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Ke Y, Wang WX. Dynamics of copper regulation in a marine clam Sinonovacula constricta at the organ level: Insight from a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122421. [PMID: 37611794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is a common pollutant in estuaries and has received considerable attention worldwide. To gain an insight into the physiological mechanisms of waterborne Cu absorption, tissue distribution, storage, metabolism, and excretion in an estuarine razor clam Sinonovacula constricta, we developed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model based on prolonged Cu exposure with two exposure treatments. The tissues of S. constricta were divided into four parts: blood, digestive gland, gill, and other tissues. Our results showed that the waterborne Cu entered and exchanged with the gills and digestive gland, whereas digestive gland and other tissues were the main storage sites for Cu. Gills of S. constricta were able to maintain their Cu concentrations under both exposure treatments. Additionally, the gills exhibited a remarkable ability to remove Cu from water, with a transfer rate constant of 1.73 d-1 from the gills to water, while restricting its transfer from the blood with a transfer rate constant of 0.0131 d-1 from blood to gills. These results highlighted the crucial role of gills in regulating Cu levels in S. constricta as well as the detoxification and maintenance of metal homeostasis. Cu uptake rate constant in gill from waterborne was similar to that of digestive gland (0.294 vs. 0.364 L g-1 d-1), thus water entering the digestive tract was considered as another route of waterborne Cu absorption in bivalves. A significant amount of Cu in the blood was transferred to the digestive glands. These two factors explained the relatively higher Cu accumulation in the digestive glands than in other tissues in clams. The findings of this study enhanced our understanding of the homeostatic regulation and transportation mechanisms in marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Ke
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, Yindou Road 43, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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2
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Martins I, Guerra A, Azevedo A, Harasse O, Colaço A, Xavier J, Caetano M, Carreiro-Silva M, Martins I, Neuparth T, Raimundo J, Soares J, Santos MM. A modelling framework to assess multiple metals impacts on marine food webs: Relevance for assessing the ecological implications of deep-sea mining based on a systematic review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114902. [PMID: 37058834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Industrial deep-sea mining will release plumes containing metals that may disperse over long distances; however, there is no general understanding of metal effects on marine ecosystems. Thus, we conducted a systematic review in search of models of metal effects on aquatic biota with the future perspective to support Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of deep-sea mining. According to results, the use of models to study metal effects is strongly biased towards freshwater species (83% freshwater versus 14% marine); Cu, Hg, Al, Ni, Pb, Cd and Zn are the best-studied metals, and most studies target few species rather than entire food webs. We argue that these limitations restrain ERA on marine ecosystems. To overcome this gap of knowledge, we suggest future research directions and propose a modelling framework to predict the effects of metals on marine food webs, which in our view is relevant for ERA of deep-sea mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martins
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra Guerra
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Azevedo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ombéline Harasse
- SeaTech Engineering School, University of Toulon, Avenue de l'Université, 83130 La Garde, France
| | - Ana Colaço
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Okeanos, University of the Azores, Rua Prof Frederico Machado, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Joana Xavier
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlens gate 53 A/B, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Miguel Caetano
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal; IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães, 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marina Carreiro-Silva
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Okeanos, University of the Azores, Rua Prof Frederico Machado, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Inês Martins
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Okeanos, University of the Azores, Rua Prof Frederico Machado, 9901-862 Horta, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal; IPMA, Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães, 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- AIR Centre, TERINOV-Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Ilha Terceira, Canada de Belém S/N, Terra Chã, 9700-702 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Porto, Portugal; FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Yanagihara M, Hiki K, Iwasaki Y. Can Chemical Toxicity in Saltwater Be Predicted from Toxicity in Freshwater? A Comprehensive Evaluation Using Species Sensitivity Distributions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:2021-2027. [PMID: 35502940 PMCID: PMC9542858 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) play an important role in ecological risk assessment. Estimating SSDs requires toxicity data for many species, but reports on saltwater species are often limited compared to freshwater species. This limitation can constrain informed management of saltwater quality for the protection of marine ecosystems. We investigated the relationships between the parameters (i.e., mean and standard deviation [SD]) of freshwater and saltwater log-normal SSDs to determine how accurately saltwater toxicity could be estimated from freshwater toxicity test data. We estimated freshwater and saltwater SSDs for 104 chemicals with reported acute toxicity data for five or more species and compared their means, SDs, and hazardous concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5) derived from the acute SSDs. Standard major axis regression analyses generally showed that log-log relationships between freshwater and saltwater SSD means, SDs, and HC5 values were nearly 1:1. In addition, the ratios of freshwater-to-saltwater SSD means and HC5 values for most of the 104 chemicals fell within the range 0.1-10. Although such a strong correlation was not observed for SSD SDs (r2 < 0.5), differences between freshwater and saltwater SSD SDs were relatively small. These results indicate that saltwater acute SSDs can be reasonably estimated using freshwater acute SSDs. Because the differences of the means and SDs between freshwater and saltwater SSDs were larger when the number of test species used for SSD estimation was lower (i.e., five to seven species in the present study), obtaining toxicity data for an adequate number of species will be key to better approximation of a saltwater acute SSD from a freshwater acute SSD for a given chemical. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2021-2027. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miina Yanagihara
- Center for Marine Environmental StudiesEhime UniversityMatsuyamaEhimeJapan
| | - Kyoshiro Hiki
- Health and Environmental Risk Research DivisionNational Institute for Environmental StudiesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Yuichi Iwasaki
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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Paylar B, Asnake S, Sjöberg V, Ragnvaldsson D, Jass J, Olsson PE. Influence of water hardness on zinc toxicity in Daphnia magna. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1510-1523. [PMID: 35285959 PMCID: PMC9543215 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace metal required for the maintenance of multiple physiological functions. Due to this, organisms can experience both zinc deficiency and toxicity. Hardness is recognized as one of the main modifying physiochemical factors regulating zinc bioavailability. Therefore, the present study analyzed the effect of hardness on zinc toxicity using Daphnia magna. Endpoint parameters were acute‐toxicity, development, reproduction, and expression data for genes involved in metal regulation and oxidative stress. In addition, the temporal expression profiles of genes during the initiation of reproduction and molting were investigated. Water hardness influenced the survival in response to exposures to zinc. A zinc concentration of 50 μg/l in soft water (50 mg CaCO3/L) caused 73% mortality after 96 h exposure, whereas the same zinc concentration in the hardest water did not cause any significant mortality. Moreover, increasing water hardness from 100 to 200 mg CaCO3/L resulted in a reduced number of offspring. Fecundity was higher at first brood for groups exposed to higher Zn concentrations. The survival data were used to assess the precision of the bioavailability models (Bio‐met) and the geochemical model (Visual MINTEQ). As the Bio‐met risk predictions overestimated the Zn toxicity, a competition‐based model to describe the effects of hardness on zinc toxicity is proposed. This approach can be used to minimize differences in setting environmental quality standards. Moreover, gene expression data showed that using the toxicogenomic approach was more sensitive than the physiological endpoints. Therefore, data presented in the study can be used to improve risk assessment for zinc toxicity. The present study analyzed the effect of hardness on zinc toxicity using Daphnia magna for acute‐toxicity, development, reproduction, and gene expression. Results showed that hardness plays an important role for Zn toxicity by effectively changing the bioavailability of Zn. The competition between Zn, Ca, and Mg can be used to normalize hardness effect on mortality. Bioavailability models used in risk assessment could be improved by considering water hardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Paylar
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Solomon Asnake
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Viktor Sjöberg
- Chemistry, MTM, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Jana Jass
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- Biology, The Life Science Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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5
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Applying Generic Water Quality Criteria to Cu and Zn in a Dynamic Aquatic Environment—The Case of the Brackish Water Formation Strömmen-Saltsjön. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14060847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The EU Water Framework Directive stipulates that all EU waterways shall have good chemical and ecological status by 2027. Methodologies are described for how to assess and classify waterbodies and make 7-year management plans. Aquatic risk assessment methodologies and environmental quality standards are defined and a biotic ligand model methodology is available to assess the influence of water chemistry on the ability of aquatic organisms to take up metals. Aquatic status classification practices of naturally occurring river basin-specific metals are discussed, specifically how Cu and Zn water quality criteria guideline values have been adopted and defined for Swedish coastal and estuarine waters and how well they represent possible ecological risks. Calculations of bioavailability and ecotoxicity are conducted using recognised models for the Strömmen-Saltsjön water body in Stockholm, in which naturally occurring metals, especially Cu, have among the highest background concentrations of Sweden. Proposals are made to improve risk assessment methodologies to better reflect the vitality of living organisms, and to what extent current levels of these metals in Swedish waterways may influence their welfare. The study concludes that a more local assessment including, e.g., studies of the benthic fauna would be relevant for ecological status classification.
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Zhong G, Lu S, Chen R, Chen N, Tan QG. Predicting Risks of Cadmium Toxicity in Salinity-Fluctuating Estuarine Waters Using the Toxicokinetic-Toxicodynamic Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13899-13907. [PMID: 33059443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In estuaries, salinity fluctuates rapidly and continuously, greatly affecting the bioavailability and thus toxicity of contaminants, especially metals, causing difficulties in deriving site-specific water quality criteria. We developed a method for predicting the toxicity of the metal cadmium (Cd) in estuarine waters of any salinity fluctuation scenario. Cd bioaccumulation and toxicity were measured in an estuarine clam Potamocorbula laevis under stable salinities (salinity = 5, 15, 25) and fluctuating salinities (5-25), using the toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) framework. Cd bioaccumulation decreases with increasing salinity; whereas intrinsic Cd sensitivity of organisms reaches the minimum at an intermediate salinity around 20. At each specific Cd level, interpolating TK-TD parameters measured at the stable salinities well predicts the Cd bioaccumulation and toxicity under fluctuating salinities. To extend the model for various Cd levels, the biotic ligand model (BLM) was integrated into the TK-TD framework. The BLM-based TK-TD model was successfully applied to scenarios of simulated and monitored salinity fluctuations in estuarine waters, for which the median lethal concentrations and no-effect concentrations (2.0-3.1 μg L-1) of Cd were derived. Overall, we integrated the BLM and TK-TD models and provided a useful tool for predicting metal risks and deriving criteria values for salinity-fluctuating estuarine waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P. R. China
| | - Shunhua Lu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P. R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P. R. China
- Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P. R. China
| | - Nengwang Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Guo Tan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P. R. China
- Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, P. R. China
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7
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Bai H, Luo M, Wei S, Jiang Z, He M. The vital function of humic acid with different molecular weight in controlling Cd and Pb bioavailability and toxicity to earthworm (Eisenia fetida) in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114222. [PMID: 32105968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Humic acid (HA) plays vital roles in regulating the environmental behaviors of metals and thus their toxicity to biota. However, the inner relation between metal bioavailability to soil organisms and the presence of HA with different molecular weight (Mw) is not well documented. In this study, we separated HAs into four fractions with Mw range of 5-30k Da, and discussed their ability to alleviating the toxicity of Cd and Pb to earthworm. The bioaccumulation capacities (Cmax) increased in order of: UF1<UF2<UF3<UF4, which is in line with the variations of bioavailable concentrations of Cd and Pb in soil. Variations of Mw and binding capacities of HA determine the accumulation behavior in soil solution. The unsatisfactory of biotic ligand model fitting and the differences in fractions of the total biotic ligand sites (f) in earthworm bound by Cd and Pb suggested that only free species of Cd could be considered as biological available to earthworm, while the Pb-HAs complexes have potential ability to interact with earthworm membrane. Antioxidant enzymes are effective biomarkers, and HA with lower Mw play more important roles in restricting the toxicity of soil Cd and Pb to earthworm. These results reveal the different mechanism for HA controlling metal bioavailability between Cd and Pb in soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Bai
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, China
| | - Mei Luo
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiqiang Wei
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Zhenmao Jiang
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mingjing He
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, China; State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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8
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Strivens J, Hayman N, Rosen G, Myers-Pigg A. Toward Validation of Toxicological Interpretation of Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films in Marine Waters Impacted by Copper. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:873-881. [PMID: 32004383 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the median effective concentration (EC50) of Cu on Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae by diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) has been shown to effectively reduce the need to consider dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and quality. A standard toxicity test protocol was used to validate previously modeled protective effects, afforded to highly sensitive marine larvae by ligand competition, in 5 diverse site waters. The results demonstrate significant narrowing of M. galloprovincialis toxicological endpoints, where EC50s ranged from 3.74 to 6.67 μg/L as CDGT Cu versus 8.76 to 26.8 μg/L as dissolved Cu (CuDISS ) over a DOC range of 0.74 to 3.11 mg/L; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus EC50s were 10.5 to 19.3 μg/L as CDGT Cu versus 22.7 to 67.1 μg/L as CuDISS over the same DOC range. The quality of DOC was characterized by fluorescence excitation and emission matrices. The results indicate that the heterogeneity of competing Cu binding ligands, in common marine waters, minimizes the need for class determinations toward explaining the degree of protection. Using conservative assumptions, an M. galloprovincialis CDGT Cu EC50 of 3.7 µg/L and corresponding criterion maximum concentration CDGT Cu of 1.8 µg/L, for universal application by regulatory compliance-monitoring programs, are proposed as a superior approach toward both integration of dynamic water quality over effective exposure periods and quantification of biologically relevant trace Cu speciation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:873-881. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Hayman
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
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Earley PJ, Swope BL, Colvin MA, Rosen G, Wang PF, Carilli J, Rivera-Duarte I. Estimates of environmental loading from copper alloy materials. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:276-291. [PMID: 32338044 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1756267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal release rates were measured from four different copper alloy-based materials used by the aquaculture industry: copper sheet machined into a diamond mesh, copper alloy mesh (CAM), silicon bronze welded wire mesh, and copper sheeting, and compared with conventional nylon aquaculture net treated with a cuprous oxide antifouling (AF) coating. Release rates were measured in situ in San Diego Bay using a Navy-developed Dome enclosure system at nine different time points over one year. As expected, copper was the predominant metal released, followed by zinc and nickel, which were fractional components of the materials tested. Release rates followed a temporal trend similar to those observed with copper AF coatings applied to vessel hulls: an initial spike in copper release was followed by a decline to an asymptotic low. Leachate toxicity was consistent with prior studies and was directly related to the metal concentrations, indicating the alloys tested had no additional toxicity above pure metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Earley
- Cyber, Science and Technology Department,Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brandon L Swope
- Cyber, Science and Technology Department,Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marienne A Colvin
- Cyber, Science and Technology Department,Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Cyber, Science and Technology Department,Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pei-Fang Wang
- Cyber, Science and Technology Department,Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Carilli
- Cyber, Science and Technology Department,Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ignacio Rivera-Duarte
- Cyber, Science and Technology Department,Naval Information Warfare Center Pacific, San Diego, CA, USA
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10
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Agostini VO, Macedo AJ, Muxagata E, Pinho GLL. Surface coatings select their micro and macrofouling communities differently on steel. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113086. [PMID: 31479812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the effect of surface coatings on biofouling; however, they did not take into account the interaction of the micro and macrofouling communities, the effect of substrate orientation and the zooplankton-zoobenthic coupling together. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Zn- and Cu2O-based coatings on micro and macrofouling on steel surfaces, while also observing the role of substrate orientation and zooplankton supply. An experiment was carried out in the Patos Lagoon Estuary in southern Brazil for three months between spring and summer, where ASTM-36 steel plates represented different coatings (Zn- and/or Cu2O-based) and orientations (vertical and horizontal). To assess the zooplankton supply, sampling was carried out weekly using a 200 μm plankton net. Zn-based coating positively affected microfouling density compared to uncoated surfaces. The same pattern was observed with macrofouling, associated with vagile fauna preference, which represented 70% of the settled macrofoulers. Cu2O-based antifouling painted surfaces showed the highest microfouling density inhibition, while Zn + Cu2O-based coating did not affect the bacteria adhesion but showed lower density compared to Zn-based coating alone. The coatings combination showed the highest invertebrate inhibition. In this way, the macrofouling community was more sensitive than microfouling was to the antifouling coatings tested. The substrate orientation only affected macrofouling, horizontal surfaces being more attractive than vertical. Meroplankton, tychoplankton and holoplankton were recorded on the surfaces, although their representation in plankton was not proportional to the recruits recorded on the substrates. This was probably due to fast dispersion, the interactions of other factors and/or ecological succession stage. Surface coating, substrate orientation, and zooplankton supply interacted with the biofouling process on steel in different ways depending on the organism evaluated. Therefore, copper oxide- and zinc-based coatings were not suitable as coatings to avoid the total biofouling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ochi Agostini
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanologia (PPGO), Caixa Postal, 474, CEP: 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil; Post-Doctoral Fellow - Programa Nacional de Pós-Doutorado da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (PNPD-CAPES), Brazil.
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Laboratório de Biofilmes e Diversidade Microbiana - Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular (PPGBCM), Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Bairro Azenha, 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Erik Muxagata
- Laboratório de Zooplâncton - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Biológica (PPGOB), Caixa Postal, 474, CEP: 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Lopes Leães Pinho
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática - Instituto de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanologia (PPGO), Caixa Postal, 474, CEP: 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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11
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Strivens J, Hayman N, Johnston R, Rosen G. Effects of Dissolved Organic Carbon on Copper Toxicity to Embryos of Mytilus galloprovincialis as Measured by Diffusive Gradient in Thin Films. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1029-1034. [PMID: 30840314 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) potentially better quantifies bioavailable copper (Cu) in seawater. Laboratory exposure of DGTs and Mytilus galloprovincialis embryos at varying concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and Cu were performed to resolve the degree to which mimicry of toxicity buffering occurs in passive sampler quantification. The results provide preliminary median effect concentrations (EC50s) ranging from 4.8 to 11.5 µg/L as CDGT Cu over the span of 0.896 to 8.36 mg/L DOC. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1-6. Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Hayman
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Robert Johnston
- Puget Sound Naval Shipyard & Intermediate Maintenance Facility, Bremerton, Washington, USA
| | - Gunther Rosen
- Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego, California, USA
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12
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Yin K, Chan WP, Dou X, Lisak G, Chang VWC. Vertical distribution of heavy metals in seawater column during IBA construction in land reclamation - Re-exploration of a large-scale field trial experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:356-364. [PMID: 30447575 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Data from large-scale field trial experiments simulating the application of incineration bottom ash (IBA) for land reclamation were re-explored, to understand the spot-specific leaching characteristics and re-adsorption of heavy metals associated with various reclamation scenarios. Data showed that IBA leaching changed significantly as a function of seawater depth rather than time. The application of a chute had a minor effect on the total metal leached amounts; however, it would magnify the gradient of leaching concentrations across depths. Metal re-adsorption occurred within half an hour after IBA dumping, which however was significantly alleviated when a chute was applied. It may be ascribed to various degrees of contact with seawater of IBA, seawater movements and particle resuspension. Batch leaching tests from the laboratory under different L/S ratios were conducted as the references to "effective" leaching behaviors in the large-scale experiments, suggesting that the batch leaching test with the liquid to solid ratio = 10 provide a closer estimation of IBA leaching concentrations during land reclamation. As the current study took account of major field factors during land reclamation, including seawater depth (m), IBA loading (ton), IBA dropping method, particle dispersive area (m2), and settling time (min), these findings are valuable for the risk assessment of IBA utilization in land reclamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yin
- Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; Department of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Wei-Ping Chan
- Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Xiaomin Dou
- Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residue and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Victor Wei-Chung Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, 23 College Walk, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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13
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Zitoun R, Hassler C, Clearwater SJ, Thompson KJ, Albert A, Sander SG. Investigating the fate of copper in a laboratory-based toxicity test with embryos of Mytilus galloprovincialis: Copper mass balance of a closed bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:561-574. [PMID: 30623479 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The production of accurate and reliable data on metal toxicity during ecotoxicological bioassays is important for credible environmental risk assessments and management in aquatic environments. Actual measurements and reporting of contaminant concentrations in bioassays are, however, often disregarded; and potential contaminant loss attributable to adsorption processes (e.g., wall adsorption) in bioassays is widely omitted, which can have detrimental effects on calculated metal toxicity thresholds. In the present we assessed copper (Cu) mass balance during a standard 48-h bioassay test with blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) embryos to evaluate effects on calculated toxicity endpoints. We demonstrated that measured Cu concentrations at the test conclusion need to be used to quantify the risk of Cu toxicity because nominal Cu and initial Cu concentrations underestimate overall Cu toxicity by up to 1.5-fold, owing to Cu loss in solution attributable to adsorption and bioaccumulation processes. For the first time we provide evidence that extracellular adsorption to the biological surface of the embryos is the most important sink for total dissolved Cu in a bioassay. We also established that adsorbed extracellular Cu accumulation reduces Cu toxicity to embryos, potentially by inhibiting Cu from entering the cell of the mussel embryo. Environmental factors (e.g., salinity and dissolved organic carbon) did not influence the partitioning of Cu within the laboratory-based bioassay. The present results 1) demonstrate the importance of differentiating extra- and intracellular Cu pools to improve our understanding of Cu toxicity and associated processes, 2) reveal the potential for bias with respect to calculated Cu toxicity thresholds when results are based on nominal and initial Cu concentrations, and 3) point out the need to follow current guidelines for the testing of chemicals to standardize toxicity tests and data reporting. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:561-574. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Zitoun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research/University of Otago Research Centre for Oceanography, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christel Hassler
- Department F. A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susan J Clearwater
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Karen J Thompson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Anathea Albert
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Sylvia G Sander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research/University of Otago Research Centre for Oceanography, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Marine Environmental Studies Laboratory, IAEA Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Scienceand Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
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14
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Wang Y, Zhao W, Wu W, Wang C, Wu X, Xue Q. Fabricating Bionic Ultraslippery Surface on Titanium Alloys with Excellent Fouling-Resistant Performance. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:155-162. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P.R.China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Wenting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P.R.China
| | - Chunting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xuedong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qunji Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, P.R.China
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15
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Blewett TA, Dow EM, Wood CM, McGeer JC, Smith DS. The role of dissolved organic carbon concentration and composition on nickel toxicity to early life-stages of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:162-170. [PMID: 29804012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) emissions resulting from production and transportation raise concerns about the impact of Ni exposure to marine ecosystems. Ni bioavailability models are established for FW systems, but the influence of chemical parameters (e.g. dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) on Ni toxicity within marine systems is less well understood. To examine the effects of DOC concentration and composition on Ni toxicity, acute toxicity tests were conducted on early life-stages of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and sea urchin embryos (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) in full strength sea water (32 ppt). Nine different field collected samples of water with varying concentration (up to 4.5 mg C/L) and composition of DOC were collected from the east coast of the United States. Organic matter compositional analysis included molecular fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy. The different DOC sources had different protective effects against embryo toxicity. The control (no DOC) Ni 48 h-EC50 for Mytilus embryos was 133 µg/L (95% confidence interval (C.I.) of 123-144 µg/L), while Strongylocentrotus embryos displayed control 96-h EC50 values of 207 µg/L (167-247 µg/L). The most significantly protective sample had high humic acid concentrations (as determined from fluorescence spectroscopy), which yielded an EC50 of 195 µg/L (169-222 µg/L) for Mytilus, and an EC50 of 394 µg/L (369-419 µg/L) for S. purpuratus. Among all samples, protection was related to both DOC quantity and quality, with fluorescence-resolved humic and fulvic acid concentrations showing the strongest correlations with protection for both species. These data suggest that DOC is protective against Ni toxicity in M. edulis and S. purpuratus, and that accounting for a DOC quality factor will improve predictive toxicity models such as the biotic ligand model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elissa M Dow
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James C McGeer
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - D Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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16
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DeForest DK, Gensemer RW, Gorsuch JW, Meyer JS, Santore RC, Shephard BK, Zodrow JM. Effects of copper on olfactory, behavioral, and other sublethal responses of saltwater organisms: Are estimated chronic limits using the biotic ligand model protective? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1515-1522. [PMID: 29442368 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is concern over whether regulatory criteria for copper (Cu) are protective against chemosensory and behavioral impairment in aquatic organisms. We compiled Cu toxicity data for these and other sublethal endpoints in 35 tests with saltwater organisms and compared the Cu toxicity thresholds with biotic ligand model (BLM)-based estimated chronic limits (ECL values, which are 20% effect concentrations [EC20s] for the embryo-larval life stage of the blue mussel [Mytilus edulis], a saltwater species sensitive to Cu that has historically been used to derive saltwater Cu criteria). Only 8 of the 35 tests had sufficient toxicity and chemistry data to support unequivocal conclusions (i.e., a Cu EC20 or no-observed-effect concentration could be derived, and Cu and dissolved organic carbon [DOC] concentrations were measured [or DOC concentrations could be inferred from the test-water source]). The BLM-based ECL values would have been protective (i.e., the ECL was lower than the toxicity threshold) in 7 of those 8 tests. In the remaining 27 tests, this meta-analysis was limited by several factors, including 1) the Cu toxicity threshold was a "less than" value in 19 tests because only a lowest-observed-effect concentration could be calculated and 2) Cu and/or DOC concentrations often were not measured. In 2 of those 27 tests, the ECL would not have been protective if based only on a conservatively high upper-bound DOC estimate. To facilitate future evaluations of the protectiveness of aquatic life criteria for metals, we urge researchers to measure and report exposure-water chemistry and test-metal concentrations that bracket regulatory criteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1515-1522. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph W Gorsuch
- Gorsuch Environmental Management Services, Webster, New York, USA
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17
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Gopinathan H, Arumugham MN. Larvicidal activity of synthesized copper(II) complexes againstCulex quinquefasciatusandAnopheles subpictus. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Glover CN. Defence mechanisms: the role of physiology in current and future environmental protection paradigms. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy012. [PMID: 29564135 PMCID: PMC5848810 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessments principally rely on simplified metrics of organismal sensitivity that do not consider mechanism or biological traits. As such, they are unable to adequately extrapolate from standard laboratory tests to real-world settings, and largely fail to account for the diversity of organisms and environmental variables that occur in natural environments. However, an understanding of how stressors influence organism health can compensate for these limitations. Mechanistic knowledge can be used to account for species differences in basal biological function and variability in environmental factors, including spatial and temporal changes in the chemical, physical and biological milieu. Consequently, physiological understanding of biological function, and how this is altered by stressor exposure, can facilitate proactive, predictive risk assessment. In this perspective article, existing frameworks that utilize physiological knowledge (e.g. biotic ligand models, adverse outcomes pathways and mechanistic effect models), are outlined, and specific examples of how mechanistic understanding has been used to predict risk are highlighted. Future research approaches and data needs for extending the incorporation of physiological information into ecological risk assessments are discussed. Although the review focuses on chemical toxicants in aquatic systems, physical and biological stressors and terrestrial environments are also briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N Glover
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg. University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
- Corresponding author: 1 University Drive, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada T9S 3A3. Tel: +(587) 985 8007.
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19
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Qie Y, Chen C, Guo F, Mu Y, Sun F, Wang H, Wang Y, Wang H, Wu F, Hu Q, Dang Z, Giesy JP. Predicting criteria continuous concentrations of metals or metalloids for protecting marine life by use of quantitative ion characteristic-activity relationships-species sensitivity distributions (QICAR-SSD). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:639-644. [PMID: 28249688 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine pollution by metals has been a major challenge for ecological systems; however, water quality criteria (WQC) for metals in saltwater is still lacking. Especially from a regulatory perspective, chronic effects of metals on marine organisms should receive more attention. A quantitative ion characteristic-activity relationships-species sensitivity distributions (QICAR-SSD) model, based on chronic toxicities for eight marine organisms, was established to predict the criteria continuous concentrations (CCCs) of 21 metals. The results showed that the chronic toxicities of various metals had good relationships with their physicochemical properties. Predicted CCCs of six metals (Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+) were in accordance with the values recommended by the U.S. EPA, with prediction errors being less than an order of magnitude. The QICAR-SSD approach provides an alternative tool to empirical methods and can be useful for deriving scientifically defensible WQC for metals for marine organisms and conducting ecological risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qie
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Public Management, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunsong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fuhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Engineering Innovation Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - John P Giesy
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5B3, Canada
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20
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Deruytter D, Vandegehuchte MB, Garrevoet J, Blust R, Vincze L, De Schamphelaere KAC, Janssen CR. Salinity, dissolved organic carbon, and interpopulation variability hardly influence the accumulation and effect of copper in Mytilus edulis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:2074-2082. [PMID: 28079272 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To improve the ecological relevance of environmental risk assessment, an improved understanding is needed of 1) the influence of environmental conditions on the toxicity of pollutants, and 2) the effect of these factors in combination with possible interpopulation variability. The influences of salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the accumulation and effect of copper (Cu) to settled mussels were investigated with mussels from a North Sea and a Baltic Sea population. We found that both populations were equally Cu-sensitive, even though the Baltic Sea population lives in suboptimal conditions. Baltic Sea mussels, however, accumulated more Cu. This suggests that these populations may have different ways of coping with excess Cu. The influence of salinity on Cu toxicity to settled mussels was limited for both populations. An increase in DOC did not decrease the Cu accumulation or effect in either population. This suggests that DOC-Cu complexes are bioavailable for settled mussels. These findings are in contrast with previous research which indicated that DOC decreased the toxicity and accumulation of Cu in the D-larvae life stage. As a consequence, the mussel larval stage is not the most Cu-sensitive life stage at high DOC concentrations. Furthermore, a DOC correction factor for Cu toxicity cannot be used for settled mussels. This should be accounted for in future marine Cu environmental risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2074-2082. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Deruytter
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Michiel B Vandegehuchte
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- X-Ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological & Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laszlo Vincze
- X-Ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karel A C De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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21
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Nogueira LS, Bianchini A, Smith S, Jorge MB, Diamond RL, Wood CM. Physiological effects of five different marine natural organic matters (NOMs) and three different metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) on early life stages of the blue mussel ( Mytilus galloprovincialis). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3141. [PMID: 28413723 PMCID: PMC5391792 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals are present in aquatic environments as a result of natural and anthropogenic inputs, and may induce toxicity to organisms. One of the main factors that influence this toxicity in fresh water is natural organic matter (NOM) but all NOMs are not the same in this regard. In sea water, possible protection by marine NOMs is not well understood. Thus, our study isolated marine NOMs by solid-phase extraction from five different sites and characterized them by excitation-emission fluorescence analysis—one inshore (terrigenous origin), two offshore (autochthonous origin), and two intermediate in composition (indicative of a mixed origin). The physiological effects of these five NOMS alone (at 8 mg/L), of three metals alone (copper, lead and zinc at 6 µg Cu/L, 20 µg Pb/L, and 25 µg Zn/L respectively), and of each metal in combination with each NOM, were evaluated in 48-h exposures of mussel larvae. Endpoints were whole body Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity and lipid peroxidation. By themselves, NOMs increased lipid peroxidation, Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase, and/or carbonic anhydrase activities (significant in seven of 15 NOM-endpoint combinations), whereas metals by themselves did not affect the first two endpoints, but Cu and Pb increased carbonic anhydrase activities. In combination, the effects of NOMs predominated, with the metal exerting no additional effect in 33 out of 45 combinations. While NOM effects varied amongst different isolates, there was no clear pattern with respect to optical or chemical properties. When NOMs were treated as a single source by data averaging, NOM had no effect on Ca2++Mg2+-ATPase activity but markedly stimulated carbonic anhydrase activity and lipid peroxidation, and there were no additional effects of any metal. Our results indicate that marine NOMs may have direct effects on this model marine organism, as well as protective effects against metal toxicity, and the quality of marine NOMs may be an important factor in these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia Sega Nogueira
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Scott Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianna Basso Jorge
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rachael L Diamond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Chen WQ, Wang WX, Tan QG. Revealing the complex effects of salinity on copper toxicity in an estuarine clam Potamocorbula laevis with a toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:323-330. [PMID: 28024811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of salinity on metal toxicity are complex: not only affecting metal bioaccumulation, but also altering the physiology and sensitivity of organisms. In this study, we used a toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) model to separate and quantify the dual effects of salinity on copper (Cu) toxicity in a euryhaline clam Potamocorbula laevis. The toxicokinetics of Cu was determined using the stable isotope 65Cu as a tracer at concentrations (10-500 μg L-1) realistic to contaminated environments and at salinities ranging from 5 to 30. At low Cu concentrations (ca. 10 μg L-1), Cu bioaccumulation decreased monotonically with salinity, and the uptake rate constant (ku, 0.546 L g-1 h-1 to 0.213 L g-1 h-1) fitted well with an empirical equation, ku = 1/(1.35 + 0.116·Salinity), by treating salinity as a pseudo-competitor. The median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of Cu were 269, 224, and 192 μg L-1 at salinity 5, 15, and 30, respectively. At high Cu concentrations (ca. 500 μg L-1), elevating salinity were much less effective in decreasing Cu bioaccumulation; whereas Cu toxicity increased with salinity. The increased toxicity could be explained by the increases in Cu killing rates (kks), which were estimated to be 0.44-2.08 mg μg-1 h-1 and were presumably due to the osmotic stress caused by the deviation from the optimal salinity of the clams. The other toxicodynamic parameter, internal threshold concentration (CIT), ranged from 79 to 133 μg-1 g-1 and showed no clear trend with salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qiao-Guo Tan
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems of Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Wang W, Liang Q, Zhao J, Chen R. Application of Biotic Ligand Model in Predicting Copper Acute Toxicity to Carp (Cyprinidae). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 98:22-26. [PMID: 27928618 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Three representative species of Cyprinidae fishes (Aristichthys nobilis, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and Cyprinus carpio), which are abundant in Chinese surface waters, were studied to determine their sensitivity to copper (Cu) in acute exposures. We first performed acute toxicity tests to determine the Cu LC50 value for each species in water with varying characteristics. The biotic ligand model (BLM) was then calibrated using the toxicity data for these species together with binding properties specific to Cu. The BLM calibration involved the calculation of the level of Cu accumulation in the gills that resulted in 50% lethality (i.e., LA50). The LA50 values for A. nobilis, C. idellus and C. carpio were 5.16, 11.60 and 9.00 nmol g-1. The model calibrated to these data was improved by adjusting the Cu-proton exchange constant (pK CuHA-A) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to values of 1.84 and 4.67E-3 mol g-1, respectively. The calibrated Cu-BLM was validated for these three common fish species by comparing predicted and observed LC50 values, which were in agreement to within a factor of 2. The results of this study provide an important contribution to ecological risk assessment and establishment of water quality criteria for Cu in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbin Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Environmental Planning Research Center, Yunnan Institute of Environmental Science, Kunming, 650034, China.
| | - Qibin Liang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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Sánchez-Marín P, Aierbe E, Lorenzo JI, Mubiana VK, Beiras R, Blust R. Dynamic modeling of copper bioaccumulation by Mytilus edulis in the presence of humic acid aggregates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 178:165-170. [PMID: 27498364 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) complexation by humic acids (HA) is expected to decrease Cu bioavailability for aquatic organisms as predicted by metal bioavailability models, such as the biotic ligand model (BLM). This has been confirmed for non-feeding organisms such as marine invertebrate embryos or microalgae, but for filter-feeding organisms such as the mussel Mytilus edulis, Cu bioaccumulation was higher in the presence of HA, suggesting that part of the Cu-HA complexes were available for uptake. This study shows the dynamic modeling of Cu accumulation kinetics in the gills and rest of the soft-body of M. edulis in the absence and presence of HA. Assuming that truly dissolved Cu is taken in the body via the gills following BLM premises, and including uptake of Cu-HA aggregates via the gut into the rest compartment, this two-compartmental model could successfully explain the observed bioaccumulation data. This modeling approach gives strong evidence to the hypothesis that Cu-HA aggregates can be ingested by mussels leading to Cu absorption in the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Coruxo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Eneko Aierbe
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - J Ignacio Lorenzo
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Valentine K Mubiana
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Coruxo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ronny Blust
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Sun Y, Lang Y, Sun Q, Liang S, Liu Y, Zhang Z. Effect of anti-biofouling potential of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-filled polydimethylsiloxane composites on pioneer microbial colonization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Deruytter D, Vandegehuchte MB, Garrevoet J, De Laender F, Vergucht E, Delbeke K, Blust R, De Schamphelaere KAC, Vincze L, Janssen CR. Salinity and dissolved organic carbon both affect copper toxicity in mussel larvae: Copper speciation or competition cannot explain everything. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1330-1336. [PMID: 25865231 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Predicting copper (Cu) toxicity in marine and estuarine environments is challenging because of the influence of anions on Cu speciation, competition between Cu(2+) and other cations at the biotic ligand and the effect of salinity on the physiology of the organism. In the present study the combined effect of salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on Cu toxicity to larvae of Mytilus galloprovincialis was assessed. Two statistical models were developed and used to elucidate the relationship between Cu toxicity, salinity, and DOC. All models based on dissolved Cu indicate a decrease in Cu toxicity with increasing DOC concentrations, which can partly be explained by complexation of Cu(2+) ions with DOC. These models also indicate an increase in Cu toxicity (modeled with dissolved Cu or Cu(2+) activity) with increasing salinity, suggesting a salinity-induced alteration in the physiology of the mussel larvae. When based on Cu body burdens, neither of the models indicates an effect of salinity or DOC. This shows that the Cu body burden is a more constant predictor of Cu toxicity, regardless of the water chemistry influencing Cu speciation or competition and possible physiological alterations or changes in Cu speciation or competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Deruytter
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michiel B Vandegehuchte
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Laender
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Vergucht
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological & Ecotoxicological Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karel A C De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laszlo Vincze
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Popova O, Blaha L. Toxic effects of metals on two euryhaline ciliate species adapted to variable salinities. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Stockdale A, Tipping E, Lofts S. Dissolved trace metal speciation in estuarine and coastal waters: comparison of WHAM/Model VII predictions with analytical results. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:53-63. [PMID: 25387688 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The authors apply the chemical speciation model WHAM/Model VII to investigate the distribution of metal species of Fe(III) and the divalent cations of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb, in the water column of estuaries and coastal areas. The authors compare, for the same locations, measured and modeled free ion and organically bound metal concentrations. The modeled free ion calculations show varying levels of agreement with experimental measurements. Where only natural organic matter is considered as the organic ligand, for Ni, Cd, and Pb, agreement within 1 order of magnitude is found in 122 of 128 comparisons. For Fe and Zn comparisons 12 of 34 (Fe) and 10 of 18 (Zn) agree to within 1 order of magnitude, the remaining modeled values being over 1 order of magnitude higher than measurements. Copper measurements agree within 1 order of magnitude of modeled values in 314 of 533 (59%) cases and are more than 1 order of magnitude lower than modeled values in 202 cases. There is a general tendency for agreement between modeled and measured values to improve with increasing total metal concentrations. There are substantial variations among different analysis techniques but no systematic bias from the model is observed across techniques. It would be beneficial to cross-validate the different analytical methods, in combination with further modeling. The authors also assessed the effect of including an anthropogenic organic ligand (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)) in the modeling, given its known presence in some coastal environments. Except for Cd, all metals were sensitive to the presence of EDTA, even at a low concentration of 50 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Stockdale
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, United Kingdom; School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Deruytter D, Garrevoet J, Vandegehuchte MB, Vergucht E, De Samber B, Vekemans B, Appel K, Falkenberg G, Delbeke K, Blust R, De Schamphelaere KAC, Vincze L, Janssen CR. The combined effect of dissolved organic carbon and salinity on the bioaccumulation of copper in marine mussel larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:698-705. [PMID: 24308862 DOI: 10.1021/es4024699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of Mytilus spp. are among the most Cu sensitive marine species. In this study we assessed the combined effect of salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on Cu accumulation on mussel larvae. Larvae were exposed for 48 h to three Cu concentrations in each of nine salinity/DOC treatments. Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence was used to determine the Cu concentration in 36 individual larvae with a spatial resolution of 10 × 10 μm. Cu body burden concentrations varied between 1.1 and 27.6 μg/g DW larvae across all treatments and Cu was homogeneously distributed at this spatial resolution level. Our results indicate decreasing Cu accumulation with increasing DOC concentrations which can be explained by an increase in Cu complexation. In contrast, salinity had a nonlinear effect on Cu. This cannot be explained by copper speciation or competition processes and suggests a salinity-induced alteration in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Deruytter
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University , Jozef Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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30
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Nadella SR, Tellis M, Diamond R, Smith S, Bianchini A, Wood CM. Toxicity of lead and zinc to developing mussel and sea urchin embryos: critical tissue residues and effects of dissolved organic matter and salinity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 158:72-83. [PMID: 23603691 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) EC50 values in the very sensitive early development phases (48-72h post-fertilization) of the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus trossolus and sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus in 100% sea water were: M. trossolus - 45 (95% C.I.=22-72) μgL(-1); M. galloprovincialis - 63 (36-94) μgL(-1); S. purpuratus - 74 (50-101) μgL(-1). Salinity thresholds for normal development varied: M. trossolus>21ppt; M. galloprovincialis>28ppt; S. purpuratus≥30ppt. Addition of two spectroscopically distinct dissolved organic matters (DOM) from fresh water (Nordic Reservoir) and sea water (Inshore) moderately decreased the toxicity of Pb to both mussels, but not in a concentration-dependent fashion, with only an approximate doubling of EC50 over the range of 1.4-11.2mgCL(-1). Independent Pb binding capacity determinations for DOC explained the lack of a relationship between DOM concentration and toxicity. Salinity had no effect on Pb toxicity down to 21ppt in M. trossolus, and low salinity (21ppt) did not enhance the protective effect of DOC. Both DOMs increased the toxicity of Pb in developing sea urchin embryos, in contrast to mussels. Relative to Pb, the organisms were 6-9 fold less sensitive to Zn on a molar basis in 100% seawater with the following Zn EC50s: M. trossolus - 135 (103-170) μgL(-1); M. galloprovincialis - 172 (126-227) μgL(-1), S. purpuratus - 151 (129-177) μgL(-1). Nordic Reservoir and Inshore DOM (2-12mgCL(-1)) had no significant effect on Zn toxicity to mussels, in accord with voltammetry data showing an absence of any strong ligand binding for Zn by DOMs. As with Pb, DOMs increased Zn toxicity to urchin larvae. Critical Tissue Residues (CTR) based on whole body concentrations of Pb and Zn were determined for M. galloprovincialis at 48h and S. purpuratus at 72h. The median lethal CTR values (LA50s), useful parameters for development of saltwater Biotic Ligand Models (BLMs), were approximately 4-fold higher on a molar basis for Zn than for Pb. The latter were not altered by DOM exposure, despite increased EC50 values, in accord with the tenets of the BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita R Nadella
- Dept. of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada.
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31
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Monteiro SCR, Pinho GLL, Hoffmann K, Barcarolli IF, Bianchini A. Acute waterborne copper toxicity to the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa at different salinities: influence of natural freshwater and marine dissolved organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:1412-1419. [PMID: 23427042 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) on acute waterborne Cu toxicity was evaluated in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa at 3 different water salinities. Three sources of freshwater DOM (extracted by reverse osmosis) and 2 sources of marine DOM (extracted using a solid-phase technique) were used. Artificial salt water was used to prepare the experimental media. Different combinations of Cu concentrations and DOM sources and concentrations were tested at salinities of 5, 15, and 30 ppt. Toxicity data (48-h median lethal concentration [LC50] values) were calculated based on dissolved Cu concentrations. In a broad view, data showed that increasing salinity was protective against the acute waterborne Cu toxicity. In general, Cu toxicity was also lower in the presence than in the absence of DOM. Toxicity (48-h LC50) values from all treatments at the same salinity showed a positive linear relationship with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, the protective effect of DOM against the acute Cu toxicity seems to be dependent mainly on the DOM concentration. However, it seems also to be dependent to some extent on the source of DOM used. In summary, findings reported in the present study clearly indicate that both salinity and DOM (source and concentration) should be taken into account in the development of an estuarine version of the biotic ligand model.
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32
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Lauer MM, de Oliveira CB, Yano NLI, Bianchini A. Copper effects on key metabolic enzymes and mitochondrial membrane potential in gills of the estuarine crab Neohelice granulata at different salinities. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 156:140-7. [PMID: 22892099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The estuarine crab Neohelice granulata was exposed (96 h) to a sublethal copper concentration under two different physiological conditions (hyperosmoregulating crabs: 2 ppt salinity, 1 mg Cu/L; isosmotic crabs: 30 ppt salinity, 5 mg Cu/L). After exposure, gills (anterior and posterior) were dissected and activities of enzymes involved in glycolysis (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase), Krebs cycle (citrate synthase), and mitochondrial electron transport chain (cytochrome c oxidase) were analyzed. Membrane potential of mitochondria isolated from anterior and posterior gill cells was also evaluated. In anterior gills of crabs acclimated to 2 ppt salinity, copper exposure inhibited hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, and citrate synthase activity, increased lactate dehydrogenase activity, and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. In posterior gills, copper inhibited hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activity, and increased citrate synthase activity. In anterior gills of crabs acclimated to 30 ppt salinity, copper exposure inhibited phosphofructokinase and citrate synthase activity, and increased hexokinase activity. In posterior gills, copper inhibited phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase activity, and increased hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Copper did not affect cytochrome c oxidase activity in either anterior or posterior gills of crabs acclimated to 2 and 30 ppt salinity. These findings indicate that exposure to a sublethal copper concentration affects the activity of enzymes involved in glycolysis and Krebs cycle, especially in anterior (respiratory) gills of hyperosmoregulating crabs. Changes observed indicate a switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, characterizing a situation of functional hypoxia. In this case, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential would suggest a decrease in ATP production. Although gills of isosmotic crabs were also affected by copper exposure, changes observed suggest no impact in the overall tissue ATP production. Also, findings suggest that copper exposure would stimulate the pentose phosphate pathway to support the antioxidant system requirements. Although N. granulata is very tolerant to copper, acute exposure to this metal can disrupt the energy balance by affecting biochemical systems involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Machado Lauer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Fisiologia Animal Comparada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália km 8, 96.203-900, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Guardiola FA, Cuesta A, Meseguer J, Esteban MA. Risks of using antifouling biocides in aquaculture. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1541-1560. [PMID: 22408407 PMCID: PMC3291976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides are chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is having a significant impact on the marine ecosystems. As the industry expands, it requires the use of more drugs, disinfectants and antifoulant compounds (biocides) to eliminate the microorganisms in the aquaculture facilities. The use of biocides in the aquatic environment, however, has proved to be harmful as it has toxic effects on the marine environment. Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to the organotin compounds found in antifouling products after restrictions were imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT). The replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. The biocides that are most commonly used in antifouling paints include chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, Sea-nine 211®), Diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMS pyridine (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl pyridine), zinc pyrithione and Zineb. There are two types of risks associated with the use of biocides in aquaculture: (i) predators and humans may ingest the fish and shellfish that have accumulated in these contaminants and (ii) the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This paper provides an overview of the effects of antifouling (AF) biocides on aquatic organisms. It also provides some insights into the effects and risks of these compounds on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Angeles Esteban
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-868887665; Fax: +34-868883963
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de Polo A, Scrimshaw MD. Challenges for the development of a biotic ligand model predicting copper toxicity in estuaries and seas. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:230-238. [PMID: 22105377 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An effort is ongoing to develop a biotic ligand model (BLM) that predicts copper (Cu) toxicity in estuarine and marine environments. At present, the BLM accounts for the effects of water chemistry on Cu speciation, but it does not consider the influence of water chemistry on the physiology of the organisms. We discuss how chemistry affects Cu toxicity not only by controlling its speciation, but also by affecting the osmoregulatory physiology of the organism, which varies according to salinity. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of Cu toxicity and predict its impacts, we explore the hypothesis that the common factor linking the main toxic effects of Cu is the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), because it is a Cu target with multiple functions and salinity-dependent expression and activity. According to this hypothesis, the site of action of Cu in marine fish may be not only the gill, but also the intestine, because in this tissue CA plays an important role in ion transport and water adsorption. Therefore, the BLM of Cu toxicity to marine fish should also consider the intestine as a biotic ligand. Finally, we underline the need to incorporate the osmotic gradient into the BLM calculations to account for the influence of physiology on Cu toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna de Polo
- Institute for Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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35
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Money C, Braungardt CB, Jha AN, Worsfold PJ, Achterberg EP. Metal speciation and toxicity of Tamar Estuary water to larvae of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 72:3-12. [PMID: 21704365 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
As part of the PREDICT Tamar Workshop, the toxicity of estuarine waters in the Tamar Estuary (southwest England) was assessed by integration of metal speciation determination with bioassays. High temporal resolution metal speciation analysis was undertaken in situ by deployment of a Voltammetric In situ Profiling (VIP) system. The VIP detects Cd (cadmium), Pb (lead) and Cu (copper) species smaller than 4 nm in size and this fraction is termed 'dynamic' and considered biologically available. Cadmium was mainly present in the dynamic form and constituted between 56% and 100% of the total dissolved concentration, which was determined subsequently in the laboratory in filtered discrete samples. In contrast, the dynamic Pb and Cu fractions were less important, with a much larger proportion of these metals associated with organic ligands and/or colloids (45-90% Pb and 46-85% Cu), which probably reduced the toxicological impact of these elements in this system. Static toxicity tests, based on the response of Crassostrea gigas larva exposed to discrete water samples showed a high level of toxicity (up to 100% abnormal development) at two stations in the Tamar, particularly during periods of the tidal cycle when the influence of more pristine coastal water was at its lowest. Competitive ligand-exchange Cu titrations showed that natural organic ligands reduced the free cupric ion concentration to levels that were unlikely to have been the sole cause of the observed toxicity. Nonetheless, it is probable that the combined effect of the metals determined in this work contributed significantly to the bioassay response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Money
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Pl4 8AA, UK
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36
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Ramyadevi J, Jeyasubramanian K, Marikani A, Rajakumar G, Rahuman AA, Santhoshkumar T, Kirthi AV, Jayaseelan C, Marimuthu S. Copper nanoparticles synthesized by polyol process used to control hematophagous parasites. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1403-15. [PMID: 21526405 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was based on assessments of the anti-parasitic activities of the hematophagous (blood feeding) larvae of malaria vector, Anopheles subpictus Grassi, filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, Say (Diptera: Culicidae), and the larvae of cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Canestrini (Acari: Ixodidae). The metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) synthesized by polyol process from copper acetate as precursor and Tween 80 were used as both the medium and the stabilizing reagent. The efficacy of synthesized Cu NPs was tested against the larvae of blood-sucking parasites. UV-vis spectra characterization was performed, and peak was observed at 575 nm, which is the characteristic to the surface plasmon bond of Cu NPs. The strong surface plasmon absorption band observed at 575 nm may be due to the formation of non-oxidized Cu NPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectral data showed concentric rings corresponding to the 26.79 (111), 34.52 (200), and 70.40 (220) reflections. XRD spectrum of the copper nanoparticles exhibited 2θ values corresponding to the copper nanocrystal. No peaks of impurities are observed in XRD data. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showed structures of irregular polygonal, cylindrical shape, and the size range was found to be 35-80 nm. The size of the Cu NPs was measured by atomic force microscope (AFM) in non-contact mode. For imaging by AFM, the sample was suspended in acetone and spins coated on a silicon wafer. The line profile image was drawn by the XEI software and the horizontal line at 6 μm on a 2D AFM image. Research has demonstrated that metallic nanoparticles produce toxicity in aquatic organisms that is due largely to effects of particulates as opposed to release of dissolved ions. Copper acetate solution tested against the parasite larvae exposed to varying concentrations and the larval mortality was observed for 24 h. The larval percent mortality observed in synthesized Cu NPs were 36, 49, 75, 93,100; 32, 53, 63, 73, and 100 and 36, 47, 69, 88, 100 at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/L against A. subpictus, C. quinquefasciatus and R. microplus, respectively. The larval percent mortality shown in copper acetate solution were 16, 45, 57, 66 and 100, 37, 58, 83, 87, and 100 and 41, 59, 79, 100, and 100 at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L against A. subpictus, C. quinquefasciatus, and R. microplus, respectively. The maximum efficacy was observed in Cu NPs and copper acetate solution against the larvae of A. subpictus, C. quinquefasciatus, and R. microplus with LC(50) and r (2) values of 0.95 and 23.47, 1.01 and 15.24, and 1.06 and 14.14 mg/L with r (2) = 0.766; 0.957 and 0.908; 0.946; and 0.816 and 0.945, respectively. The control (distilled water) showed nil mortality in the concurrent assay. The chi-square value was significant at p ≤ 0.05 level. This is the first report on anti-parasitic activity of the synthesized Cu NPs and copper acetate solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaraman Ramyadevi
- Nanoscience and Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, 626 005, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ytreberg E, Karlsson J, Hoppe S, Eklund B, Ndungu K. Effect of organic complexation on copper accumulation and toxicity to the estuarine red macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne: a test of the free ion activity model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3145-3153. [PMID: 21391651 DOI: 10.1021/es1039166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Current water quality criteria (WQC) regulations on copper toxicity to biota are still based on total dissolved (<0.4 μm membrane filter) copper concentrations with a hardness modification for freshwaters. There are however ongoing efforts to incorporate metal speciation in WQC and toxicity regulations (such as the biotic ligand model-BLM) for copper and other metals. Here, we show that copper accumulation and growth inhibition of the Baltic macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne exposed to copper in artificial seawater at typical coastal and estuarine DOC concentrations (similar to 2-4 mg/L-C as fulvic acid) are better correlated to weakly complexed and total dissolved copper concentrations rather than the free copper concentration [Cu2+]. Our results using a combination of competitive ligand exchange-adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-ACSV) measurements and model calculations (using visual MINTEQ incorporating the Stockholm Humic Model) show that copper accumulation in C. tenuicorne only correlates linearly well to [Cu2+] at relatively high [Cu2+] and in the absence of fulvic acid. Thus the FIAM fails to describe copper accumulation in C. tenuicorne at copper and DOC concentrations typical of most marine waters. These results seem to indicate that at ambient total dissolved copper concentration in coastal and estuarine waters, C. tenuicorne might be able to access a sizable fraction of organically complexed copper when free copper concentration to the cell membrane is diffusion limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dafforn KA, Lewis JA, Johnston EL. Antifouling strategies: history and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:453-65. [PMID: 21324495 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling increases drag on marine vessels resulting in higher fuel consumption and can also facilitate the transport of harmful non-indigenous species (NIS). Antifouling technologies incorporating biocides (e.g., copper and tributyltin) have been developed to prevent settlement of organisms on vessels, but their widespread use has introduced high levels of contamination into the environment and raised concerns about their toxic effects on marine communities. The recent global ban on tributyltin (1 January 2008) and increasing regulation of copper have prompted research and development of non-toxic paints. This review synthesises existing information regarding the ecological impact of biocides in a wide range of organisms and highlights directions for the management of antifouling paints. We focus particularly on representatives of the recent past (copper and tributyltin) and present (copper and 'booster') biocides. We identify knowledge gaps in antifouling research and provide recommendations relating to the regulation and phasing-out of copper.
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MESH Headings
- Biofouling/prevention & control
- Biofouling/statistics & numerical data
- Copper/analysis
- Disinfectants/analysis
- Disinfection/history
- Disinfection/legislation & jurisprudence
- Disinfection/methods
- Environment
- Environmental Restoration and Remediation
- Government Regulation
- History, 16th Century
- History, 17th Century
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Paint
- Trialkyltin Compounds/analysis
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
- Water Pollution, Chemical/legislation & jurisprudence
- Water Pollution, Chemical/prevention & control
- Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics & numerical data
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Dafforn
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Martins CDMG, Barcarolli IF, de Menezes EJ, Giacomin MM, Wood CM, Bianchini A. Acute toxicity, accumulation and tissue distribution of copper in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus acclimated to different salinities: in vivo and in vitro studies. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 101:88-99. [PMID: 20952078 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to evaluate acute toxicity, organ-specific distribution, and tissue accumulation of copper in Callinectes sapidus acclimated to two different experimental salinities (2 and 30 ppt). Blue crabs were quite tolerant to copper. Acute dissolved copper toxicity (96-h LC(50) and its corresponding 95% confident interval) was higher at salinity 2 ppt (5.3 (3.50-8.05) μM Cu) than at 30 ppt (53.0 (27.39-102.52) μM Cu). The difference between salinities can be completely explained based on the water chemistry because it disappeared when 96-h LC(50) values were expressed as the free Cu(2+) ion (3.1 (1.93-4.95) μM free Cu at 2 ppt versus 5.6 (2.33-13.37) μM free Cu at 30 ppt) or the Cu(2+) activity (1.4 (0.88-2.26) μM Cu activity at 2 ppt versus 1.7 (0.71-4.07) μM Cu activity at 30 ppt). The relationships between gill Cu burden and % mortality were very similar at 2 and 30 ppt, in accord with the Biotic Ligand Model. In vivo experiments showed that copper concentration in the hemolymph is not dependent on metal concentration in the surrounding medium at either experimental salinity. They also showed that copper flux into the gills is higher than into other tissues analyzed, and that anterior and posterior gills are similarly important sites of copper accumulation at both experimental salinities. In vitro experiments with isolated-perfused gills showed that there is a positive relationship between copper accumulation in this tissue and the metal concentration in the incubation media for both anterior and posterior gills. A similar result was observed at both low and high salinities. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that copper accumulation in posterior gills is also positively and strongly dependent on the incubation time with copper. Gill copper accumulation occurred at a lower rate in the first 2h of metal exposure, increasing markedly after this "steady-state" period. This finding was corroborated by a significant increase in copper influx to the gill perfusate (corresponding to crab hemolymph) after this time, measured using (64)Cu. In vivo, after uptake from solution, (64)Cu was primarily accumulated in the gills and the rest of the body rather than in the hemolymph, hepatopancreas, or other internal tissues. Overall, the present findings indicate that gills are a key target organ for copper accumulation, as well as an important biological barrier against the excessive uptake of copper into the hemolymph and the subsequent distribution of this metal to internal organs of the blue crab.
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Heinlaan M, Kahru A, Kasemets K, Arbeille B, Prensier G, Dubourguier HC. Changes in the Daphnia magna midgut upon ingestion of copper oxide nanoparticles: a transmission electron microscopy study. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:179-190. [PMID: 20828783 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work is a follow-up of our previous paper (Heinlaan et al., 2008. Chemosphere 71, 1308-1316) where we showed about 50-fold higher acute toxicity of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) compared to bulk CuO to water flea Daphnia magna. In the current work transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine potential time-dependent changes in D. magna midgut epithelium ultrastructure upon exposure to CuO NPs compared to bulk CuO at their 48 h EC(50) levels: 4.0 and 175 mg CuO/L, respectively. Special attention was on potential internalization of CuO NPs by midgut epithelial cells. Ingestion of both CuO formulations by daphnids was evident already after 10 min of exposure. In the midgut lumen CuO NPs were dispersed whereas bulk CuO was clumped. By the 48th hour of exposure to CuO NPs (but not to equitoxic concentrations of bulk CuO) the following ultrastructural changes in midgut epithelium of daphnids were observed: protrusion of epithelial cells into the midgut lumen, presence of CuO NPs in circular structures analogous to membrane vesicles from holocrine secretion in the midgut lumen. Implicit internalization of CuO NPs via D. magna midgut epithelial cells was not evident however CuO NPs were no longer contained within the peritrophic membrane but located between the midgut epithelium microvilli. Interestingly, upon exposure to CuO NPs bacterial colonization of the midgut occurred. Ultrastructural changes in the midgut of D. magna upon exposure to CuO NPs but not to bulk CuO refer to its nanosize-related adverse effects. Time-dependent solubilisation of CuO NPs and bulk CuO in the test medium was quantified by recombinant Cu-sensor bacteria: by the 48th hour of exposure to bulk CuO, the concentration of solubilised copper ions was 0.05 ± 0.01 mg Cu/L that was comparable to the acute EC(50) value of Cu-ions to D. magna (48 h CuSO(4) EC(50) = 0.07 ± 0.01 mg Cu/L). However, in case of CuO NPs, the solubilised Cu-ions 0.01 ± 0.001 mg Cu/L, explained only part of the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Heinlaan
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Abstract
Antifouling (AF) biocides are the active ingredients in AF paints that prevent the settlement, adhesion and growth of organisms to a painted surface. A wide range of chemicals are used as AF biocides, which have very different physico-chemical properties and therefore differing environmental fates, behaviour and effects. Copper has been used as an antifoulant for centuries and extensive research has been performed to understand how copper speciation influences bioavailability and toxicity. For biocides that have been widely used over a number of decades, for example Irgarol 1051 and diuron, there are a large amount of environmental data in the public domain, including for their respective metabolites, that allows their environmental safety and potential risk to the environment to be assessed. For other biocides such as dichlofluanid, DCOIT (SeaNine 211) and zinc/copper pyrithione, there is a good understanding of their fate and effects. However, few monitoring studies have been performed and not so much is known about the fate and effects of their metabolites. There are also new or candidate biocides such as triphenylborane pyridine, Econea, capsaicin and medetomidine for which there is very little information in the public domain. This review provides an overview of the environmental fate and occurrence data that are in the public domain for AF biocides and provides some insight into the effects of these compounds on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
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Nadella SR, Fitzpatrick JL, Franklin N, Bucking C, Smith S, Wood CM. Toxicity of dissolved Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd to developing embryos of the blue mussel (Mytilus trossolus) and the protective effect of dissolved organic carbon. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:340-8. [PMID: 18832046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marine water quality criteria for metals are largely driven by the extremely sensitive embryo-larval toxicity of Mytilus sp. Here we assess the toxicity of four dissolved metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd) in the mussel Mytilus trossolus, at various salinity levels while also examining the modifying effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on metal toxicity. In 48 h embryo development tests in natural seawater, measured EC50 values were 6.9-9.6 microg L(-1) (95% C.I.=5.5-10.8 microg L(-1)) for Cu, 99 microg L(-1) (86-101) for Zn, 150 microg L(-1) (73-156) for Ni, and 502 microg L(-1) (364-847) for Cd. A salinity threshold of >20 ppt (approximately 60% full strength seawater) was required for normal control development. Salinity in the 60-100% range did not alter Cu toxicity. Experimental addition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from three sources reduced Cu toxicity; for example the EC50 of embryos developing in seawater with 20 mg C L(-1) was 39 microg Cu L(-1) (35.2-47.2) a 4-fold increase in Cu EC50. The protective effects of DOC were influenced by their distinct physicochemical properties. Protection appears to be related to higher fulvic acid and lower humic acid content as operationally defined by fluorescence spectroscopy. The fact that DOC from freshwater sources provides protection against Cu toxicity in seawater suggests that extrapolation from freshwater toxicity testing may be possible for saltwater criteria development, including development of a saltwater Biotic Ligand Model for prediction of Cu toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita R Nadella
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S4K1.
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43
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Metallothionein-like proteins in the blue crab Callinectes sapidus: Effect of water salinity and ions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 152:366-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Schuler LJ, Hoang TC, Rand GM. Aquatic risk assessment of copper in freshwater and saltwater ecosystems of South Florida. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2008; 17:642-59. [PMID: 18622698 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A screening-level aquatic risk assessment was conducted for copper in south Florida's freshwater and saltwater environments. Risk was quantified by comparing the overlap between the probability distributions of copper exposure from surface water and sediment with the probability distributions of effects data obtained from laboratory studies. Copper concentrations in surface water and sediment in south Florida were summarized by county. For surface water, the highest concentrations of copper were found in Martin and St. Lucie counties for freshwater and saltwater, respectively. From the exposure probability distributions, the 90th centile values were estimated at 14.0 microg/L and 15.4 microg/L in freshwater and saltwater, respectively. Copper concentrations in sediment were evaluated from a probability distribution of predicted pore water concentrations. The 90th centile values of pore water concentrations from freshwater sediments ranged from 5.0 microg/L in Palm Beach County to 71.7 microg/L in Broward County. In saltwater sediments, the 90th centile values for pore water ranged from 26.1 microg/L in St. Lucie County to 27.3 microg/L in Miami-Dade County. Ecological effects data were obtained for acute and chronic copper effects in freshwater and saltwater. The 10th centile values for acute effects data were 21.2 microg/L and 9.8 microg/L for freshwater and saltwater species, respectively. For chronic effects, the 10th centile values were 3.8 microg/L and 3.9 microg/L for freshwater and saltwater species, respectively. The risk of acute copper exposure in surface water was generally low; however, the potential for ecological risk from chronic copper exposure was low to high in several counties including Lee, Martin, and St. Lucie counties. The risk of acute copper exposure in porewater from freshwater sediments also was low with the exception of St. Lucie and Broward counties. However, porewater from saltwater sediments posed a significant acute risk in Miami-Dade and St. Lucie counties. In porewater from freshwater and saltwater sediments chronic risk was high in counties with sufficient data available to calculate risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance J Schuler
- Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Laboratory, Environmental Studies Department & Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Biscayne Bay Campus, 3000 N.E. 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
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Luo XS, Li LZ, Zhou DM. Effect of cations on copper toxicity to wheat root: implications for the biotic ligand model. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:401-406. [PMID: 18585752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and hydrogen ions independently mitigate Cu rhizotoxicity to wheat (Triticumaestivum) in nutrient solutions was examined. Increasing activities of Ca2+ and Mg2+ but not Na+, K+ and H+ linearly increased the 2 d EC50 (as Cu2+ activity), supporting the concept that some cations can compete with Cu2+ for binding the active sites at the terrestrial organism-solution interface (i.e., the biotic ligand, BL). According to the biotic ligand model (BLM) concept, the conditional stability constants for the binding of Cu2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the BL were derived from the toxicity data. They were 6.28, 2.43 and 3.34 for logK(CuBL), logK(CaBL) and logK(MgBL), respectively. It was calculated that on average 43.6% of BL sites need to be occupied by Cu2+ to induce 50% root growth inhibition. Using the estimated parameters, a BLM was successfully developed to predict Cu toxicity for wheat as a function of solution characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-San Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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46
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Natale OE, Leis MV. Biotic Ligand Model estimation of copper bioavailability and toxicity in the Yacyretá Reservoir on the Paraná River. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1770.2008.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria V. Leis
- Instituto Nacional del Agua, Autopista Jorge Newbery, Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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47
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Fitzpatrick JL, Nadella S, Bucking C, Balshine S, Wood CM. The relative sensitivity of sperm, eggs and embryos to copper in the blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:441-9. [PMID: 18308641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Copper, an essential element, is toxic at elevated concentrations, and as a result of anthropogenic activities is becoming increasingly prevalent in marine environments. In this study, we examined the effects of copper on early life stages of the blue mussel, Mytilus trossulus. We assessed the impacts of increasing copper concentrations on embryo development, egg viability, sperm fertilization capacity and, in particular, on sperm swimming speed using computer-assisted sperm analysis. Sensitivity to copper followed the pattern: embryos > sperm > eggs. A dramatic increase in abnormal embryo development was observed following exposure to copper concentrations exceeding 10 microg/L. Sperm swimming speeds decreased significantly when exposed to 100 microg/L of copper, but lower doses did not influence sperm swimming speed. Copper exposure (at any tested concentration) did not affect sperm flagellum length, or alter egg viability. Based on our results, we suggest that exposure of sperm to copper may interfere with mitochondrial activity, which reduces sperm swimming speed during the extended duration of sperm motility in blue mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
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48
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Hall LW, Anderson RD, Lewis BL, Arnold WR. The influence of salinity and dissolved organic carbon on the toxicity of copper to the estuarine copepod, Eurytemora affinis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 54:44-56. [PMID: 17721798 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-007-9010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of salinity (2.5, 5, 15, and 25 ppt) at dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of 1.3-3.3 mg/L and DOC concentrations of 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg/L at a fixed salinity of 10 ppt on the acute toxicity (96-h LC50s) of copper to the sensitive estuarine copepod, Eurytemora affinis. For both salinity and DOC experiments, various other chemical constituents such as DOC, Ca2+, Cl(-), Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4 (2-) , hardness, alkalinity, salinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured at selected copper concentrations at test initiation and test termination. Dissolved copper, copper speciation, and organic copper complexation were measured at various test conditions during the salinity and DOC experiments. Ninety-six-hour dissolved copper LC50 values for the four salinities ranged from 58 microg/L (25 ppt) to 104 microg/L (5 ppt) with intermediate values of 71 microg/L (2.5 ppt) and 68 microg/L (15 ppt). The 58, 68, and 71 microg/L LC50 values were not significantly different. Copper LC50 values at 5 ppt were higher than at both 15 and 25 ppt. The isosmotic salinity of E. affinis is approximately 5-10 ppt, which was a likely factor for why the LC50 value increased for copper at 5 ppt. The dissolved copper 96-h LC50s for E. affinis increased from 76 to 166 microg/L as DOC increased from 2 to 8 mg/L. This result is not surprising and is consistent with reported values for other saltwater species.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Hall
- Wye Research and Education Center, University of Maryland, PO Box 169, Queenstown, MD 21658, USA.
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49
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Schiff K, Brown J, Diehl D, Greenstein D. Extent and magnitude of copper contamination in marinas of the San Diego region, California, USA. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:322-8. [PMID: 17150230 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Marinas are areas of special water quality concern because of the potential for pollutant accumulation within their protected waters. Perhaps the largest contaminant source to marinas is antifouling paints that leach copper to prevent the growth of encrusting organisms on vessel bottoms. Very little monitoring of marinas is typically conducted despite the potential environmental risk, particularly in the San Diego region of California, USA where as many as 17,000 recreational vessels are berthed. The objective of this study was twofold: (1) determine the extent and magnitude of dissolved copper concentrations in marinas throughout the San Diego region, and (2) determine if elevated copper concentrations in marinas of the San Diego region are resulting in adverse biological impacts. A probabilistic study design was used to sample water column copper concentrations and toxicity (using Mytilus galloprovincialis) at 30 stations. Results indicated that exceedence of state water quality objectives was widespread (86% of marina area), but that toxicity was much less prevalent (21% of marina area). Toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) conducted at the most toxic sites indicated that toxicity was largely due to trace metals, most likely copper. Toxicity was reduced using TIE treatments that chelated trace metals such as cation exchange column, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and sodium thiosulfate (STS). Moreover, increasing dissolved copper concentrations correlated with increasing toxicity and these copper concentrations were high enough to account for virtually all of the observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Schiff
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Westminster, CA 92683, United States.
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