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Unnikrishan A, Khalid NK, Rayaroth MP, Thomas S, Nazim A, Aravindakumar CT, Aravind UK. Occurrence and distribution of steroid hormones (estrogen) and other contaminants of emerging concern in a south indian water body. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141124. [PMID: 38211796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Steroid hormones (SHs) are among the important classes of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) whose detection in aquatic environments is vital due to their potential adverse health impacts. Their detection is challenging because of their lower stability in natural conditions and low concentrations. This study reports the presence of steroid hormones in a major river system, the Periyar River, in Kerala (India). Water samples were collected from thirty different river locations in the case of SHs and five locations within these in the case of other CECs. These were subjected to LC-MS/MS and LC-Q-ToF/MS analyses. Five SHs, estriol, estrone, 17 β estradiol, progesterone, and hydroxy progesterone, were separated and targeted using MS techniques. The studies of the water samples confirmed the presence of the first three estrogens in different sampling sites, with estrone present in all the sampling sites. The concentration of estrone was detected in the range from 2 to 15 ng/L. Estriol and estradiol concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 5 ng/L and 1-6 ng/L, respectively. The hormones at some selected sites were continuously monitored for seven months. The chosen areas include the feed water sites for the drinking water treatment plants across the river. The monthly data revealed that estrone is the only SHs detected in all the samples in the selected months. The highest concentration of SH was found in August. Twelve CECs belonging to pharmaceuticals and personal care products were identified and quantified. In addition, 31 other CECs were also identified using non-target analysis. A detailed study of the hormone mapping reported here is the first from any South Indian River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitha Unnikrishan
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Nejumal K Khalid
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Manoj P Rayaroth
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Shiny Thomas
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIFs), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Akhil Nazim
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIFs), Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU), Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), Kochi, 682022, Kerala, India.
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Yan Z, Zhang H, Li Y, Lu Z, Wang D, Zhao X, Wang S, Xie R, Li K. Seasonal distribution of caffeine in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and estuaries of Yantai City, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116008. [PMID: 38171162 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We employed a validated method to assess the seasonal variation and distribution of caffeine in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, as well as in Yantai urban estuaries and offshore region in northern China. Caffeine concentrations were highest during the summer in the Yellow Sea (1436.4 ng/L) and lowest in the Yantai urban offshore region during the spring and autumn and in the Yantai urban estuarine area and Bohai Sea during the winter (0.1 ng/L). There was significant variation in maximum caffeine levels among seasons across all regions examined, reaching a difference of 5980.5 times at the same sampling site between summer and winter. The caffeine concentration in the Yantai offshore region was significantly higher than in the Bohai and Yellow Seas. This study is the first investigation of seasonal fluctuations in the pollution levels of neurotoxic substances in the northern seas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yan
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Derui Wang
- College of Marine Science, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Song Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ruliang Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Ke Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
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3
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Yan Z, Li Y, Lin A, Yang X, Lu Z, Zhang H, Tang J, Zhao J, Niu D, Zhang T, Zhao X, Li K. Development of a trace quantitative method to investigate caffeine distribution in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, China, and assessment of its potential neurotoxic effect on fish larvae. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115492. [PMID: 37690407 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is an emerging contaminant in aquatic environments. The study utilized a validated method to investigate the presence and distribution of caffeine in the surface water of the Yellow and Bohai Seas, urban rivers, and the Yantai estuary area. The analytical method conforms to EPA guidelines and exhibits a limit of quantification that is 200 times lower than that of prior investigations. The study revealed that the highest concentration of 1436.4 ng/L was found in convergence of ocean currents in the Yellow and Bohai Seas. The presence of larger populations and the process of urban industrialization have been observed to result in elevated levels of caffeine in offshore regions, confirming that caffeine can serve as a potential indicator of anthropogenic contamination. Fish larvae exhibited hypoactivity in response to caffeine exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations. The study revealed that caffeine pollution can have adverse effects on marine and offshore ecosystems. This emphasizes the importance of decreasing neurotoxic pollution in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yan
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yaxi Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ainuo Lin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Huilin Zhang
- Center for Mitochondria and Healthy Aging, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Donglei Niu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ke Li
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
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4
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Sanusi IO, Olutona GO, Wawata IG, Onohuean H. Occurrence, environmental impact and fate of pharmaceuticals in groundwater and surface water: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:90595-90614. [PMID: 37488386 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In many nations and locations, groundwater serves as the population's primary drinking water supply. However, pharmaceuticals found in groundwater and surface waters may affect aquatic ecosystems and public health. As a result, their existence in natural raw waters are now more widely acknowledged as a concern. This review summarises the evidence of research on pharmaceuticals' occurrence, impact and fate, considering results from different water bodies. Also, various analytical techniques were reviewed to compare different pharmaceuticals' detection frequencies in water bodies. These include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, owing to LC-MS's high sensitivity and specification, it is the most reported instrument used for analysis. The PRISMA reviewing methodology was adopted based on relevant literature in order to focus on aim of the review. Among other pharmaceuticals reviewed, sulfamethoxazole was found to be the most frequently detected drug in wastewater (up to 100% detection frequency). The most reported pharmaceutical group in this review is antibiotics, with sulfamethoxazole having the highest concentration among the analysed pharmaceuticals in groundwater and freshwater (up to 5600 ng/L). Despite extensive study and analysis on the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment, appropriate wastewater management and disposal of pharmaceuticals in the water environment are not still monitored regularly. Therefore, there is a need for mainstream studies tailored to the surveillance of pharmaceuticals in water bodies to limit environmental risks to human and aquatic habitats in both mid and low-income nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Olatunji Sanusi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda.
| | - Godwin Oladele Olutona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Industrial Chemistry Programme, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
- Department of Basic Science, School of Science and Technology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ibrahim Garba Wawata
- Department of Basic Science, School of Science and Technology, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, PMB +243 1144, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - Hope Onohuean
- Biomolecules, Metagenomics, Endocrine and Tropical Disease Research Group (BMETDREG), Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
- Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi, Uganda
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5
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Berg CJ, Alderete JP, Alderete EA. Human wastewater tracking in tropical Hawaiian island streams using qualitative and quantitative assessments of combined fecal indicating bacteria and sucralose, an organic micropollutant of emerging concern. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:966. [PMID: 37464185 PMCID: PMC10354164 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of cesspools on tropical islands suggests that high concentrations of enteric bacteria in streams and coastal waters are an indicator of groundwater contamination by human wastewater. But enterococci bacteria may also be from homeothermic animals common to these watersheds or bacteria living in sediments. Sucralose, a manufactured chemical not destroyed in passage through the human gut, cesspools, septic systems, or wastewater treatment facilities, was used to test for the presence of human wastewater in streams on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Effluent from six municipal wastewater treatment plants showed an average concentration of 39,167 ng/L of sucralose, roughly back-calculated to 9 ng/L per person, enough to present itself in cesspool effluent contaminated waters. Of 24 streams tested, 79% were positive for sucralose at least once in four sets of sampling. All streams tested positive for enterococci bacteria above established standards. Serial testing of the pair of indicators in the same location over time and applying the Multiplication Rule to the independent samples provide a probabilistic certainty level that the water is chronically polluted by human waste. When repeatedly paired with tests for enterococci, sucralose testing is a cost-effective means for assessing human health risk and for developing proper waste management programs that has been underutilized in under-developed tropical and island settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J. Berg
- Kauai Chapter of Surfrider Foundation, P.O. Box 2195, Kapa’a, Hawaii 96746 USA
| | - John P. Alderete
- Kauai Chapter of Surfrider Foundation, P.O. Box 2195, Kapa’a, Hawaii 96746 USA
| | - Ethan A. Alderete
- Kauai Chapter of Surfrider Foundation, P.O. Box 2195, Kapa’a, Hawaii 96746 USA
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Cipriani-Avila I, Molinero J, Cabrera M, Medina-Villamizar EJ, Capparelli MV, Jara-Negrete E, Pinos-Velez V, Acosta S, Andrade DL, Barrado M, Mogollón NGS. Occurrence of emerging contaminants in surface water bodies of a coastal province in Ecuador and possible influence of tourism decline caused by COVID-19 lockdown. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161340. [PMID: 36603613 PMCID: PMC9807265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants in water bodies is an issue of concern due to their impact on the ecosystem and human health. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the implementation of protective measures such as social distancing, lockdowns, and remote work, which have affected the tourism influx. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of emerging pollutants in bodies of water in Esmeraldas, a coastal province of Ecuador, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a highly touristic region. For this purpose, surface waters from 14 beaches and ten river mouths were sampled at two-time points in November 2019 and November 2020. Compounds widely consumed in Ecuador: acetaminophen, caffeine, sodium diclofenac, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole were extracted from water samples by solid phase extraction SPE and detected with a UPLC-QTOF-MS system. We found a decrease in the occurrence of caffeine from 100 % to 4.2 % of caffeine and 25 % to 0 % of diclofenac, likely related to the decline in tourist afflux due to the lockdown measures. Most of the compounds diminished in terms of frequency and/or concentration; however, as COVID-19 treatments make use of different pharmaceutical compounds such as antivirals, antibiotics, antiparasitics, or glucocorticoids, future studies should include these to assess their environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cipriani-Avila
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170150, Ecuador.
| | - Jon Molinero
- Escuela de Gestión Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Esmeraldas 080150, Ecuador
| | - Marcela Cabrera
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia del Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 150150, Ecuador
| | | | - Mariana V Capparelli
- Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia del Agua, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 150150, Ecuador; Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología-Estación El Carmen, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad del Carmen 24157, Mexico
| | - Eliza Jara-Negrete
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170150, Ecuador
| | - Verónica Pinos-Velez
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010202, Ecuador; Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010202, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Acosta
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170150, Ecuador
| | - David Leiva Andrade
- Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170150, Ecuador
| | - Miren Barrado
- Escuela de Gestión Ambiental, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Esmeraldas 080150, Ecuador
| | - Noroska G S Mogollón
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Km 7 Via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
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Ojemaye CY, Pampanin DM, Sydnes MO, Green L, Petrik L. The burden of emerging contaminants upon an Atlantic Ocean marine protected reserve adjacent to Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12625. [PMID: 36619409 PMCID: PMC9816787 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and levels of fifteen chemicals of emerging concerns, including five perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), two industrial chemicals, seven pharmaceuticals and one personal care product, were evaluated in biota, seawater and sediments obtained from near-shore coastal zone in Camps Bay, Cape Town, South Africa. Eight compounds were found in seawater, and between nine to twelve compounds were quantified in marine invertebrates, sediment and seaweed. Diclofenac was the prevalent pharmaceutical with a maximum concentration of 2.86 ng/L in seawater, ≥110.9 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments and ≥67.47 ng/g dw in marine biotas. Among PFCs, perfluoroheptanoic acid was predominant in seawater (0.21-0.46 ng/L). Accumulation of perfluorodecanoic acid (764 ng/g dw) as well as perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid (504.52 and 597.04 ng/g dw, respectively) was highest in samples of seaweed. The environmental risk assessment carried out in this study showed that although individual pollutants pose a low acute and chronic risk, yet individual compounds each had a high bioaccumulation factor in diverse marine species, and their combination as a complex mixture in marine organisms might have adverse effects upon aquatic organisms. Data revealed that this Atlantic Ocean marine protected environment is affected by the presence of numerous and diverse emerging contaminants that could only have originated from sewage discharges. The complex mixture of persistent chemicals found bioaccumulating in marine organisms could bode ill for the propagation and survival of marine protected species, since many of these compounds are known toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y. Ojemaye
- Environmental and Nano Science Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa,Corresponding author.
| | - Daniela M. Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, N. O. 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Magne O. Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Technology, University of Stavanger, N. O. 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Lesley Green
- Environmental Humanities South and Department of Anthropology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Leslie Petrik
- Environmental and Nano Science Group, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Fakioğlu M, Kalpaklı Y. Mechanism and behavior of caffeine sorption: affecting factors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26504-26513. [PMID: 36275163 PMCID: PMC9479768 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04501j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the emerging pollutants with a diverse chemical composition. It is mixed with the hydrobiota as a result of its high consumption, and when certain dose intervals are exceeded, it re-enters the human body through indirect routes such as plants, animals, soil, water, and the food chain, causing health problems that are difficult or impossible to treat, and irreversible environmental problems. This situation raises concerns about the presence of pollutants emerging in water resources, igniting interest in water treatment processes and the development of alternative methods. Although there are several methods for removing caffeine from aqueous media, adsorption is the most popular because it is less expensive than other methods and has the highest removal efficiency. Furthermore, it has the benefit of selectively attaching the molecules in solution. In this article, studies on the caffeine adsorption process have been examined, and the caffeine adsorption efficiency of various adsorbents has been summarized by compiling information such as pH, contact time, temperature, and concentration of adsorbent and adsorbate, which are considered as optimum processing conditions. The binding mechanism was investigated, and it was clearly stated how caffeine adheres to the adsorbent surface. Among the equilibrium adsorption isotherms, the isotherm model with the best agreement with the experimental data was attempted to be determined. Many studies clearly show that the process of developing environmentally friendly and high-capacity adsorbents in sustainable processes and in harmony with the circular economy is increasing day by day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Fakioğlu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University 34220 Davutpaşa Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yasemen Kalpaklı
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University 34220 Davutpaşa Istanbul Turkey
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Stefano PHP, Roisenberg A, Santos MR, Dias MA, Montagner CC. Unraveling the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in groundwater from urban setting: A combined multidisciplinary approach and self-organizing maps. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 299:134395. [PMID: 35339518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, changes in human behavior and new technologies have introduced thousands of new compounds into the environment called "contaminants of emerging concern" (CEC). These compounds have been detected in different environmental compartments such as soil, surface water, air, and groundwater. The presence of these contaminants in groundwater may pose risks to human health when used as potable water. In some urban areas in Brazil, groundwater is normally consumed without previous treatment. This study aimed to use statistical analysis by self-organizing maps (SOM) to evaluate the trends of CEC in urban groundwater systems. A total of 23 CEC compounds including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and hormones were determined in groundwater samples using solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The CEC most frequently detected were atrazine and degradation products, fipronil, simazine, tebuconazole, hexazinone, and caffeine in concentrations up to 300 ng L-1. All studied compounds were detected in groundwater at least in one sample. Patterns in the data through SOM have shown a strong positive correlation between atrazine, hexazinone, simazine, tebuthiuron, 2-hydroxyatrazine, and 17β-estradiol. The hormones estrone and testosterone also show a positive correlation due to their similar chemical properties. On the other hand, caffeine was detected in 90% of the samples, likely due to a population habit of taking daily a hot drink made of yerba mate associated with low rates of treated domestic sewage in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Prado Stefano
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ari Roisenberg
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Rossi Santos
- Hydrogeochemistry Laboratory, Geosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Amaral Dias
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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10
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Recent Changes in Groundwater and Surface Water in Large Pan-Arctic River Basins. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface and groundwater in large pan-Arctic river basins are changing rapidly. High-quality estimates of these changes are challenging because of the limits on the data quality and time span of satellite observations. Here, the term pan-Arctic river refers to the rivers flowing to the Arctic Ocean basin. In this study, we provide a new evaluation of groundwater storage (GWS) changes in the Lena, Ob, Yenisei, Mackenzie and Yukon River basins from the GRACE total water storage anomaly product, in situ runoff, soil moisture form models and a snow water equivalent product that has been significantly improved. Seasonal Trend decomposition using Loess was utilized to obtain trends in GWS. Changes in surface water (SW) between 1984 and 2019 in these basins were also examined based on the Joint Research Centre Global Surface Water Transition data. Results suggested that there were great GWS losses in the North American river basins, totaling approximately −219 km3, and GWS gains in the Siberian river basins, totaling ~340 km3, during 2002–2017. New seasonal and permanent SWs are the primary contributors to the SW transition, accounting for more than 50% of the area of the changed SW in each basin. Changes in the Arctic hydrological system will be more significant and various in the case of rapid and continuous changes in permafrost.
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11
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Vieira LR, Soares AMVM, Freitas R. Caffeine as a contaminant of concern: A review on concentrations and impacts in marine coastal systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131675. [PMID: 34358890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine has been identified as emerging contaminant of concern due to its widespread occurrence in the aquatic environment and potential to be biologically active. Recently, these concerns have been translated in an increasing research on its occurrence and effects on biota. However, there is still a limited knowledge on seawater matrices and the implications of caffeine presence in coastal and marine ecosystems are not fully known. The present review aims to fill these knowledge gaps, analysing the existing literature regarding the occurrence, effects and potential risks of caffeine residues to coastal ecosystems, contributing to the risk assessment of this psychoactive drug in the aquatic environment. The analysed literature reported caffeine concentrations in the coastal ecosystems, raising high concerns about the potential adverse impacts on the ecological safety and human health. Caffeine has been found in tissues from coastal and marine biota including microalgae, coral reefs, bivalves and fish due to bioaccumulation after chronic, long-term exposures in a contaminated environment. Additionally, caffeine residues had been demonstrated to have adverse impacts on aquatic organisms, at environmentally realistic concentrations, inducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, neurotoxicity, changing energy reserves and metabolic activity, affecting reproduction and development and, in some cases, causing mortality. Considering the increasing adverse impacts of caffeine pollution in the coastal environment, this review highlights the urgent need to minimize the increasing load of caffeine to the aquatic ecosystems; being imperative the implementation of scientific programs and projects to classify effectively the caffeine as a high-priority environmentally hazardous emerging pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Vieira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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de Farias NO, de Sousa Andrade T, Santos VL, Galvino P, Suares-Rocha P, Domingues I, Grisolia CK, Oliveira R. Neuromotor activity inhibition in zebrafish early-life stages after exposure to environmental relevant concentrations of caffeine. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:1306-1315. [PMID: 34662262 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1989931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (CAF), a neuroactive compound, has been found in surface waters at concentrations ranging from few nanograms up to micrograms and may induce adverse effects in aquatic vertebrates. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of CAF in affecting fish early-life stages in a wide concentration range, including occurring levels in surface waters. Specimens of zebrafish in early-life stages were exposed to CAF for 168 h and survival, developmental alterations, locomotor activity and acetylcholinesterase activity were evaluated. CAF induced mortality in embryos unable to hatch or in larvae after hatching (LC50 - 168 h = 283.2 mg/L). Tail deformities were observed in organisms exposed to concentrations ≥ 40 mg/L, while edemas were found at concentrations of 100 mg/L. CAF also decreased the total swimming time and distance moved of exposed organisms (LOEC = 0.0006 mg/L). Locomotor inhibition may be associated with an acetylcholinesterase inhibition observed at concentration ≥ 0.0088 mg/L. Therefore, the hazard of CAF for fish populations deserves further attention since unexpected effects on neuro-behavioral parameters occurs at concentrations often detected in natural aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Oliveira de Farias
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IB - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thayres de Sousa Andrade
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Ceará, UFC, Crateús, Ceará, Brasil
| | - Viviani Lara Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Pedro Galvino
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Paula Suares-Rocha
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Inês Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia e CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil
| | - Rhaul Oliveira
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
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Felipe MC, Bernegossi AC, Cardoso-Silva BN, Dell'Acqua MM, Corbi JJ. Chironomus sancticaroli generation test applied to chemical contaminants and freshwater sediment samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39282-39295. [PMID: 33754272 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of ecotoxicological bioassays has been increasing due to the importance of understanding the effects of substances on biota and to help environmental agencies determine water and sediment qualities. The use of Chironomus sp. in laboratory bioassays is extensive, but there is still a lack of studies regarding the application of extended ecotoxicological tests, which evaluate different population generation responses and show a detailed impact on their development. The present study investigated the response of Chironomus sancticaroli, a Brazilian endemic insect, to 17α-ethinylestradiol hormone, caffeine anhydrous, LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate), and environmental samples (sediments) in relation to wing length, fecundity, and larval length over three generations. Statistically, differences for all contaminants between P (parental), F1, and F2 generations (p ≤ 0.05) were observed, indicating that in the environment, the organism may be negatively affected when exposed to contaminants in successive generations. Different ecological responses were also noted in comparison to classic acute (96h) and chronic (10 days) ecotoxicological tests using Chironomus sancticaroli. Our results highlight that the generation test can present more detailed results regarding the effects of stressors on the organism's life cycle than do the classic bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Caroline Felipe
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of Sao Paulo-USP, C.P. 359, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Aline Christine Bernegossi
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of Sao Paulo-USP, C.P. 359, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Bruna Nayara Cardoso-Silva
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of Sao Paulo-USP, C.P. 359, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Marques Dell'Acqua
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of Sao Paulo-USP, C.P. 359, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Juliano José Corbi
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation (SHS), São Carlos School of Engineering (EESC), University of Sao Paulo-USP, C.P. 359, São Carlos, SP, CEP 13566-590, Brazil
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Naik AQ, Zafar T, Shrivastava VK. Environmental Impact of the Presence, Distribution, and Use of Artificial Sweeteners as Emerging Sources of Pollution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2021:6624569. [PMID: 33936216 PMCID: PMC8060115 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6624569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are posing a new threat to the environment. The water ecosystem is the primary recipient of these emerging contaminants. Once ingested, sufficient amount of these artificial sweeteners escape unchanged from the human body and are added to the environment. However, some are added in the form of their breakdown products through excretion. Artificial sweeteners are resistant to wastewater treatment processes and are therefore continuously introduced into the water environments. However, the environmental behavior, fate, and long-term ecotoxicological contributions of artificial sweeteners in our water resources still remain largely unknown. Some artificial sweeteners like saccharin are used as a food additive in animal feeds. It also forms the degradation product of the sulfonylurea herbicides. All artificial sweeteners enter into the wastewater treatment plants from the industries and households. From the effluents, they finally reside into the receiving environmental bodies including wastewaters, groundwaters, and surface waters. The global production of these sweeteners is several hundred tons annually and is continuously being added into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Qayoom Naik
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, MP, India
| | - Tabassum Zafar
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, MP, India
| | - Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, MP, India
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Ebrahimzadeh G, Nodehi RN, Alimohammadi M, Rezaei Kahkah MR, Mahvi AH. Monitoring of caffeine concentration in infused tea, human urine, domestic wastewater and different water resources in southeast of Iran- caffeine an alternative indicator for contamination of human origin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 283:111971. [PMID: 33482452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study was developed to evaluate the caffeine concentration in commercially high-consumed brands of dry black tea, urine of tea consumers, raw and treated wastewater, as well as water resources (WRs) in Zabol city, Iran. Furthermore, a complementary analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between caffeine content and total coliform (TCF) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in water sources. In this end, tea (90 samples), urine (90 samples), raw sewage (72 samples), treated sewage (72 samples), and septic tank sewage (36samples) were taken from Zabol city and analyzed in terms of caffeine content. To evaluate the correlation between caffeine and TCF and E. coli, 102 water samples were taken from WRs in Zabol city. Caffeine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, TFC and E. coli were measured based on the procedure outlined by standard methods for water and wastewater examination and the most probable number (MPN) method. The results indicated that the caffeine concentration in different tea brands consumed by Zabol people were in the range of 12.35-18.75 mg/L. The mean caffeine level in the male group' urine (7.08 ± 1.00 μg/mL) was significantly higher than the female group (4.83 ± 1.94 μg/mL). The results showed that the total average amount of caffeine in raw and treated wastewater in Zabol city was 21.04 ± 2.22 and 19.86 ± 2.08 μg/L, respectively. Besides, the caffeine removal efficiency by the Zabol wastewater treatment plant (ZWTP) was found to be between 4.79 and 51.39%. According to the results, the environmental risk associated with caffeine through the discharge of raw and treated wastewater from ZWTP into receiving WRs was estimated to be less than the allowable limit (RQ = 1). The results showed that caffeine could be an indicator for fecal contamination with human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh Nodehi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Research Methodology and Data Analysis (CRMDA), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rezaei Kahkah
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Fennell C, Misstear B, O'Connell D, Dubber D, Behan P, Danaher M, Moloney M, Gill L. An assessment of contamination fingerprinting techniques for determining the impact of domestic wastewater treatment systems on private well supplies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115687. [PMID: 33032246 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Private wells in Ireland and elsewhere have been shown to be prone to microbial contamination with the main suspected sources being practices associated with agriculture and domestic wastewater treatment systems (DWWTS). While the microbial quality of private well water is commonly assessed using faecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, such organisms are not usually source-specific, and hence cannot definitively conclude the exact origin of the contamination. This research assessed a range of different chemical contamination fingerprinting techniques (ionic ratios, artificial sweeteners, caffeine, fluorescent whitening compounds, faecal sterol profiles and pharmaceuticals) as to their use to apportion contamination of private wells between human wastewater and animal husbandry wastes in rural areas of Ireland. A one-off sampling and analysis campaign of 212 private wells found that 15% were contaminated with E. coli. More extensive monitoring of 24 selected wells found 58% to be contaminated with E. coli on at least one occasion over a 14-month period. The application of fingerprinting techniques to these monitored wells found that the use of chloride/bromide and potassium/sodium ratios is a useful low-cost fingerprinting technique capable of identifying impacts from human wastewater and organic agricultural contamination, respectively. The artificial sweetener acesulfame was detected on several occasions in a number of monitored wells, indicating its conservative nature and potential use as a fingerprinting technique for human wastewater. However, neither fluorescent whitening compounds nor caffeine were detected in any wells, and faecal sterol profiles proved inconclusive, suggesting limited suitability for the conditions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Fennell
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bruce Misstear
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David O'Connell
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donata Dubber
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrice Behan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | - Mary Moloney
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, 15, Ireland
| | - Laurence Gill
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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McKenzie T, Holloway C, Dulai H, Tucker JP, Sugimoto R, Nakajima T, Harada K, Santos IR. Submarine groundwater discharge: A previously undocumented source of contaminants of emerging concern to the coastal ocean (Sydney, Australia). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111519. [PMID: 32781267 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is rarely considered as a pathway for contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Here, we investigated SGD as a source of CECs in Sydney Harbour, Australia. CEC detection frequencies based on presence/absence of a specific compound were >90% for caffeine, carbamazepine, and dioxins, and overall ranged from 25 to 100% in five studied embayments. SGD rates estimated from radium isotopes explained >80% of observed CEC inventories for one or more compounds (caffeine, carbamazepine, dioxins, sulfamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones and ibuprofen) in four out of the five embayments. Radium-derived residence times imply mixing is also an important process for driving coastal inventories of these persistent chemicals. Two compounds (ibuprofen and dioxins) were in concentrations deemed a high risk to the ecosystem. Overall, we demonstrate that SGD can act as a vector for CECs negatively impacting coastal water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan McKenzie
- Department of Earth Sciences, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Ceylena Holloway
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science, and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Henrietta Dulai
- Department of Earth Sciences, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - James P Tucker
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science, and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryo Sugimoto
- Research Center for Marine Bioresources, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Toshimi Nakajima
- Research Center for Marine Bioresources, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Research Center for Marine Bioresources, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Isaac R Santos
- National Marine Science Centre, School of Environment, Science, and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Korekar G, Kumar A, Ugale C. Occurrence, fate, persistence and remediation of caffeine: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34715-34733. [PMID: 31811612 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have gained attention in recent years due to their continuous discharge in natural waters. Their persistence in the environment has impacted flora, fauna and human being worldwide. One of the most common PPCPs is caffeine (1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine) which acts as a stimulant to the central nervous system in humans and is found in nature in about 60 plant species, especially in coffee, tea and cacao plants. Here we discuss the evidence with respect to caffeine occurrence, its persistence and remediation in light of increasing knowledge and the impact of caffeine on the environment. Daily intake of caffeine around the world is found to increase due to the frequent introduction of new caffeinated beverages as well as increased consumption of coffee, tea and carbonated soft drinks, which has led to increase in its concentration in water bodies including agricultural soil. The caffeine concentration in different water system, studied by various authors is also described. Diverse effects of the use of caffeine on several organisms including humans are also briefly presented. Therefore, urgent attention for the removal of caffeine and its derivatives is the need of the hour. Various methods described in literature for caffeine degradation/removal is also presented. Another widely used technique in environmental remediation is molecular imprinting (MIP); however, only few MIPs have been demonstrated for caffeine which is also discussed. Regular monitoring can be useful to control toxic effects of caffeine. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Korekar
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010, India.
| | - Chetna Ugale
- Department of Botany, Indira Mahavidyalaya Kalamb, Dist. Yavatmal, Maharashtra, 445401, India
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Rizzi C, Seveso D, Galli P, Villa S. First record of emerging contaminants in sponges of an inhabited island in the Maldives. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 156:111273. [PMID: 32510412 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the Maldivian islands, the lack of sewage wastewater treatment and an improper landfill enhance the potential hazard of emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products. In order to analyze the occurrence of emerging contaminants in the marine biota, sponges were collected in two coral reef areas of Magoodhoo island (Faafu), one near the landfill and the other furthest from the island. Caffeine, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were detected only in the proximity of the landfill, with caffeine showing the highest concentration (28.4 ng/g d.w.), followed by fluoxetine (6.00 ng/g d.w.). Norfluoxetine was below the limit of quantification of 10 ng/g d.w. Nitro xylene, N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide and galaxolide were found in both areas, with concentrations of 3.51/6.11/8.54 and <LOQ/1.14/0.62 ng/g d.w., respectively. Due to the vital role of the coral reef for the livelihood and economy of the Maldivian people, attention should be paid to this class of contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Rizzi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Seveso
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives.
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
| | - Sara Villa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Distribution of Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals and Bacteria in Saline Pétrola Lake (Albacete, SE Spain) Protected Area is Strongly Linked to Land Use. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Saline lakes are subject to numerous environmental impacts related to human activities, changing the chemical and biological natural conditions of the ecosystem. Sustainable development depends on the conservation of such delicate saline ecosystems, which may hold distinctive biodiversity. Pollution is one of the major threats to surface water bodies, for example by increasing nutrient contents and organic pollutants, including endocrine disrupting chemicals. Microbially mediated redox processes exert a fundamental control on nutrient turnover and contaminant removal. This study examines the influence of land use on the distribution of endocrine disrupting chemicals as well as on the microbial community composition in lacustrine sediments from Pétrola saline Lake (SE Spain). The lake is impacted by anthropogenic activities (agriculture, farming, mining and urban wastewater spills). Applying chemical and molecular tools (sequencing of 16S rRNA gene) showed a clear influence of land use on the chemistry and bacterial abundance of the lake sediments. The sampling points closer to wastewater outflows and mining ponds (2635, 2643 and 2650) showed fewer numbers and types of endocrine disrupting chemicals as well as a smaller number of families in the microbial community. These findings improve our understanding of how land use affects both water chemistry and the abundance of organisms responsible for biogeochemical cycles.
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Anastopoulos I, Pashalidis I. Τhe application of oxidized carbon derived from Luffa cylindrica for caffeine removal. Equilibrium, thermodynamic, kinetic and mechanistic analysis. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh AOO. Distribution and Chemical Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the Environmental Systems: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3026. [PMID: 31438569 PMCID: PMC6747491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16173026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PPCPs are found almost everywhere in the environment especially at an alarming rate and at very low concentration in the aquatic systems. Many methods-including pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and micro-assisted extraction (MAE)-have been employed for their extraction from both surface waters and biota. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) proved to be the best extraction method for these polar, non-volatile, and thermally unstable compounds in water. However, ultrasonic extraction works better for their isolation from sediment because it is cheap and consumes less solvent, even though SPE is preferred as a clean-up method for sediment samples. PPCPs are in groups of-acidic (e.g., diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen), neutral (e.g., caffeine, carbamazepine, fluoxetine), and basic pharmaceuticals, as well as antibiotics and estrogens amongst others. PPCPs which are present in trace levels (ng/L) are more often determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolent (HPLC-UV). Of these, LC-MS and LC-MS-MS are mostly employed for the analysis of this class of compounds, though not without a draw-back of matrix effect. GC-MS and GC-MS-MS are considered as alternative cost-effective methods that can also give better results after derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - A O Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - A I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - And O O Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Edwards QA, Sultana T, Kulikov SM, Garner-O'Neale LD, Metcalfe CD. Micropollutants related to human activity in groundwater resources in Barbados, West Indies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:76-82. [PMID: 30927730 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several micropollutants, including caffeine, artificial sweeteners, pharmaceuticals, steroid hormones and a current-use pesticide were analyzed in water samples collected from five groundwater pumping stations in Barbados. The presence of caffeine and three artificial sweeteners (i.e. acesulfame, sucralose, saccharin) in groundwater samples indicated that groundwater was being contaminated by infiltration of wastewater into the karst aquifer. An estrogen (i.e. estrone), three pharmaceuticals (i.e. carbamazepine, trimethoprim, ibuprofen) and a transformation product of the fungicide, chlorothalonil (i.e. 4-hydroxychlorothalonil) were also detected at ng/L concentrations in groundwater collected from two or more pumping sites. The concentrations of carbamazepine and trimethoprim were correlated with the concentrations of caffeine (R2 values of 0.70 to 0.80), indicating pharmaceutical contamination of groundwater by infiltration from domestic wastewater. The concentrations of caffeine were generally higher in groundwater samples collected in June during the wet season relative to the concentrations in samples collected in February during the dry season, indicating that infiltration of contaminants is higher during periods of heavy rainfall. Rapid rates of degradation and relatively slow rates of infiltration may explain why several target analytes were not detected in groundwater. Elevated concentrations of 4-hydroxychlorothalonil > 0.1 μg/L in samples collected at two of the monitoring sites warrant further studies on the sources and the distribution of this compound and other pesticides used in agriculture and for turf-treatment (e.g. golf courses). Overall, more data are needed in order to implement mitigation strategies that are effective in reducing chemical contamination in groundwater in Barbados.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy A Edwards
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, PO Box 64, Bridgetown, BB11000, Barbados.
| | - Tamanna Sultana
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Sergei M Kulikov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, PO Box 64, Bridgetown, BB11000, Barbados
| | - Leah D Garner-O'Neale
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, PO Box 64, Bridgetown, BB11000, Barbados
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
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Heterogeneous Fenton Oxidation of Caffeine Using Zeolite-Supported Iron Nanoparticles. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-018-3659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Xu C, Chen L, You L, Xu Z, Ren LF, Yew-Hoong Gin K, He Y, Kai W. Occurrence, impact variables and potential risk of PPCPs and pesticides in a drinking water reservoir and related drinking water treatment plants in the Yangtze Estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1030-1045. [PMID: 29900462 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00029h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PPCPs and pesticides have been documented throughout the world over the years, yet relatively little is known about the factors affecting their spatial distribution and temporal change in order to know their potential risk to the ecosystem or human health in the future. In our study, 5 PPCPs and 9 pesticides were selected to study their occurrence, impact variables and potential risk in a drinking water reservoir in Yangtze Estuary and related drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in China. The detection results showed the presence of PPCPs and pesticides reflected in a large part of croplands and urban and built-up land in the adjacent basin. The discrepancy of concentration among the different PPCPs and pesticides was mainly decided by their application amount or daily usage. Then, the major factors regulating the occurrence of these contaminants in the surface water were found as the living expenditure attributed to food and medicine based on a correlation analysis. Also, the PPCPs were found to negatively correlate to the effectiveness of sewage management. The detection of the PPCPs and pesticides in DWTPs indicated that, except for atrazine and simazine, the removal percentages were increased significantly in advanced DWTPs. Moreover, risk assessment estimated by a Risk Quotient and Hazard Quotient showed that while caffeine, bisphenol A, estrone and simazine were at a high-risk level in the reservoir water, all of the contaminants detected posed no risk to human health through drinking water. It's possible that atrazine could pose a high risk to the ecosystem while simazine could pose a risk to human health in the future considering the increasing expenditure attributed to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Dafouz R, Cáceres N, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Mastroianni N, López de Alda M, Barceló D, de Miguel ÁG, Valcárcel Y. Does the presence of caffeine in the marine environment represent an environmental risk? A regional and global study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:632-642. [PMID: 28992490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is an emerging contaminant considered to be an indicator of human contamination that has been widely detected in various aquatic systems, especially in continental waters. Nevertheless, the extent of its possible environmental impact is yet to be determined. This study determined the presence of caffeine, and evaluated the environmental hazard posed by this substance, in the "Rías Gallegas", a series of costal inlets in north-west Spain which are of great ecological value and in which fishing and bivalve farming, are a significant source of income. Caffeine was found to be present at concentrations higher than the limit of quantification (LOQ=3.07ngL-1) in 15 of the 23 samples analysed, with the highest seawater concentration being 857ngL-1 (the highest measured in seawater in Spain). Six out of 22 seawater samples resulted in a hazard quotient (HQ) from chronic exposure higher than 1 with the highest being 17.14, indicating a high probability of adverse effects in the aquatic environment. Environmental Exposure Distributions (EEDs) generated from a literature review of caffeine levels reported previously in four out of the five continents, showed that 28% of all seawater samples, and 69% of all estuary water samples where caffeine has ever been measured resulted in HQ>1 for chronic exposure. Further studies into the potential adverse effects that may arise from exposure to caffeine in aquatic systems are still required. Indeed, the need to gain a more in-depth understanding of the long-term ecotoxicological effects of caffeine is essential to ensure the quality of our health and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Dafouz
- School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering (ETSIAAB), Polytechnic University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Neus Cáceres
- Seguridad y Bienestar Animal, S.L., Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Nicola Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Ángel Gil de Miguel
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nursery and Stomatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Research and Teaching Group in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (TAyER), Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Nursery and Stomatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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Mokh S, El Khatib M, Koubar M, Daher Z, Al Iskandarani M. Innovative SPE-LC-MS/MS technique for the assessment of 63 pharmaceuticals and the detection of antibiotic-resistant-bacteria: A case study natural water sources in Lebanon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 609:830-841. [PMID: 28783898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A powerful analytical method for simultaneous determination of 63 pharmaceuticals and some metabolites in aqueous samples has been developed. The list of compounds amenable to the methods includes different therapeutic classes belonging to antibiotics, stimulants, antidepressants, mucolytics, and antiparasites. The method involves concentration and clean up by an offline solid phase extraction SPE followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The recovery of the target compounds from water samples was most efficient on Waters Oasis HLB SPE cartridge, while acetonitrile/water (60/40) was shown to be the most suitable solvent for desorbing the compounds from SPE. In addition, acidification of samples prior to SPE was optimized to enhance the recovery of the compounds. In terms of method validation, the recoveries of analytes ranged from 68% to 134%. Repeatability and intermediate precision were <11% and 14%, respectively. The method detection limits ranged from 2.3ngL-1 to 94.3ngL-1. An optimized method was applied in a monitoring program to study the occurrence of pharmaceuticals to more than hundred samples collected from rivers, lakes, fountains, and wells overall Lebanon from April to June 2016. Caffeine, erythromycin and its degradation forms, were the most frequently detected compounds at levels reaching >10,000ngL-1 and 2000ngL-1, respectively. Moreover, bacterial analysis showed that the samples were contaminated by Escherichia coli (23%), intestinal Enterococcus (48%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27%). Therefore, in order to evaluate if a correlation exists between finding antibiotics in water samples and the development of resistant-bacteria, an antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted to the identified isolates using disk diffusion method. Multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains in both intestinal Enterococcus and E. coli were evident in many water samples, while P. aeruginosa was resistant to only one studied antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Mokh
- National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Com (LACO), Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Mohamad Koubar
- Faculty of Public Health I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Daher
- Faculty of Public Health I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Al Iskandarani
- National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission (LAEC), Laboratory for Analysis of Organic Com (LACO), Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Public Health I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon.
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28
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Groundwater Discharge in the Arctic: A Review of Studies and Implications for Biogeochemistry. HYDROLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology4030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Paíga P, Delerue-Matos C. Anthropogenic contamination of Portuguese coastal waters during the bathing season: Assessment using caffeine as a chemical marker. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 120:355-363. [PMID: 28526198 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bathing water quality standards are based on international standards and legislations. However, in Europe, only the microbiological parameters are to be accomplished. Recent research has focused on chemical indicators that can determine human fecal contaminants in water. Therefore, the suitability of caffeine as a chemical marker of seawater pollution in the north Portuguese coastal area in the Atlantic Ocean during the bathing season was assessed in this study. The quality of water from the coasts of five cities was monitored. 101 seawater samples were collected from 14 beaches, and their water quality was classified as sufficient, good, and excellent. Caffeine was detected in all samples in concentration range of 18 to 525ng/L. The highest average concentration of caffeine was found in seawater samples collected in July from beaches classified as having sufficient water quality, which were located in cities with high population density and high tourist affluence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Paíga
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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30
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Umar K, Aris A, Ahmad H, Parveen T, Jaafar J, Majid ZA, Reddy AVB, Talib J. Synthesis of visible light active doped TiO2 for the degradation of organic pollutants—methylene blue and glyphosate. J Anal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-016-0109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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31
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Machado KC, Grassi MT, Vidal C, Pescara IC, Jardim WF, Fernandes AN, Sodré FF, Almeida FV, Santana JS, Canela MC, Nunes CRO, Bichinho KM, Severo FJR. A preliminary nationwide survey of the presence of emerging contaminants in drinking and source waters in Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:138-146. [PMID: 27494660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This is the first nationwide survey of emerging contaminants in Brazilian waters. One hundred drinking water samples were investigated in 22 Brazilian state capitals. In addition, seven source water samples from two of the most populous regions of the country were evaluated. Samples were collected from June to September of 2011 and again during the same period in 2012. The study covered emerging contaminants of different classes, including hormones, plasticizers, herbicides, triclosan and caffeine. The analytical method for the determination of the compounds was based on solid-phase extraction followed by analysis via liquid chromatography electrospray triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Caffeine, triclosan, atrazine, phenolphthalein and bisphenol A were found in at least one of the samples collected in the two sampling campaigns. Caffeine and atrazine were the most frequently detected substances in both drinking and source water. Caffeine concentrations in drinking water ranged from 1.8ngL-1 to values above 2.0μgL-1 while source-water concentrations varied from 40ngL-1 to about 19μgL-1. For atrazine, concentrations were found in the range from 2.0 to 6.0ngL-1 in drinking water and at concentrations of up to 15ngL-1 in source water. The widespread presence of caffeine in samples of treated water is an indication of the presence of domestic sewage in the source water, considering that caffeine is a compound of anthropogenic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana, PO Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marco Tadeu Grassi
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana, PO Box 19032, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Cristiane Vidal
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor C Pescara
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson F Jardim
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Andreia N Fernandes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, PO Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Sodré
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, PO Box 4478, 70910-000 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Fernanda V Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, PO Box 4478, 70910-000 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Joyce S Santana
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasília, PO Box 4478, 70910-000 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Canela
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Chemical Science, State University of Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila R O Nunes
- Center of Exact Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Chemical Science, State University of Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kátia M Bichinho
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, PO Box 5093, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Flaviana J R Severo
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, PO Box 5093, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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32
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Bernot MJ, Becker JC, Doll J, Lauer TE. A national reconnaissance of trace organic compounds (TOCs) in United States lotic ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:422-433. [PMID: 27543946 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We collaborated with 26 groups from universities across the United States to sample 42 sites for 33 trace organic compounds (TOCs) in water and sediments of lotic ecosystems. Our goals were 1) to further develop a national database of TOC abundance in United States lotic ecosystems that can be a foundation for future research and management, and 2) to identify factors related to compound abundance. Trace organic compounds were found in 93% of water samples and 56% of sediment samples. Dissolved concentrations were 10-1000× higher relative to sediment concentrations. The ten most common compounds in water samples with detection frequency and maximum concentration were sucralose (87.5%, 12,000ng/L), caffeine (77.5%, 420ng/L), sulfamethoxazole (70%, 340ng/L), cotinine (65%, 130ng/L), venlafaxine (65%, 1800ng/L), carbamazepine (62.5%, 320ng/L), triclosan (55%, 6800ng/L), azithromycin (15%, 970ng/L), diphenylhydramine (40%, 350ng/L), and desvenlafaxine (35%, 4600ng/L). In sediment, the most common compounds were venlafaxine (32.5%, 19ng/g), diphenhydramine (25%, 41ng/g), azithromycin (15%, 11ng/g), fluoxetine (12.5%, 29ng/g) and sucralose (12.5%, 16ng/g). Refractory compounds such as sucralose may be good indicators of TOC contamination in lotic ecosystems, as there was a correlation between dissolved sucralose concentrations and with the total number of compounds detected in water. Discharge and human demographic (population size) characteristics were not good predictors of compound abundance in water samples. This study further confirms the ubiquity of TOCs in lotic ecosystems. Although concentrations measured rarely approached acute aquatic-life criteria, the chronic effects, bioaccumulative potential, or potential mixture effects of multiple compounds are relatively unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody J Bernot
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States.
| | - Jesse C Becker
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
| | - Jason Doll
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
| | - Thomas E Lauer
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States
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Pires A, Almeida Â, Calisto V, Schneider RJ, Esteves VI, Wrona FJ, Soares AMVM, Figueira E, Freitas R. Hediste diversicolor as bioindicator of pharmaceutical pollution: Results from single and combined exposure to carbamazepine and caffeine. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 188:30-8. [PMID: 27327394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Several environmental stressors have been identified as key and/or emerging drivers of habitat change that could significantly influence marine near-shore ecosystems. These include increasing discharges of pharmaceutical contaminants into the aquatic coastal systems. Pharmaceutical drugs are often detected in aquatic environments but still information on their toxicity impacts on inhabiting species is scarce, especially when acting in combination. Furthermore, almost no information is available on the impacts of pharmaceuticals in polychaetes, often the most abundant taxon in benthic communities and commonly used as indicator species of environmental conditions. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the biochemical alterations induced in the polychaete Hediste diversicolor, from a low contaminated area at the Ria de Aveiro lagoon (Portugal), by the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (0.0 - control, 0.3, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0μg/L) and the stimulant caffeine (0.0 - control, 0.5, 3.0, and 18.0μg/L), acting alone and in combination (0.3 CBZ+0.5 CAF and 6.0 CBZ+3.0 CAF). Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was determined in Hediste diversicolor from each condition. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione reduced and oxidized (GSH and GSSG), glycogen and electron transport system (ETS) were also measured. The results obtained clearly revealed that both drugs induced oxidative stress in H. diversicolor, shown by the increase on LPO levels and decrease on total glutathione and GSH/GSSG ratio with the increase of exposure concentrations. Furthermore, the present findings demonstrated that polychaetes biotransformation capacity as well as antioxidant defense mechanisms were not sufficiently efficient to fight against the excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to LPO when organisms were exposed to both drugs. Our results also demonstrated that polychaetes tended to decrease the activity of ETS when exposed to drugs, avoiding energy expenditure which may prevent them from greater damages. The present study further revealed that the impacts induced by the combination of both drugs were similar to those obtained at the highest drugs concentrations acting alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adília Pires
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ângela Almeida
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vânia Calisto
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und - prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frederick J Wrona
- Department of Geography David Turpin Building University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | | | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Arpin-Pont L, Bueno MJM, Gomez E, Fenet H. Occurrence of PPCPs in the marine environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:4978-91. [PMID: 25253059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Little research has been conducted on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the marine environment despite being increasingly impacted by these contaminants. This article reviews data on the occurrence of PPCPs in seawater, sediment, and organisms in the marine environment. Data pertaining to 196 pharmaceuticals and 37 personal care products reported from more than 50 marine sites are analyzed while taking sampling strategies and analytical methods into account. Particular attention is focused on the most frequently detected substances at highest concentrations. A snapshot of the most impacted marine sites is provided by comparing the highest concentrations reported for quantified substances. The present review reveals that: (i) PPCPs are widespread in seawater, particularly at sites impacted by anthropogenic activities, and (ii) the most frequently investigated and detected molecules in seawater and sediments are antibiotics, such as erythromycin. Moreover, this review points out other PPCPs of concern, such as ultraviolet filters, and underlines the scarcity of data on those substances despite recent evidence on their occurrence in marine organisms. The exposure of marine organisms in regard to these insufficient data is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Arpin-Pont
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Elena Gomez
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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Wieczerzak M, Kudłak B, Namieśnik J. Environmentally oriented models and methods for the evaluation of drug × drug interaction effects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 45:131-55. [PMID: 25558775 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.899467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This detailed review compares known and widely used methods for drug interaction estimation, some of which now have historical significance. Pharmaceutical application has been noted as far back as several thousand years ago. Relatively late in the 20th century, however, researchers became aware that their fate and metabolism, which still remain a great challenge for environmental analysts and risk assessors. For the patient's well-being, treatment based on the mixing of drugs has to be effective and should not cause any side effects (or side effects should not have a significant impact on health and mortality). Therefore, it is important to carefully examine drugs both individually and in combinations. It should be also stated that application form/way of entering the living organism is of great importance as well as the age and the place in the trophic system of the organism in order to eliminate harmful dosages in the case of infants' accidental intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wieczerzak
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gdańsk , Poland
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36
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Edwards QA, Kulikov SM, Garner-O'Neale LD. Caffeine in surface and wastewaters in Barbados, West Indies. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:57. [PMID: 25729634 PMCID: PMC4339322 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, a purine alkaloid drug, has been recognized as a contaminant of water bodies in various climatic regions, however, these environmental caffeine concentrations are the first to be reported in the tropical Caribbean. The major objective of this study was to develop an improved method to extract caffeine from surface and wastewaters in the warm Caribbean environment and measure caffeine concentrations in highly populated areas in Barbados. Caffeine was extracted from water via solid phase extraction (SPE); the acidified water samples were loaded onto C-18 cartridges and eluted with pure chloroform. The extracted caffeine was quantified using gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy - multiple reaction monitoring (GC-MS/MS-MRM). Method detection limits of 0.2 ng L−1 from 1 L water samples were achieved. Caffeine was detected in all environmental water samples investigated. The concentrations of caffeine in surface waters were detected in the range 0.1 - 6.9 μg L−1. The two wastewater treatment plants, primary and secondary treatment systems, significantly differed in their ability to eliminate caffeine in the raw sewage (38% and 99% caffeine removal efficiencies respectively). Thus, it may be essential to employ secondary treatment to effectively remove caffeine from wastewater systems in Barbados. Caffeine in water bodies are principally attributed to anthropogenic sources as caffeine-producing plants are not commonly grown on the island of Barbados. The study also shows the recalcitrance of caffeine to hydrolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy A Edwards
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, PO BOX 64 Bridgetown, West Indies Barbados
| | - Sergei M Kulikov
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, PO BOX 64 Bridgetown, West Indies Barbados
| | - Leah D Garner-O'Neale
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, PO BOX 64 Bridgetown, West Indies Barbados
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Zenobio JE, Sanchez BC, Leet JK, Archuleta LC, Sepúlveda MS. Presence and effects of pharmaceutical and personal care products on the Baca National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:750-755. [PMID: 25465958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have raised concerns due to their potential effects to aquatic organisms. These chemicals appear in mixtures at very low concentrations thus making their detection and quantification difficult. Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) concentrate trace levels of chemicals over time increasing method sensitivity and thus represent a cost-effective screening tool for biomonitoring studies. The Baca National Wildlife Refuge (BNWR), Colorado, is home for several endemic fish species, including Rio Grande chub (Gila pandora). The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the types and concentrations of PPCPs in the Refuge, (2) compare and contrast two methods (grab and POCIS) for the quantification of PPCPs from surface water, and (3) determine effects due to PPCP exposure in fish. Between 2011 and 2013, 141 PPCPs were quantified using a combination of grab samples and POCIS. Although no PPCPs were detected from the grab samples, high concentrations of N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and triclosan were detected in all fish sampling sites with POCIS. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Rio Grande chubs of both sexes were collected in 2011 and 2012. Several biological responses were observed in both species from creeks contaminated with PPCPs; however the presence of PPCPs in the reference site did not allow for valid data comparison and interpretation. We conclude that POCIS is a sensitive method for the detection and quantification of PPCPs and for identification of reference sites and that appropriate "reference" sites need to be identified at the BNWR for follow-up studies with native fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Zenobio
- Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brian C Sanchez
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program, Lakewood, CO 80255, USA
| | - Jessica K Leet
- Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; University of South Carolina, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Laura C Archuleta
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Environmental Contaminants Program, Lakewood, CO 80255, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Impacts of groundwater recharge from rubber dams on the hydrogeological environment in Luoyang Basin, China. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:183457. [PMID: 25126593 PMCID: PMC4122084 DOI: 10.1155/2014/183457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the rubber dam's impact area, the groundwater total hardness (TH) has declined since 2000, ultimately dropping to 100-300 mg/L in 2012. pH levels have shown no obvious changes. NH4-N concentration in the groundwater remained stable from 2000 to 2006, but it increased from 2007 to 2012, with the largest increase up to 0.2 mg/L. NO3-N concentration in the groundwater generally declined in 2000-2006 and then increased from 2007; the largest increase was to 10 mg/L in 2012. Total dissolved solids (TDS) of the groundwater showed a general trend of decline from 2000 to 2009, but levels increased after 2010, especially along the south bank of the Luohe River where the largest increase recorded was approximately 100 mg/L. This study has shown that the increases in the concentrations of NH4-N and NO3-N were probably caused by changes in groundwater levels. Nitrates adsorbed by the silt clay of aeration zone appear to have entered the groundwater through physical and chemical reactions. TDS increased because of groundwater evaporation and some soluble ions entered the groundwater in the unsaturated zone. The distance of the contaminant to the surface of the aquifer became shorter due to the shallow depth of groundwater, resulting in the observed rise in pollutant concentrations more pronounced.
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Pavlidou A, Papadopoulos VP, Hatzianestis I, Simboura N, Patiris D, Tsabaris C. Chemical inputs from a karstic submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into an oligotrophic Mediterranean coastal area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 488-489:1-13. [PMID: 24814032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of nutrient and other chemical inputs released by a submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) on the marine environment of an oligotrophic Mediterranean coastal area (Messiniakos Gulf, SE Ionian Sea) are investigated through a multidisciplinary approach. Nutrients and organic pollutants associated with the SGD are presented to study the chemical characteristics of the SGD and to investigate its effect on the marine ecosystem in comparison to freshwater discharges of the water bodies of Messinia Prefecture. Nutrient and organic pollutant fluxes were calculated from (214)Bi-based SGD estimates. An average of 22×10(3) mol of silicate per month and 8×10(3) mol of nitrate per month were released via the SGD. Nutrient concentrations at the mouth of the SGD were three times higher than in Messiniakos Gulf, and NO3(-) was the primary Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen form discharged by SGD. Organic pollutant concentrations associated with agricultural activities were low at the SGD. The implementation of a Eutrophication Index (E.I.) showed that the water column at the SGD site corresponds to Moderate/Bad ecological quality, whereas the status switches rapidly to Good at a small distance from the SGD. Coastal areas influenced by river or sewage discharge correspond to a Moderate/Good ecological status. The BENTIX index used for the classification of the ecological quality status of the benthic macroinvertebrate communities showed that the SGD has a minor influence compared to the other freshwater discharges in Messiniakos Gulf. Though the SGD has a considerable outflow, morphology and hydrodynamics of the area favor the rapid dispersion of the upwelling water and degrades the SGD's effect even on a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pavlidou
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio Av., Anavyssos 19013, Greece.
| | - Vassilis P Papadopoulos
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio Av., Anavyssos 19013, Greece
| | - Ioannis Hatzianestis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio Av., Anavyssos 19013, Greece
| | - Nomiki Simboura
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio Av., Anavyssos 19013, Greece
| | - Dionisis Patiris
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio Av., Anavyssos 19013, Greece
| | - Christos Tsabaris
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), 46.7 Km Athens-Sounio Av., Anavyssos 19013, Greece
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Esteban S, Gorga M, Petrovic M, González-Alonso S, Barceló D, Valcárcel Y. Analysis and occurrence of endocrine-disrupting compounds and estrogenic activity in the surface waters of Central Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:939-51. [PMID: 23978587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) are chemical compounds with the ability to alter the hormonal systems of organisms. Such compounds are used in several industrial and domestic activities and reach the aquatic environment via wastewater discharge. The aim of this study is to assess the occurrence of 30 EDCs and related compounds in the surface waters of central Spain and to determine the overall estrogenic activity of environmental samples. This study analyzed a large number of EDCs and other emergent or suspected compounds with endocrine-disrupting activity. The results have shown the presence of 19 EDCs at concentrations ranging from 2 to 5928 ng L(-1). Organophosphorus-based flame retardants, alkylphenolic compounds and anticorrosives were found at the highest concentrations. Furthermore, although insufficient data are available to calculate an average over time, these preliminary results show the need to monitor the waters in both rivers studied. Alkylphenolic compounds, particularly nonylphenol, were the main contributors to overall estrogenicity. A higher concentration of the compounds studied was detected in the river Jarama, although the estrogenicity expressed as estradiol equivalents (EEQs) was higher in the river Manzanares due to a higher concentration of nonylphenol. However, the total estrogenicity did not exceed 1 ng L(-1) (EEQ), which is the level that may cause estrogenic effects in aquatic organisms, in any of the samples. In conclusion, the potential estrogenic risk in both rivers is low, although organophosphorus-based flame retardants may increase this risk as they were found at high levels in all samples. Unfortunately, these compounds could not be taken into account when calculating the estrogenic activity due to the lack of activity data for them. For future investigations, it will be important to assess the estrogenicity provided by these flame retardants. Due to the significant concentrations of EDCs detected in both rivers, further studies in this region are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Esteban
- Deparment of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Inmunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas, s/n. 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Estévez E, Cabrera MDC, Molina-Díaz A, Robles-Molina J, Palacios-Díaz MDP. Screening of emerging contaminants and priority substances (2008/105/EC) in reclaimed water for irrigation and groundwater in a volcanic aquifer (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 433:538-546. [PMID: 22858460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In semiarid regions, reclaimed water can be an important source of emerging pollutants in groundwater. In Gran Canaria Island, reclaimed water irrigation has been practiced for over thirty years and currently represents 8% of water resources. The aim of this study was to monitor contaminants of emerging concern and priority substances (2008/105/EC) in a volcanic aquifer in the NE of Gran Canaria where the Bandama Golf Course has been sprinkled with reclaimed water since 1976. Reclaimed water and groundwater were monitoring quarterly from July 2009 to May 2010. Only 43% of the 183 pollutants analysed were detected: 42 pharmaceuticals, 20 pesticides, 12 polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 2 volatile organic compounds and 2 flame retardants. The most frequent compounds were caffeine, nicotine, chlorpyrifos ethyl, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene. Concentrations were always below 50 ng L(-1), although some pharmaceuticals and one pesticide, cholrpyrifos ethyl, were occasionally detected at higher concentrations. This priority substance for surface water exceeded the maximum threshold (0.1 μg L(-1)) for pesticide concentration in groundwater (2006/118/EC). Sorption and degradation processes in soil account for more compounds being detected in reclaimed water than in groundwater, and that some contaminants were always detected in reclaimed water, but never in groundwater (flufenamic acid, propyphenazone, terbutryn and diazinon). Furthermore, erythromycin was always detected in reclaimed water (exceeding occasionally 0.1 μg L(-1)), and was detected only once in groundwater. In contrast, some compounds (phenylephrine, nifuroxazide and miconazole) never detected in reclaimed water, were always detected in groundwater. This fact and the same concentration range detected for the groups, regardless of the water origin, indicated alternative contaminant sources (septic tanks, agricultural practices and sewerage breaks). The widespread detection of high adsorption potential compounds, and the independence of concentration with origin and depths, indicates the existence of preferential flows phenomena as potential contamination route in volcanic fractured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Estévez
- Department of Physics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Canary Islands, Spain
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Rodriguez del Rey Z, Granek EF, Sylvester S. Occurrence and concentration of caffeine in Oregon coastal waters. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:1417-1424. [PMID: 22647644 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine, a biologically active drug, is recognized as a contaminant of freshwater and marine systems. We quantified caffeine concentrations in Oregon's coastal ocean to determine whether levels correlated with proximity to caffeine pollution sources. Caffeine was analyzed at 14 coastal locations, stratified between populated areas with sources of caffeine pollution and sparsely populated areas with no major caffeine pollution sources. Caffeine concentrations were measured in major water bodies discharging near sampling locations. Caffeine in seawater ranged from below the reporting limit (8.5 ng/L) to 44.7 ng/L. Caffeine occurrence and concentrations in seawater did not correspond with pollution threats from population density and point and non-point sources, but did correspond with storm event occurrence. Caffeine concentrations in rivers and estuaries draining to the coast ranged from below the reporting limit to 152.2 ng/L. This study establishes the occurrence of caffeine in Oregon's coastal waters, yet relative importance of sources, seasonal variability, and processes affecting caffeine transport into the coastal ocean require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Rodriguez del Rey
- Environmental Science and Management, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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Li Z, Lu G, Yang X, Wang C. Single and combined effects of selected pharmaceuticals at sublethal concentrations on multiple biomarkers in Carassius auratus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2012; 21:353-361. [PMID: 21947668 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the sublethal effects of caffeine, sulfamethoxazole and their mixture on goldfish (Carassius auratus) were investigated, the biomarkers including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and vitellogenin (VTG) in serum were determined after 1, 2, 4, and 7 days of exposure. AChE activity was significantly inhibited by caffeine (≥0.4 mg/l), sulfamethoxazole (≥0.4 mg/l) and their mixtures (≥0.048 mg/l) during all exposure periods, and obvious concentration-response and time-response relationships were obtained. EROD, GST and SOD activities were significantly increased by individual compounds and mixtures in most cases. GST induction exhibited bell-shaped concentration-response curves. Serum VTG was significantly induced by 2 mg/l of caffeine, 10 mg/l of sulfamethoxazole and the mixtures at concentrations ≥1.2 mg/l. In general, the two pharmaceuticals induced similar biological responses. The joint effect of caffeine/sulfamethoxazole was additive with regard to AChE and GST activity variation and was antagonistic with regard to EROD and SOD induction. The results indicated that multiple biomarker response method might be a useful tool for describing an integrated toxicological effect of chemicals. VTG induction suggested that caffeine and sulfamethoxazole may cause a slightly feminization effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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