1
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Polak-Juszczak L, Szlider-Richert J. Toxic metals in fishes, mussels, and sediments from the Puck Bay in the southern Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116080. [PMID: 38325199 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The environment of the Puck Bay is under strong pressure discharged sewage and brine. METHODS Toxic metals (cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, bromine) were determined in fishes (flounder and perch), sediments, and mussels. RESULTS Toxic metals in flounder and perch from the Puck Bay occurred at varying concentrations: Cd - 0.002-0.004 mg/kg; Pb - 0.011-0.029 mg/kg; Hg - 0.050-0.070 mg/kg; iAs lower than 0.02 mg/kg. The highest concentrations of metals occurred in outer bay sediments: Cd - 0.829 mg/kg dw; Pb - 21.54 mg/kg dw; Hg - 0.305 mg/kg dw; iAs - 0.02 mg/kg dw. Metal concentrations in mussels were at low levels. High Pb content (1.915 mg/kg ww) was only determined in samples collected at the station near the brine outfall. CONCLUSIONS Concentrations of toxic metals in the fishes, sediments, and mussels from the Puck Bay indicated that the environment of the bay was in good condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Polak-Juszczak
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szlider-Richert
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kołłątaja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
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2
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Willacker J, Eagles-Smith CA, Chandler JA, Naymik J, Myers R, Krabbenhoft DP. Reservoir Stratification Modulates the Influence of Impoundments on Fish Mercury Concentrations along an Arid Land River System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21313-21326. [PMID: 38051342 PMCID: PMC10734268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Impoundment is among the most common hydrologic alterations with impacts on aquatic ecosystems that can include effects on mercury (Hg) cycling. However, landscape-scale differences in Hg bioaccumulation between reservoirs and other habitats are not well characterized nor are the processes driving these differences. We examined total Hg (THg) concentrations of Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) collected from reservoir, tailrace, and free-flowing reaches along an 863 km segment of the Snake River, USA, a semiarid river with 22 impoundments along its course. Across three size-classes (putative 1-year-old, first reproductive, and harvestable sized fish), THg concentrations in reservoirs and tailraces averaged 76% higher than those in free-flowing segments. Among reservoirs, THg concentrations were highest in reservoirs with inconsistent stratification patterns, 47% higher than annually stratified, and 144% higher than unstratified reservoirs. Fish THg concentrations in tailraces immediately downstream of stratified reservoirs were higher than those below unstratified (38-130%) or inconsistently stratified (32-79%) reservoirs. Stratification regimes influenced the exceedance of fish and human health benchmarks, with 52-80% of fish from stratifying reservoirs and downstream tailraces exceeding a human consumption benchmark, compared to 6-17% where stratification did not occur. These findings suggest that impoundment and stratification play important roles in determining the patterns of Hg exposure risk across the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
J. Willacker
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Collin A. Eagles-Smith
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - James A. Chandler
- Idaho
Power Company, 1221 West Idaho Street, Boise, Idaho 83702, United States
| | - Jesse Naymik
- Idaho
Power Company, 1221 West Idaho Street, Boise, Idaho 83702, United States
| | - Ralph Myers
- Idaho
Power Company, 1221 West Idaho Street, Boise, Idaho 83702, United States
| | - David P. Krabbenhoft
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
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3
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Soerensen AL, Faxneld S, Pettersson M, Sköld M. Fish tissue conversion factors for mercury, cadmium, lead and nine per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances for use within contaminant monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159740. [PMID: 36461579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fish tissue levels have to comply with environmental quality standards (EQSs) within the European Water Framework Directive. However, within monitoring, contaminants are sometimes measured in a different tissue than the tissue for which the environmental (whole fish) or human (fillet (equivalent to muscle tissue)) quality standard is set. Tissue conversion factors (k), describing the relationship between concentrations in different tissues, can be used to obtain a quality standard for the appropriate tissue. Several different approaches have been suggested for the calculation of k. For monitoring purposes, we propose the use of a simple, easy reproducible approach that assumes proportionality between two tissue, or tissue and whole fish, concentrations. This allows for an easy comparison of studies and adoption of ks into independent monitoring programs. Here, we determined ks for three metals (mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd)) and nine per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) including perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) across six marine and freshwater fish species from Northern European lakes and the Baltic Sea. We found significant species differences for Hg for kmuscle/whole fish, for Cd and Pb for kliver/whole fish and for Cd for kliver/muscle. For perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCA), we found a chain length dependence with lowest kliver/muscle at low and high chain lengths (C8, C13) and highest for median chain lengths (C9-C12). Further, there were differences between fish species with kliver/muscle for PFOS almost doubling from eelpout (10.3) to herring (19.2) and increasing up to a factor 4 between eelpout and herring for other PFASs. FOSA had two distinctive groups, herring with a kliver/muscle of 48.7 and a second group with ks of 2.3 to 5.9 for all other fish species. Our results suggest that differences in the tissue somatic index, and contaminant uptake, tissue transfer and metabolism result in the need for species-specific ks within monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Soerensen
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden.
| | - Suzanne Faxneld
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden
| | - Maria Pettersson
- Environment and Health Administration, City of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Sköld
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden; Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Sweden
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4
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Annasawmy P, Bustamante P, Point D, Churlaud C, Romanov EV, Bodin N. Trace elements and δ 15N values in micronekton of the south-western Indian Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 184:114053. [PMID: 36152493 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements and δ15N values were analysed in micronekton (crustaceans, fishes and squids) sampled in the south-western Indian Ocean. Myctophids were associated with high concentrations of arsenic at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge seamounts, and with lead and manganese at MAD-Ridge and in the Mozambique Channel. The difference in cadmium, copper and zinc concentrations between micronekton broad categories reflected differing metabolic and storage processes. When significant, negative relationships were found between micronekton body size and trace element concentrations, which can possibly be attributed to differing metabolic activity in young and old individuals, dietary shifts and/or dilution effect of growth. No relationships were found between trace element concentrations and δ15N values of micronekton (except cobalt which decreased with increasing δ15N values), since most trace elements are not biomagnified in food webs due to regulation and excretion processes within organisms. All trace element pairs were positively correlated in fishes suggesting regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavanee Annasawmy
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR CNRS, IRD, UPS, CNES, Observatoire Midi Pyrénées (OMP), 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Paco Bustamante
- Littoral Environnement Société (LIENSs), UMR 7266-CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 17000 La Rochelle, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - David Point
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR CNRS, IRD, UPS, CNES, Observatoire Midi Pyrénées (OMP), 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Churlaud
- Littoral Environnement Société (LIENSs), UMR 7266-CNRS, Université de La Rochelle, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Evgeny V Romanov
- Centre technique de recherche et de valorisation des milieux aquatiques (CITEB), 97420 Le Port, Île de la Réunion, France
| | - Nathalie Bodin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Sustainable Ocean Seychelles, BeauBelle, Mahé, Seychelles
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5
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Wu H, Forghani B, Abdollahi M, Undeland I. Five cuts from herring ( Clupea harengus): Comparison of nutritional and chemical composition between co-product fractions and fillets. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100488. [PMID: 36345506 PMCID: PMC9636446 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight distribution, proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins were investigated in five sorted cuts (head, backbone, viscera + belly flap, tail, fillet) emerging during filleting of spring and fall herring (Clupea harengus). The herring co-product cuts constituted ∼ 60 % of the whole herring weight, with backbone and head dominating. Substantial amounts of lipids (5.8-17.6 % wet weight, ww) and proteins (12.8-19.2 % ww) were identified in the co-products, the former being higher in fall than in spring samples. Co-product cuts contained up to 43.1 % long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) of total FA, absolute levels peaking in viscera + belly flap. All cuts contained high levels of essential amino acids (up to 43.3 %), nutritional minerals (e.g., iodine, selenium, calcium, and iron/heme-iron), and vitamins E, D, and B12. Co-products were, in many cases, more nutrient-rich than the fillet and could be excellent sources for both (functional) food and nutraceuticals.
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6
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Hasselberg AE, Nøstbakken OJ, Aakre I, Madsen L, Atter A, Steiner-Asiedu M, Kjellevold M. Nutrient and contaminant exposure from smoked European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus): Implications for children's health in Ghana. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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7
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Farag MA, Zain AE, Hariri ML, Aaasar R, Khalifa I, Elmetwally F. Potential food safety hazards in fermented and salted fish in Egypt (Feseekh, Renga, Moloha) as case studies and controlling their manufacture using
HACCP
system. J Food Saf 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department College of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo Egypt
| | - Aya Ehab Zain
- Chemistry Department School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt
| | - Mohamad Louai Hariri
- Chemistry Department School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt
| | - Reem Aaasar
- Chemistry Department School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Khalifa
- Food Technology Department Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University Qaliuobia Egypt
| | - Farah Elmetwally
- Chemistry Department School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo New Cairo Egypt
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8
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Annasawmy P, Point D, Romanov EV, Bodin N. Mercury concentrations and stable isotope ratios (δ 13C and δ 15N) in pelagic nekton assemblages of the south-western Indian Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113151. [PMID: 34883442 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) concentrations and stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) were investigated in micronekton collected from La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge seamounts, Reunion Island and the southern Mozambique Channel. Organisms occupying epipelagic habitats showed lower Hg concentrations relative to deeper dwelling benthopelagic ones. Increasing Hg concentrations with increasing body size were recorded in the Mozambique Channel and Reunion Island. Positive relationships were observed between Hg levels and δ15N values in pelagic nekton assemblages collected at MAD-Ridge seamount and the southern Mozambique Channel, suggesting biomagnification of Hg. Concentrations of Hg in organisms across the south-western Indian Ocean were within the same range of values. Total Hg concentrations depend on a range of factors linked to habitat range, body size and trophic position of the individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the patterns of Hg concentrations in pelagic nekton assemblages from the south-western Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavanee Annasawmy
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR 5563 CNRS, IRD, UPS, CNES, Observatoire Midi Pyrénées (OMP), 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - David Point
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), UMR 5563 CNRS, IRD, UPS, CNES, Observatoire Midi Pyrénées (OMP), 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Evgeny V Romanov
- Centre technique de recherche et de valorisation des milieux aquatiques (CITEB), 97420 Le Port, Île de la Réunion, France
| | - Nathalie Bodin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Sustainable Ocean Seychelles, Beau Belle, Mahé, Seychelles
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9
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Suhareva N, Aigars J, Poikane R, Jansons M. Development of fish age normalization technique for pollution assessment of marine ecosystem, based on concentrations of mercury, copper, and zinc in dorsal muscles of fish. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:279. [PMID: 32279131 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Correlation between metal concentrations in fish tissues and fish body size poses certain challenge when comparing concentration levels encountered at different locations or time periods by degrading performance of statistical tests due to variable age composition of fish sample pool. In order to overcome this, the concentrations of Hg, Cu, and Zn, measured in tissues of five fish species, were normalized to selected age group. Computed species-specific equations, based on empirically obtained exponential relationship, provided accurate estimates of the normalized concentrations under the conditions of substantial metal and fish age covariation. Obtained normalized and measured concentrations were then compared among sampling stations by means of commonly used analysis of variance (ANOVA) in combination with Tuckey's HSD test, where 11 out of 18 considered cases showed significant smoothing of the observed differences. The applied method worked well in the case of locally distributed coastal species populations where transformed data allowed clearer separation of spatial areas exhibiting different levels of pollution. At the same time, application of the method on pelagic fish species was less successful due to high mobility of specimens and mixed impact on the population originating from variable pollution levels at different areas of the entire migration region; therefore, attribution of a sample pool to a specific catchment area can cause a bias in assessment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Suhareva
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Voleru street 4, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Juris Aigars
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Voleru street 4, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Rita Poikane
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Voleru street 4, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Mintauts Jansons
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Voleru street 4, Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
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10
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Day NK, Schmidt TS, Roberts JJ, Osmundson BC, Willacker JJ, Eagles-Smith CA. Mercury and selenium concentrations in fishes of the Upper Colorado River Basin, southwestern United States: A retrospective assessment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226824. [PMID: 31929573 PMCID: PMC6957192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) and selenium (Se) are contaminants of concern for fish in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). We explored Hg and Se in fish tissues (2,324 individuals) collected over 50 years (1962-2011) from the UCRB. Samples include native and non-native fish collected from lotic waterbodies spanning 7 major tributaries to the Colorado River. There was little variation of total mercury (THg) in fish assemblages basin-wide and only 13% (272/1959) of individual fish samples exceeded the fish health benchmark (0.27 μg THg/g ww). Most THg exceedances were observed in the White-Yampa tributary whereas the San Juan had the lowest mean THg concentration. Risks associated with THg are species specific with exceedances dominated by Colorado Pikeminnow (mean = 0.38 and standard error ± 0.08 μg THg/g ww) and Roundtail Chub (0.24 ± 0.06 μg THg/g ww). For Se, 48% (827/1720) of all individuals exceeded the fish health benchmark (5.1 μg Se/g dw). The Gunnison river had the most individual exceedances of the Se benchmark (74%) whereas the Dirty Devil had the fewest. We identified that species of management concern accumulate THg and Se to levels above risk thresholds and that fishes of the White-Yampa (THg) and Gunnison (Se) rivers are at the greatest risk in the UCRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K. Day
- U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, Utah, United States of America
| | - Travis S. Schmidt
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James J. Roberts
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Barbara C. Osmundson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grand Junction, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James J. Willacker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Collin A. Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
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11
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Polak-Juszczak L. Distribution of organic and inorganic mercury in the tissues and organs of fish from the southern Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:34181-34189. [PMID: 30288672 PMCID: PMC6245018 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of total mercury (THg), methylmercury (CH3Hg+), and inorganic mercury (Hginorg) in the tissues and organs of fish depending on species, tissue, and organ, and their bioaccumulation in tissues and biomagnification throughout the trophic web. The study included four species of fish (herring, sprat, cod, and eel) from the southern Baltic Sea. The concentrations of the different forms of mercury were determined in tissues and internal organs. Intra-specific differences in levels of THg, CH3Hg+, and Hginorg in the tissues and organs were determined. Muscle contained the highest proportions of THg and CH3Hg+ in comparison to that in the internal organs. Differences in concentrations of THg, CH3Hg+, and Hginorg in the tissues and organs of fish were related to their preferred prey. The bioaccumulation of CH3Hg+ in the tissues and organs of predatory fish at the highest trophic levels was greater than in the liver and digestive tract of fish species at lower trophic levels, in which Hginorg predominated. The high concentrations of CH3Hg+ in eel and cod and the low levels in herring and sprat were linked with their food and the transfer of this element among species. The results suggested that the type of food, feeding habits, and trophic position were important parameters that influenced the transfer and biomagnification of mercury in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Polak-Juszczak
- Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ul. Kollataja 1, 81-332, Gdynia, Poland.
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12
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Cusack LK, Eagles-Smith C, Harding AK, Kile M, Stone D. Selenium: Mercury Molar Ratios in Freshwater Fish in the Columbia River Basin: Potential Applications for Specific Fish Consumption Advisories. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:136-146. [PMID: 27928722 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fish provide a valuable source of beneficial nutrients and are an excellent source of low fat protein. However, fish are also the primary source of methylmercury exposure in humans. Selenium often co-occurs with mercury and there is some evidence that selenium can protect against mercury toxicity yet States issue fish consumption advisories based solely on the risks that methylmercury pose to human health. Recently, it has been suggested the selenium: mercury molar ratio be considered in risk management. In order for agencies to utilize the ratio to set consumption guidelines, it is important to evaluate the variability in selenium and mercury in different fish species. We examined 10 different freshwater fish species found within the Columbia River Basin in order to determine the inter- and intra-specific variability in the selenium: mercury molar ratios and the selenium health benefit values. We found significant variation in selenium: mercury molar ratios. The mean molar ratios for each species were all above 1:1, ranging from 3.42:1 in Walleye to 27.2:1 in Chinook salmon. There was a positive correlation between both mercury and selenium with length for each fish species apart from yellow perch and rainbow trout. All species had health benefit values greater than 2. We observed considerable variability in selenium: mercury molar ratios within fish species collected in the Columbia River Basin. Although incorporating selenium: mercury molar ratios into fish consumption holds the potential for refining advisories and assessing the risk of methylmercury exposure, the current understanding of how these ratios apply is insufficient, and further understanding of drivers of variability in the ratios is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Collin Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Molly Kile
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dave Stone
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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13
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Afonso A, Gutiérrez AJ, Lozano G, González-Weller D, Rubio C, Caballero JM, Hardisson A, Revert C. Determination of toxic metals, trace and essentials, and macronutrients in Sarpa salpa and Chelon labrosus: risk assessment for the consumers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10557-10569. [PMID: 28281080 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to increased environmental pollution, monitoring of contaminants in the environment and marine organisms is a fundamental tool for assessing the existence of risk from their consumption to human health. The levels of toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Al), trace and essential metals (B, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, and Zn), and macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, Na) in two species of fish for human consumption were quantified in the present study. Eighty samples of muscle tissue and 80 samples of liver tissue belonging to two species of Osteichthyes fish; Sarpa salpa and Chelon labrosus were analyzed. The studied specimens were caught on the northern coast of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) with fishing rods. As they caught from the shore, they are suitable samples for assessing the toxic levels of representative species caught by local amateur fishermen. The results show that both species are fit for human consumption since they have toxic levels of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Al) which are below the maximum established levels; however, the toxic levels of the liver samples are several orders of magnitude higher than the muscle samples, so we discourage their regular consumption. The risk assessment indicated that the two species of fish are safe for the average consumer; however, if the livers of these species are consumed, there could be risks because they exceed the PTWI for Pb and the TWI for Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aridani Afonso
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Angel J Gutiérrez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Lozano
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dailos González-Weller
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Canarian Public Health service, Central Laboratory, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M Caballero
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Department of Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Consuelo Revert
- Department of Physical Medicine and Pharmacology, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Eagles-Smith CA, Ackerman JT, Willacker JJ, Tate MT, Lutz MA, Fleck JA, Stewart AR, Wiener JG, Evers DC, Lepak JM, Davis JA, Pritz CF. Spatial and temporal patterns of mercury concentrations in freshwater fish across the Western United States and Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1171-1184. [PMID: 27102274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury contamination of fish is a global threat to environmental health. Mercury (Hg) monitoring programs are valuable for generating data that can be compiled for spatially broad syntheses to identify emergent ecosystem properties that influence fish Hg bioaccumulation. Fish total Hg (THg) concentrations were evaluated across the Western United States (US) and Canada, a region defined by extreme gradients in habitat structure and water management. A database was compiled with THg concentrations in 96,310 fish that comprised 206 species from 4262 locations, and used to evaluate the spatial distribution of fish THg across the region and effects of species, foraging guilds, habitats, and ecoregions. Areas of elevated THg exposure were identified by developing a relativized estimate of fish mercury concentrations at a watershed scale that accounted for the variability associated with fish species, fish size, and site effects. THg concentrations in fish muscle ranged between 0.001 and 28.4 (μg/g wet weight (ww)) with a geometric mean of 0.17. Overall, 30% of individual fish samples and 17% of means by location exceeded the 0.30μg/g ww US EPA fish tissue criterion. Fish THg concentrations differed among habitat types, with riverine habitats consistently higher than lacustrine habitats. Importantly, fish THg concentrations were not correlated with sediment THg concentrations at a watershed scale, but were weakly correlated with sediment MeHg concentrations, suggesting that factors influencing MeHg production may be more important than inorganic Hg loading for determining fish MeHg exposure. There was large heterogeneity in fish THg concentrations across the landscape; THg concentrations were generally higher in semi-arid and arid regions such as the Great Basin and Desert Southwest, than in temperate forests. Results suggest that fish mercury exposure is widespread throughout Western US and Canada, and that species, habitat type, and region play an important role in influencing ecological risk of mercury in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Joshua T Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA 95620, USA
| | - James J Willacker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Michael T Tate
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Michelle A Lutz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Jacob A Fleck
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J St. Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - A Robin Stewart
- U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - James G Wiener
- University of Wisconsin La Crosse, River Studies Center, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | - David C Evers
- Biodiversity Research Institute, 276 Canco Road, Portland, ME 04103, USA
| | - Jesse M Lepak
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, 317 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Jay A Davis
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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15
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Willacker JJ, Eagles-Smith CA, Lutz MA, Tate MT, Lepak JM, Ackerman JT. Reservoirs and water management influence fish mercury concentrations in the western United States and Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:739-748. [PMID: 27039275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic manipulation of aquatic habitats can profoundly alter mercury (Hg) cycling and bioaccumulation. The impoundment of fluvial systems is among the most common habitat manipulations and is known to increase fish Hg concentrations immediately following impoundment. However, it is not well understood how Hg concentrations differ between reservoirs and lakes at large spatial and temporal scales or how reservoir management influences fish Hg concentrations. This study evaluated total Hg (THg) concentrations in 64,386 fish from 883 reservoirs and 1387 lakes, across the western United States and Canada, to assess differences between reservoirs and lakes, as well as the influence of reservoir management on fish THg concentrations. Fish THg concentrations were 1.4-fold higher in reservoirs (0.13±0.011μg/g wet weight±standard error) than lakes (0.09±0.006), though this difference varied among ecoregions. Fish THg concentrations were 1.5- to 2.6-fold higher in reservoirs than lakes of the North American Deserts, Northern Forests, and Mediterranean California ecoregions, but did not differ between reservoirs and lakes in four other ecoregions. Fish THg concentrations peaked in three-year-old reservoirs then rapidly declined in 4-12year old reservoirs. Water management was particularly important in influencing fish THg concentrations, which were up to 11-times higher in reservoirs with minimum water storage occurring in May, June, or July compared to reservoirs with minimum storage occurring in other months. Between-year changes in maximum water storage strongly influenced fish THg concentrations, but within-year fluctuations in water levels did not influence fish THg concentrations. Specifically, fish THg concentrations increased up to 3.2-fold over the range of between-year changes in maximum water storage in all ecoregions except Mediterranean California. These data highlight the role of reservoir creation and management in influencing fish THg concentrations and suggest that water management may provide an effective means of mitigating Hg bioaccumulation in some reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Willacker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Collin A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Michelle A Lutz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Michael T Tate
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Jesse M Lepak
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, 317 West Prospect Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Joshua T Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, CA 95620, USA
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16
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Cerveny D, Turek J, Grabic R, Golovko O, Koba O, Fedorova G, Grabicova K, Zlabek V, Randak T. Young-of-the-year fish as a prospective bioindicator for aquatic environmental contamination monitoring. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:334-342. [PMID: 27486042 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metals (Hg, Cd, Pb) and fifteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were determined in different fish samples at two locations on the Elbe River in the Czech Republic. The muscle tissue of the two adult fish species most commonly used as bioindicators in central Europe and whole body homogenates of various species of young-of-the-year (YOY) fish were used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential to replace adult fish muscle tissue with YOY fish for contamination monitoring. All of the toxic metals and five of the fifteen PFASs were found in the YOY fish samples while only mercury and PFOS were detected in the muscle tissue of adults. The concentration of total mercury (THg) in the YOY fish homogenates ranged between 0.014 and 0.062 μg g(-1). Of the spectrum of analysed pollutants, only the THg concentrations were lower in YOY fish homogenates than in adult muscle tissue. The cadmium concentration varied from 0.004 to 0.024 μg g(-1) and the lead concentration varied from 0.032 to 0.396 μg g(-1) in YOY fish homogenates, while in most of the adult samples, Cd and Pb were below the detection limit of the analytical methods employed. The PFOS concentrations in YOY fish homogenates were comparable to the concentrations frequently found in adult liver tissue. These results show that mixed shoals of YOY fish can be successfully used for aquatic bio-monitoring. Interspecific variability in the concentrations of the target pollutants in YOY fish whole body homogenates is usually lower than the intraspecific variability of the concentrations of the pollutants in adult fish muscle. YOY fish were found to be a suitable bioindicator and have several advantages compared to adult fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cerveny
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Turek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Koba
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Randak
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodnany, Czech Republic
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17
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Davis JA, Ross JRM, Bezalel S, Sim L, Bonnema A, Ichikawa G, Heim WA, Schiff K, Eagles-Smith CA, Ackerman JT. Hg concentrations in fish from coastal waters of California and Western North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:1146-1156. [PMID: 27067833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The State of California conducted an extensive and systematic survey of mercury (Hg) in fish from the California coast in 2009 and 2010. The California survey sampled 3483 fish representing 46 species at 68 locations, and demonstrated that methylHg in fish presents a widespread exposure risk to fish consumers. Most of the locations sampled (37 of 68) had a species with an average concentration above 0.3μg/gwet weight (ww), and 10 locations an average above 1.0μg/gww. The recent and robust dataset from California provided a basis for a broader examination of spatial and temporal patterns in fish Hg in coastal waters of Western North America. There is a striking lack of data in publicly accessible databases on Hg and other contaminants in coastal fish. An assessment of the raw data from these databases suggested the presence of relatively high concentrations along the California coast and in Puget Sound, and relatively low concentrations along the coasts of Alaska and Oregon, and the outer coast of Washington. The dataset suggests that Hg concentrations of public health concern can be observed at any location on the coast of Western North America where long-lived predator species are sampled. Output from a linear mixed-effects model resembled the spatial pattern observed for the raw data and suggested, based on the limited dataset, a lack of trend in fish Hg over the nearly 30-year period covered by the dataset. Expanded and continued monitoring, accompanied by rigorous data management procedures, would be of great value in characterizing methylHg exposure, and tracking changes in contamination of coastal fish in response to possible increases in atmospheric Hg emissions in Asia, climate change, and terrestrial Hg control efforts in coastal watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Davis
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - J R M Ross
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - S Bezalel
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - L Sim
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - A Bonnema
- Marine Pollution Studies Lab, 7544 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
| | - G Ichikawa
- Marine Pollution Studies Lab, 7544 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
| | - W A Heim
- Marine Pollution Studies Lab, 7544 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
| | - K Schiff
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - C A Eagles-Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - J T Ackerman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Science Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Dixon, CA 95620, USA.
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18
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Korsman JC, Schipper AM, Hendriks AJ. Dietary Toxicity Thresholds and Ecological Risks for Birds and Mammals Based on Species Sensitivity Distributions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10644-10652. [PMID: 27579512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) are commonly used in regulatory procedures and ecological risk assessments. Yet, most toxicity threshold and risk assessment studies are based on invertebrates and fish. In the present study, no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) specific to birds and mammals were used to derive SSDs and corresponding hazardous concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5 values). This was done for 41 individual substances as well as for subsets of substances aggregated based on their toxic Mode of Action (MoA). In addition, potential differences in SSD parameters (mean and standard deviation) were investigated in relation to MoA and end point (growth, reproduction, and survival). The means of neurotoxic and respirotoxic compounds were significantly lower than those of narcotics, whereas no differences were found between end points. The standard deviations of the SSDs were similar across MoA's and end points. Finally, the SSDs obtained were used in a case study by calculating Ecological Risks (ER) and multisubstance Potentially Affected Fractions of species (msPAF) based on 19 chemicals in 10 Northwestern European estuaries and coastal areas. The assessment showed that the risks were all below 2.6 × 10-2. However, the calculated risks underestimate the actual risks of chemicals in these areas because the potential impacts of substances that were not measured in the field or for which no SSD was available were not included in the risk assessment. The SSDs obtained can be used in regulatory procedures and for assessing the impacts of contaminants on birds and mammals from fish contaminants monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Korsman
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke M Schipper
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency , P.O. Box 303, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University , P.O. Box 9010, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Le TTY, Nachev M, Grabner D, Hendriks AJ, Sures B. Development and Validation of a Biodynamic Model for Mechanistically Predicting Metal Accumulation in Fish-Parasite Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161091. [PMID: 27548282 PMCID: PMC4993497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of different reported effects of parasitism on the accumulation of metals in fish, it is important to consider parasites while interpreting bioaccumulation data from biomonitoring programmes. Accordingly, the first step is to take parasitism into consideration when simulating metal bioaccumulation in the fish host under laboratory conditions. In the present study, the accumulation of metals in fish-parasite systems was simulated by a one-compartment toxicokinetic model and compared to uninfected conspecifics. As such, metal accumulation in fish was assumed to result from a balance of different uptake and loss processes depending on the infection status. The uptake by parasites was considered an efflux from the fish host, similar to elimination. Physiological rate constants for the uninfected fish were parameterised based on the covalent index and the species weight while the parameterisation for the infected fish was carried out based on the reported effects of parasites on the uptake kinetics of the fish host. The model was then validated for the system of the chub Squalius cephalus and the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus tereticollis following 36-day exposure to waterborne Pb. The dissolved concentration of Pb in the exposure tank water fluctuated during the exposure, ranging from 40 to 120 μg/L. Generally, the present study shows that the one-compartment model can be an effective method for simulating the accumulation of metals in fish, taking into account effects of parasitism. In particular, the predicted concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Pb in the uninfected chub as well as in the infected chub and the acanthocephalans were within one order of magnitude of the measurements. The variation in the absorption efficiency and the elimination rate constant of the uninfected chub resulted in variations of about one order of magnitude in the predicted concentrations of Pb. Inclusion of further assumptions for simulating metal accumulation in the infected chub led to variations of around two orders of magnitude in the predictions. Therefore, further research is required to reduce uncertainty while characterising and parameterising the model for infected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. T. Yen Le
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Milen Nachev
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A. Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Sures
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
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