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Wu H, Li Q, Wang Y, Hu S. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the estuary of Dagu River, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115340. [PMID: 37541140 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Four different types of 0-30 cm soil/sediment samples were collected from aquaculture land, farmland, industrial land and river bottom sediment in the estuary area of Dagu River, and the pollution status and sources of 7 PCB congeners were analyzed. The results showed that the mean values of Σ7PCBs in soil/sediments of different land use types were 5.01 ng g-1 dw for industrial land, 3.6 ng g-1 dw for estuarine sediments, 2.09 ng g-1 dw for farmland soil and 1.78 ng g-1 dw for farming land. All samples were at low pollution levels and pose little ecological risks. PCBs in the samples are mainly comprised of highly chlorinated biphenyls, and their content decreases gradually with increasing sampling depth. Based on the principal component analysis, it is concluded that the main source of PCBs in the study area is shipping activities, in addition to atmospheric transport and sedimentation sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qingyu Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuya Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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2
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Hu Y, Li Z, Xiong J, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Tang Y, Jin T, Li H, Wu S. Occurrence and ecological risks of brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114182. [PMID: 36257243 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considering the phasing-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), environmental concerns of PBDE alternatives and dechlorane plus (DP) are rising. Accordingly, this study investigates occurrence and ecological risks of PBDEs, PBDE alternatives and DPs in sediments of two littoral regions, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Daya Bay (DYB), in southern China. Total PBDEs concentrations in surface sediments of the PRE and DYB were in the range (mean) of 0.30-28.7 (8.71) and 0.29-43.4 (6.05) ng/g dw, respectively. DP levels in surface sediments of the PRE (0.004-0.27 ng/g dw) were significantly higher than those in the DYB (0.005-0.24 ng/g dw) (p < 0.05). BDE 209 was the predominant component, followed by DBDPE, exhibiting regional variations in BFRs usage. Vertical profiles of BFRs and DP in the PRE and DYB sediment cores exhibited clear anthropogenic influences. Risk quotients suggest critical ecological risks of tetra-, penta- and deca-BDE congeners in all the surface sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Jiaxin Yuan
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Yi Tang
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Tao Jin
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China.
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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Fred-Ahmadu OH, Tenebe IT, Ayejuyo OO, Benson NU. Microplastics and associated organic pollutants in beach sediments from the Gulf of Guinea (SE Atlantic) coastal ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134193. [PMID: 35304206 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants of global concern due to their pervasiveness, sorptive capacity for organic and inorganic pollutants, and direct and indirect toxicity to organisms and ecosystems. This study aimed to assess the concentration and the statistical difference in the concentration of microplastic-sorbed organic pollutants from two ecosystems, the marine and estuarine lagoon. Surface sediment from the estuarine lagoon and marine ecosystems were sampled for microplastics (1-5 mm). A total of 3680 MP particles were collected. The plastics were analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). ∑PAHs, ∑PCBs and ∑OCPs were between 0.00 and 0.32 mg/kg, 0.00-0.53 mg/kg and 0.04-2.02 mg/kg, respectively. The results showed a correlation of -0.2, 0.8 and 0.2 between the number of MPs and the concentration of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs, respectively, suggesting that the potential risk of accumulation of plastic-sorbed PCBs is higher than those of OCPs and PAHs. Mann Whitney U test (at 95% confidence level) indicated no statistical difference in the concentration of organic pollutants in lagoon and beach MPs. In addition, we found no significant difference in the accumulation of organic pollutants in MPs from beach drift and high waterlines. The result suggests that the concentration of microplastics-sorbed organic pollutants in both ecosystems is comparable and likely to pose similar potential risks. We recommend that plastic pollution in all ecosystems require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imokhai T Tenebe
- Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Dam Safety Division, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Nsikak U Benson
- Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Nigeria.
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Magna EK, Koranteng SS, Donkor A, Gordon C. Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediment Impacted by Cage Aquaculture in the Volta Basin of Ghana. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:119-130. [PMID: 34796371 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and seven indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) residues in 80 sediment samples from four cage aquaculture farms on the Volta Basin were determined to find out the extent of their contamination as well as their risk to biota in the aquatic ecosystem. The extracted residues of the OCPs and PCBs were analysed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector and mass spectrometer, respectively. Eleven (11) OCPs: methoxychlor, δ-HCH, o,p'-DDD, α-endosulphan, β-HCH, o,p-DDE, p,p-DDE, p,p'-DDT, β-endosulphan, endrin, and heptachlor and seven (7) PCBs: PCB 18, PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153, and PCB 180 were detected in the sediments from the farms. The OCPs level ranged < LOD - 33.0 µg/kg. δ-HCH (8.154 ± 0.414 µg/kg), α-endosulphan (6.000 ± 1.414 µg/kg), o,p'-DDD (2.010 ± 1.46 µg/kg), endrin (13.867 ± 8.716 µg/kg), and α-endosulphan (0.503 ± 0.398 µg/kg) were predominant with frequencies of detection 100%, 45%, 68%, 92%, and 25% in fish farms A, B, C, D and controls, respectively. PCBs concentrations ranged 0.042-5.320 ng/g wet weight. PCB 153 recorded the highest concentration of 3.328 ± 1.700 ng/g in farm D. PCB 18 and PCB 180 dominated the profiles in the sediment from all the farms. The ecotoxicological risk of the OCPs and PCBs in the surface sediment using the SQGs indicated that ∑HCH in the sediment from all the farms except that the controls may pose a health risk to the benthic organisms. Therefore, a comprehensive remedial intervention is required to arrest the situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kaboja Magna
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel Senyo Koranteng
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Christopher Gordon
- Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box 209, Accra, Ghana
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Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhao L, Zhou B, Li P, Liu B, Wang Y, Yang C, Huang K, Zhang C. Ecosystem impact and dietary exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) and their farming areas in Jiangsu, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112936. [PMID: 34755631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the presence of 18 dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl- and ndl-PCBs), heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, and As) in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) and their distribution in Jiangsu, China. Risk assessment and source apportionment were employed for evaluating the eco-toxicological impact and human exposure. It was found that the compositions of PCBs varied spatially, suggesting different sources of pollutants, whilst PCB 28, 105, 114, and 126 were consistently found in all sample types, suggesting a common pollution source remained, and the bio-accumulation process was in effect. The total PCBs in sediment were found much higher than in water, and brown meat had the highest and most diverse PCB congeners among all tissues. The presence of heavy metals was found in all samples in descending order of As>Cd>Pb>Hg and in the order of shell>brown meat>white meat>gill for crabs. The results of risk assessment indicated that the potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were within the acceptable range for long-term consumption of the crabs overall. However, the highest toxic equivalent (TEQ), carcinogenic, and non-carcinogenic risks were all recorded in Location C, where dl-PCB 126, 169, and As contributed to the majority of the risks. The ecological risk posed by all HMs was low, but cases of serious point source pollution have been found in the investigated regions, and risks caused by Cd individually should raise concerns. Source apportionment study revealed that the contaminants mostly originated from anthropogenic activities. Natural deposition and transportation played an important role as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiaoya Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agri-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agri-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; College of Plant protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agri-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; College of Plant protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Beilei Zhou
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agri-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Pan Li
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agri-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agri-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agri-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Cuifeng Yang
- Taiyuan University, 030032 Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Kang Huang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agri-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; College of Plant protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China.
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6
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Distribution, Source and Potential Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Sediments from the Liaohe River Protected Area, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131910750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the occurrence, distribution, toxicity equivalency and health risks of dl-PCBs (dioxin-like PCBs) from nine sites collected in surface sediments from Liaohe River Protected Area. ∑dl-PCBs concentrations in sediments range from 79.2 to 365.1 pg/g. Sediment profiles showed that pentachlorobiphenyl is the most abundant congener among all sampling sites. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis indicated that PCBs were mainly derived from electronic waste and paint additives in the sediments of Liaohe River Protected Area. Toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) values of the PCBs in the Liaohe River Protected Area sediments are at comparatively lower levels compared with the previously reported data. Hazardous ratio (HR) for human health risk assessment allied to cancer was found to be lower than the non-carcinogenic risk assessment within an acceptable range.
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Concha-Graña E, Moscoso-Pérez C, Fernández-González V, López-Mahía P, Gago J, León VM, Muniategui-Lorenzo S. Phthalates, organotin compounds and per-polyfluoroalkyl substances in semiconfined areas of the Spanish coast: Occurrence, sources and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146450. [PMID: 34030294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work two sensitive areas of the Spanish coast located in the Atlantic (Ria de Vigo) and Mediterranean (Mar Menor lagoon) have been studied regarding their contamination by phthalates, organotin compounds and per-polyfluoroalkyl substances (seawater and sediments) in two different campaigns (spring and autumn in 2015). PFAS and OTCs were detected in seawater and sediments at low concentrations (few ng L-1 or ng g-1), whereas PAEs were detected at levels two orders of magnitude higher, particularly in Mar Menor lagoon due to its semi-confined characteristics. However, PAEs and OTCs concentration in sediments were higher in Ría de Vigo than in Mar Menor lagoon as a consequence of the influence of the important urban nuclei and port in that area. The ecological risk assessment revealed that in both areas tributyltin, dibutyltin and diethylphthalate pose a significant risk in sediments, whereas in seawater tributyltin in both areas resulted in a high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Moscoso-Pérez
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Fernández-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesús Gago
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Víctor M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain.
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Hidayati NV, Asia L, Khabouchi I, Torre F, Widowati I, Sabdono A, Doumenq P, Syakti AD. Ecological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in surface sediments from aquaculture system. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128372. [PMID: 33297282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface sediments from shrimp ponds in four regions of the northern part of the Central Java coast (namely Brebes, Tegal, Pemalang, and Pekalongan) were investigated. The highest concentration of ∑ OCPs was found in Brebes Regency, ranging from 68.1 ± 3.4 to 168.1 ± 9.8 μg kg-1 dw. As indicated by the DDT ratio and chlordane ratio, the value suggested that those compounds may mainly originate from historical inputs rather than a recent application. The concentrations of Ʃ 7 indicator PCBs were determined, with the concentration ranged from 1.2 ± 0.7 μg kg-1 dw (Pekalongan) to 2.2 ± 0.4 μg kg-1 dw (Tegal). The most toxic PCB congener, PCB 118, was detected in all studied regions, with the highest proportion found in Tegal. Source analysis indicated that PCBs in the sediments mainly originated from Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1248. Compared to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), some OCPs were found with concentrations which potentially posed an adverse effect. Our findings suggested that more attention should be paid to ensure sustainable shrimp culture facing such a risk of the OCPs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuning Vita Hidayati
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty - Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Karangwangkal, Jl. Dr. Suparno, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia; Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Franck Torre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IMBE, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | - Ita Widowati
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | - Agus Sabdono
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Diponegoro, Jl. Prof. Soedharto, SH, Tembalang, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
| | | | - Agung Dhamar Syakti
- Environmental Science Department, Raja Ali Haji Maritime University, Jl. Politeknik Senggarang, Tanjungpinang, Riau Islands Province, 29100, Indonesia; Center for Maritime Biosciences Studies, Institute for Sciences and Community Service, Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Karangwangkal, Jl. Dr. Suparno, Purwokerto, 53123, Indonesia.
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Tang D, Liu X, He H, Cui Z, Gan H, Xia Z. Distribution, sources and ecological risks of organochlorine compounds (DDTs, HCHs and PCBs) in surface sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110942. [PMID: 32479303 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Pearl River Estuary is an important sink of organochlorine compounds (OCs), and OC pollution levels in surface sediments remain largely unknown at present. We collected and analysed residual DDTs, HCHs and PCBs of 45 surface sediments from the Pearl River Estuary in 2017. The values of DDTs (1.83 to 6.98 ng·g-1) and HCHs (0.43 to 2.14 ng·g-1) were higher in the Humen outlet, and the values of PCBs (4.6 to 187.4 ng·g-1) were higher in the coastal areas of Shenzhen. The DDTs and HCHs have generally decreased while the PCBs have been rapidly increasing in recent decades. The DDTs might originate from technical DDT and dicofol. The major source of HCHs was lindane. The main potential sources of PCBs were increased industrial products, ship painting, E-waste disassembly, maricultural and agricultural pollution. The total PCBs and DDTs had medium ecological risks according to the sediment quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehao Tang
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, (ISEE, CAS), Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Haijun He
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Zhenang Cui
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Huayang Gan
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Zhen Xia
- Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510075, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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11
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Yang L, Jin F, Liu G, Xu Y, Zheng M, Li C, Yang Y. Levels and characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of the Chaobai river, a source of drinking water for Beijing, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109922. [PMID: 31784107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We collected surface sediments from the Chaobai river, the dominant source of drinking water for Beijing, China, to assess the status of contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls and evaluate their sources. Total concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in the sediments ranged from 0.125 to 70.6 ng/g dry weight and correlated with the locations relating to painting operation such as printing factories and construction material markets. Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls were present and corresponded with constituents of commercial polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures. Principal component analysis indicated two dominant sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in the sediments-deposition from airborne emissions and point-source pollution from factories. An ecological risk assessment concluded that there was only slight polychlorinated biphenyl pollution in the sediments of the Chaobai river, which was not likely to induce adverse biological effects. Our findings provide information for polychlorinated biphenyl risk assessment and recognition of the dominant sources of these compounds in drinking water in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Zhao T, Guo Z, Yao P, Hu L, Wu Z, Lin T. Deposition flux and mass inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary and inner shelf, East China Sea: Implications for contributions of large-river input and e-waste dismantling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:1222-1229. [PMID: 30180330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediment samples were collected from the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) to the inner-shelf mud area of the East China Sea (ECS) for a comprehensive study of the sources and fates of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) based on their spatial distribution, deposition flux, and mass inventory. The total concentrations of 32 PCBs (Σ32PCBs) varied from 0.3 to 11.9 ng/g dry weight. Under strong hydrodynamic conditions, the weak correlations between TOC or MD and Σ32PCB concentrations were observed in the YRE. In contrast, there were relatively well relationships of PCBs with TOC content and sediment grain size in the inner shelf of the ECS due to the influence of hydrological sorting from the YRE to the inner shelf of the ECS. This suggests that the Yangtze River input plays a considerable role in controlling the distribution of PCBs in the coastal ECS. Compared with the annual discharge of Σ32PCBs from the Yangtze River to the sea (3.21 t/yr), the deposition flux was estimated to be ~2.63 t/yr. Furthermore, a total mass inventory of 50 tons in the sediments suggests that the YRE and inner shelf mud of the ECS represents an important global sink of PCBs. Estimated 21-39% of sedimentary PCBs were derived from local emissions (mainly dismantling of electronic waste) aside from Yangtze River input. Higher proportions of penta-CBs were also observed near the central Zhejiang Coast, providing further evidence that the local emission from e-waste dismantling near the coast is a significant contributor to sedimentary PCBs in the coastal ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Peng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Limin Hu
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Zilan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
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Teng Y, Zhou Q. Adsorption-desorption of hydrophilic contaminants rhodamine B with/without Cd 2+ on a coastal soil: implications for mariculture and seafood safety. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34636-34643. [PMID: 30315535 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An experimental study on adsorption and desorption behaviors of rhodamine B (RhB) with/without cadmium ion (Cd2+) on a coastal soil was carried out in the face of the scarce studies on its environmental behaviors, especially its combined pollution with metal ions. The implications on mariculture and seafood safety, rarely concerned either, were also analyzed for providing a new insight between azo dyes and them. It showed that the adsorption of RhB on the tested soil was affected by Cd2+ and could be better fitted by the Freundlich model and dominantly identified as chemical adsorption according to the threshold of ΔG0 (40 kJ/mol). There is a positive hysteresis on the desorption of RhB, which was generally strengthened with the increasing concentration of RhB but generally weakened in the presence of Cd2+. The azo dyes including RhB and heavy metals such as Cd, as the major class of typical pollutants in coastal environment, are closely related to the mariculture and seafood safety. In the consideration of three aspects including potential pollutants for the mariculture, potential risks for seafood safety, and potential relationships between dyes and mariculture and seafood safety, their implications were further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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14
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Wang Z, Chen M, Zhang L, Wang K, Yu X, Zheng Z, Zheng R. Sorption behaviors of phenanthrene on the microplastics identified in a mariculture farm in Xiangshan Bay, southeastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1617-1626. [PMID: 30045578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recently, with the accumulation of evidence that microplastic can be ingested by a variety of marine organisms, microplastic sorption behaviors towards organic contaminants (OCs) have become the subject of more studies due to the concerns about the contaminant vector effect. In this study, the priority microplastics identified in a mariculture farm in Xiangshan Bay, China, including polyethylene (PE) and nylon fibers (i.e., derived from new fishing ropes and nets), were examined for their sorption behaviors. The results indicate that both plastic fibers show linear isotherms towards phenanthrene, a common target hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC), revealing the characteristics of a partitioning mechanism. The sorption capacity of PE fiber was found to be 1-2 orders of magnitude higher (evaluated by Freundlich parameter log KF) than that of nylon fiber, suggesting the importance of plastic surface functional groups (i.e., with or without hydrophilic groups). By comparing carbon normalized log KF with literature data, the organic affinity of PE fiber was found to be 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than that of vectors, such as carbonaceous geosorbents (CG), but was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that of marine sediments. Small size and rough surface tended to enhance the sorption of plastic fibers of phenanthrene. In addition, phenol (log KOW: 1.46), a low-hydrophobicity compound, showed approximately 3 orders of magnitude lower sorption amounts onto both fibers compared to phenanthrene (log KOW: 4.46), indicating the selectivity of hydrophobicity. The results of this study demonstrate that the high abundance of plastic fibers distributed in mariculture farms could lead to a higher contaminant transfer effect than marine sediments, and their effects on cultured seafood (e.g., crab and fish) need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Kan Wang
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Xubiao Yu
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China.
| | - Zhongming Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China.
| | - Rongyue Zheng
- Faculty of Architectural, Civil Engineering and Environment, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
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15
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Influential Factors and Dry Deposition of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Atmospheric Particles at an Isolated Island (Pingtan Island) in Fujian Province, China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Tu C, Ma L, Guo P, Song F, Teng Y, Zhang H, Luo Y. Rhizoremediation of a dioxin-like PCB polluted soil by alfalfa: Dynamic characterization at temporal and spatial scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 189:517-524. [PMID: 28961537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the temporal and spacial dissipation dynamics of a dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB 77) in the rhizosphere of alfalfa. A three-chamber rhizobox was designed to compare the PCB 77 dissipation efficiency in the rhizosphere, near-rhizosphere, and far-rhizosphere zones. Culture-independent techniques, including quantitative PCR (qPCR), Biolog-ECO plate, and denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were employed to investigate the variation of bacterial quantity, metabolic diversity and community structure in the alfalfa-rhizobium symbiosis rhizosphere at different rhizoremediation stages. PCB dissipation rates in different rhizosphere zones were in the order: rhizosphere (90.9%) > near-rhizosphere (80.5%) > far-rhizosphere (31.7%). The number of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene copies in the rhizosphere zone in the polluted treatment reached the highest value of all the treatments. Microbial metabolic diversity, as indicated by average well color development (AWCD) in both rhizosphere and near-rhizosphere zones, had recovered from the PCB 77 pollution. The soil bacterial community diversity improved greatly in the rhizosphere of alfalfa, with some new species appeared in the rhizosphere and near-rhizosphere zones. In conclusion, the dissipation of PCB 77, the quantity of total soil bacteria, soil microbial metabolic diversity, and soil microbial community structure were significantly improved in rhizosphere and near-rhizosphere zones of alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Luyao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Pengpeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fang Song
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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17
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Cui S, Fu Q, Li YF, Li WL, Li TX, Wang M, Xing ZX, Zhang LJ. Levels, congener profile and inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment from the Songhua River in the vicinity of cement plant, China: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15952-15962. [PMID: 27146527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the contamination levels, homologue, and congener profiles and evaluated the residue inventory of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment of the Songhua River in the vicinity of cement plant. The total concentration of detected 35 PCB congeners ranged from 1.12 to 2.19 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediment, with a mean value of 1.56 ng/g dw, and the concentration of PCBs decreased in the following order: the downstream > cement plant > upstream. The results of total organic carbon (TOC)-normalized PCB concentrations indicate that the sediments have low potential ecological risk in this area. The study results on homologue and congener of PCBs show that the emissions from cement production could be the major sources of PCBs in sediment, and the low-chlorinated PCBs will be exchanged among air, water, and sediment with increasing temperature during summer and flow to downstream with water during the wet season. The spatial density and total burden of PCBs in the surface sediments were 17.2 ng/cm(2) and 1.2 kg, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the pollution characteristics of unintentionally produced PCB emissions from cement industry by means of monitoring sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, People's Republic of China
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Wen-Long Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150090, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Xiao Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Xiang Xing
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu-Ji Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, People's Republic of China
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18
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Oluoch-Otiego J, Oyoo-Okoth E, Kiptoo KKG, Chemoiwa EJ, Ngugi CC, Simiyu G, Omutange ES, Ngure V, Opiyo MA. PCBs in fish and their cestode parasites in Lake Victoria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:483. [PMID: 27456696 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) regulated by the Stockholm Convention (2001). Although their production and use was stopped almost three decades ago, PCBs are environmental persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulate in biota. We assessed the levels of 7 PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) in sediment and fish (Oreochromis niloticus, Lates niloticus, and Rastrineobola argentea) and evaluated the potential of cestode fish endoparasite (Monobothrioides sp., Proteocephalaus sp., and Ligula intestinalis) as biomonitors of PCBs in Lake Victoria, Kenya. The median concentration of Σ7PCBs in sediments and fish were 2.2-96.3 μg/kg dw and 300-3,000 μg/kg lw, respectively. At all the sampling sites, CB138, CB153, and CB180 were the dominant PCB congeners in sediment and fish samples. Compared to the muscle of the piscine host, Proteocephalaus sp. (infecting L. niloticus) biomagnified PCBs ×6-14 while Monobothrioides sp. (infecting O. niloticus) biomagnified PCBs ×4-8. Meanwhile, L. intestinalis (infecting R. argentea) biomagnified PCBs ×8-16 compared to the muscle of unparasitized fish. We demonstrate the occurrence of moderate to high levels of PCB in sediments and fish in Lake Victoria. We also provide evidence that fish parasites bioaccumulate higher levels of PCBs than their piscine hosts and therefore provide a promising biomonitor of PCBs. We urge further a long-term study to validate the use of the above cestode fish parasites as biomonitoring tools for PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oluoch-Otiego
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Elijah Oyoo-Okoth
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Natural Resource, Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya.
| | | | - Emily J Chemoiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Charles C Ngugi
- Department of Agricultural Resource Management, Kenyatta University, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gelas Simiyu
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Elijah S Omutange
- Department of Technology Education, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Veronica Ngure
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laikipia University, Nyahururu, P.O. Box 1100-20300, Kenya
| | - Mary A Opiyo
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Center, P.O. Box 451-10230, Sagana, Kenya
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19
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Cui S, Fu Q, Guo L, Li YF, Li TX, Ma WL, Wang M, Li WL. Spatial-temporal variation, possible source and ecological risk of PCBs in sediments from Songhua River, China: Effects of PCB elimination policy and reverse management framework. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 106:109-118. [PMID: 26997254 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The spatial variation, possible sources and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sediment from the Songhua River, China were investigated and evaluated in this paper. The total concentration of PCBs ranged from 0.59 to 12.38ng/gdw, with a mean value of 3.82ng/gdw. The seven indicators of PCB concentrations are significantly correlated with the total PCB concentrations (R=0.950, p=0.000). The temporal trend of PCBs in sediments showed that the total PCBs in the Songhua River have decreased since 2008. Point source pollution, discharge of historical usage and industrial sewage, and emissions of unintentionally produced PCBs were the predominant sources in sediment. A risk assessment indicated that most of the sampling sites in the sediment were at low potential ecological risk. The apparent decrease of PCBs in the sediment appeared after the China National Coordination Group for Implementation of the Stockholm Convention was established. A conceptual reverse management framework for PCBs and other organic pollutants was established in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China.
| | - Liang Guo
- School of Management, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, PR China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China; IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Tian-Xiao Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- IJRC-PTS, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
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20
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Wang P, Shang H, Li H, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Jiang G. PBDEs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the sediments from seven major river basins in China: Occurrence, congener profile and spatial tendency. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:13-20. [PMID: 26344144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were extensively investigated in the sediment samples collected from seven major river basins around China. The concentrations were in the range of 0.05-6.15 × 10(4) ng g(-1) dry weight (dw), 0.29-21.7 ng g(-1) dw and 0.01-6.49 ng g(-1) dw for PBDEs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs, respectively. The concentrations showed wide variations among different river basins, while the congener profiles in all the sediments were generally characterized by only a few compounds, such as BDE-209, -99 and -47, CB-11 and -28, OCDD and OCDF, etc. The spatial analysis identified a decreasing trend of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from south to north China, consistent with regional industrialization. However, relatively higher level of POPs was also observed in the upstream of Yellow River Basin. The present study gives insight into the spatial occurrence of the three POPs in the major river basins in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hongtao Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Honghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Haidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Wang G, Peng J, Yang D, Zhang D, Li X. Current levels, composition profiles, source identification and potentially ecological risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the surface sediments from Bohai Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 101:834-844. [PMID: 26593279 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were analyzed to assess the environmental quality in the surface sediments from Bohai Sea (BS), China. Concentrations of ∑37PCBs, ∑7PBDEs and BDE-209 were 0.157-1.699, 0.100-0.479 and 0.464-6.438 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. All of these concentrations decreased generally from the coastal areas towards the outer sea, indicating intensive influences of anthropogenic activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with multiple linear regression (MLR) revealed that 82.1% of the PCBs in BS came from direct discharge of local anthropogenic activities, 16.3% from surface runoff of contaminated soils and 1.6% from atmospheric deposition. PBDEs were mainly derived from the usage and dismantling of products containing commercial Penta-, Octa- and Deca-BDEs. According to sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the ecological risks of PCBs could be negligible, and penta- and deca-BDE homologs might be the major contributors of ecological risks in the BS sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jialin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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22
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Lai Z, Li X, Li H, Zhao L, Zeng Y, Wang C, Gao Y, Liu Q. Residual Distribution and Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Surface Sediments of the Pearl River Delta, South China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:37-44. [PMID: 26017623 PMCID: PMC4457915 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed residual PCBs in surface sediments at 19 sites in the Pearl River Delta in the wet and dry seasons. Seven indicative PCB congeners (PCB28, PCB52, PCB101, PCB118, PCB153, PCB138 and PCB180) were detected in the surface sediments, among which the detection rate and mass concentrations of PCB52 were the highest. Total concentrations of the seven PCBs ranged from 19.8 to 111 μg/kg, with an average of 48.2 μg/kg. For the spatial distribution, the sum of the seven PCB (∑PCB) concentrations for the stations that were located in the city region of the Pearl River Delta were significantly higher than the ∑PCB concentrations for the eight outlets of the Pearl River Delta (p < 0.05). According to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ERL and ERM guideline concentrations, the PCB concentrations may occasionally lead to adverse effects, especially in the dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zini Lai
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Fishery Ecoenvironment Monitor and Evaluation Function Laboratory of Pearl River Valley, Guangzhou, 510380, China,
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Lv J, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhou C, Guo C, Luo Y, Meng W, Zou G, Xu J. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments of Liaohe River: levels, spatial and temporal distribution, possible sources, and inventory. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4256-4264. [PMID: 25292305 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and seasonal variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the sediment of Liaohe River were investigated in this study. A total of 29 surface sediment samples were collected in May and September in 2013. Results showed that levels of the two classes of compounds were higher in September than in May. The total concentration of PBDEs (∑8PBDEs) ranged from 0.30 to 5.09 ng g(-1) in May and from 0.17 to 13.73 ng g(-1) in September, respectively, and BDE 209 was the dominant compound. The total concentration of PCBs (∑33PCBs) was in the range of 4.92-76.86 and 11.69-179.61 ng g(-1) in May and September, respectively, with tri- and tetra-CBs dominated in the total PCBs in the sediments. According to the congener profiles and the principal component analysis, the major sources of PCBs and PBDEs in sediments of Liaohe River were from the usage of commercial products and industrial activities, and the degradation of high brominated BDEs also contributed to the current PBDEs in the sediments. The mass inventories of PBDEs and PCBs in the sediments of Liaohe River were 1.74 and 21.96 t, respectively, indicating that Liaohe River sediments may act as the potential sources of PBDEs and PCBs to the downstream coastal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Zhang T, Yang WL, Chen SJ, Shi DL, Zhao H, Ding Y, Huang YR, Li N, Ren Y, Mai BX. Occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of PBDEs, PCBs, OCPs, and PAHs in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:5285-5295. [PMID: 24788923 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 25 surface sediments in three cities (Nantong, Wuxi, and Suzhou) in the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China were measured. The mean concentrations were 378, 45.8, 1.98, 4,002 ng/g for PBDEs, OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs, respectively. Their levels in the sediments in the three cities were generally consistent with the city industrialization. PBDEs and OCPs were markedly dominated by deca-BDE (>90 %) and DDTs (>70 %). A principle component analysis of the analytes identified three major factors suggesting different sources of the contaminants in the sediments. PBDEs and the organic carbon in the sediments have common sources from industrial activities; whereas OCPs and PCBs, correlated with the second factor, were mainly from historical sources. The third factor with loadings of PAHs is indicative of various combustion sources. Ecological risk assessment indicated that the potential highest risk is from DDTs, for which 22 sites exceed the effects range low (ERL) values and three sites exceed the effects range median (ERM) value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Men B, He M, Tan L, Lin C. Distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea (China). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 78:77-84. [PMID: 24300287 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of 41 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in the aqueous phase, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment of the Daliao River estuary in Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea (China). The total PCB concentrations ranged from 5.51 to 40.28 ng L(-1) in the surface water, from 6.78 to 66.55 ng L(-1) dry weight in the SPM, and from 0.83 to 7.29 ng g(-1) dry weight in the sediment. The PCB concentrations in water, SPM, and sediment were moderate relative to those reported for other estuary and marine systems around the world. Sedimentary PCB concentrations decreased offshore due to the active deposition of laterally transported river-borne particles. The predominance of the highly chlorinated congeners for the water, SPM, and sediment samples are an indication of either a lack of degradation or the presence of nearby or recent releases into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Li Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Wang HS, Chen ZJ, Cheng Z, Du J, Man YB, Leung HM, Giesy JP, Wong CKC, Wong MH. Aquaculture-derived enrichment of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in coastal sediments of Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:214-220. [PMID: 23895785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate contamination of sediments along the coast of Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China, concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in surface and core sediments were measured in six mariculture zones. In surface sediments (0 to 5 cm), concentrations of ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs in mariculture sediments were approximately 1.3- and 7.7-fold greater, respectively, than those detected in sediments at corresponding reference sites, which were 1 to 2 km away in areas where there was no mariculture. Similarly, in cores of sediments, concentrations of ∑HCHs and ∑DDTs were 1.2- and 14-fold greater in mariculture zones, respectively. Enrichment relative to regional background concentrations, expressed as percentages was as large as 8.67 × 10(3)% for o,p'-DDD. The major sources of the enriched organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were hypothesized to be derived from the use of contaminated fish feeds and anti-fouling paints for maintaining fish cages. Results of ecological risk assessments revealed that enriched OCPs had a large potential to contaminate the surrounding marine environment and lead to adverse effects on the associated biota. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the differences of OCP contaminations between mariculture and natural coastal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Waihuandong Road, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Wang W, Huang MJ, Zheng JS, Cheung KC, Wong MH. Exposure assessment and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contained in indoor and outdoor dusts and the impacts of particle size and bioaccessibility. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:1201-1209. [PMID: 23706479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The size fraction, bioaccessibility and associated human daily intake of PCBs via indoor and outdoor dust collected from two most populated urban centers of Pearl River Delta (PRD), China, were studied. The ΣPCBs levels (ng g(-1)) in indoor (51.9-264) and outdoor (4.02-228) dust in Guangzhou (GZ) were found higher than those in indoor (17.4-137) and outdoor (7.75-114) dust of Hong Kong (HK). Hexa-PCB was the largest contributor in dust samples (29-64%), followed by tri-PCB. The size fraction of PCBs indicated a high accumulation effect of particles less than 63 μm, while the lowest was found in 280-2000 μm. Toxic equivalency (TEQ) of dioxin-like PCBs in indoor dust of GZ and HK was 2 to 13 times higher than that in outdoor dust. The bioaccessibility of PCBs was determined as 5-61% depending on individual PCB congeners under study and bioaccessible PCB exposure was significantly lower than the estimate for total PCB. The daily intake of bioaccessible PCBs via dust ranged in 0.02-8.95 and 0.37-17.8 ng day(-1) in GZ while 0.01-4.95 and 0.16-9.83 ng day(-1) in HK for adults and children, respectively. Dust ingestion contributed to 0.49-10.6% of overall non-dietary PCB exposure (dust ingestion and inhalation) for adults while 12.9-35% for children, indicating the dominant contribution from inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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Gao S, Chen J, Shen Z, Liu H, Chen Y. Seasonal and spatial distributions and possible sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface sediments of Yangtze Estuary, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:809-816. [PMID: 23434079 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The surface sediment samples taken from 30 sites of the Yangtze Estuary in both the flood and dry seasons were analyzed to reveal the spatial and seasonal distributions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Samples collected in the flood season showed higher PCB concentrations, larger PCB fluctuations and higher portions of large grain sediments in the inner estuary area compared with those collected in the dry season, indicating significant seasonal variations of PCBs. The effects of the physicochemical characteristics (TOC and grain size) of surface sediments on the distributions of PCBs were also investigated. Masked by various other factors, the TOC contents and sediment grain sizes did not exhibit a strong influence on the distributions of PCBs. Analysis of the PCB homolog and congener distribution patterns revealed a predominant proportion of light PCBs with 2-3 chlorines. According to the PCB homolog profiles and principal component analysis (PCA) of source contributions, non-point sources including atmospheric deposition and surface runoff associated with stormwater were suggested to be the major sources of PCBs in the surface sediments of the Yangtze Estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuohan Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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