, depressed and confused and more agreeable and clearheaded. A decrease in HRV was observed after EOC but only in females. Cognition and cortisol levels were not influenced by EOC. Findings suggest that EOC may be a promising supplement to improve mood in a healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, SA28PP, UK.
| | - David Benton
- Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, SA28PP, UK.
| | - Neil Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, SA28PP, UK.
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24
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Aydın AF, Çoban J, Doğan-Ekici I, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Uysal M, Koçak-Toker N. Carnosine and vitamin E - a promising pair in the combat against testicular oxidative stress in aged rats. Andrologia 2014; 47:1131-8. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Aydın
- Department of Biochemistry; İstanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Çapa İstanbul Turkey
| | - J. Çoban
- Department of Biochemistry; Yeditepe University Medical Faculty; Kayışdağı İstanbul Turkey
| | - I. Doğan-Ekici
- Department of Medical Pathology; Yeditepe University Medical Faculty; Kayışdağı İstanbul Turkey
| | - S. Doğru-Abbasoğlu
- Department of Biochemistry; İstanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Çapa İstanbul Turkey
| | - M. Uysal
- Department of Biochemistry; İstanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Çapa İstanbul Turkey
| | - N. Koçak-Toker
- Department of Biochemistry; İstanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Çapa İstanbul Turkey
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25
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Milewski K, Hilgier W, Albrecht J, Zielińska M. The dimethylarginine (ADMA)/nitric oxide pathway in the brain and periphery of rats with thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure: Modulation by histidine. Neurochem Int 2014; 88:26-31. [PMID: 25523831 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is related to variations in the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and oxidative/nitrosative stress (ONS), and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases (NOSs). In the present study we compared the effects of acute liver failure (ALF) in the rat TAA model on ADMA concentration in plasma and cerebral cortex, and on the activity and expression of the ADMA degrading enzyme, dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH), in brain and liver. ALF increased blood and brain ADMA, and the increase was correlated with decreased DDAH activity in both brain and liver. An i.p. administration of histidine (His), an amino acid reported to alleviate oxidative stress associated with HE (100 mg/kg b.w.), reversed the increase of brain ADMA, which was accompanied by the recovery of brain DDAH activity (determined ex vivo), and with an increase of the total NOS activity. His also activated DDAH ex vivo in brain homogenates derived from control and TAA rats. ALF in this model was also accompanied by increases of blood cyclooxygenase activity and blood and brain TNF-α content, markers of the inflammatory response in the periphery, but these changes were not affected by His, except for the reduction of TNF-α mRNA transcript in the brain. His increased the total antioxidant capacity of the brain cortex, but not of the blood, further documenting its direct neuroprotective power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Milewski
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hilgier
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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Singh LK, Singh M, Singh M. Biopolymeric receptor for peptide recognition by molecular imprinting approach—Synthesis, characterization and application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 45:383-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Baguet A, Everaert I, Yard B, Peters V, Zschocke J, Zutinic A, De Heer E, Podgórski T, Domaszewska K, Derave W. Does low serum carnosinase activity favor high-intensity exercise capacity? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:553-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01218.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the ergogenic properties of β-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine) in skeletal muscle, it can be hypothesized that elevated levels of circulating carnosine could equally be advantageous for high-intensity exercises. Serum carnosinase (CN1), the enzyme hydrolyzing the dipeptide, is highly active in the human circulation. Consequently, dietary intake of carnosine usually results in rapid degradation upon absorption, yet this is less pronounced in subjects with low CN1 activity. Therefore, acute carnosine supplementation before high-intensity exercise could be ergogenic in these subjects. In a cross-sectional study, we determined plasma CN1 activity and content in 235 subjects, including 154 untrained controls and 45 explosive and 36 middle- to long-distance elite athletes. In a subsequent double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 12 men performed a cycling capacity test at 110% maximal power output (CCT 110%) following acute carnosine (20 mg/kg body wt) or placebo supplementation. Blood samples were collected to measure CN1 content, carnosine, and acid-base balance. Both male and female explosive athletes had significantly lower CN1 activity (14% and 21% lower, respectively) and content (30% and 33% lower, respectively) than controls. Acute carnosine supplementation resulted only in three subjects in carnosinemia. The CCT 110% performance was not improved after carnosine supplementation, even when accounting for low/high CN1 content. No differences were found in acid-base balance, except for elevated resting bicarbonate following carnosine supplementation and in low CN1 subjects. In conclusion, explosive athletes have lower serum CN1 activity and content compared with untrained controls, possibly resulting from genetic selection. Acute carnosine supplementation does not improve high-intensity performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Baguet
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Everaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benito Yard
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Peters
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ana Zutinic
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Emile De Heer
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, University School of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Domaszewska
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physiology, University School of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Bellia F, Vecchio G, Rizzarelli E. Carnosinases, their substrates and diseases. Molecules 2014; 19:2299-329. [PMID: 24566305 PMCID: PMC6271292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnosinases are Xaa-His dipeptidases that play diverse functions throughout all kingdoms of life. Human isoforms of carnosinase (CN1 and CN2) under appropriate conditions catalyze the hydrolysis of the dipeptides carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) and homocarnosine (γ-aminobutyryl-l-histidine). Alterations of serum carnosinase (CN1) activity has been associated with several pathological conditions, such as neurological disorders, chronic diseases and cancer. For this reason the use of carnosinase levels as a biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been questioned. The hydrolysis of imidazole-related dipeptides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is also catalyzed by aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidases like PepD (EC 3.4.13.3), PepV (EC 3.4.13.19) and anserinase (EC 3.4.13.5). The review deals with the structure and function of this class of enzymes in physiological and pathological conditions. The main substrates of these enzymes, i.e., carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine (β-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine) will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Song BC, Joo NS, Aldini G, Yeum KJ. Biological functions of histidine-dipeptides and metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:3-10. [PMID: 24611099 PMCID: PMC3944153 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, which is associated with a state of elevated systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, is expected to cause future increases in the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sugars produces reactive carbonyl species, which, due to their electrophilic nature, react with the nucleophilic sites of certain amino acids. This leads to formation of protein adducts such as advanced glycoxidation/lipoxidation end products (AGEs/ALEs), resulting in cellular dysfunction. Therefore, an effective reactive carbonyl species and AGEs/ALEs sequestering agent may be able to prevent such cellular dysfunction. There is accumulating evidence that histidine containing dipeptides such as carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and anserine (β-alanyl-methyl-L-histidine) detoxify cytotoxic reactive carbonyls by forming unreactive adducts and are able to reverse glycated protein. In this review, 1) reaction mechanism of oxidative stress and certain chronic diseases, 2) interrelation between oxidative stress and inflammation, 3) effective reactive carbonyl species and AGEs/ALEs sequestering actions of histidine-dipeptides and their metabolism, 4) effects of carnosinase encoding gene on the effectiveness of histidine-dipeptides, and 5) protective effects of histidine-dipeptides against progression of metabolic syndrome are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the potential beneficial effects of histidine-dipeptides against metabolic syndrome. Randomized controlled human studies may provide essential information regarding whether histidine-dipeptides attenuate metabolic syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeng Chun Song
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
| | - Nam-Seok Joo
- School of Medicine, Ajou University, Gyeonggi 443-749, Korea
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju, Chungbuk 380-701, Korea
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Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) was discovered in 1900 as an abundant non-protein nitrogen-containing compound of meat. The dipeptide is not only found in skeletal muscle, but also in other excitable tissues. Most animals, except humans, also possess a methylated variant of carnosine, either anserine or ophidine/balenine, collectively called the histidine-containing dipeptides. This review aims to decipher the physiological roles of carnosine, based on its biochemical properties. The latter include pH-buffering, metal-ion chelation, and antioxidant capacity as well as the capacity to protect against formation of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end-products. For these reasons, the therapeutic potential of carnosine supplementation has been tested in numerous diseases in which ischemic or oxidative stress are involved. For several pathologies, such as diabetes and its complications, ocular disease, aging, and neurological disorders, promising preclinical and clinical results have been obtained. Also the pathophysiological relevance of serum carnosinase, the enzyme actively degrading carnosine into l-histidine and β-alanine, is discussed. The carnosine system has evolved as a pluripotent solution to a number of homeostatic challenges. l-Histidine, and more specifically its imidazole moiety, appears to be the prime bioactive component, whereas β-alanine is mainly regulating the synthesis of the dipeptide. This paper summarizes a century of scientific exploration on the (patho)physiological role of carnosine and related compounds. However, far more experiments in the fields of physiology and related disciplines (biology, pharmacology, genetics, molecular biology, etc.) are required to gain a full understanding of the function and applications of this intriguing molecule.
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Kellogg J, Lila MA. Chemical and in vitro assessment of Alaskan coastal vegetation antioxidant capacity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11025-32. [PMID: 24147955 DOI: 10.1021/jf403697z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Alaska Native (AN) communities have utilized tidal plants and marine seaweeds as food and medicine for generations, yet the bioactive potential of these resources has not been widely examined. This study screened six species of Alaskan seaweed ( Fucus distichus , Saccharina latissima , Saccharina groenlandica , Alaria marginata , Pyropia fallax , and Ulva lactuca ) and one tidal plant ( Plantago maritima ) for antioxidant activity. Total polyphenolic content (TPC) was determined, and chemical antioxidant capacity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibition assays. In vitro inhibition of radical oxygen species (ROS) generation and NO synthesis was evaluated in a RAW 264.7 macrophage culture. Greatest TPC (557.2 μg phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE)/mg extract) was discovered in the ethyl acetate fraction of F. distichus, and highest DDPH scavenging activity was exhibited by F. distichus and S. groenlandica fractions (IC50 = 4.29-5.12 μg/mL). These results support the potential of Alaskan coastal vegetation, especially the brown algae, as natural sources of antioxidants for preventing oxidative degeneration and maintaining human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kellogg
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University , 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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Peiretti PG, Medana C, Visentin S, Dal Bello F, Meineri G. Effect of cooking method on carnosine and its homologues, pentosidine and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance contents in beef and turkey meat. Food Chem 2012; 132:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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34
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Kopeć W, Jamroz D, Wiliczkiewicz A, Biazik E, Hikawczuk T, Skiba T, Pudło A, Orda J. Antioxidation status and histidine dipeptides content in broiler blood and muscles depending on protein sources in feed. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:586-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Hu WW, Chen Z. Role of histamine and its receptors in cerebral ischemia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:238-47. [PMID: 22860191 DOI: 10.1021/cn200126p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the brain, and it plays a major role in the pathogenic progression after cerebral ischemia. Extracellular histamine increases gradually after ischemia, and this may come from histaminergic neurons or mast cells. Histamine alleviates neuronal damage and infarct volume, and it promotes recovery of neurological function after ischemia; the H1, H2, and H3 receptors are all involved. Further studies suggest that histamine alleviates excitotoxicity, suppresses the release of glutamate and dopamine, and inhibits inflammation and glial scar formation. Histamine may also affect cerebral blood flow by targeting to vascular smooth muscle cells, and promote neurogenesis. Moreover, endogenous histamine is an essential mediator in the cerebral ischemic tolerance. Due to its multiple actions, affecting neurons, glia, vascular cells, and inflammatory cells, histamine is likely to be an important target in cerebral ischemia. But due to its low penetration of the blood-brain barrier and its wide actions in the periphery, histamine-related agents, like H3 antagonists and carnosine, show potential for cerebral ischemia therapy. However, important questions about the molecular aspects and pathophysiology of histamine and related agents in cerebral ischemia remain to be answered to form a solid scientific basis for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical
Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province
Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical
Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province
Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences,
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P. R. China
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Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Iavicoli I, Di Paola R, Koverech A, Cuzzocrea S, Rizzarelli E, Calabrese EJ. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:753-83. [PMID: 22108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. This paper introduces the emerging role of exogenous molecules in hormetic-based neuroprotection and the mitochondrial redox signaling concept of hormesis and its applications to the field of neuroprotection and longevity. Maintenance of optimal long-term health conditions is accomplished by a complex network of longevity assurance processes that are controlled by vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsp) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin and the sirtuin protein systems. Dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenols and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways, including vitagenes. Hormesis provides the central underpinning of neuroprotective responses, providing a framework for explaining the common quantitative features of their dose response relationships, their mechanistic foundations, their relationship to the concept of biological plasticity as well as providing a key insight for improving the accuracy of the therapeutic dose of pharmaceutical agents within the highly heterogeneous human population. This paper describes in mechanistic detail how hormetic dose responses are mediated for endogenous cellular defense pathways including sirtuin, Nrfs and related pathways that integrate adaptive stress responses in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Differential effects of insulin on peripheral diabetes-related changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics: Involvement of advanced glycosylated end products. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1460-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stellingwerff T, Anwander H, Egger A, Buehler T, Kreis R, Decombaz J, Boesch C. Effect of two β-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2461-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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39
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Babizhayev MA, Deyev AI, Savel'Yeva EL, Lankin VZ, Yegorov YE. Skin beautification with oral non-hydrolized versions of carnosine and carcinine: Effective therapeutic management and cosmetic skincare solutions against oxidative glycation and free-radical production as a causal mechanism of diabetic complications and skin aging. J DERMATOL TREAT 2011; 23:345-84. [DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2010.521812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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40
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Zhang Y, Zou B, Wang K, Pan Y, Liang H, Yi X, Wang H. Antioxidant activities and transition metal ion chelating studies of some hydroxyl Schiff base derivatives. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Babizhayev MA. Bioactivation antioxidant and transglycating properties of N-acetylcarnosine autoinduction prodrug of a dipeptide L-carnosine in mucoadhesive drug delivery eye-drop formulation: powerful eye health application technique and therapeutic platform. Drug Test Anal 2011; 4:468-85. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Wu CH, Huang SM, Lin JA, Yen GC. Inhibition of advanced glycation endproduct formation by foodstuffs. Food Funct 2011; 2:224-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10026b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Hipkiss AR. Proteotoxicity and the Contrasting Effects of Oxaloacetate and Glycerol onCaenorhabditis elegansLife Span: A Role for Methylglyoxal? Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:547-51. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Hipkiss
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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44
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Derave W, Everaert I, Beeckman S, Baguet A. Muscle carnosine metabolism and beta-alanine supplementation in relation to exercise and training. Sports Med 2010; 40:247-63. [PMID: 20199122 DOI: 10.2165/11530310-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide with a high concentration in mammalian skeletal muscle. It is synthesized by carnosine synthase from the amino acids L-histidine and beta-alanine, of which the latter is the rate-limiting precursor, and degraded by carnosinase. Recent studies have shown that the chronic oral ingestion of beta-alanine can substantially elevate (up to 80%) the carnosine content of human skeletal muscle. Interestingly, muscle carnosine loading leads to improved performance in high-intensity exercise in both untrained and trained individuals. Although carnosine is not involved in the classic adenosine triphosphate-generating metabolic pathways, this suggests an important role of the dipeptide in the homeostasis of contracting muscle cells, especially during high rates of anaerobic energy delivery. Carnosine may attenuate acidosis by acting as a pH buffer, but improved contractile performance may also be obtained by improved excitation-contraction coupling and defence against reactive oxygen species. High carnosine concentrations are found in individuals with a high proportion of fast-twitch fibres, because these fibres are enriched with the dipeptide. Muscle carnosine content is lower in women, declines with age and is probably lower in vegetarians, whose diets are deprived of beta-alanine. Sprint-trained athletes display markedly high muscular carnosine, but the acute effect of several weeks of training on muscle carnosine is limited. High carnosine levels in elite sprinters are therefore either an important genetically determined talent selection criterion or a result of slow adaptation to years of training. beta-Alanine is rapidly developing as a popular ergogenic nutritional supplement for athletes worldwide, and the currently available scientific literature suggests that its use is evidence based. However, many aspects of the supplement, such as the potential side effects and the mechanism of action, require additional and thorough investigation by the sports science community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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46
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Aldini G, Orioli M, Rossoni G, Savi F, Braidotti P, Vistoli G, Yeum KJ, Negrisoli G, Carini M. The carbonyl scavenger carnosine ameliorates dyslipidaemia and renal function in Zucker obese rats. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 15:1339-54. [PMID: 20518851 PMCID: PMC4373334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a risk factor that increases the risk for development of renal and vascular complications. This study addresses the effects of chronic administration of the endogenous dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine, L-CAR) and of its enantiomer (β-alanyl-D-histidine, D-CAR) on hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, advanced glycation end products, advanced lipoxidation end products formation and development of nephropathy in the non-diabetic, Zucker obese rat. The Zucker rats received a daily dose of L-CAR or D-CAR (30 mg/kg in drinking water) for 24 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was recorded monthly. At the end of the treatment, plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose, insulin, creatinine and urinary levels of total protein, albumin and creatinine were measured. Several indices of oxidative/carbonyl stress were also measured in plasma, urine and renal tissue. We found that both L- and D-CAR greatly reduced obese-related diseases in obese Zucker rat, by significantly restraining the development of dyslipidaemia, hypertension and renal injury, as demonstrated by both urinary parameters and electron microscopy examinations of renal tissue. Because the protective effect elicited by L- and D-CAR was almost superimposable, we conclude that the pharmacological action of L-CAR is not due to a pro-histaminic effect (D-CAR is not a precursor of histidine, since it is stable to peptidic hydrolysis), and prompted us to propose that some of the biological effects can be mediated by a direct carbonyl quenching mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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47
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Artun BC, Küskü-Kiraz Z, Güllüoglu M, Çevikbaş U, Koçak-Toker N, Uysal M. The effect of carnosine pretreatment on oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in binge ethanol administered rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 29:659-65. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327109359460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carnosine is a dipeptide having strong antioxidant effects. Oxidative stress plays an important role in pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver injury. In this study, we investigated the effect of carnosine pretreatment on ethanol-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Rats were given carnosine (2 g/L in drinking water) for 4 weeks and then ethanol was administered orally to rats at a dose of 5 g/kg every 12 hours for 3 doses totally (binge model). All rats were killed 6 hours after last ethanol injection. Plasma alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) transaminase activities and liver triglyceride, malondialdehyde (MDA), diene conjugate (DC), glutathione (GSH), vitamin E and vitamin C levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione transferase (GST) activities were determined. Binge ethanol administration resulted in significant increases in plasma transaminase activities, hepatic triglyceride and lipid peroxide levels. However, GSH, vitamin E, vitamin C levels and GSH-Px and GST activities were found to be decreased following ethanol administration. Macromicrovesicular steatosis was also seen. Carnosine pretreatment appeared to prevent the increase of plasma ALT and AST activities and hepatic MDA and DC levels following ethanol treatment. In addition, hepatic GSH levels increased, but there were no changes in triglyceride, vitamin E, vitamin C levels and SOD, GSH-Px and GST activities, following ethanol treatment in carnosine-pretreated rats. There was also no change in liver histopathological appearance. In conclusion, carnosine prevented the increases in serum transaminase activities and lipid peroxides in liver of ethanol-treated rats, without any change on steatosis in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- BC Artun
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Z. Küskü-Kiraz
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M. Güllüoglu
- Deparment of Pathology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - U. Çevikbaş
- Deparment of Pathology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N. Koçak-Toker
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M. Uysal
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey,
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48
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Effects of Supplementary Blood Meal on the Content of Carnosine and Anserine in Broiler Meat. J Poult Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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49
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Negre-Salvayre A, Salvayre R, Augé N, Pamplona R, Portero-Otín M. Hyperglycemia and glycation in diabetic complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:3071-109. [PMID: 19489690 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial disease, classically influenced by genetic determinants of individual susceptibility and by environmental accelerating factors, such as lifestyle. It is considered a major health concern,as its incidence is increasing at an alarming rate, and the high invalidating effects of its long-term complications affect macro- and microvasculature, heart, kidney, eye, and nerves. Increasing evidence indicates that hyperglycemia is the initiating cause of the tissue damage occurring in diabetes, either through repeated acute changes in cellular glucose metabolism, or through the long-term accumulation of glycated biomolecules and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs represent a heterogeneous group of chemical products resulting from a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, or a combination of these.The glycation process (glucose fixation) affects circulating proteins (serum albumin, lipoprotein, insulin, hemoglobin),whereas the formation of AGEs implicates reactive intermediates such as methylglyoxal. AGEs form cross-links on long-lived extracellular matrix proteins or react with their specific receptor RAGE, resulting inoxidative stress and proinflammatory signaling implicated in endothelium dysfunction, arterial stiffening, and microvascular complications. This review summarizes the mechanism of glycation and of AGEs formation and the role of hyperglycemia, AGEs, and oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of diabetic complications.
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Bellia F, Calabrese V, Guarino F, Cavallaro M, Cornelius C, De Pinto V, Rizzarelli E. Carnosinase levels in aging brain: redox state induction and cellular stress response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2759-75. [PMID: 19583493 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carnosinase is a dipeptidase found almost exclusively in brain and serum. Its natural substrate carnosine, present at high concentration in the brain, has been proposed as an antioxidant in vivo. We investigated the role of carnosinase in brain aging to establish a possible correlation with age-related changes in cellular stress response and redox status. In addition, a stable HeLa cell line expressing recombinant human serum carnosinase CN1 was established. The enzyme was purified from transfected cells, and specific antibodies were produced against it. Brain expression of CN1, Hsp72, heme oxygenase-1, and thioredoxin reductase increased with age, with a maximal induction in hippocampus and substantia nigra, followed by cerebellum, cortex, septum, and striatum. Hsps induction was associated with significant changes in total SH groups, GSH redox state, carbonyls, and HNE levels. A positive correlation between decrease in GSH and increase in Hsp72 expression was observed in all brain regions examined during aging. Increased carnosinase activity in the brain can lead to decreased carnosine levels and GSH/GSSG ratio. These results, consistent with the current notion that oxidative stress and cellular damage are characteristic hallmarks of the aging process, sustain the critical role of cellular stress-response mechanisms as possible targets for novel antiaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania , Catania Section, Catania, Italy
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