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Jones AA, Arble DM. In light of breathing: environmental light is an important modulator of breathing with clinical implications. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1217799. [PMID: 37521684 PMCID: PMC10373889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1217799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate animals, the automatic, rhythmic pattern of breathing is a highly regulated process that can be modulated by various behavioral and physiological factors such as metabolism, sleep-wake state, activity level, and endocrine signaling. Environmental light influences many of these modulating factors both indirectly by organizing daily and seasonal rhythms of behavior and directly through acute changes in neural signaling. While several observations from rodent and human studies suggest that environmental light affects breathing, few have systematically evaluated the underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance of environmental light on the regulation of respiratory behavior. Here, we provide new evidence and discuss the potential neurobiological mechanisms by which light modulates breathing. We conclude that environmental light should be considered, from bench to bedside, as a clinically relevant modulator of respiratory health and disease.
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Marino GM, Arble DM. Peripheral clock disruption and metabolic disease: moving beyond the anatomy to a functional approach. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1182506. [PMID: 37284222 PMCID: PMC10241243 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1182506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian disruption are associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease, including obesity and diabetes. Mounting evidence indicates that misaligned and/or non-functional clock proteins in peripheral tissues critically contribute to the presentation of metabolic disease. Many of the foundational studies which led to this conclusion have focused on specific tissues such as the adipose, pancreas, muscle, and liver. While these studies have greatly advanced the field, the use of anatomical markers to manipulate tissue-specific molecular clocks may not be representative of the circadian disruption that occurs within the clinical population. In this manuscript, we argue that investigators can gain a better understanding of the consequences of sleep and circadian disruption by targeting groups of cells with a functional relationship, even if those cells go beyond anatomical boundaries. This approach is especially important when considering metabolic outcomes which rely on endocrine signaling molecules, such as leptin, that have multiple sites of action. Through the review of several studies, as well as our own work, this article reframes peripheral clock disruption from a functional approach. We additionally present new evidence that disruption of the molecular clock within all cells expressing the leptin receptor affects leptin sensitivity in a time-dependent manner. Taken together, this perspective aims to provide new insight into the mechanisms leading to metabolic disease associated with circadian disruption and various sleep disorders.
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Jones AA, Marino GM, Spears AR, Arble DM. The Molecular Circadian Clock of Phox2b-expressing Cells Drives Daily Variation of the Hypoxic but Not Hypercapnic Ventilatory Response in Mice. Function (Oxf) 2023; 4:zqad023. [PMID: 37342417 PMCID: PMC10278984 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls 24-h rhythms in breathing, including minute ventilation (VE), the mechanisms by which the SCN drives these daily changes are not well understood. Moreover, the extent to which the circadian clock regulates hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory chemoreflexes is unknown. We hypothesized that the SCN regulates daily breathing and chemoreflex rhythms by synchronizing the molecular circadian clock of cells. We used whole-body plethysmography to assess ventilatory function in transgenic BMAL1 knockout (KO) mice to determine the role of the molecular clock in regulating daily rhythms in ventilation and chemoreflex. Unlike their wild-type littermates, BMAL1 KO mice exhibited a blunted daily rhythm in VE and failed to demonstrate daily variation in the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) or hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR). To determine if the observed phenotype was mediated by the molecular clock of key respiratory cells, we then assessed ventilatory rhythms in BMAL1fl/fl; Phox2bCre/+ mice, which lack BMAL1 in all Phox2b-expressing chemoreceptor cells (hereafter called BKOP). BKOP mice lacked daily variation in HVR, similar to BMAL1 KO mice. However, unlike BMAL1 KO mice, BKOP mice exhibited circadian variations in VE and HCVR comparable to controls. These data indicate that the SCN regulates daily rhythms in VE, HVR, and HCVR, in part, through the synchronization of the molecular clock. Moreover, the molecular clock of Phox2b-expressing cells is specifically necessary for daily variation in the hypoxic chemoreflex. These findings suggest that disruption of circadian biology may undermine respiratory homeostasis, which, in turn, may have clinical implications for respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, WI 53233, USA
| | | | - Allison R Spears
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, WI 53233, USA
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Arble DM, Hutch CR, Hafner H, Stelmak D, Leix K, Sorrell J, Pressler JW, Gregg B, Sandoval DA. The role of preproglucagon peptides in regulating β-cell morphology and responses to streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E217-E225. [PMID: 36652401 PMCID: PMC9970646 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00152.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Insulin secretion from β-cells is tightly regulated by local signaling from preproglucagon (Gcg) products from neighboring α-cells. Physiological paracrine signaling within the microenvironment of the β-cell is altered after metabolic stress, such as high-fat diet or the β-cell toxin, streptozotocin (STZ). Here, we examined the role and source of Gcg peptides in β-cell function and in response to STZ-induced hyperglycemia. We used whole body Gcg null (GcgNull) mice and mice with Gcg expression either specifically within the pancreas (GcgΔPanc) or the intestine (GcgΔIntest). With lower doses of STZ exposure, insulin levels were greater and glucose levels were lower in GcgNull mice compared with wild-type mice. When Gcg was functional only in the intestine, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels were fully restored but these mice did not have any additional protection from STZ-induced diabetes. Pancreatic Gcg reactivation normalized the hyperglycemic response to STZ. In animals not treated with STZ, GcgNull mice had increased pancreas mass via both α- and β-cell hyperplasia and reactivation of Gcg in the intestine normalized β- but not α-cell mass, whereas pancreatic reactivation normalized both β- and α-cell mass. GcgNull and GcgΔIntest mice maintained higher β-cell mass after treatment with STZ compared with control and GcgΔPanc mice. Although in vivo insulin response to glucose was normal, global lack of Gcg impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets. Congenital replacement of Gcg either in the pancreas or intestine normalized glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Interestingly, mice that had intestinal Gcg reactivated in adulthood had impaired insulin response to KCl. We surmise that the expansion of β-cell mass in the GcgNull mice compensated for decreased individual β-cell insulin secretion, which is sufficient to normalize glucose under physiological conditions and conferred some protection after STZ-induced diabetes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the role of Gcg on β-cell function under normal and high glucose conditions. GcgNull mice had decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, increased β-cell mass, and partial protection against STZ-induced hyperglycemia. Expression of Gcg within the pancreas normalized these endpoints. Intestinal expression of Gcg only normalized β-cell mass and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Increased β-cell mass in GcgNull mice likely compensated for decreased insulin secretion normalizing physiological glucose levels and conferring some protection after STZ-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Chelsea R Hutch
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Hannah Hafner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Daria Stelmak
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kyle Leix
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Joyce Sorrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Joshua W Pressler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
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Jones AA, Framnes-DeBoer SN, Shipp A, Arble DM. Caloric restriction prevents obesity- and intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiac remodeling in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:963762. [PMID: 36160851 PMCID: PMC9493268 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.963762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Intermittent hypoxia (IH), a key characteristic of obstructive sleep apnea, is independently associated with cardiometabolic impairment. While endogenous leptin levels may provide cardioprotective effects against hypoxia, leptin resistance is common among obese individuals presenting with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: Here, we assessed left ventricle (LV) function using M-mode echocardiography in lean wild-type, calorically-restricted ob/ob, and obese ob/ob mice before and after 6 days of IH to determine how obesity and intermittent hypoxia interact to affect cardiac function independent of leptin signaling. Results: Calorically-restricting ob/ob mice for 4 weeks prior to IH exposure prevented weight gain (−2.1 ± 1.4 g) compared to free-fed ob/ob mice (8.7 ± 1.1 g). Free-fed ob/ob mice exhibited increased LV mass (0.713 ± 0.008 g) relative to wild-type mice (0.685 ± 0.004 g) and increased posterior wall thickness (0.089 ± 0.006 cm) relative to calorically-restricted ob/ob mice (0.072 ± 0.004 cm). Following 6 days of IH, free-fed ob/ob mice exhibited increases in cardiac output (44.81 ± 2.97 pre-IH vs. 57.14 ± 3.09 ml/min post-IH), LV diameter (0.400 ± 0.007 pre-IH vs. 0.428 ± 0.009 cm post-IH) and end diastolic volume (0.160 ± 0.007 pre-IH vs. 0.195 ± 0.012 ml post-IH) that were not detected in wild-type or calorically-restricted ob/ob mice. Conclusion: Caloric restriction can prevent obesity-induced LV hypertrophy and protect against acute IH-induced cardiac remodeling independent of leptin signaling. These findings may have clinical implications for obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Arianne Shipp
- Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, United States
| | - Deanna M. Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Deanna M. Arble,
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Jones AA, Framnes‐DeBoer SN, Arble DM. Obesity elicits a sex‐specific attenuation of the daily rhythm in ventilation in mice chronically fed a high‐fat diet. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r4898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Framnes-DeBoer SN, Jones AA, Kang MY, Propsom K, Nelson LR, Arble DM. The timing of intermittent hypoxia differentially affects macronutrient intake and energy substrate utilization in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 321:E543-E550. [PMID: 34459217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00183.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder characterized by periodic breathing cessation and intermittent hypoxia (IH). Although previous studies have demonstrated that IH alone can influence metabolic outcomes such as body weight, it remains unclear how the timing of IH can specifically affect these outcomes. Here, we examine how pairing 10-h periods of IH to either the animals' resting phase (e.g., IH during the day) or active phase (e.g., IH during the night) differentially affects body weight, macronutrient selection, energy expenditure, respiratory exchange rate, and glucose tolerance. We find that in contrast to mice exposed to IH during the night, mice exposed to IH during the day preferentially decrease their carbohydrate intake and switch to fat metabolism. Moreover, when the IH stimulus was removed, mice that had been exposed to day IH continued to eat a minimal amount of carbohydrates and consumed a higher percentage of kilocalorie from fat for at least 5 days. These data demonstrate that food choice and substrate utilization are secondary to the timing of IH but not IH itself. Taken together, these data have key clinical implications for individuals with sleep apnea and particularly those who are also experiencing circadian disruption such as night-shift workers.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pairing repeated hypoxic episodes to a mouse's resting phase during the day preferentially decreases carbohydrate intake and results in a switch to metabolic fat oxidation. These data indicate that the timing of intermittent hypoxia should be considered when calculating sleep apnea's effects on metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron A Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michelle Y Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Kat Propsom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Lauren R Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Deanna M Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Jones AA, Nelson LR, Marino GM, Chappelle NA, Joye DAM, Arble DM. Photoperiod Manipulation Reveals a Light-Driven Component to Daily Patterns of Ventilation in Male C57Bl/6J Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:346-358. [PMID: 33685258 DOI: 10.1177/0748730421992581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea is a common sleep disorder that increases risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality. The severity of sleep-disordered breathing in obstructive sleep apnea patients fluctuates with the seasons, opening the possibility that seasonal changes in light duration, or photoperiod, can influence mechanisms of breathing. Photoperiod can have profound effects on internal timekeeping and can reshape metabolic rhythms in mammals. While the daily rhythm in ventilation is largely shaped by the metabolic rate, less is known about whether ventilatory rhythms are altered in accordance with metabolism under different photoperiods. Here, we investigate the relationship between ventilation and metabolism under different photoperiods using whole-body plethysmography and indirect calorimetry. We find that the daily timing of ventilation is chiefly synchronized to dark onset and that light cues are important for maintaining daily ventilatory rhythms. Moreover, changes in ventilatory patterns are not paralleled by changes in oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, or respiratory exchange rate under different photoperiods. We conclude that ventilatory patterns are not only shaped by the metabolic rate and circadian timing but are also influenced by other light-driven factors. Collectively, these findings have clinical implications for the seasonal variations in sleep-disordered breathing found in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Lauren R Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Gabriella M Marino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nakia A Chappelle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Deborah A M Joye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Deanna M Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Framnes-DeBoer SN, Bakke E, Yalamanchili S, Peterson H, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ, Arble DM. Bromocriptine improves glucose tolerance independent of circadian timing, prolactin, or the melanocortin-4 receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 318:E62-E71. [PMID: 31794265 PMCID: PMC6985791 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00325.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bromocriptine, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist originally used for the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, is largely successful in reducing hyperglycemia and improving glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetics. However, the mechanism behind bromocriptine's effect on glucose intolerance is unclear. Here, we tested three hypotheses, that bromocriptine may exert its effects on glucose metabolism by 1) decreasing prolactin secretion, 2) indirectly increasing activity of key melanocortin receptors in the central nervous system, or 3) improving/restoring circadian rhythms. Using a diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model, we established that a 2-wk treatment of bromocriptine is robustly effective at improving glucose tolerance. We then demonstrated that bromocriptine is effective at improving the glucose tolerance of both DIO prolactin-deficient and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R)-deficient mice, pointing to bromocriptine's ability to affect glucose tolerance independently of prolactin or MC4R signaling. Finally, we tested bromocriptine's dependence on the circadian system by testing its effectiveness in environmental (e.g., repeated shifts to the light-dark cycle) and genetic (e.g., the Clock mutant mouse) models of circadian disruption. In both models of circadian disruption, bromocriptine was effective at improving glucose tolerance, indicating that a functional or well-aligned endogenous clock is not necessary for bromocriptine's effects on glucose metabolism. Taken together, these results do not support the role of prolactin, MC4R, or the circadian clock as integral to bromocriptine's underlying mechanism. Instead, we find that bromocriptine is a robust diabetic treatment and resilient to genetically induced obesity, diabetes, and circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Bakke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Hannah Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Deanna M Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Arble DM, Schwartz AR, Polotsky VY, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy improves ventilatory drive through a leptin-dependent mechanism. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124469. [PMID: 30626748 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a serious disorder characterized by daytime hypercapnia, disordered breathing, and a reduction in chemosensitivity. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), a bariatric surgical procedure resulting in weight loss and weight-independent improvements in glucose metabolism, has been observed to substantially improve sleep-disordered breathing. However, it is unclear if the ventilatory effects of VSG are secondary to weight loss or the marked change in metabolic physiology. Using preclinical mouse models, we found that VSG leads to an improvement in the hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) and reductions in circulating leptin levels independent of reductions in body mass, fat mass, and caloric intake. In the absence of leptin, VSG continues to improve body mass, fat mass, and glucose tolerance in ob/ob mice but no longer affects HCVR. However, the HCVR of ob/ob mice can be returned to wild-type levels with leptin treatment. These data demonstrate that VSG improves chemosensitivity and ventilatory drive via a leptin-dependent mechanism. Clinically, these data downgrade the relative contribution of physical, mechanical load in the pathogenesis of OHS, and instead point to physiological components of obesity, including alterations in leptin signaling, as key drivers in OHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alan R Schwartz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vsevolod Y Polotsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Kim T, Holleman CL, Nason S, Arble DM, Ottaway N, Chabenne J, Loyd C, Kim JA, Sandoval D, Drucker DJ, DiMarchi R, Perez-Tilve D, Habegger KM. Hepatic Glucagon Receptor Signaling Enhances Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Disposal in Rodents. Diabetes 2018; 67:2157-2166. [PMID: 30150304 PMCID: PMC6198333 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon receptor (GCGR) agonists cause hyperglycemia but also weight loss. However, GCG-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R)/GCGR mixed agonists do not exhibit the diabetogenic effects often attributed to GCGR activity. Thus, we sought to investigate the effect of glucagon agonism on insulin action and glucose homeostasis. Acute GCGR agonism induced immediate hyperglycemia, followed by improved glucose tolerance and enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Moreover, acute GCGR agonism improved insulin tolerance in a dose-dependent manner in both lean and obese mice. Improved insulin tolerance was independent of GLP1R, FGF21, and hepatic glycogenolysis. Moreover, we observed increased glucose infusion rate, disposal, uptake, and suppressed endogenous glucose production during euglycemic clamps. Mice treated with insulin and GCGR agonist had enhanced phosphorylation of hepatic AKT at Ser473; this effect was reproduced in isolated mouse primary hepatocytes and resulted in increased AKT kinase activity. These data reveal that GCGR agonism enhances glucose tolerance, in part, by augmenting insulin action, with implications for the use of GCGR agonism in therapeutic strategies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teayoun Kim
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Cassie L Holleman
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Shelly Nason
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Deanna M Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Nickki Ottaway
- Metabolic Diseases Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Christine Loyd
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jeong-A Kim
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Metabolic Diseases Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kirk M Habegger
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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Arble DM, Evers SS, Bozadjieva N, Frikke-Schmidt H, Myronovych A, Lewis A, Toure MH, Seeley RJ. Metabolic comparison of one-anastomosis gastric bypass, single-anastomosis duodenal-switch, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, and vertical sleeve gastrectomy in rat. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2018; 14:1857-1867. [PMID: 30292648 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and single-anastomosis duodenal switch (SADS) have become increasingly popular weight loss strategies. However, data directly comparing the effectiveness of these procedures with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are limited. OBJECTIVES To examine the metabolic outcomes of OAGB, SADS, RYGB, and SG in a controlled rodent model. SETTING Academic research laboratory, United States. METHODS Surgeries were performed in diet-induced obese Long-Evans rats, and metabolic outcomes were monitored before and for 15 weeks after surgery. RESULTS All bariatric procedures induced weight loss compared with sham that lasted throughout the course of the study. The highest percent fat loss occurred after OAGB and RYGB. All bariatric procedures had improved glucose dynamics associated with an increase in insulin (notably OAGB and SADS) and/or glucagon-like protein-1 secretion. Circulating cholesterol was reduced in OAGB, SG, and RYGB. OAGB and SG additionally decreased circulating triglycerides. Liver triglycerides were most profoundly reduced after OAGB and RYGB. Circulating iron levels were decreased in all surgical groups, associated with a decreased hematocrit value and increased reticulocyte count. The fecal microbiome communities of OAGB, SADS, and RYGB were significantly altered; however, SG exhibited no change in microbiome diversity or composition. CONCLUSIONS These data support the use of the rat for modeling bariatric surgical procedures and highlight the ability of the OAGB to meet or exceed the metabolic improvements of RYGB. These data point to the likelihood that each surgery accomplishes metabolic improvements through both overlapping and distinct mechanisms and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- University of Michigan, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Marquette University, Department of Biological Sciences, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Simon S Evers
- University of Michigan, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Alfor Lewis
- University of Michigan, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- University of Michigan, Department of Surgery, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder, effecting 17% of the total population and 40-70% of the obese population (1, 2). Multiple studies have identified OSA as a critical risk factor for the development of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (3-5). Moreover, emerging evidence indicates that metabolic disorders can exacerbate OSA, creating a bidirectional relationship between OSA and metabolic physiology. In this review, we explore the relationship between glycemic control, insulin, and leptin as both contributing factors and products of OSA. We conclude that while insulin and leptin action may contribute to the development of OSA, further research is required to determine the mechanistic actions and relative contributions independent of body weight. In addition to increasing our understanding of the etiology, further research into the physiological mechanisms underlying OSA can lead to the development of improved treatment options for individuals with OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanna M. Arble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Sisley SR, Arble DM, Chambers AP, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, He Y, Xu Y, Gardner D, Moore DD, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. Hypothalamic Vitamin D Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Reduces Weight. Diabetes 2016; 65:2732-41. [PMID: 27217488 PMCID: PMC5001188 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite clear associations between vitamin D deficiency and obesity and/or type 2 diabetes, a causal relationship is not established. Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) are found within multiple tissues, including the brain. Given the importance of the brain in controlling both glucose levels and body weight, we hypothesized that activation of central VDR links vitamin D to the regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis. Indeed, we found that small doses of active vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) (calcitriol), into the third ventricle of the brain improved glucose tolerance and markedly increased hepatic insulin sensitivity, an effect that is dependent upon VDR within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition, chronic central administration of 1,25D3 dramatically decreased body weight by lowering food intake in obese rodents. Our data indicate that 1,25D3-mediated changes in food intake occur through action within the arcuate nucleus. We found that VDR colocalized with and activated key appetite-regulating neurons in the arcuate, namely proopiomelanocortin neurons. Together, these findings define a novel pathway for vitamin D regulation of metabolism with unique and divergent roles for central nervous system VDR signaling. Specifically, our data suggest that vitamin D regulates glucose homeostasis via the paraventricular nuclei and energy homeostasis via the arcuate nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Sisley
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Deanna M Arble
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Adam P Chambers
- Department of Incretin and Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yanlin He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - David Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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15
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Arble DM, Bass J, Behn CD, Butler MP, Challet E, Czeisler C, Depner CM, Elmquist J, Franken P, Grandner MA, Hanlon EC, Keene AC, Joyner MJ, Karatsoreos I, Kern PA, Klein S, Morris CJ, Pack AI, Panda S, Ptacek LJ, Punjabi NM, Sassone-Corsi P, Scheer FA, Saxena R, Seaquest ER, Thimgan MS, Van Cauter E, Wright KP. Impact of Sleep and Circadian Disruption on Energy Balance and Diabetes: A Summary of Workshop Discussions. Sleep 2015; 38:1849-60. [PMID: 26564131 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A workshop was held at the National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases with a focus on the impact of sleep and circadian disruption on energy balance and diabetes. The workshop identified a number of key principles for research in this area and a number of specific opportunities. Studies in this area would be facilitated by active collaboration between investigators in sleep/circadian research and investigators in metabolism/diabetes. There is a need to translate the elegant findings from basic research into improving the metabolic health of the American public. There is also a need for investigators studying the impact of sleep/circadian disruption in humans to move beyond measurements of insulin and glucose and conduct more in-depth phenotyping. There is also a need for the assessments of sleep and circadian rhythms as well as assessments for sleep-disordered breathing to be incorporated into all ongoing cohort studies related to diabetes risk. Studies in humans need to complement the elegant short-term laboratory-based human studies of simulated short sleep and shift work etc. with studies in subjects in the general population with these disorders. It is conceivable that chronic adaptations occur, and if so, the mechanisms by which they occur needs to be identified and understood. Particular areas of opportunity that are ready for translation are studies to address whether CPAP treatment of patients with pre-diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) prevents or delays the onset of diabetes and whether temporal restricted feeding has the same impact on obesity rates in humans as it does in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph Bass
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Cecilia Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - Matthew P Butler
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Czeisler
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Joel Elmquist
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Erin C Hanlon
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | | | - Ilia Karatsoreos
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Samuel Klein
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Louis J Ptacek
- Department of Neurology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Naresh M Punjabi
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Frank A Scheer
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Richa Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth R Seaquest
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Matthew S Thimgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO
| | - Eve Van Cauter
- Sleep, Metabolism and Health Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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16
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Arble DM, Holland J, Ottaway N, Sorrell J, Pressler JW, Morano R, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Herman JP, Sandoval DA, Perez-Tilve D. The melanocortin-4 receptor integrates circadian light cues and metabolism. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1685-91. [PMID: 25730108 PMCID: PMC4398770 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin system directs diverse physiological functions from coat color to body weight homoeostasis. A commonality among melanocortin-mediated processes is that many animals modulate similar processes on a circannual basis in response to longer, summer days, suggesting an underlying link between circadian biology and the melanocortin system. Despite key neuroanatomical substrates shared by both circadian and melanocortin-signaling pathways, little is known about the relationship between the two. Here we identify a link between circadian disruption and the control of glucose homeostasis mediated through the melanocortin-4 receptor (Mc4r). Mc4r-deficient mice exhibit exaggerated circadian fluctuations in baseline blood glucose and glucose tolerance. Interestingly, exposure to lighting conditions that disrupt circadian rhythms improve their glucose tolerance. This improvement occurs through an increase in glucose clearance by skeletal muscle and is food intake and body weight independent. Restoring Mc4r expression to the paraventricular nucleus prevents the improvement in glucose tolerance, supporting a role for the paraventricular nucleus in the integration of circadian light cues and metabolism. Altogether these data suggest that Mc4r signaling plays a protective role in minimizing glucose fluctuations due to circadian rhythms and environmental light cues and demonstrate a previously undiscovered connection between circadian biology and glucose metabolism mediated through the melanocortin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Departments of Internal Medicine (D.M.A., J.H., N.O., J.S., J.W.P., R.J.S., D.A.S., D.P.-T.) and Psychiatry (R.M., S.C.W., J.P.H.), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237; and Department of Surgery (D.M.A., R.J.S., D.A.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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17
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Arble DM, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Mechanisms underlying weight loss and metabolic improvements in rodent models of bariatric surgery. Diabetologia 2015; 58:211-20. [PMID: 25374275 PMCID: PMC4289431 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing health risk with few successful treatment options and fewer still that target both obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities. Despite ongoing scientific efforts, the most effective treatment option to date was not developed from basic research but by surgeons observing outcomes in the clinic. Bariatric surgery is the most successful treatment for significant weight loss, resolution of type 2 diabetes and the prevention of future weight gain. Recent work with animal models has shed considerable light on the molecular underpinnings of the potent effects of these 'metabolic' surgical procedures. Here we review data from animal models and how these studies have evolved our understanding of the critical signalling systems that mediate the effects of bariatric surgery. These insights could lead to alternative therapies able to accomplish effects similar to bariatric surgery in a less invasive manner.
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Abstract
Over the last 15 years, considerable work has accumulated to support the role of the CNS in regulating postprandial glucose levels. As discussed in the first section of this review, the CNS receives and integrates information from afferent neurons, circulating hormones, and postprandially generated nutrients to subsequently direct changes in glucose output by the liver and glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. The second major component of this review focuses on the effects of external pressures, including high fat diet and changes to the light:dark cycle on CNS-regulating glucose homeostasis. We also discuss the interaction between these different pressures and how they contribute to the multifaceted mechanisms that we hypothesize contribute to the dysregulation of glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We argue that while current peripheral therapies serve to delay the progression of T2DM, generating combined obesity and T2DM therapies targeted at the CNS, the primary site of dysfunction for both diseases, would lead to a more profound impact on the progression of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Arble
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
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19
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Abstract
Studies of body weight regulation have focused almost entirely on caloric intake and energy expenditure. However, a number of recent studies in animals linking energy regulation and the circadian clock at the molecular, physiological, and behavioral levels raise the possibility that the timing of food intake itself may play a significant role in weight gain. The present study focused on the role of the circadian phase of food consumption in weight gain. We provide evidence that nocturnal mice fed a high-fat diet only during the 12-h light phase gain significantly more weight than mice fed only during the 12-h dark phase. A better understanding of the role of the circadian system for weight gain could have important implications for developing new therapeutic strategies for combating the obesity epidemic facing the human population today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Arble
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Joseph Bass
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Aaron D. Laposky
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Martha H. Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
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20
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Davidson AJ, Yamazaki S, Arble DM, Menaker M, Block GD. Resetting of central and peripheral circadian oscillators in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 29:471-7. [PMID: 17129640 PMCID: PMC1635489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian timing system is affected by aging. Analysis of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and of other circadian oscillators reveals age-related changes which are most profound in extra-SCN tissues. Some extra-SCN oscillators appear to stop oscillating in vivo or display altered phase relationships. To determine whether the dynamic behavior of circadian oscillators is also affected by aging we studied the resetting behavior of the Period1 transcriptional rhythm of peripheral and central oscillators in response to a 6h advance or delay in the light schedule. We employed a transgenic rat with a luciferase reporter to allow for real-time measurements of transcriptional rhythmicity. While phase resetting in the SCN following an advance or a delay of the light cycle appears nearly normal in 2-year-old rats, resynchronization of the liver was seriously disrupted. In addition, the arcuate nucleus and pineal gland exhibited faster resetting in aged rats relative to 4-8-month-old controls. The consequences of these deficits are unknown, but may contribute to organ and brain diseases in the aged as well as the health problems that are common in older shift-workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Davidson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA.
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