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Kervadec A, Kezos J, Ni H, Yu M, Marchant J, Spiering S, Kannan S, Kwon C, Andersen P, Bodmer R, Grandi E, Ocorr K, Colas AR. Multiplatform modeling of atrial fibrillation identifies phospholamban as a central regulator of cardiac rhythm. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049962. [PMID: 37293707 PMCID: PMC10387351 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common and genetically inheritable form of cardiac arrhythmia; however, it is currently not known how these genetic predispositions contribute to the initiation and/or maintenance of AF-associated phenotypes. One major barrier to progress is the lack of experimental systems to investigate the effects of gene function on rhythm parameters in models with human atrial and whole-organ relevance. Here, we assembled a multi-model platform enabling high-throughput characterization of the effects of gene function on action potential duration and rhythm parameters using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial-like cardiomyocytes and a Drosophila heart model, and validation of the findings using computational models of human adult atrial myocytes and tissue. As proof of concept, we screened 20 AF-associated genes and identified phospholamban loss of function as a top conserved hit that shortens action potential duration and increases the incidence of arrhythmia phenotypes upon stress. Mechanistically, our study reveals that phospholamban regulates rhythm homeostasis by functionally interacting with L-type Ca2+ channels and NCX. In summary, our study illustrates how a multi-model system approach paves the way for the discovery and molecular delineation of gene regulatory networks controlling atrial rhythm with application to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Kervadec
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James Kezos
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Haibo Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael Yu
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James Marchant
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sean Spiering
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Suraj Kannan
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Rolf Bodmer
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Karen Ocorr
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexandre R. Colas
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Targeting the "hallmarks of aging" to slow aging and treat age-related disease: fact or fiction? Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:242-255. [PMID: 35840801 PMCID: PMC9812785 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders. Aging processes have therefore been discussed as potential targets for the development of novel and broadly effective preventatives or therapeutics for age-related diseases, including those affecting the brain. Mechanisms thought to contribute to aging have been summarized under the term the "hallmarks of aging" and include a loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, altered nutrient sensing, telomere attrition, genomic instability, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, epigenetic alterations and altered intercellular communication. We here examine key claims about the "hallmarks of aging". Our analysis reveals important weaknesses that preclude strong and definitive conclusions concerning a possible role of these processes in shaping organismal aging rate. Significant ambiguity arises from the overreliance on lifespan as a proxy marker for aging, the use of models with unclear relevance for organismal aging, and the use of study designs that do not allow to properly estimate intervention effects on aging rate. We also discuss future research directions that should be taken to clarify if and to what extent putative aging regulators do in fact interact with aging. These include multidimensional analytical frameworks as well as designs that facilitate the proper assessment of intervention effects on aging rate.
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3
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Ding M, Li QF, Peng TH, Wang TQ, Yan HH, Tang C, Wang XY, Guo Y, Zheng L. Early life exercise training and inhibition of apoLpp mRNA expression to improve age-related arrhythmias and prolong the average lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:9908-9923. [PMID: 36470666 PMCID: PMC9831727 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) places a heavy burden on older patients and the global healthcare system. A large body of evidence suggests that exercise training is essential in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we used the Drosophila melanogaster animal model to study the effects of early-life exercise training (Exercise) on the aging heart and lifespan. We found in flies that age-induced arrhythmias are conserved across different genetic backgrounds. The fat body is the primary source of circulating lipoproteins in flies. Inhibition of fat body apoLpp (Drosophila apoB homolog) demonstrated that low expression of apoLpp reduced the development of arrhythmias in aged flies but did not affect average lifespan. At the same time, exercise can also reduce the expression of apoLpp mRNA in aged flies and have a protective effect on the heart, which is similar to the inhibition of apoLpp mRNA. Although treatment of UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise alone had no significant effect on lifespan, the combination of UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise extended the average lifespan of flies. Therefore, we conclude that UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise are sufficient to resist age-induced arrhythmias, which may be related to the decreased expression of apoLpp mRNA, and that UAS-apoLppRNAi and exercise have a combined effect on prolonging the average lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Hang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tong Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Han Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Ya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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4
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Peng T, Ding M, Yan H, Li Q, Zhang P, Tian R, Zheng L. Exercise Training Upregulates Cardiac mtp Expression in Drosophila melanogaster with HFD to Improve Cardiac Dysfunction and Abnormal Lipid Metabolism. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121745. [PMID: 36552256 PMCID: PMC9775405 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that the heart plays an important role in regulating systemic lipid homeostasis, and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is a major cause of cardiovascular disease, although little is known about the specific mechanisms involved. Exercise training can reportedly improve abnormal lipid metabolism and cardiac dysfunction induced by high-fat diets; however, the molecular mechanisms are not yet understood. In the present study, to explore the relationship between exercise training and cardiac mtp in HFD flies and potential mechanisms by which exercise training affects HFD flies, Drosophila was selected as a model organism, and the GAL4/UAS system was used to specifically knock down the target gene. Experiments revealed that HFD-fed Drosophila exhibited changes in body weight, increased triglycerides (TG) and dysregulated cardiac contractility, consistent with observations in mammals. Interestingly, inhibition of cardiac mtp expression reduced HFD-induced cardiac damage and mitigated the increase in triglycerides. Further studies showed that in HFD +w1118, HFD + Hand > w1118, and HFD+ Hand > mtpRNAi, cardiac mtp expression downregulation induced by HFD was treated by exercise training and mitochondrial β-oxidation capacity in cardiomyocytes was reversed. Overall, knocking down mtp in the heart prevented an increase in systemic TG levels and protected cardiac contractility from damage caused by HFD, similar to the findings observed after exercise training. Moreover, exercise training upregulated the decrease in cardiac mtp expression induced by HFD. Increased Had1 and Acox3 expression were observed, consistent with changes in cardiac mtp expression.
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5
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Damschroder D, Richardson K, Cobb T, Wessells R. The effects of genetic background on exercise performance in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2020; 14:80-92. [PMID: 33100141 PMCID: PMC7714460 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2020.1835329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the Drosophila model for studying the broad beneficial effects of exercise training has grown over the past decade. As work using Drosophila as an exercise model becomes more widespread, the influence of genetic background on performance should be examined in order to better understand its influence on assessments used to quantitatively measure and compare exercise phenotypes. In this article, we review the various methods of exercise training Drosophila, and the performance of different wild-type Drosophila strains on various physiological assessments of exercise response. We conclude by summarizing the performance trends of commonly used strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Damschroder
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kristin Richardson
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Hughes CJR, Turner S, Andrews RM, Vitkin A, Jacobs JR. Matrix metalloproteinases regulate ECM accumulation but not larval heart growth in Drosophila melanogaster. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 140:42-55. [PMID: 32105665 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila heart provides a simple model to examine the remodelling of muscle insertions with growth, extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, and fibrosis. Between hatching and pupation, the Drosophila heart increases in length five-fold. If major cardiac ECM components are secreted remotely, how is ECM "self assembly" regulated? We explored whether ECM proteases were required to maintain the morphology of a growing heart while the cardiac ECM expanded. An increase in expression of Drosophila's single tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), or reduced function of metalloproteinase MMP2, resulted in fibrosis and ectopic deposition of two ECM Collagens; type-IV and fibrillar Pericardin. Significant accumulations of Collagen-IV (Viking) developed on the pericardium and in the lumen of the heart. Congenital defects in Pericardin deposition misdirected further assembly in the larva. Reduced metalloproteinase activity during growth also increased Pericardin fibre accumulation in ECM suspending the heart. Although MMP2 expression was required to remodel and position cardiomyocyte cell junctions, reduced MMP function did not impair expansion of the heart. A previous study revealed that MMP2 negatively regulates the size of the luminal cell surface in the embryonic heart. Cardiomyocytes align at the midline, but do not adhere to enclose a heart lumen in MMP2 mutant embryos. Nevertheless, these embryos hatch and produce viable larvae with bifurcated hearts, indicating a secondary pathway to lumen formation between ipsilateral cardiomyocytes. MMP-mediated remodelling of the ECM is required for organogenesis, and to prevent assembly of excess or ectopic ECM protein during growth. MMPs are not essential for normal growth of the Drosophila heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J R Hughes
- Dept. Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - S Turner
- Dept. Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - R M Andrews
- Dept. Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - A Vitkin
- Dept. Biomedical Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Cananda.
| | - J R Jacobs
- Dept. Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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7
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Hillyer JF, Pass G. The Insect Circulatory System: Structure, Function, and Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:121-143. [PMID: 31585504 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the insect circulatory system is involved in a multitude of vital physiological processes, it has gone grossly understudied. This review highlights this critical physiological system by detailing the structure and function of the circulatory organs, including the dorsal heart and the accessory pulsatile organs that supply hemolymph to the appendages. It also emphasizes how the circulatory system develops and ages and how, by means of reflex bleeding and functional integration with the immune system, it supports mechanisms for defense against predators and microbial invaders, respectively. Beyond that, this review details evolutionary trends and novelties associated with this system, as well as the ways in which this system also plays critical roles in thermoregulation and tracheal ventilation in high-performance fliers. Finally, this review highlights how novel discoveries could be harnessed for the control of vector-borne diseases and for translational medicine, and it details principal knowledge gaps that necessitate further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA;
| | - Günther Pass
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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8
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De Nobrega AK, Lyons LC. Aging and the clock: Perspective from flies to humans. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:454-481. [PMID: 30269400 PMCID: PMC6441388 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous circadian oscillators regulate molecular, cellular and physiological rhythms, synchronizing tissues and organ function to coordinate activity and metabolism with environmental cycles. The technological nature of modern society with round-the-clock work schedules and heavy reliance on personal electronics has precipitated a striking increase in the incidence of circadian and sleep disorders. Circadian dysfunction contributes to an increased risk for many diseases and appears to have adverse effects on aging and longevity in animal models. From invertebrate organisms to humans, the function and synchronization of the circadian system weakens with age aggravating the age-related disorders and pathologies. In this review, we highlight the impacts of circadian dysfunction on aging and longevity and the reciprocal effects of aging on circadian function with examples from Drosophila to humans underscoring the highly conserved nature of these interactions. Additionally, we review the potential for using reinforcement of the circadian system to promote healthy aging and mitigate age-related pathologies. Advancements in medicine and public health have significantly increased human life span in the past century. With the demographics of countries worldwide shifting to an older population, there is a critical need to understand the factors that shape healthy aging. Drosophila melanogaster, as a model for aging and circadian interactions, has the capacity to facilitate the rapid advancement of research in this area and provide mechanistic insights for targeted investigations in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliza K De Nobrega
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Lisa C Lyons
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Kezos JN, Phillips MA, Thomas MD, Ewunkem AJ, Rutledge GA, Barter TT, Santos MA, Wong BD, Arnold KR, Humphrey LA, Yan A, Nouzille C, Sanchez I, Cabral LG, Bradley TJ, Mueller LD, Graves JL, Rose MR. Genomics of Early Cardiac Dysfunction and Mortality in Obese Drosophila melanogaster. Physiol Biochem Zool 2019; 92:591-611. [PMID: 31603376 DOI: 10.1086/706099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In experimental evolution, we impose functional demands on laboratory populations of model organisms using selection. After enough generations of such selection, the resulting populations constitute excellent material for physiological research. An intense selection regime for increased starvation resistance was imposed on 10 large outbred Drosophila populations. We observed the selection responses of starvation and desiccation resistance, metabolic reserves, and heart robustness via electrical pacing. Furthermore, we sequenced the pooled genomes of these populations. As expected, significant increases in starvation resistance and lipid content were found in our 10 intensely selected SCO populations. The selection regime also improved desiccation resistance, water content, and glycogen content among these populations. Additionally, the average rate of cardiac arrests in our 10 obese SCO populations was double the rate of the 10 ancestral CO populations. Age-specific mortality rates were increased at early adult ages by selection. Genomic analysis revealed a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms across the genome that changed in frequency as a result of selection. These genomic results were similar to those obtained in our laboratory from less direct selection procedures. The combination of extensive genomic and phenotypic differentiation between these 10 populations and their ancestors makes them a powerful system for the analysis of the physiological underpinnings of starvation resistance.
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10
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Blice-Baum AC, Guida MC, Hartley PS, Adams PD, Bodmer R, Cammarato A. As time flies by: Investigating cardiac aging in the short-lived Drosophila model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1831-1844. [PMID: 30496794 PMCID: PMC6527462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline in heart function across the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels. The risk of cardiovascular disease grows significantly over time, and as developed countries continue to see an increase in lifespan, the cost of cardiovascular healthcare for the elderly will undoubtedly rise. The molecular basis for cardiac function deterioration with age is multifaceted and not entirely clear, and there is a limit to what investigations can be performed on human subjects or mammalian models. Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a useful model organism for studying aging in a short timeframe, benefitting from a suite of molecular and genetic tools and displaying highly conserved traits of cardiac senescence. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of cardiac aging and how the fruit fly has aided in these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Clara Guida
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Paul S Hartley
- Bournemouth University, Department of Life and Environmental Science, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Peter D Adams
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Chaix A, Manoogian ENC, Melkani GC, Panda S. Time-Restricted Eating to Prevent and Manage Chronic Metabolic Diseases. Annu Rev Nutr 2019; 39:291-315. [PMID: 31180809 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular clocks are present in almost every cell to anticipate daily recurring and predictable changes, such as rhythmic nutrient availability, and to adapt cellular functions accordingly. At the same time, nutrient-sensing pathways can respond to acute nutrient imbalance and modulate and orient metabolism so cells can adapt optimally to a declining or increasing availability of nutrients. Organismal circadian rhythms are coordinated by behavioral rhythms such as activity-rest and feeding-fasting cycles to temporally orchestrate a sequence of physiological processes to optimize metabolism. Basic research in circadian rhythms has largely focused on the functioning of the self-sustaining molecular circadian oscillator, while research in nutrition science has yielded insights into physiological responses to caloric deprivation or to specific macronutrients. Integration of these two fields into actionable new concepts in the timing of food intake has led to the emerging practice of time-restricted eating. In this paradigm, daily caloric intake is restricted to a consistent window of 8-12 h. This paradigm has pervasive benefits on multiple organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Chaix
- Regulatory Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Emily N C Manoogian
- Regulatory Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Girish C Melkani
- Molecular Biology Program and Heart Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Lab, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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12
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Marciniak P, Kolińska A, Spochacz M, Chowański S, Adamski Z, Scrano L, Falabella P, Bufo SA, Rosiński G. Differentiated Effects of Secondary Metabolites from Solanaceae and Brassicaceae Plant Families on the Heartbeat of Tenebrio molitor Pupae. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E287. [PMID: 31121818 PMCID: PMC6563514 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of insects as model organisms is becoming more and more common in toxicological, pharmacological, genetic and biomedical research. Insects, such as fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), locusts (Locusta migratoria), stick insects (Baculum extradentatum) or beetles (Tenebrio molitor) are used to assess the effect of different active compounds, as well as to analyse the background and course of certain diseases, including heart disorders. The goal of this study was to assess the influence of secondary metabolites extracted from Solanaceae and Brassicaceae plants: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) and horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), on T. molitor beetle heart contractility in comparison with pure alkaloids. During the in vivo bioassays, the plants glycoalkaloid extracts and pure substances were injected at the concentration 10-5 M into T. molitor pupa and evoked changes in heart activity. Pure glycoalkaloids caused mainly positive chronotropic effects, dependant on heart activity phase during a 24-h period of recording. Moreover, the substances affected the duration of the heart activity phases. Similarly, to the pure glycoalkaloids, the tested extracts also mainly accelerated the heart rhythm, however S. tuberosum and S. lycopersicum extracts slightly decreased the heart contractions frequency in the last 6 h of the recording. Cardioacceleratory activity of only S. lycopersicum extract was higher than single alkaloids whereas S. tubersoum and S. nigrum extracts were less active when compared to pure alkaloids. The most cardioactive substance was chaconine which strongly stimulated heart action during the whole recording after injection. A. rusticana extract which is composed mainly of glucosinolates did not significantly affect the heart contractions. Obtained results showed that glycoalkaloids were much more active than glucosinolates. However, the extracts depending on the plant species might be more or less active than pure substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Marciniak
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Angelika Kolińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Marta Spochacz
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Adamski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- Electron and Confocal Microscope Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Laura Scrano
- Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, 75100 Matera, Italy.
| | | | - Sabino A Bufo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa.
| | - Grzegorz Rosiński
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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13
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Stoyek MR, Rog-Zielinska EA, Quinn TA. Age-associated changes in electrical function of the zebrafish heart. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 138:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Chakraborty M, Llamusi B, Artero R. Modeling of Myotonic Dystrophy Cardiac Phenotypes in Drosophila. Front Neurol 2018; 9:473. [PMID: 30061855 PMCID: PMC6054993 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After respiratory distress, cardiac dysfunction is the second most common cause of fatality associated with the myotonic dystrophy (DM) disease. Despite the prevalance of heart failure in DM, physiopathological studies on heart symptoms have been relatively scarce because few murine models faithfully reproduce the cardiac disease. Consequently, only a small number of candidate compounds have been evaluated in this specific phenotype. To help cover this gap Drosophila combines the amenability of its invertebrate genetics with the possibility of quickly acquiring physiological parameters suitable for meaningful comparisons with vertebrate animal models and humans. Here we review available descriptions of cardiac disease in DM type 1 and type 2, and three recent papers reporting the cardiac toxicity of non-coding CUG (DM1) and CCUG (DM2) repeat RNA in flies. Notably, flies expressing CUG or CCUG RNA in their hearts developed strong arrhythmias and had reduced fractional shortening, which correlates with similar phenotypes in DM patients. Overexpression of Muscleblind, which is abnormally sequestered by CUG and CCUG repeat RNA, managed to strongly suppress arrhythmias and fractional shortening, thus demonstrating that Muscleblind depletion causes cardiac phenotypes in flies. Importantly, small molecules pentamidine and daunorubicin were able to rescue cardiac phenotypes by releasing Muscleblind from sequestration. Taken together, fly heart models have the potential to make important contributions to the understanding of the molecular causes of cardiac dysfunction in DM and in the quick assessment of candidate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouli Chakraborty
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIPF-INCLIVA Joint Unit, Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Llamusi
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIPF-INCLIVA Joint Unit, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ruben Artero
- Translational Genomics Group, Incliva Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,CIPF-INCLIVA Joint Unit, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Wen DT, Zheng L, Yang F, Li HZ, Hou WQ. Endurance exercise prevents high-fat-diet induced heart and mobility premature aging and dsir2 expression decline in aging Drosophila. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7298-7311. [PMID: 29484111 PMCID: PMC5800903 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-Fat-Diet (HFD)-induced obesity is a major contributor to heart and mobility premature aging and mortality in both Drosophila and humans. The dSir2 genes are closely related to aging, but there are few directed reports showing that whether HFD could inhibit the expression dSir2 genes. Endurance exercise can prevent fat accumulation and reverse HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction. Endurance also delays age-relate functional decline. It is unclear whether lifetime endurance exercise can combat lifetime HFD-induced heart and mobility premature aging, and relieve the harmful HFD-induced influence on the dSir2 gene and lifespan yet. In this study, flies are fed a HFD and trained from when they are 1 week old until they are 5 weeks old. Then, triacylglycerol levels, climbing index, cardiac function, lifespan, and dSir2 mRNA expressions are measured. We show that endurance exercise improves climbing capacity, cardiac contraction, and dSir2 expression, and it reduces body and heart triacylglycerol levels, heart fibrillation, and mortality in both HFD and aging flies. So, lifelong endurance exercise delays HFD-induced accelerated age-related locomotor impairment, cardiac dysfunction, death, and dSir2 expression decline, and prevents HFD-induced premature aging in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Tai Wen
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| | - Han-Zhe Li
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Qi Hou
- Key Laboratory Of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Chang Sha, 410012, Hunan Province, China
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16
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Mönck H, Toppe D, Michael E, Sigrist S, Richter V, Hilpert D, Raccuglia D, Efetova M, Schwärzel M. A new method to characterize function of the Drosophila heart by means of optical flow. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4644-4653. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.164343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The minuteness of Drosophila poses a challenge to quantify performance of its tubular heart and computer-aided analysis of its beating heart has evolved as a resilient compromise between instrumental costs and data robustness. Here, we introduce an optical flow algorithm (OFA) that continuously registers coherent movement within videos of the beating Drosophila heart and uses this information to subscribe the time course of observation with characteristic phases of cardiac contraction or relaxation. We report that the OFA combines high discriminatory power with robustness to characterize the performance of the Drosophila tubular heart using indicators from human cardiology. We provide proof of this concept using the test bed of established cardiac conditions that include the effects of ageing, knockdown of the slow repolarizing potassium channel subunit KCNQ and ras-mediated hypertrophy of the heart tube. Together, this establishes the analysis of coherent movement as a suitable indicator of qualitative changes of the heart's beating characteristics, which improves the usefulness of Drosophila as a model of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Mönck
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Toppe
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Michael
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurogenetics, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Sigrist
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurogenetics, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vincent Richter
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Hilpert
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Davide Raccuglia
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Efetova
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schwärzel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Biology/Neurobiology, Königin-Luise Strasse 28-30, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Doran CR, Estévez-Lao TY, Hillyer JF. Mosquito aging modulates the heart rate and the proportional directionality of heart contractions. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 101:47-56. [PMID: 28655496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito aging impacts a myriad of physiological processes, including digestion, flight, mating, reproductive success, and immunity. In the present study, we conducted intravital video imaging in 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20-day-old Anopheles gambiae female adults to assess whether aging impacts mosquito heart physiology. We found that the heart contraction rate increases over the first 15days of adulthood and then decreases. These changes occur for both contraction directions, although aging results in a relative change in the anterograde versus retrograde contraction rates. That is, whereas for the first 5days of life the anterograde and retrograde contraction rates are similar, from day 10 to day 20 the retrograde contraction rate is higher than the anterograde contraction rate. Aging also biases the proportional directionality of heart contractions, from approximately two thirds of the time being spent contracting in the anterograde direction and two thirds of the contractions propagating anterograde during the first 5days of life to an approximately even split between anterograde and retrograde when the mosquitoes have reached 10 to 20days of age. Transcriptional analyses of crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), FMRFamide, calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII), pygopus, manganese-iron superoxide dismutase (MnSOD1) and vinculin by quantitative RT-PCR revealed age-associated changes in gene expression, with MnSOD1 and vinculin expression showing a declining trend with age. RNAi-based knockdown of MnSOD1 or vinculin resulted in heart physiology that trended toward the aging phenotype for every parameter that was measured, suggesting that these two genes are involved in cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Doran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tania Y Estévez-Lao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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18
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Morciano P, Iorio R, Iovino D, Cipressa F, Esposito G, Porrazzo A, Satta L, Alesse E, Tabocchini MA, Cenci G. Effects of reduced natural background radiation on Drosophila melanogaster growth and development as revealed by the FLYINGLOW program. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:23-29. [PMID: 28262946 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural background radiation of Earth and cosmic rays played a relevant role during the evolution of living organisms. However, how chronic low doses of radiation can affect biological processes is still unclear. Previous data have indicated that cells grown at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory (LNGS, L'Aquila) of National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) of Italy, where the dose rate of cosmic rays and neutrons is significantly reduced with respect to the external environment, elicited an impaired response against endogenous damage as compared to cells grown outside LNGS. This suggests that environmental radiation contributes to the development of defense mechanisms at cellular level. To further understand how environmental radiation affects metabolism of living organisms, we have recently launched the FLYINGLOW program that aims at exploiting Drosophila melanogaster as a model for evaluating the effects of low doses/dose rates of radiation at the organismal level. Here, we will present a comparative data set on lifespan, motility and fertility from different Drosophila strains grown in parallel at LNGS and in a reference laboratory at the University of L'Aquila. Our data suggest the reduced radiation environment can influence Drosophila development and, depending on the genetic background, may affect viability for several generations even when flies are moved back to normal background radiation. As flies are considered a valuable model for human biology, our results might shed some light on understanding the effect of low dose radiation also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Morciano
- SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Iorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniela Iovino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Cipressa
- SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Satta
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Alesse
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Applicate e Biotecnologiche, Università dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Tabocchini
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.,Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cenci
- SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.,Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy
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19
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Ocorr K, Zambon A, Nudell Y, Pineda S, Diop S, Tang M, Akasaka T, Taylor E. Age-dependent electrical and morphological remodeling of the Drosophila heart caused by hERG/seizure mutations. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006786. [PMID: 28542428 PMCID: PMC5459509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular-molecular substrates of heart disease is key to the development of cardiac specific therapies and to the prevention of off-target effects by non-cardiac targeted drugs. One of the primary targets for therapeutic intervention has been the human ether a go-go (hERG) K+ channel that, together with the KCNQ channel, controls the rate and efficiency of repolarization in human myocardial cells. Neither of these channels plays a major role in adult mouse heart function; however, we show here that the hERG homolog seizure (sei), along with KCNQ, both contribute significantly to adult heart function as they do in humans. In Drosophila, mutations in or cardiac knockdown of sei channels cause arrhythmias that become progressively more severe with age. Intracellular recordings of semi-intact heart preparations revealed that these perturbations also cause electrical remodeling that is reminiscent of the early afterdepolarizations seen in human myocardial cells defective in these channels. In contrast to KCNQ, however, mutations in sei also cause extensive structural remodeling of the myofibrillar organization, which suggests that hERG channel function has a novel link to sarcomeric and myofibrillar integrity. We conclude that deficiency of ion channels with similar electrical functions in cardiomyocytes can lead to different types or extents of electrical and/or structural remodeling impacting cardiac output. We have used the fruit fly cardiac model to show that seizure, the fly homolog of the human ether a go-go K+ channel hERG, is functional in the fly heart. This channel plays a major role in cardiac repolarization in humans but not in adult rodent hearts. Loss of channel function in the fly causes bradycardia, electrical arrhythmia and altered myofibrillar structure. Gene expression analysis indicates that Wnt signaling is affected and we show a genetic interaction between sei and pygopus, a Wnt pathway component, on heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ocorr
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexander Zambon
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yoav Nudell
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Santiago Pineda
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Soda Diop
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Min Tang
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Taylor
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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20
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Kezos JN, Cabral LG, Wong BD, Khou BK, Oh A, Harb JF, Chiem D, Bradley TJ, Mueller LD, Rose MR. Starvation but not locomotion enhances heart robustness in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 99:8-14. [PMID: 28285040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insects and vertebrates have multiple major physiological systems, each species having a circulatory system, a metabolic system, and a respiratory system that enable locomotion and survival in stressful environments, among other functions. Broadening our understanding of the physiology of Drosophila melanogaster requires the parsing of interrelationships among such major component physiological systems. By combining electrical pacing and flight exhaustion assays with manipulative conditioning, we have started to unpack the interrelationships between cardiac function, locomotor performance, and other functional characters such as starvation and desiccation resistance. Manipulative sequences incorporating these four physiological characters were applied to five D. melanogaster lab populations that share a common origin from the wild and a common history of experimental evolution. While exposure to starvation or desiccation significantly reduced flight duration, exhaustion due to flight only affected subsequent desiccation resistance. A strong association was found between flight duration and desiccation resistance, providing additional support for the hypothesis that these traits depend on glycogen and water content. However, there was negligible impact on rate of cardiac arrests from exhaustion by flight or exposure to desiccant. Brief periods of starvation significantly lowered the rate of cardiac arrest. These results provide suggestive support for the adverse impact of lipids on Drosophila heart robustness, a parallel result to those of many comparable studies in human cardiology. Overall, this study underscores clear distinctions among the connections between specific physiological responses to stress and specific types of physiological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Kezos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Larry G Cabral
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Brandon D Wong
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Belinda K Khou
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Angela Oh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Jerry F Harb
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Danny Chiem
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Timothy J Bradley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Laurence D Mueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
| | - Michael R Rose
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, United States.
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21
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Shahrestani P, Burke MK, Birse R, Kezos JN, Ocorr K, Mueller LD, Rose MR, Bodmer R. Experimental Evolution and Heart Function in Drosophila. Physiol Biochem Zool 2017; 90:281-293. [PMID: 28277957 DOI: 10.1086/689288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a good model species for the study of heart function. However, most previous work on D. melanogaster heart function has focused on the effects of large-effect genetic variants. We compare heart function among 18 D. melanogaster populations that have been selected for altered development time, aging, or stress resistance. We find that populations with faster development and faster aging have increased heart dysfunction, measured as percentage heart failure after electrical pacing. Experimental evolution of different triglyceride levels, by contrast, has little effect on heart function. Evolved differences in heart function correlate with allele frequency changes at many loci of small effect. Genomic analysis of these populations produces a list of candidate loci that might affect cardiac function at the intersection of development, aging, and metabolic control mechanisms.
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22
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Lammers K, Abeln B, Hüsken M, Lehmacher C, Psathaki OE, Alcorta E, Meyer H, Paululat A. Formation and function of intracardiac valve cells in the Drosophila heart. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:1852-1863. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila harbors a simple tubular heart that ensures hemolymph circulation within the body. The heart is built by a few different cell types, including cardiomyocytes that define the luminal heart channel and ostia cells that constitute openings in the heart wall allowing hemolymph to enter the heart chamber. Regulation of flow directionality within a tube, such as blood flow in arteries or insect hemolymph within the heart lumen, requires a dedicated gate, valve, or flap-like structure that prevents backflow of fluids. In the Drosophila heart, intracardiac valves provide this directionality of hemolymph streaming, with one valve being present in larvae and three valves in the adult fly. Each valve is built by two specialized cardiomyocytes that exhibit a unique histology. We found that the capacity to open and close the heart lumen relies on a unique myofibrillar setting as well as on the presence of large membranous vesicles. These vesicles are of endocytic origin and probably represent unique organelles of valve cells. Moreover, we characterised the working mode of the cells in real time. Valve cells exhibit a highly flexible shape and during each heartbeat, oscillating shape changes result in closing and opening of the heart channel. Finally, we identified a set of novel valve cell markers useful for future in-depth analyses of cell differentiation in wildtype and mutant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Lammers
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Bettina Abeln
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Mirko Hüsken
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Christine Lehmacher
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | | | - Esther Alcorta
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n, 33.006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Heiko Meyer
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- University of Osnabrück, Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
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23
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Ugur B, Chen K, Bellen HJ. Drosophila tools and assays for the study of human diseases. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:235-44. [PMID: 26935102 PMCID: PMC4833332 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the internal organ systems of Drosophila melanogaster are functionally analogous to those in vertebrates, including humans. Although humans and flies differ greatly in terms of their gross morphological and cellular features, many of the molecular mechanisms that govern development and drive cellular and physiological processes are conserved between both organisms. The morphological differences are deceiving and have led researchers to undervalue the study of invertebrate organs in unraveling pathogenic mechanisms of diseases. In this review and accompanying poster, we highlight the physiological and molecular parallels between fly and human organs that validate the use of Drosophila to study the molecular pathogenesis underlying human diseases. We discuss assays that have been developed in flies to study the function of specific genes in the central nervous system, heart, liver and kidney, and provide examples of the use of these assays to address questions related to human diseases. These assays provide us with simple yet powerful tools to study the pathogenic mechanisms associated with human disease-causing genes. Editors' choice - Drosophila Collection: In this review and accompanying poster, we highlight the physiological and molecular parallels between fly and human organs that validate the use of Drosophila to study the molecular pathogenesis underlying human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berrak Ugur
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kuchuan Chen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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24
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Kopp ZA, Hsieh JL, Li A, Wang W, Bhatt DT, Lee A, Kim SY, Fan D, Shah V, Siddiqui E, Ragam R, Park K, Ardeshna D, Park K, Wu R, Parikh H, Parikh A, Lin YR, Park Y. Heart-specific Rpd3 downregulation enhances cardiac function and longevity. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:648-63. [PMID: 26399365 PMCID: PMC4600623 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Downregulation of Rpd3, a homologue of mammalian Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), extends lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Once revealed that long-lived fruit flies exhibit limited cardiac decline, we investigated whether Rpd3 downregulation would improve stress resistance and/or lifespan when targeted in the heart. Contested against three different stressors (oxidation, starvation and heat), heart-specific Rpd3 downregulation significantly enhanced stress resistance in flies. However, these higher levels of resistance were not observed when Rpd3 downregulation was targeted in other tissues or when other long-lived flies were tested in the heart-specific manner. Interestingly, the expressions of anti-aging genes such as sod2, foxo and Thor, were systemically increased as a consequence of heart-specific Rpd3 downregulation. Showing higher resistance to oxidative stress, the heart-specific Rpd3 downregulation concurrently exhibited improved cardiac functions, demonstrating an increased heart rate, decreased heart failure and accelerated heart recovery. Conversely, Rpd3 upregulation in cardiac tissue reduced systemic resistance against heat stress with decreased heart function, also specifying phosphorylated Rpd3 levels as a significant modulator. Continual downregulation of Rpd3 throughout aging increased lifespan, implicating that Rpd3 deacetylase in the heart plays a significant role in cardiac function and longevity to systemically modulate the fly's response to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Kopp
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Jo-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Andrew Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - William Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Dhelni T Bhatt
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Angela Lee
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Sae Yeon Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - David Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Veevek Shah
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Emaad Siddiqui
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Radhika Ragam
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kristen Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Dev Ardeshna
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kunwoo Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Hardik Parikh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ayush Parikh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yuh-Ru Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yongkyu Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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25
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Zurauskas M, Bradu A, Ferguson DR, Hammer DX, Podoleanu A. Closed loop tracked Doppler optical coherence tomography based heart monitor for the Drosophila melanogaster larvae. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:246-52. [PMID: 25924107 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel instrument for biosciences, useful for studies of moving embryos. A dual sequential imaging/measurement channel is assembled via a closed-loop tracking architecture. The dual channel system can operate in two regimes: (i) single-point Doppler signal monitoring or (ii) fast 3-D swept source OCT imaging. The system is demonstrated for characterizing cardiac dynamics in Drosophila melanogaster larva. Closed loop tracking enables long term in vivo monitoring of the larvae heart without anesthetic or physical restraint. Such an instrument can be used to measure subtle variations in the cardiac behavior otherwise obscured by the larvae movements. A fruit fly larva (top) was continuously tracked for continuous remote monitoring. A heartbeat trace of freely moving larva (bottom) was obtained by a low coherence interferometry based doppler sensing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantas Zurauskas
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NH, Canterbury, UK.
| | - Adrian Bradu
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NH, Canterbury, UK
| | - Daniel R Ferguson
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover MA, 01810, USA
| | - Daniel X Hammer
- Physical Sciences Inc., 20 New England Business Center, Andover MA, 01810, USA
| | - Adrian Podoleanu
- Applied Optics Group, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, CT2 7NH, Canterbury, UK
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26
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Arble DM, Bass J, Behn CD, Butler MP, Challet E, Czeisler C, Depner CM, Elmquist J, Franken P, Grandner MA, Hanlon EC, Keene AC, Joyner MJ, Karatsoreos I, Kern PA, Klein S, Morris CJ, Pack AI, Panda S, Ptacek LJ, Punjabi NM, Sassone-Corsi P, Scheer FA, Saxena R, Seaquest ER, Thimgan MS, Van Cauter E, Wright KP. Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disruption on Energy Balance and Diabetes: A Summary of Workshop Discussions. Sleep 2015; 38:1849-60. [PMID: 26564131 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A workshop was held at the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases with a focus on the impact of sleep and circadian disruption on energy balance and diabetes. The workshop identified a number of key principles for research in this area and a number of specific opportunities. Studies in this area would be facilitated by active collaboration between investigators in sleep/circadian research and investigators in metabolism/diabetes. There is a need to translate the elegant findings from basic research into improving the metabolic health of the American public. There is also a need for investigators studying the impact of sleep/circadian disruption in humans to move beyond measurements of insulin and glucose and conduct more in-depth phenotyping. There is also a need for the assessments of sleep and circadian rhythms as well as assessments for sleep-disordered breathing to be incorporated into all ongoing cohort studies related to diabetes risk. Studies in humans need to complement the elegant short-term laboratory-based human studies of simulated short sleep and shift work etc. with studies in subjects in the general population with these disorders. It is conceivable that chronic adaptations occur, and if so, the mechanisms by which they occur needs to be identified and understood. Particular areas of opportunity that are ready for translation are studies to address whether CPAP treatment of patients with pre-diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevents or delays the onset of diabetes and whether temporal restricted feeding has the same impact on obesity rates in humans as it does in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Cecilia Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - Matthew P Butler
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Czeisler
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joel Elmquist
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Erin C Hanlon
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | | | - Ilia Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Louis J Ptacek
- Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Naresh M Punjabi
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Frank A Scheer
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth R Seaquest
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Matthew S Thimgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
| | - Eve Van Cauter
- Sleep, Metabolism and Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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27
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TORC2: a novel target for treating age-associated memory impairment. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15193. [PMID: 26489398 PMCID: PMC4614817 DOI: 10.1038/srep15193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory decline is one of the greatest health threats of the twenty-first century. Because of the widespread increase in life expectancy, 20 percent of the global population will be over 60 in 2050 and the problems caused by age-related memory loss will be dramatically aggravated. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this inevitable process are not well understood. Here we show that the activity of the recently discovered mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2 (mTORC2) declines with age in the brain of both fruit flies and rodents and that the loss of mTORC2-mediated actin polymerization contributes to age-associated memory loss. Intriguingly, treatment with a small molecule that activates mTORC2 (A-443654) reverses long-term memory (LTM) deficits in both aged mice and flies. In addition, we found that pharmacologically boosting either mTORC2 or actin polymerization enhances LTM. In contrast to the current approaches to enhance memory that have primarily targeted the regulation of gene expression (epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational), our data points to a novel, evolutionarily conserved mechanism for restoring memory that is dependent on structural plasticity. These insights into the molecular basis of age-related memory loss may hold promise for new treatments for cognitive disorders.
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28
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Hardy CM, Birse RT, Wolf MJ, Yu L, Bodmer R, Gibbs AG. Obesity-associated cardiac dysfunction in starvation-selected Drosophila melanogaster. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R658-67. [PMID: 26136533 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00160.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear link between obesity and cardiovascular disease, but the complexity of this interaction in mammals makes it difficult to study. Among the animal models used to investigate obesity-associated diseases, Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as an important platform of discovery. In the laboratory, Drosophila can be made obese through lipogenic diets, genetic manipulations, and adaptation to evolutionary stress. While dietary and genetic changes that cause obesity in flies have been demonstrated to induce heart dysfunction, there have been no reports investigating how obesity affects the heart in laboratory-evolved populations. Here, we studied replicated populations of Drosophila that had been selected for starvation resistance for over 65 generations. These populations evolved characteristics that closely resemble hallmarks of metabolic syndrome in mammals. We demonstrate that starvation-selected Drosophila have dilated hearts with impaired contractility. This phenotype appears to be correlated with large fat deposits along the dorsal cuticle, which alter the anatomical position of the heart. We demonstrate a strong relationship between fat storage and heart dysfunction, as dilation and reduced contractility can be rescued through prolonged fasting. Unlike other Drosophila obesity models, the starvation-selected lines do not exhibit excessive intracellular lipid deposition within the myocardium and rather store excess triglycerides in large lipid droplets within the fat body. Our findings provide a new model to investigate obesity-associated heart dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan T Birse
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Matthew J Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - Lin Yu
- School of Medicine-Cardiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Allen G Gibbs
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
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29
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Gill S, Le HD, Melkani GC, Panda S. Time-restricted feeding attenuates age-related cardiac decline in Drosophila. Science 2015; 347:1265-9. [PMID: 25766238 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks orchestrate periods of rest or activity and feeding or fasting over the course of a 24-hour day and maintain homeostasis. To assess whether a consolidated 24-hour cycle of feeding and fasting can sustain health, we explored the effect of time-restricted feeding (TRF; food access limited to daytime 12 hours every day) on neural, peripheral, and cardiovascular physiology in Drosophila melanogaster. We detected improved sleep, prevention of body weight gain, and deceleration of cardiac aging under TRF, even when caloric intake and activity were unchanged. We used temporal gene expression profiling and validation through classical genetics to identify the TCP-1 ring complex (TRiC) chaperonin, the mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes, and the circadian clock as pathways mediating the benefits of TRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhroz Gill
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hiep D Le
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Girish C Melkani
- Departments of Biology and Molecular Biology, and Heart Institutes, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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30
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Trujillo AS, Ramos R, Bodmer R, Bernstein SI, Ocorr K, Melkani GC. Drosophila as a potential model to ameliorate mutant Huntington-mediated cardiac amyloidosis. RARE DISEASES (AUSTIN, TEX.) 2014; 2:e968003. [PMID: 26942103 PMCID: PMC4755237 DOI: 10.4161/2167549x.2014.968003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several human diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD), are associated with the expression of mutated, misfolded, and aggregation-prone amyloid proteins. Cardiac disease is the second leading cause of death in HD, which has been mainly studied as a neurodegenerative disease that is caused by expanded polyglutamine repeats in the huntingtin protein. Since the mechanistic basis of mutant HD-induced cardiomyopathy is unknown, we established a Drosophila heart model that exhibited amyloid aggregate-induced oxidative stress, resulting in myofibrillar disorganization and physiological defects upon expression of HD-causing PolyQ expression in cardiomyocytes. Using powerful Drosophila genetic techniques, we suppressed mutant HD-induced cardiomyopathy by modulating pathways associated with folding defects and oxidative stress. In this addendum, we describe additional potential molecular players that might be associated with HD cardiac amyloidosis. Drosophila, with its high degree of conservation to the human genome and many techniques to manipulate its gene expression, will be an excellent model for the suppression of cardiac amyloidosis linked to other polyglutamine expansion repeat disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Trujillo
- Department of Biology; Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes; San Diego State University; San Diego, CA USA,Development and Aging Program; Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Raul Ramos
- Department of Biology; Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes; San Diego State University; San Diego, CA USA
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development and Aging Program; Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sanford I Bernstein
- Department of Biology; Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes; San Diego State University; San Diego, CA USA
| | - Karen Ocorr
- Development and Aging Program; Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Girish C Melkani
- Department of Biology; Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes; San Diego State University; San Diego, CA USA,Development and Aging Program; Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research; La Jolla, CA USA,Correspondence to: Girish C Melkani;
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31
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RIGHI VALERIA, APIDIANAKIS YIORGOS, PSYCHOGIOS NIKOLAOS, RAHME LAURENCEG, TOMPKINS RONALDG, TZIKA AARIA. In vivo high-resolution magic angle spinning proton NMR spectroscopy of Drosophila melanogaster flies as a model system to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction in Drosophila GST2 mutants. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:327-33. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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32
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He Y, Jasper H. Studying aging in Drosophila. Methods 2014; 68:129-33. [PMID: 24751824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster represents one of the most important genetically accessible model organisms for aging research. Studies in flies have identified single gene mutations that influence lifespan and have characterized endocrine signaling interactions that control homeostasis systemically. Recent studies have focused on the effects of aging on specific tissues and physiological processes, providing a comprehensive picture of age-related tissue dysfunction and the loss of systemic homeostasis. Here we review methodological aspects of this work and highlight technical considerations when using Drosophila to study aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
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33
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Methods to assess Drosophila heart development, function and aging. Methods 2014; 68:265-72. [PMID: 24727147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the Drosophila heart has become an established model for many different aspects of human cardiac disease. This model has allowed identification of disease-causing mechanisms underlying congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathies and has permitted the study of underlying genetic, metabolic and age-related contributions to heart function. In this review we discuss methods currently employed in the analysis of the Drosophila heart structure and function, such as optical methods to infer heart function and performance, electrophysiological and mechanical approaches to characterize cardiac tissue properties, and conclude with histological techniques used in the study of heart development and adult structure.
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34
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Nirala NK, Rahman M, Walls SM, Singh A, Zhu LJ, Bamba T, Fukusaki E, Srideshikan SM, Harris GL, Ip YT, Bodmer R, Acharya UR. Survival response to increased ceramide involves metabolic adaptation through novel regulators of glycolysis and lipolysis. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003556. [PMID: 23818862 PMCID: PMC3688504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sphingolipid ceramide elicits several stress responses, however, organisms survive despite increased ceramide but how they do so is poorly understood. We demonstrate here that the AKT/FOXO pathway regulates survival in increased ceramide environment by metabolic adaptation involving changes in glycolysis and lipolysis through novel downstream targets. We show that ceramide kinase mutants accumulate ceramide and this leads to reduction in energy levels due to compromised oxidative phosphorylation. Mutants show increased activation of Akt and a consequent decrease in FOXO levels. These changes lead to enhanced glycolysis by upregulating the activity of phosphoglyceromutase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase to provide energy. A second major consequence of AKT/FOXO reprogramming in the mutants is the increased mobilization of lipid from the gut through novel lipase targets, CG8093 and CG6277 for energy contribution. Ubiquitous reduction of these targets by knockdown experiments results in semi or total lethality of the mutants, demonstrating the importance of activating them. The efficiency of these adaptive mechanisms decreases with age and leads to reduction in adult life span of the mutants. In particular, mutants develop cardiac dysfunction with age, likely reflecting the high energy requirement of a well-functioning heart. The lipases also regulate physiological triacylglycerol homeostasis and are important for energy metabolism since midgut specific reduction of them in wild type flies results in increased sensitivity to starvation and accumulation of triglycerides leading to cardiac defects. The central findings of increased AKT activation, decreased FOXO level and activation of phosphoglyceromutase and pyruvate kinase are also observed in mice heterozygous for ceramide transfer protein suggesting a conserved role of this pathway in mammals. These data reveal novel glycolytic and non-autonomous lipolytic pathways in response to increased ceramide for sustenance of high energy demanding organ functions like the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj K Nirala
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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Xie HB, Cammarato A, Rajasekaran NS, Zhang H, Suggs JA, Lin HC, Bernstein SI, Benjamin IJ, Golic KG. The NADPH metabolic network regulates human αB-crystallin cardiomyopathy and reductive stress in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003544. [PMID: 23818860 PMCID: PMC3688542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the alpha-B crystallin (CryAB) gene are responsible for a number of inherited human disorders, including cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle myopathy, and cataracts. The cellular mechanisms of disease pathology for these disorders are not well understood. Among recent advances is that the disease state can be linked to a disturbance in the oxidation/reduction environment of the cell. In a mouse model, cardiomyopathy caused by the dominant CryAB(R120G) missense mutation was suppressed by mutation of the gene that encodes glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), one of the cell's primary sources of reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH. Here, we report the development of a Drosophila model for cellular dysfunction caused by this CryAB mutation. With this model, we confirmed the link between G6PD and mutant CryAB pathology by finding that reduction of G6PD expression suppressed the phenotype while overexpression enhanced it. Moreover, we find that expression of mutant CryAB in the Drosophila heart impaired cardiac function and increased heart tube dimensions, similar to the effects produced in mice and humans, and that reduction of G6PD ameliorated these effects. Finally, to determine whether CryAB pathology responds generally to NADPH levels we tested mutants or RNAi-mediated knockdowns of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and malic enzyme (MEN), the other major enzymatic sources of NADPH, and we found that all are capable of suppressing CryAB(R120G) pathology, confirming the link between NADP/H metabolism and CryAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng B. Xie
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Namakkal S. Rajasekaran
- Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Huali Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Suggs
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ho-Chen Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Sanford I. Bernstein
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ivor J. Benjamin
- Division of Cardiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IJB); (KGG)
| | - Kent G. Golic
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (IJB); (KGG)
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36
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Na J, Musselman LP, Pendse J, Baranski TJ, Bodmer R, Ocorr K, Cagan R. A Drosophila model of high sugar diet-induced cardiomyopathy. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003175. [PMID: 23326243 PMCID: PMC3542070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets high in carbohydrates have long been linked to progressive heart dysfunction, yet the mechanisms by which chronic high sugar leads to heart failure remain poorly understood. Here we combine diet, genetics, and physiology to establish an adult Drosophila melanogaster model of chronic high sugar-induced heart disease. We demonstrate deterioration of heart function accompanied by fibrosis-like collagen accumulation, insulin signaling defects, and fat accumulation. The result was a shorter life span that was more severe in the presence of reduced insulin and P38 signaling. We provide evidence of a role for hexosamine flux, a metabolic pathway accessed by glucose. Increased hexosamine flux led to heart function defects and structural damage; conversely, cardiac-specific reduction of pathway activity prevented sugar-induced heart dysfunction. Our data establish Drosophila as a useful system for exploring specific aspects of diet-induced heart dysfunction and emphasize enzymes within the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway as candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Na
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Palanker Musselman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jay Pendse
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Baranski
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development and Aging Program, NASCR Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Ocorr
- Development and Aging Program, NASCR Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ross Cagan
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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37
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The Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Aging Research. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:63-77. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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38
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Liu Z, Huang X. Lipid metabolism in Drosophila: development and disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2013; 45:44-50. [PMID: 23257293 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gms105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are three major components of the cell. Despite a few basic metabolic pathways, we know very little about lipids, compared with the explosion of knowledge about proteins and nucleic acids. How many different forms of lipids are there? What are the in vivo functions of individual lipid? How does lipid metabolism contribute to normal development and human health? Many of these questions remain unanswered. For over a century, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a model organism to study basic biological questions. In recent years, increasing evidences proved that Drosophila models are highly valuable for lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis researches. Some recent progresses of lipid metabolic regulation during Drosophila development and in Drosophila models of human diseases will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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39
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Schwarz ER, Phan A, Willix RD. Andropause and the development of cardiovascular disease presentation-more than an epi-phenomenon. J Geriatr Cardiol 2012; 8:35-43. [PMID: 22783283 PMCID: PMC3390065 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Andropause refers to a generalized decline of male hormones, including testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in middle-aged and aging men. This decline in hormones has been associated with changes such as depression, loss of libido, sexual dysfunction, and changes in body composition. Aging has been associated with an abundance of concomitant diseases, in particular cardiovascular diseases, and although andropause is correlated to aging, a causal relationship between reduction of androgens and the development of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and heart failure has not been convincingly established yet. On the other hand, increasing data has emerged that revealed the effects of low levels of androgens on cardiovascular disease progression. As an example, low levels of testosterone have been linked to a higher incidence of coronary artery disease. Whether hormone replacement therapy that is used for andropausal men to alleviate symptoms of "male menopause" can halt progression of cardiovascular disease, remains controversially discussed, primarily due to the lack of well-designed, randomized controlled trials. At least for symptom improvement, the use of androgen replacement therapy in andropausal men may be clinically indicated, and with the appropriate supervision and follow up may prove to be beneficial with regard to preservation of the integrity of cardiovascular health at higher ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst R Schwarz
- Cedars Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Suite 6215, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Cenegenics Medical Institute, 851 Rampart Blvd., Las Vegas, NV 89145, USA
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40
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Dai DF, Chen T, Johnson SC, Szeto H, Rabinovitch PS. Cardiac aging: from molecular mechanisms to significance in human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1492-526. [PMID: 22229339 PMCID: PMC3329953 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major causes of death in the western world. The incidence of cardiovascular disease as well as the rate of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity increase exponentially in the elderly population, suggesting that age per se is a major risk factor of CVDs. The physiologic changes of human cardiac aging mainly include left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, valvular degeneration, increased cardiac fibrosis, increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation, and decreased maximal exercise capacity. Many of these changes are closely recapitulated in animal models commonly used in an aging study, including rodents, flies, and monkeys. The application of genetically modified aged mice has provided direct evidence of several critical molecular mechanisms involved in cardiac aging, such as mitochondrial oxidative stress, insulin/insulin-like growth factor/PI3K pathway, adrenergic and renin angiotensin II signaling, and nutrient signaling pathways. This article also reviews the central role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in CVDs and the plausible mechanisms underlying the progression toward heart failure in the susceptible aging hearts. Finally, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cardiac aging may support the potential clinical application of several "anti-aging" strategies that treat CVDs and improve healthy cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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41
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Li A, Zhou C, Moore J, Zhang P, Tsai TH, Lee HC, Romano DM, McKee ML, Schoenfeld DA, Serra MJ, Raygor K, Cantiello HF, Fujimoto JG, Tanzi RE. Changes in the expression of the Alzheimer’s disease-associated presenilin gene in drosophila heart leads to cardiac dysfunction. Curr Alzheimer Res 2011; 8:313-22. [PMID: 21524270 DOI: 10.2174/156720511795563746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin genes cause the majority of early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease. Recently, presenilin mutations have been identified in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a common cause of heart failure and the most prevalent diagnosis in cardiac transplantation patients. However, the molecular mechanisms, by which presenilin mutations lead to either AD or DCM, are not yet understood. We have employed transgenic Drosophila models and optical coherence tomography imaging technology to analyze cardiac function in live adult Drosophila. Silencing of Drosophila ortholog of presenilins (dPsn) led to significantly reduced heart rate and remarkably age-dependent increase in end-diastolic vertical dimensions. In contrast, overexpression of dPsn increased heart rate. Either overexpression or silencing of dPsn resulted in irregular heartbeat rhythms accompanied by cardiomyofibril defects and mitochondrial impairment. The calcium channel receptor activities in cardiac cells were quantitatively determined via real-time RT-PCR. Silencing of dPsn elevated dIP3R expression, and reduced dSERCA expression; overexprerssion of dPsn led to reduced dRyR expression. Moreover, overexpression of dPsn in wing disc resulted in loss of wing phenotype and reduced expression of wingless. Our data provide novel evidence that changes in presenilin level leads to cardiac dysfunction, owing to aberrant calcium channel receptor activities and disrupted Wnt signaling transduction, indicating a pathogenic role for presenilin mutations in DCM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Li
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
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42
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Birse RT, Bodmer R. Lipotoxicity and cardiac dysfunction in mammals and Drosophila. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:376-85. [PMID: 21851295 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2011.599830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipotoxic effects of obesity are important contributing factors in cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the genetic mechanisms, by which lipotoxicity influences the initiation and progression of CVD are poorly understood. Hearts, of obese and diabetic individuals, exhibit several phenotypes in common, including ventricular remodeling, prolonged QT intervals, enhanced frequency of diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction, and decreased fractional shortening. High systemic lipid concentrations are thought to be the leading cause of lipid-related CVD in obese or diabetic individuals. However, an alternative possibility is that obesity leads to cardiac-specific steatosis, in which lipids and their metabolites accumulate within the myocardial cells themselves and thereby disrupt normal cardiovascular function. Drosophila has recently emerged as an excellent model to study the fundamental genetic mechanisms of metabolic control, as well as their relationship to heart function. Two recent studies of genetic and diet-induced cardiac lipotoxicity illustrate this. One study found that alterations in genes associated with membrane phospholipid metabolism may play a role in the abnormal lipid accumulation associated with cardiomyopathies. The second study showed that Drosophila fed a diet high in saturated fats, developed obesity, dysregulated insulin and glucose homeostasis, and severe cardiac dysfunction. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the detrimental effects of dysregulated lipid metabolism on cardiovascular function. We also discuss how the Drosophila model could help elucidate the basic genetic mechanisms of lipotoxicity- and metabolic syndrome-related cardiomyopathies in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Tyge Birse
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
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43
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Pompa PP, Vecchio G, Galeone A, Brunetti V, Maiorano G, Sabella S, Cingolani R. Physical assessment of toxicology at nanoscale: nano dose-metrics and toxicity factor. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:2889-97. [PMID: 21547322 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10233h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we propose a systematic and reproducible evaluation of nanoparticles (NPs) toxicology in living systems, based on a physical assessment and quantification of the toxic effects of NPs by the experimental determination of the key parameter affecting the toxicity outcome (i.e., the number of NPs) and of the NPs "toxicity factor". Such a strategy was applied to a well determined scenario, i.e., the ingestion of citrate-capped gold NPs (AuNPs) of different sizes by the model system Drosophila melanogaster. Using these AuNPs as a reference toxicity standard, we were able to define different regions in the multiparametric space of toxicity, enabling the classification of the toxic levels of other nanomaterials, such as quantum dots and pegylated AuNPs. This approach may pave the way to a systematic classification of nanomaterials, leading to important developments in risk assessment and regulatory approval, as well as in a wide range of nanomedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Pompa
- Center for Bio-Molecular Nanotechnology, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Barsanti 1, 73010 Arnesano, Lecce, Italy.
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44
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Pandey UB, Nichols CD. Human disease models in Drosophila melanogaster and the role of the fly in therapeutic drug discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:411-36. [PMID: 21415126 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a well studied and highly tractable genetic model organism for understanding molecular mechanisms of human diseases. Many basic biological, physiological, and neurological properties are conserved between mammals and D. melanogaster, and nearly 75% of human disease-causing genes are believed to have a functional homolog in the fly. In the discovery process for therapeutics, traditional approaches employ high-throughput screening for small molecules that is based primarily on in vitro cell culture, enzymatic assays, or receptor binding assays. The majority of positive hits identified through these types of in vitro screens, unfortunately, are found to be ineffective and/or toxic in subsequent validation experiments in whole-animal models. New tools and platforms are needed in the discovery arena to overcome these limitations. The incorporation of D. melanogaster into the therapeutic discovery process holds tremendous promise for an enhanced rate of discovery of higher quality leads. D. melanogaster models of human diseases provide several unique features such as powerful genetics, highly conserved disease pathways, and very low comparative costs. The fly can effectively be used for low- to high-throughput drug screens as well as in target discovery. Here, we review the basic biology of the fly and discuss models of human diseases and opportunities for therapeutic discovery for central nervous system disorders, inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. We also provide information and resources for those interested in pursuing fly models of human disease, as well as those interested in using D. melanogaster in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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45
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Piazza N, Wessells RJ. Drosophila models of cardiac disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:155-210. [PMID: 21377627 PMCID: PMC3551295 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a useful model for cardiac diseases, both developmental abnormalities and adult functional impairment. Using the tools of both classical and molecular genetics, the study of the developing fly heart has been instrumental in identifying the major signaling events of cardiac field formation, cardiomyocyte specification, and the formation of the functioning heart tube. The larval stage of fly cardiac development has become an important model system for testing isolated preparations of living hearts for the effects of biological and pharmacological compounds on cardiac activity. Meanwhile, the recent development of effective techniques to study adult cardiac performance in the fly has opened new uses for the Drosophila model system. The fly system is now being used to study long-term alterations in adult performance caused by factors such as diet, exercise, and normal aging. The fly is a unique and valuable system for the study of such complex, long-term interactions, as it is the only invertebrate genetic model system with a working heart developmentally homologous to the vertebrate heart. Thus, the fly model combines the advantages of invertebrate genetics (such as large populations, facile molecular genetic techniques, and short lifespan) with physiological measurement techniques that allow meaningful comparisons with data from vertebrate model systems. As such, the fly model is well situated to make important contributions to the understanding of complicated interactions between environmental factors and genetics in the long-term regulation of cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Piazza
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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46
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Albrecht S, Altenhein B, Paululat A. The transmembrane receptor Uncoordinated5 (Unc5) is essential for heart lumen formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2010; 350:89-100. [PMID: 21094637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transport of liquids or gases in biological tubes is fundamental for many physiological processes. Our knowledge on how tubular organs are formed during organogenesis and tissue remodeling has increased dramatically during the last decade. Studies on different animal systems have helped to unravel some of the molecular mechanisms underlying tubulogenesis. Tube architecture varies dramatically in different organs and different species, ranging from tubes formed by several cells constituting the cross section, tubes formed by single cells wrapping an internal luminal space or tubes that are formed within a cell. Some tubes display branching whereas others remain linear without intersections. The modes of shaping, growing and pre-patterning a tube are also different and it is still not known whether these diverse architectures and modes of differentiation are realized by sharing common signaling pathways or regulatory networks. However, several recent investigations provide evidence for the attractive hypothesis that the Drosophila cardiogenesis and heart tube formation shares many similarities with primary angiogenesis in vertebrates. Additionally, another important step to unravel the complex system of lumen formation has been the outcome of recent studies that junctional proteins, matrix components as well as proteins acting as attractant and repellent cues play a role in the formation of the Drosophila heart lumen. In this study we show the requirement for the repulsively active Unc5 transmembrane receptor to facilitate tubulogenesis in the dorsal vessel of Drosophila. Unc5 is localized in the luminal membrane compartment of cardiomyocytes and animals lacking Unc5 fail to form a heart lumen. Our findings support the idea that Unc5 is crucial for lumen formation and thereby represents a repulsive cue acting during Drosophila heart tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Albrecht
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie - Zoologie/Entwicklungsbiologie, Barbarastraße 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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47
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Birse RT, Choi J, Reardon K, Rodriguez J, Graham S, Diop S, Ocorr K, Bodmer R, Oldham S. High-fat-diet-induced obesity and heart dysfunction are regulated by the TOR pathway in Drosophila. Cell Metab 2010; 12:533-44. [PMID: 21035763 PMCID: PMC3026640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity is a major contributor to diabetes and cardiovascular disease, but the underlying genetic mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we use Drosophila to test the hypothesis that HFD-induced obesity and associated cardiac complications have early evolutionary origins involving nutrient-sensing signal transduction pathways. We find that HFD-fed flies exhibit increased triglyceride (TG) fat and alterations in insulin/glucose homeostasis, similar to mammalian responses. A HFD also causes cardiac lipid accumulation, reduced cardiac contractility, conduction blocks, and severe structural pathologies, reminiscent of diabetic cardiomyopathies. Remarkably, these metabolic and cardiotoxic phenotypes elicited by HFD are blocked by inhibiting insulin-TOR signaling. Moreover, reducing insulin-TOR activity (by expressing TSC1-2, 4EBP or FOXO), or increasing lipase expression-only within the myocardium-suffices to efficiently alleviate cardiac fat accumulation and dysfunction induced by HFD. We conclude that deregulation of insulin-TOR signaling due to a HFD is responsible for mediating the detrimental effects on metabolism and heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Birse
- NASCR Center, Sanford/Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Sestrins are a
family of stress-inducible proteins that can function as antioxidants and
as inhibitors of target of rapamycin complex 1. In this
research perspective, we discuss the possible roles of Sestrins in diverse
stress-induced patho-physiological contexts that can result in premature
aging and age-related diseases. We suggest that Sestrins provide critical
feedback regulation that adjust metabolic and stress responses to different
environmental cues and evolutionary constraints.
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49
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Dai DF, Rabinovitch PS. Cardiac aging in mice and humans: the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2010; 19:213-20. [PMID: 20382344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Age is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, not only because it prolongs exposure to several other cardiovascular risks, but also owing to intrinsic cardiac aging, which reduces cardiac functional reserve, predisposes the heart to stress, and contributes to increased cardiovascular mortality in the elderly. Intrinsic cardiac aging in the murine model closely recapitulates age-related cardiac changes in humans, including left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac aging in mice is accompanied by accumulation of mitochondrial protein oxidation, increased mitochondrial DNA mutations, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as decreased cardiac SERCA2 protein. All of these age-related changes are significantly attenuated in mice overexpressing catalase targeted to mitochondria. These findings demonstrate the critical role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in cardiac aging and support the potential application of mitochondrial antioxidants to cardiac aging and age-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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50
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Yu L, Lee T, Lin N, Wolf MJ. Affecting Rhomboid-3 function causes a dilated heart in adult Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000969. [PMID: 20523889 PMCID: PMC2877733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila is a well recognized model of several human diseases, and recent investigations have demonstrated that Drosophila can be used as a model of human heart failure. Previously, we described that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to rapidly examine the cardiac function in adult, awake flies. This technique provides images that are similar to echocardiography in humans, and therefore we postulated that this approach could be combined with the vast resources that are available in the fly community to identify new mutants that have abnormal heart function, a hallmark of certain cardiovascular diseases. Using OCT to examine the cardiac function in adult Drosophila from a set of molecularly-defined genomic deficiencies from the DrosDel and Exelixis collections, we identified an abnormally enlarged cardiac chamber in a series of deficiency mutants spanning the rhomboid 3 locus. Rhomboid 3 is a member of a highly conserved family of intramembrane serine proteases and processes Spitz, an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like ligand. Using multiple approaches based on the examination of deficiency stocks, a series of mutants in the rhomboid-Spitz-EGF receptor pathway, and cardiac-specific transgenic rescue or dominant-negative repression of EGFR, we demonstrate that rhomboid 3 mediated activation of the EGF receptor pathway is necessary for proper adult cardiac function. The importance of EGF receptor signaling in the adult Drosophila heart underscores the concept that evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanisms are required to maintain normal myocardial function. Interestingly, prior work showing the inhibition of ErbB2, a member of the EGF receptor family, in transgenic knock-out mice or individuals that received herceptin chemotherapy is associated with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Our results, in conjunction with the demonstration that altered ErbB2 signaling underlies certain forms of mammalian cardiomyopathy, suggest that an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism may be necessary to maintain post-developmental cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Teresa Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew J. Wolf
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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