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Azimi A, Riahi Bakhtiari A, Tauler R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon source fingerprints in the environmental samples of Anzali-South of Caspian Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:32719-32731. [PMID: 32514925 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The major emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Anzali city, apportionment of these sources and transfer of PAHs through street dust and runoff to rivers and finally the Caspian Sea, were studied. PAHs in environmental samples including street dust, runoff, and river sediment samples as well as in major sources of hydrocarbons in urban area including vehicles exhaust, gasoline and diesel fuels, engine oils of automobiles and boats, asphalt, and tire debris were extracted by Soxhlet and liquid-liquid extraction in solid and liquid phase and were analyzed by GC-MS. Significance of each source in PAH emission in the area was identified by chemical fingerprinting. According to the spatial distribution of PAHs in receptor samples stations of street dust and runoff located in the center of the city with high traffic of vehicles had higher concentrations of PAHs than stations in the out bonds of the city. In the river sediment samples, the stations located in the port area had the highest concentrations of PAHs. Results of chemical fingerprinting showed that especially in street dust and runoff samples, the isometric patterns of PAHs were rather similar to those in the proposed major sources, showing that they may have been originated from them, especially from asphalt and tire. On the contrary, river sediment samples were confirmed to receive inputs from other unknown independent sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azimi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Riahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Roma Tauler
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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Zanardi-Lamardo E, Mitra S, Vieira-Campos AA, Cabral CB, Yogui GT, Sarkar SK, Biswas JK, Godhantaraman N. Distribution and sources of organic contaminants in surface sediments of Hooghly river estuary and Sundarban mangrove, eastern coast of India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:39-49. [PMID: 31426172 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT-related pesticides in surface sediments of Hooghly estuary and the Sundarban mangrove wetlands. Concentrations of ∑17PAH, ∑182PCB and ∑6DDT ranged from 15.4 to 1731, not detected (nd) to 13.5 and nd to 8.97 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. Low levels of PCBs and low to moderate concentrations of DDTs and PAHs reflected recent development in West Bengal, which was dominated by agriculture and multifarious industries in the past. Diagnostic ratios suggested that major sources of PAHs are combustion processes, DDTs are input by agriculture, antifouling paints and public health campaigns, and organochlorines are predominantly from industrial origin. Heavier PCB congeners suggest local sources and short-range transport of such chemicals. Decision makers may use these findings for managing the Hooghly River watershed in order to promote a sustainable development on the eastern coast of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, 50740-550, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Amanda Alves Vieira-Campos
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, 50740-550, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carolina Barbosa Cabral
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, 50740-550, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gilvan Takeshi Yogui
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos (OrganoMAR), Departamento de Oceanografia da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, 50740-550, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Santosh Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India
| | - Nallamuthu Godhantaraman
- UGC Human Resource Development Centre & Centre for Environmental Sciences, University of Madras, Chepauk Campus, Chennai 600 005, India
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Mitra S, Corsolini S, Pozo K, Audy O, Sarkar SK, Biswas JK. Characterization, source identification and risk associated with polyaromatic and chlorinated organic contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, PCBzs and OCPs) in the surface sediments of Hooghly estuary, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:154-165. [PMID: 30639811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution, source identification and ecotoxicological impact of a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), polychlorobenzenes (PCBzs)), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in surface sediment samples (0-5 cm, <63 μm grain size) along the ecologically stressed Hooghly River estuary, East India. The results demonstrated a wide range of concentrations (ng/g dry weight) with the following decreasing order: ∑16PAHs (3.3-630) > ∑6DDTs (0.14-18.6) > ∑7PCBs (0.28-7.7) > ∑2PCBzs (0.01-1.3) > ∑5HCH (0.10-0.6), with a dominance of p,p'-DDT and higher molecular weight PAHs. Selected diagnostic ratios indicated a mixture of both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources of PAHs, inputs of weathered DDT and their degradation in oxidizing environment, and a predominance of industrial input over the agricultural wastes. The cumulative impact of the pollutants (effective range medium quotient (ERMq): 0.01-0.16) reflected minimal to low ecotoxicological risk, with highest probability of toxic effects towards surrounding biota at Barrackpore (21%). ∑6DDTs exceeded the effect range low value resulting occasional adverse impact to the sediment dwelling organisms. Among the PAHs, the 4-ringed compounds accounted for 68% of the PAHs. Further, carcinogenic PAHs (BaA, Chry, BbF, BkF, BaP, DahP, Inp) possessed highest cancer risk (CR = 2.09 × 10-3) to the local population when exposed to the sediments from the studied area and ingestion was found to be the primary process of contamination. The study strongly recommends a systematic monitoring of POPs and PAHs, being the Hooghly River water used by local people for their livelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Simonetta Corsolini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Karla Pozo
- Research Center for Toxic Compound in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457 Concepción, Chile
| | - Ondrej Audy
- Research Center for Toxic Compound in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Santosh Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700019, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies and International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia 741235, India
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Cassin D, Dominik J, Botter M, Zonta R. PAH and PCB contamination in the sediments of the Venice Lagoon (Italy) before the installation of the MOSE flood defence works. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:24951-24964. [PMID: 29931647 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the shallow water areas of the Venice Lagoon (415 km2) was investigated in the surface (0-5 cm) and sub-surface (5-10 cm) sediments by collecting cores from 380 sites. The concentrations of 14 PAHs (USEPA priority pollutants) and seven PCB indicator congeners were analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary gas chromatography (GC), respectively. PAH and PCB concentrations ranged from 2.75 to 9980 ng g-1 d.w. and from 0.01 to 60.1 ng g-1 d.w., respectively. Their concentrations never exceeded the probable effect level (PEL) stipulated in the respective quality guidelines. In addition, the average total PAH levels expressed as B[a]P toxicity equivalents (total TEQ) were lower in the sediments of the Venice Lagoon than in other literature-reported zones in the Mediterranean. PAH profiles and ratios showed that they originated not only largely from high-temperature pyrolytic processes attributable primarily to the burning of fossil fuels but also partly from petroleum spillage. Comparison of tetra-to-hepta PCB congeners enabled the PCB profiles observed in the lagoon environment to be characterised as Aroclor 1254 and 1260 (1:1). Compared to other marine coastal areas and harbours in the Mediterranean, the Venice Lagoon sediments showed a low mean value but a wide range of concentrations. The estimation of PAH and PCB inventories indicated the low contribution of atmospheric deposition relative to local sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cassin
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy
| | - Janusz Dominik
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy
| | - Margherita Botter
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy
| | - Roberto Zonta
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAR-CNR), Castello 2737/F, 30122, Venezia, Italy.
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Gdara I, Zrafi I, Balducci C, Cecinato A, Ghrabi A. Seasonal Distribution, Source Identification, and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Sediments from Wadi El Bey Watershed in Tunisia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 73:488-510. [PMID: 28801706 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments were collected from the Watershed of Wadi El Bey in Tunisia to evaluate the degree of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination. Sediments were collected during different seasons in 14 sites that received wastes from domestic effluent, industrial discharge, and agricultural drainage wastes. Twenty-six individual PAHs were analyzed. The total PAH contents (Σ PAHs) in surface sediments showed wide variability, ranging from 6.89 ± 0.05 to 340 ± 0.1 ng g-1. The 4-, 5-, and 6-ring compounds were the most abundant PAHs detected at the majority of sites. Diagnostic concentration ratios between pairs of PAHs and molecular indices, calculated with the purpose of drawing information about pollution sources, indicated that PAHs were of both petrogenic and pyrolytic origins. Toxic contaminants concentrations were determined according to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). PAH levels did not exceed the SQGs, indicating that PAHs seem to pose low and occasional toxicity risks. Total carcinogenicity and mutagenicity (TEQBaP and MEQBaP) ranged from 0.08 to 65 ng and from 0.02 to 135.0 ng g-1 of dry weight, respectively. Among the seven carcinogenic PAHs, BaP accounted for the majority of the potency and could potentially be used as a unique indicator of PAH toxicity. This study provides a baseline to promote environmental protection programs and pollution monitoring/control in Watershed and coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Gdara
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Science of Bizerte, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Zrafi
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 1000015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 1000015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Ahmed Ghrabi
- Water Researches and Technologies Center Borj-Cedria Technopark, BP 273-8020, Soliman, Tunisia
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Liu F, Niu L, Chen H, Li P, Tian F, Yang Q. Seasonal changes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in response to hydrology and anthropogenic activities in the Pearl River estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:255-263. [PMID: 28187969 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The behaviours of PAHs (containing 2-6 aromatic rings) in the Pearl River estuary were examined each month in 2011. This study was designed to investigate the abundance of 16 priority PAHs and their response to the seasonal dynamics of anthropogenic activities and hydrological cycles. Monthly mean concentrations of ∑16PAHs in water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were 88.31ng/L and 252.31ng/L respectively, with higher concentrations in the wet season (April to September). Heavy precipitation in the wet season resulted in relatively increased PAH input via riverine discharges and atmospheric deposition. Seasonal variations in suspended sediment concentration (SSC), temperature and salinity have considerably affected the PAH phase association. Higher SSC in the wet season contributed to higher concentration of the PAHs in SPM, and higher temperature and lower salinity facilitated desorption from SPM. The PAH sources were largely attributed to vehicular emissions, coal combustion and coke ovens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Estuarine Hydraulic Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Lixia Niu
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Estuarine Hydraulic Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Estuarine Hydraulic Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Estuarine Hydraulic Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Estuarine Hydraulic Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qingshu Yang
- Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou 510275, China; State-province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Estuarine Hydraulic Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Oyo-Ita IO, Oyo-Ita OE, Ugim SU, Nnaji NNJ, Elarbaoui S. Source and Toxicological Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Imo River, Southeastern Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1300177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inyang O. Oyo-Ita
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Orok E. Oyo-Ita
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Samuel U. Ugim
- Environmental/Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nnaemeka N. J. Nnaji
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University, Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Ebonyi, Nigeria
| | - Soumaya Elarbaoui
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Coastal Ecology and Ecotoxicology Unit, University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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Giuliani S, Piazza R, El Moumni B, Polo FP, Vecchiato M, Romano S, Zambon S, Frignani M, Bellucci LG. Recognizing different impacts of human and natural sources on the spatial distribution and temporal trends of PAHs and PCBs (including PCB-11) in sediments of the Nador Lagoon (Morocco). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 526:346-357. [PMID: 25967480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Nador Lagoon holds a major interest in present-day Moroccan socioeconomic development. This environment is exposed to a number of potential polluting sources, such as mine tailings, urban and industrial dumping, and untreated wastewater inputs from surrounding cities. The aim of this study was to assess concentrations and trends of persistent contaminants such as PCBs and PAHs and to identify their origin. The non-Aroclor PCB-11 was determined for the first time in the lagoon sediments. Chronology and source assessment helped identifying the timing and nature of inputs and post-depositional processes controlling the two classes of contaminants: PAHs present a typical mixed petrogenic signature, with the exception of sediments deposited in the period 1930-1960 near the city of Nador, when pyrogenic inputs prevailed; PCBs show signs of microbial anaerobic degradation from 1950 to 1990, probably linked to changing hydrodynamic conditions in the South-Western part of the lagoon where agricultural inputs are dominant. The presence of PCB-11 is linked to specific productions and might be affected by degradation processes. Presently, different land uses (e.g., urban and agricultural areas) appear to be the key factors in controlling the level and composition of PAHs and PCBs in lagoon sediments. Total PAH and PCB levels are low (from 21.6 to 108 ng g(-1) and from 2.50 to 20.7 ng g(-1), respectively) but recent increasing values and the potential threat to humans and biota require continuous and constant monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giuliani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Bouchta El Moumni
- Dept. of Earth Sciences and Oceanography, Univ. of Tangier, Tangier, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Larache, BP 745 Route de Rabat, Larache, Morocco
| | - Fabio Paolo Polo
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Marco Vecchiato
- CNR-Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy; Dept of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Univ. of Siena, Via Laterina 8, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Romano
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zambon
- Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari Univ. of Venice, Dorsoduro 2137, Venice, Italy
| | - Mauro Frignani
- CNR-Institute of Marine Sciences, Via Gobetti 101, Bologna, Italy
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Mwanamoki PM, Devarajan N, Thevenon F, Birane N, de Alencastro LF, Grandjean D, Mpiana PT, Prabakar K, Mubedi JI, Kabele CG, Wildi W, Poté J. Trace metals and persistent organic pollutants in sediments from river-reservoir systems in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Spatial distribution and potential ecotoxicological effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:485-492. [PMID: 24997956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the occurrence and spatial distribution of metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs: including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from a river-reservoir system. Surface sediments were sampled from thirteen sites of the Congo River Basin and Lake Ma Vallée, both situated in the vicinity of the capital city Kinshasa (Congo Democratic Republic). Sediment qualities were evaluated using toxicity test based on exposing Ostracods to the sediment samples. The highest metal concentrations were observed in sediments subjected to anthropogenic influences, urban runoff and domestic and industrial wastewaters, discharge into the Congo River basin. Ostracods exposed to the sediments resulted in 100% mortality rates after 6d of incubation, indicating the ultimate toxicity of these sediments as well as potential environmental risks. The POPs and PAHs levels in all sediment samples were low, with maximum concentration found in the sediments (area of pool Malebo): OCP value ranged from 0.02 to 2.50 with ∑OCPs: 3.3μgkg(-1); PCB ranged from 0.07 to 0.99 with Total PCBs (∑7×4.3): 15.31μgkg(-1); PAH value ranged from 0.12 to 9.39 with ∑PAHs: 63.89μgkg(-1). Our results indicate that the deterioration of urban river-reservoir water quality result mainly from urban stormwater runoff, untreated industrial effluents which discharge into the river-reservoirs, human activities and uncontrolled urbanization. This study represents useful tools incorporated to evaluate sediment quality in river-reservoir systems which can be applied to similar aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M Mwanamoki
- Institut Supérieur des Techniques Médicales/Kinshasa, Section Nutrition diététique, B.P. 774, Kinshasa XI, People's Republic of Congo
| | - Naresh Devarajan
- Faculty of Science, Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, CP 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland; Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Florian Thevenon
- Faculty of Science, Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, CP 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Niane Birane
- Faculty of Science, Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, CP 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Luiz Felippe de Alencastro
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Grandjean
- Central Environmental Laboratory (GR-CEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pius T Mpiana
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, People's Republic of Congo
| | - Kandasamy Prabakar
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli 620020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Josué I Mubedi
- Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815, Kinshasa, People's Republic of Congo
| | - Christophe G Kabele
- University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, People's Republic of Congo
| | - Walter Wildi
- Faculty of Science, Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, CP 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - John Poté
- Faculty of Science, Forel Institute and Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, CP 416, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland; University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, B.P. 190, Kinshasa XI, People's Republic of Congo; Université Pédagogique Nationale (UPN), Croisement Route de Matadi et Avenue de la Libération, Quartier Binza/UPN, B.P. 8815, Kinshasa, People's Republic of Congo.
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Yancheshmeh RA, Bakhtiari AR, Mortazavi S, Savabieasfahani M. Sediment PAH: contrasting levels in the Caspian Sea and Anzali Wetland. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 84:391-400. [PMID: 24910181 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of 23 PAH congeners in sediment of the Caspian Sea coast and Anzali Wetland was conducted in 2010. Surface sediment was analyzed using chromatography and mass spectrometry. Total PAH concentrations ranged between 212 and 9009 ng g(-1) dw. Spatial distribution maps revealed that PAH levels were higher in the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea where oil related activities have been common since 1800's. Diagnostic ratios analysis indicated that PAHs largely originated from petrogenic processes. PAH toxicity level was assessed using sediment quality guidelines and toxic equivalent concentrations to determine toxic effects on marine organism. Based on these investigations, in our study areas, the probability of toxicity for benthic organisms is "low to medium". The toxic equivalent concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs varied between 11 and 231 ng TEQ/g; higher total toxic equivalent concentrations values were found in the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samar Mortazavi
- Malayer University, P.O. Box 65719-9581863, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran
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11
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Barhoumi B, LeMenach K, Devier MH, Ben Ameur W, Etcheber H, Budzinski H, Cachot J, Driss MR. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia: levels, sources, and toxicological significance. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:2653-2669. [PMID: 24346349 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3569-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To assess the status of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in sediments from the Bizerte Lagoon (northern Tunisia), 18 surface sediment samples were collected in March 2011 and analyzed for 14 US Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total concentrations of the 14 PAHs (ΣPAHs) ranged from 16.9 to 394.1 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) with a mean concentration of 85.5 ng g(-1) dw. Compared with other lagoons, coasts, and bays in the world, the concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments of the Bizerte Lagoon are low to moderate. The PAHs' composition pattern was dominated by the presence of four-ring PAHs (45.8 %) followed by five-ring (26.8 %) and three-ring PAHs (12.7 %). The PAH source analysis suggested that the main origin of PAHs in the sediments of the lagoon was mainly from pyrolytic sources. According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines of the USA, the levels of PAHs in the Bizerte Lagoon should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent values calculated for the samples varied from 3.1 to 53.7 ng g(-1) dw with an average of 10.6 ng g(-1) dw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (05/UR/12-03), University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
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12
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Zhao X, Ding J, You H. Spatial distribution and temporal trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment from Songhua River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2014; 36:131-143. [PMID: 23609889 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Songhua River, Harbin, China, were investigated. Seventy-seven samples, 42 water and 35 sediment samples, were collected in April and October of 2007 and January of 2008. The concentrations of total PAHs in water ranged from 163.54 to 2,746.25 ng/L with the average value of 934.62 ng/L, which were predominated by 2- and 3-ring PAHs. The concentrations of total 16 PAHs in sediment ranged from 68.25 to 654.15 ng/g dw with the average value of 234.15 ng/g dw, which were predominated by 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs. Statistical analysis of the PAH concentrations shown that the highest concentrations of the total PAHs were found during rainy season (October of 2007) and the lowest during snowy season (January of 2008). Ratios of specific PAH compounds, including fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) (Flu/(Flu + Pyr)) and phenanthrene/(phenanthrene + anthracene) (An/(Ant + PhA)), were calculated to evaluate the possible sources of PAH contaminations. These ratios reflected pyrolytic inputs of PAHs in Songhua River water and a mixed pattern of pyrolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in the Songhua River sediments. Ecotoxicological risk levels calculated for PAHs suggested that there were individual PAHs, which can less frequently cause biological impairment in some samples, but no samples had constituents that may frequently cause biological impairment. Total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent of ΣcPAHs varied from 10.03 to 29.7 ng/g dw and from 0.36 to 1.92 ng/g dw for total toxic tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalent. The level of PAHs indicated a low toxicological risk to this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Zhao
- The State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment (HIT), School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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13
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Virdis SGP. An object-based image analysis approach for aquaculture ponds precise mapping and monitoring: a case study of Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:117-133. [PMID: 23955440 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and mapping shrimp farms, including their impact on land cover and land use, is critical to the sustainable management and planning of coastal zones. In this work, a methodology was proposed to set up a cost-effective and reproducible procedure that made use of satellite remote sensing, object-based classification approach, and open-source software for mapping aquaculture areas with high planimetric and thematic accuracy between 2005 and 2008. The analysis focused on two characteristic areas of interest of the Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon (in central Vietnam), which have similar farming systems to other coastal aquaculture worldwide: the first was primarily characterised by locally referred "low tide" shrimp ponds, which are partially submerged areas; the second by earthed shrimp ponds, locally referred to as "high tide" ponds, which are non-submerged areas on the lagoon coast. The approach was based on the region-growing segmentation of high- and very high-resolution panchromatic images, SPOT5 and Worldview-1, and the unsupervised clustering classifier ISOSEG embedded on SPRING non-commercial software. The results, the accuracy of which was tested with a field-based aquaculture inventory, showed that in favourable situations (high tide shrimp ponds), the classification results provided high rates of accuracy (>95 %) through a fully automatic object-based classification. In unfavourable situations (low tide shrimp ponds), the performance degraded due to the low contrast between the water and the pond embankments. In these situations, the automatic results were improved by manual delineation of the embankments. Worldview-1 necessarily showed better thematic accuracy, and precise maps have been realised at a scale of up to 1:2,000. However, SPOT5 provided comparable results in terms of number of correctly classified ponds, but less accurate results in terms of the precision of mapped features. The procedure also demonstrated high degrees of reproducibility because it was applied to images with different spatial resolutions in an area that, during the investigated period, did not experience significant land cover changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Gonario Pasquale Virdis
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione NRD and Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio DIPNET, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia, 39-07100, Sassari, Italia,
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14
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Romano S, Langone L, Frignani M, Albertazzi S, Focaccia P, Bellucci LG, Ravaioli M. Historical pattern and mass balance of trace metals in sediments of the northwestern Adriatic Sea Shelf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 76:32-41. [PMID: 24119313 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In view of the recent action in Marine Strategy Framework Directive, reconstructing the history of anthropogenic metal inputs and calculating the budgets for the northwestern part of the Italian Adriatic basin can provide a benchmark for comparison with new evidences and enlighten recent environmental changes. Among the metals, the attention was focused on Pb and Zn, as they provide the most significant anthropogenic signals. In 1988, areal distributions clearly identified the Po, Adige and Brenta rivers as the main sources of contaminants. The study area was divided in three compartments. The area in front of the Po delta represented a sink for metals but the accumulation of Zn and Pb integrated over the entire study area suggests an effective export throughout southern boundary. Most concentration-depth/year profiles in cores showed an upward increase from the Italian Unification (1861), with a still significant anthropogenic supply at the time of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Romano
- CNR - Istituto di Scienze Marine, UOS Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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15
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Fu J, Sheng S, Wen T, Zhang ZM, Wang Q, Hu QX, Li QS, An SQ, Zhu HL. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Jialu River. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2011; 20:940-950. [PMID: 21451950 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Jialu River, an important branch of the Huaihe River in China, was seriously polluted because of rapid economic growth and urbanization. In order to evaluate the potential for serious environmental consequences as a result of anthropogenic contamination, the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been investigated in surface sediment samples collected in connection with field surveys of 19 sites along the Jialu River. The total concentration of the 16 USEPA priority PAHs ranged from 466.0 to 2605.6 ng/g dry weight with a mean concentration of 1363.2 ng/g. Sediment samples with the highest PAH concentrations were from the upper reaches of the river, where Zhengzhou City is located; the PAH levels in the middle and lower reaches were relatively low. According to the observed molecular indices, PAHs originated largely from the high-temperature pyrolytic process. According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) of the United States, the levels of PAHs in the Jialu River should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values calculated for samples varied from 50.4 to 312.8 ng/g dry weight with an average of 167.4 ng/g. The relationships between PAHs and environmental factors, including chemical properties of sediments, water quality, aquatic organisms, hydrological conditions, and anthropogenic activities, are also discussed. PAHs exerted a potential negative impact on the benthos. Settlement percentage, population density and industrial GDP per capita had a significant influence on the distribution of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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16
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Giuliani S, Piazza R, Bellucci LG, Cu NH, Vecchiato M, Romano S, Mugnai C, Nhon DH, Frignani M. PCBs in Central Vietnam coastal lagoons: levels and trends in dynamic environments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1013-1024. [PMID: 21397915 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PCBs were analysed in surficial sediments and selected sediment cores collected between 2002 and 2008 in Central Vietnam coastal lagoons. The aim was to determine contamination levels and trends, and to evaluate the effects of anthropogenic pressures and natural events. Samples were mostly fine-grained with low total PCB concentrations (0.367-44.7 μg kg(-1)). Atmospheric transport and post depositional processes modify to some degree the fingerprint of PCB inputs to the environment favouring the predominance of 3, 4 and 5 chlorinated congeners. The similarity of congener distributions in contemporary surficial samples also suggests the presence of a unique source over the entire study area, probably connected to mobilisation and long range transports from land-based stocks. The removal of consistent sediment layers is hypothesised based on repeated samplings of the same area. Natural meteorological events (such as typhoons) are suspected to be responsible for these sediment losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giuliani
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Marine, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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Fu J, Ding YH, Li L, Sheng S, Wen T, Yu LJ, Chen W, An SQ, Zhu HL. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ecotoxicological characterization of sediments from the Huaihe River, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:597-604. [PMID: 21229143 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution, source, ecological risk and ecotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of sediments from 7 sampling sites, named as Xinyang (XY), Huainan (HN), Bengbu (BB), Xuyi (XuY), Fuyang (FY), Mengcheng (MC) and Zhengzhou (ZZ), in the Huaihe River basin, China, have been investigated. The total concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs ranged from 62.9 to 2232.4 ng g⁻¹ dry weight (d.w.) with a mean concentration of 1056.8 ng g⁻¹ d.w. Through the assessment of ecological risk, we found that the levels of PAHs in the Huaihe River should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values calculated for samples varied from 0.01 to 194.1 ng g⁻¹ d.w., with an average of 65.9 ng g⁻¹. The toxicity data were accordant with the chemical analysis results in this study. HN, BB and ZZ showed the greatest pollution extent both in the chemical analysis and the study of ecotoxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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18
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Giuliani S, Romano S, Turetta C, Cu NH, Bellucci LG, Capodaglio G, Mugnai C, Nhon DH, Frignani M. Soils and sediments of the Thua Thien-Hue Province (central Vietnam): recognizing trace element sources and the likely influence of natural events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1383-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Piazza R, Giuliani S, Bellucci LG, Mugnai C, Cu NH, Nhon DH, Vecchiato M, Romano S, Frignani M. PCDD/Fs in sediments of Central Vietnam coastal lagoons: in search of TCDD. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:2303-2310. [PMID: 20952038 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Samples from nine Central Vietnam coastal lagoons, together with three soils and sediments collected in two freshwater reservoirs of the Thua Thien-Hué province, were analysed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Total concentrations are low, from 192 to 2912 pg g(-1) and depth profiles in Tam Giang-Cau Hai (TG-CH) sediment cores show only minor changes over time in PCDD/F input and composition. Octachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) is the prevailing congener (approximately 90%), indicating combustion as the main PCDD/F source to these coastal systems, whereas natural formation might be partly responsible for the presence at depth. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), largely sprayed together with Agent Orange over the study areas during the war (1961-1971), is absent or very low. This result supports the hypothesis of strong degradation soon after spraying. Multivariate statistical analyses account for the presence of local, short-range sources as observed in the northern part of the TG-CH lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossano Piazza
- University Ca' Foscari, Dorsoduro 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
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20
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Domínguez C, Sarkar SK, Bhattacharya A, Chatterjee M, Bhattacharya BD, Jover E, Albaigés J, Bayona JM, Alam MA, Satpathy KK. Quantification and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in core sediments from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 59:49-61. [PMID: 20082069 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and potential sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment cores (<63 microm particle size) of the Sundarban mangrove wetland, northeastern coast of Bay of Bengal (India), were investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ( summation operator(16)PAHs) ranged from 132 to 2938 ng/g, with a mean of 634 ng/g, and the sum of 10 out of 16 priority PAHs ( summation operator(10)PAH) varied from 123 to 2441 ng/g, with a mean of 555 ng/g, and the 5 carcinogenic PAHs (benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene) accounted for 68-73% of the priority PAHs. Maximum concentrations of the sediment core were obtained at subsoil depth of 12-16 cm. The prevalence of four to six aromatic ring PAHs and cross-plots of specific isomer ratios such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene, and methylphenanthrenes/phenanthrene suggested the predominance of wood and coal combustion sources, the atmospheric deposition, and surface runoff to be the major transport pathways. A good correlation existed between the benzo[a]pyrene level and the total PAH concentrations, making this compound a potential molecular marker for PAH pollution. Total TEQ (S) (carc) values calculated for samples varied from 6.95 ng/g TEQ (S) (carc) to 119 ng/g TEQ (S) (carc) , with an average of 59 ng/g dry weight TEQ (S) (carc) . The baseline data can be used for regular monitoring, considering the industrial and agricultural growth around this coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domínguez
- Environmental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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