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Peng Z, Li J, Jiang X, Wan C. sOCP: a framework predicting smORF coding potential based on TIS and in-frame features and effectively applied in the human genome. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae147. [PMID: 38600664 PMCID: PMC11006793 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Small open reading frames (smORFs) have been acknowledged to play various roles on essential biological pathways and affect human beings from diabetes to tumorigenesis. Predicting smORFs in silico is quite a prerequisite for processing the omics data. Here, we proposed the smORF-coding-potential-predicting framework, sOCP, which provides functions to construct a model for predicting novel smORFs in some species. The sOCP model constructed in human was based on in-frame features and the nucleotide bias around the start codon, and the small feature subset was proved to be competent enough and avoid overfitting problems for complicated models. It showed more advanced prediction metrics than previous methods and could correlate closely with experimental evidence in a heterogeneous dataset. The model was applied to Rattus norvegicus and exhibited satisfactory performance. We then scanned smORFs with ATG and non-ATG start codons from the human genome and generated a database containing about a million novel smORFs with coding potential. Around 72 000 smORFs are located on the lncRNA regions of the genome. The smORF-encoded peptides may be involved in biological pathways rare for canonical proteins, including glucocorticoid catabolic process and the prokaryotic defense system. Our work provides a model and database for human smORF investigation and a convenient tool for further smORF prediction in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Peng
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqiang Li
- School of Computer Science, and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingpeng Jiang
- School of Computer Science, and Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Learning, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Wan
- School of Life Sciences, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Lomniczi A, Luna SL, Cervera-Juanes R, Appleman ML, Kohama SG, Urbanski HF. Age-related increase in the expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in the hippocampus of male rhesus macaques. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1328543. [PMID: 38560025 PMCID: PMC10978655 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1328543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The hippocampus is especially susceptible to age-associated neuronal pathologies, and there is concern that the age-associated rise in cortisol secretion from the adrenal gland may contribute to their etiology. Furthermore, because 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) catalyzes the reduction of cortisone to the active hormone cortisol, it is plausible that an increase in the expression of this enzyme enhances the deleterious impact of cortisol in the hippocampus and contributes to the neuronal pathologies that underlie cognitive decline in the elderly. Methods Rhesus macaques were used as a translational animal model of human aging, to examine age-related changes in gene and protein expressions of (HSD11B1/HSD11B1) in the hippocampus, a region of the brain that plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Results Older animals showed significantly (p < 0.01) higher base-line cortisol levels in the circulation. In addition, they showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher hippocampal expression of HSD11B1 but not NR3C1 and NR3C2 (i.e., two receptor-encoding genes through which cortisol exerts its physiological actions). A similar age-related significant (p < 0.05) increase in the expression of the HSD11B1 was revealed at the protein level by western blot analysis. Discussion The data suggest that an age-related increase in the expression of hippocampal HSD11B1 is likely to raise cortisol concentrations in this cognitive brain area, and thereby contribute to the etiology of neuropathologies that ultimately lead to neuronal loss and dementia. Targeting this enzyme pharmacologically may help to reduce the negative impact of elevated cortisol concentrations within glucocorticoid-sensitive brain areas and thereby afford neuronal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lomniczi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Selva L. Luna
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rita Cervera-Juanes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Maria-Luisa Appleman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Steven G. Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Henryk F. Urbanski
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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3
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Hamden JE, Gray KM, Salehzadeh M, Soma KK. Isoflurane stress induces region-specific glucocorticoid levels in neonatal mouse brain. J Endocrinol 2022; 255:61-74. [PMID: 35938697 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The profound programming effects of early life stress (ELS) on brain and behavior are thought to be primarily mediated by adrenal glucocorticoids (GCs). However, in mice, stressors are often administered between postnatal days 2 and 12 (PND2-12), during the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP), when adrenal GC production is greatly reduced at baseline and in response to stressors. During the SHRP, specific brain regions produce GCs at baseline, but it is unknown if brain GC production increases in response to stressors. We treated mice at PND1 (pre-SHRP), PND5 (SHRP), PND9 (SHRP), and PND13 (post-SHRP) with an acute stressor (isoflurane anesthesia), vehicle control (oxygen), or neither (baseline). We measured a panel of progesterone and six GCs in the blood, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. At PND1, baseline corticosterone levels were high and did not increase in response to stress. At PND5, baseline corticosterone levels were very low, increases in brain corticosterone levels were greater than the increase in blood corticosterone levels, and stress had region-specific effects. At PND9, baseline corticosterone levels were low and increased similarly and moderately in response to stress. At PND13, blood corticosterone levels were higher than those at PND9, and corticosterone levels were higher in blood than in brain regions. These data illustrate the rapid and profound changes in stress physiology during neonatal development and suggest that neurosteroid production is a possible mechanism by which ELS has enduring effects on brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Hamden
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katherine M Gray
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melody Salehzadeh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Li X, Qiu W, Deng L, Lin J, Huang W, Xu Y, Zhang M, Jones NC, Lin R, Xu H, Lin L, Li P, Wang X. 11β-HSD1 participates in epileptogenesis and the associated cognitive impairment by inhibiting apoptosis in mice. J Transl Med 2022; 20:406. [PMID: 36064418 PMCID: PMC9446697 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucocorticoid signalling is closely related to both epilepsy and associated cognitive impairment, possibly through mechanisms involving neuronal apoptosis. As a critical enzyme for glucocorticoid action, the role of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) in epileptogenesis and associated cognitive impairment has not previously been studied. Methods We first investigated the expression of 11β-HSD1 in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling mouse model of epilepsy. We then observed the effect of overexpressing 11β-HSD1 on the excitability of primary cultured neurons in vitro using whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Further, we assessed the effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-induced hippocampal 11β-HSD1 knockdown in the PTZ model, conducting behavioural observations of seizures, assessment of spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze, and biochemical and histopathological analyses. Results We found that 11β-HSD1 was primarily expressed in neurons but not astrocytes, and its expression was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the hippocampus of PTZ epilepsy mice compared to sham controls. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that overexpression of 11β-HSD1 significantly decreased the threshold voltage while increasing the frequency of action potential firing in cultured hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal knockdown of 11β-HSD1 significantly reduced the severity score of PTZ seizures and increased the latent period required to reach the fully kindled state compared to control knockdown. Knockdown of 11β-HSD1 also significantly mitigated the impairment of spatial learning and memory, attenuated hippocampal neuronal damage and increased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, while decreasing the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Conclusions 11β-HSD1 participates in the pathogenesis of both epilepsy and the associated cognitive impairment by elevating neuronal excitability and contributing to apoptosis and subsequent hippocampal neuronal damage. Inhibition of 11β-HSD1, therefore, represents a promising strategy to treat epilepsy and cognitive comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanhua Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mulan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 2004, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Runxuan Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 2004, Australia
| | - Huiqin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peijun Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinshi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Shangcai Village, Ouhai District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Marissal-Arvy N, Moisan MP. Diabetes and associated cognitive disorders: Role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal axis. Metabol Open 2022; 15:100202. [PMID: 35958117 PMCID: PMC9357829 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both diabetes types, types 1 and 2, are associated with cognitive impairments. Each period of life is concerned, and this is an increasing public health problem. Animal models have been developed to investigate the biological actors involved in such impairments. Many levels of the brain function (structure, volume, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, behavior) are involved. In this review, we detailed the part potentially played by the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal axis in these dysfunctions. Notably, regulating glucocorticoid levels, their receptors and their bioavailability appear to be relevant for future research studies, and treatment development.
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Tesic V, Ciric J, Jovanovic Macura I, Zogovic N, Milanovic D, Kanazir S, Perovic M. Corticosterone and Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Cortex of Rats during Aging-The Effects of Long-Term Food Restriction. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124526. [PMID: 34960078 PMCID: PMC8703853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous beneficial effects of food restriction on aging and age-related pathologies are well documented. It is also well-established that both short- and long-term food restriction regimens induce elevated circulating levels of glucocorticoids, stress-induced hormones produced by adrenal glands that can also exert deleterious effects on the brain. In the present study, we examined the effect of long-term food restriction on the glucocorticoid hormone/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) system in the cortex during aging, in 18- and 24-month-old rats. Corticosterone level was increased in the cortex of aged ad libitum-fed rats. Food restriction induced its further increase, accompanied with an increase in the level of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. However, alterations in the level of GR phosphorylated at Ser232 were not detected in animals on food restriction, in line with unaltered CDK5 level, the decrease of Hsp90, and an increase in a negative regulator of GR function, FKBP51. Moreover, our data revealed that reduced food intake prevented age-related increase in the levels of NFκB, gfap, and bax, confirming its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Along with an increase in the levels of c-fos, our study provides additional evidences that food restriction affects cortical responsiveness to glucocorticoids during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Tesic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Irena Jovanovic Macura
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Nevena Zogovic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Desanka Milanovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Selma Kanazir
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Milka Perovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bul. despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (V.T.); (J.C.); (I.J.M.); (D.M.); (M.P.)
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7
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Bini J, Bhatt S, Hillmer AT, Gallezot JD, Nabulsi N, Pracitto R, Labaree D, Kapinos M, Ropchan J, Matuskey D, Sherwin RS, Jastreboff AM, Carson RE, Cosgrove K, Huang Y. Body Mass Index and Age Effects on Brain 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1: a Positron Emission Tomography Study. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1124-1131. [PMID: 32133575 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cortisol, a glucocorticoid steroid stress hormone, is primarily responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis in the liver and promoting adipocyte differentiation and maturation. Prolonged excess cortisol leads to visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, memory dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and more severe Alzheimer's disease phenotypes. The intracellular enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone to active cortisol; yet the amount of 11β-HSD1 in the brain has not been quantified directly in vivo. OBJECTIVE We analyzed positron emission tomography (PET) scans with an 11β-HSD1 inhibitor radioligand in twenty-eight individuals (23 M/5F): 10 lean, 13 overweight, and 5 obese individuals. Each individual underwent PET imaging on the high-resolution research tomograph PET scanner after injection of 11C-AS2471907 (n = 17) or 18F-AS2471907 (n = 11). Injected activity and mass doses were 246 ± 130 MBq and 0.036 ± 0.039 μg, respectively, for 11C-AS2471907, and 92 ± 15 MBq and 0.001 ± 0.001 μg for 18F-AS2471907. Correlations of mean whole brain and regional distribution volume (VT) with body mass index (BMI) and age were performed with a linear regression model. RESULTS Significant correlations of whole brain mean VT with BMI and age (VT = 15.23-0.63 × BMI + 0.27 × Age, p = 0.001) were revealed. Age-adjusted mean whole brain VT values were significantly lower in obese individuals. Post hoc region specific analyses revealed significantly reduced mean VT values in the thalamus (lean vs. overweight and lean vs. obese individuals). Caudate, hypothalamus, parietal lobe, and putamen also showed lower VT value in obese vs. lean individuals. A significant age-associated increase of 2.7 mL/cm3 per decade was seen in BMI-corrected mean whole brain VT values. CONCLUSIONS In vivo PET imaging demonstrated, for the first time, correlation of higher BMI (obesity) with lower levels of the enzyme 11β-HSD1 in the brain and correlation of increased 11β-HSD1 levels in the brain with advancing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale University PET Center, 801 Howard Ave, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520-8048, USA.
| | - Shivani Bhatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ansel T Hillmer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard Pracitto
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Labaree
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Kapinos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jim Ropchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert S Sherwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ania M Jastreboff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard E Carson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly Cosgrove
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yiyun Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Rensel MA, Schlinger BA. 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases regulate circulating glucocorticoids but not central gene expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 305:113734. [PMID: 33548254 PMCID: PMC7954975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs), important mediators of physiology and behavior at rest and during stress, is multi-faceted and dynamic. The 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 11ß-HSD1 and 11ß-HSD2 catalyze the regeneration and inactivation of GCs, respectively, and provide peripheral and central control over GC actions in mammals. While these enzymes have only recently been investigated in just two songbird species, central expression patterns suggest that they may function differently in birds and mammals, and little is known about how peripheral expression regulates circulating GCs. In this study, we utilized the 11ß-HSD inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) to probe the functional effects of 11ß-HSD activity on circulating GCs and central GC-dependent gene expression in the adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Peripheral CBX injection produced a marked increase in baseline GCs 60 min after injection, suggestive of a dominant role for 11ß-HSD2 in regulating circulating GCs. In the adult zebra finch brain, where 11ß-HSD2 but not 11ß-HSD1 is expressed, co-incubation of micro-dissected brain regions with CBX and stress-level GCs had no impact on expression of several GC-dependent genes. These results suggest that peripheral 11ß-HSD2 attenuates circulating GCs, whereas central 11ß-HSD2 has little impact on gene expression. Instead, rapid 11ß-HSD2-based regulation of local GC levels might fine-tune membrane GC actions in brain. These results provide new insights into the dynamics of GC secretion and action in this important model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rensel
- Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Barney A Schlinger
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute UCLA, Box 951761, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive E, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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9
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Tobiansky DJ, Long KM, Hamden JE, Brawn JD, Fuxjager MJ. Cost-reducing traits for agonistic head collisions: a case for neurophysiology. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1394-1405. [PMID: 33885750 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal species have evolved extreme behaviors requiring them to engage in repeated high-impact collisions. These behaviors include mating displays like headbutting in sheep and drumming in woodpeckers. To our knowledge, these taxa do not experience any notable acute head trauma, even though the deceleration forces would cause traumatic brain injury in most animals. Previous research has focused on skeletomuscular morphology, biomechanics, and material properties in an attempt to explain how animals moderate these high-impact forces. However, many of these behaviors are understudied, and most morphological or computational studies make assumptions about the behavior without accounting for the physiology of an organism. Studying neurophysiological and immune adaptations that co-vary with these behaviors can highlight unique or synergistic solutions to seemingly deleterious behavioral displays. Here, we argue that selection for repeated, high-impact head collisions may rely on a suite of coadaptations in intracranial physiology as a cost-reducing mechanism. We propose that there are three physiological systems that could mitigate the effects of repeated head trauma: (i) the innate neuroimmune response, (ii) the glymphatic system, and (iii) the choroid plexus. These systems are interconnected yet can evolve in an independent manner. We then briefly describe the function of these systems, their role in head trauma, and research that has examined how these systems may evolve to help reduce the cost of repeated, forceful head impacts. Ultimately, we note that little is known about cost-reducing intracranial mechanisms making it a novel field of comparative study that is ripe for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kira M Long
- The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL USAKML
| | | | - Jeffrey D Brawn
- The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL USAJDB
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10
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Hamden JE, Gray KM, Salehzadeh M, Kachkovski GV, Forys BJ, Ma C, Austin SH, Soma KK. Steroid profiling of glucocorticoids in microdissected mouse brain across development. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:189-206. [PMID: 33420760 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Corticosterone is produced by the adrenal glands and also produced locally by other organs, such as the brain. Local levels of corticosterone in specific brain regions during development are not known. Here, we microdissected brain tissue and developed a novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) to measure a panel of seven steroids (including 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone, and 11-dehydrocorticosterone (DHC) in the blood, hippocampus (HPC), cerebral cortex (CC), and hypothalamus (HYP) of mice at postnatal day (PND) 5, 21, and 90. In a second cohort of mice, we measured the expression of three genes that code for steroidogenic enzymes that regulate corticosterone levels (Cyp11b1, Hsd11b1, and Hsd11b2) in the HPC, CC, and HYP. There were region-specific patterns of steroid levels across development, including higher corticosterone levels in the HPC and HYP than in the blood at PND5. In contrast, corticosterone levels were higher in the blood than in all brain regions at PND21 and PND90. Brain corticosterone levels were not positively correlated with blood corticosterone levels, and correlations across brain regions increased with age. Local corticosterone levels were best predicted by local DOC levels at PND5, but by local DHC levels at PND21 and PND90. Transcripts for the three enzymes were detectable in all samples (with highest expression of Hsd11b1) and showed region-specific changes with age. These data demonstrate that individual brain regions fine-tune local levels of corticosterone during early development and that coupling of glucocorticoid levels across regions increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Hamden
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katherine M Gray
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melody Salehzadeh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - George V Kachkovski
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brandon J Forys
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chunqi Ma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Suzanne H Austin
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Neuro-oxysterols and neuro-sterols as ligands to nuclear receptors, GPCRs, ligand-gated ion channels and other protein receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3176-3193. [PMID: 32621622 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is the most cholesterol rich organ in the body containing about 25% of the body's free cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot pass the blood-brain barrier and be imported or exported; instead, it is synthesised in situ and metabolised to oxysterols, oxidised forms of cholesterol, which can pass the blood-brain barrier. 24S-Hydroxycholesterol is the dominant oxysterol in the brain after parturition, but during development, a myriad of other oxysterols are produced, which persist as minor oxysterols after birth. During both development and in later life, sterols and oxysterols interact with a variety of different receptors, including nuclear receptors, membrane bound GPCRs, the oxysterol/sterol sensing proteins INSIG and SCAP, and the ligand-gated ion channel NMDA receptors found in nerve cells. In this review, we summarise the different oxysterols and sterols found in the CNS whose biological activity is transmitted via these different classes of protein receptors. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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12
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Rensel MA, Schlinger BA. The stressed brain: regional and stress-related corticosterone and stress-regulated gene expression in the adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12852. [PMID: 32364267 PMCID: PMC7286616 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (CORT) are well-known as important regulators of behaviour and cognition at basal levels and under stress. However, the precise mechanisms governing CORT action and functional outcomes of this action in the brain remain unclear, particularly in model systems other than rodents. In the present study, we investigated the dynamics of CORT regulation in the zebra finch, an important model system for vocal learning, neuroplasticity and cognition. We tested the hypothesis that CORT is locally regulated in the zebra finch brain by quantifying regional and stress-related variation in total CORT across brain regions. In addition, we used an ex vivo slice culture system to test whether CORT regulates target gene expression uniquely in discrete regions of the brain. We documented a robust increase in brain CORT across regions after 30 minutes of restraint stress but, interestingly, baseline and stress-induced CORT levels varied between regions. In addition, CORT treatment of brain slice cultures differentially affected expression of three CORT target genes: it up-regulated expression of FKBP5 in most regions and SGK1 in the hypothalamus only, whereas GILZ was unaffected by CORT treatment across all brain regions investigated. The specific mechanisms producing regional variation in CORT and CORT-dependent downstream gene expression remain unknown, although these data provide additional support for the hypothesis that the songbird brain employs regulatory mechanisms that result in precise control over the influence of CORT on glucocorticoid-sensitive neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Rensel
- Institute for Society and Genetics, the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Corresponding author (MAR)
| | - Barney A. Schlinger
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Dept. of Integrative Biology and Physiology, the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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13
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Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Genes Immun 2020; 21:150-168. [PMID: 32203088 PMCID: PMC7276297 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid synthesis is a complex, multistep process that starts with cholesterol being delivered to the inner membrane of mitochondria by StAR and StAR-related proteins. Here its side chain is cleaved by CYP11A1 producing pregnenolone. Pregnenolone is converted to cortisol by the enzymes 3-βHSD, CYP17A1, CYP21A2 and CYP11B1. Glucocorticoids play a critical role in the regulation of the immune system and exert their action through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Although corticosteroids are primarily produced in the adrenal gland, they can also be produced in a number of extra-adrenal tissue including the immune system, skin, brain, and intestine. Glucocorticoid production is regulated by ACTH, CRH, and cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNFα. The bioavailability of cortisol is also dependent on its interconversion to cortisone which is inactive, by 11βHSD1/2. Local and systemic glucocorticoid biosynthesis can be stimulated by ultraviolet B, explaining its immunosuppressive activity. In this review, we want to emphasize that dysregulation of extra-adrenal glucocorticoid production can play a key role in a variety of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus erythematosus (LE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and skin inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Further research on local glucocorticoid production and its bioavailability may open doors into new therapies for autoimmune diseases.
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14
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Pérez JH, Swanson RE, Lau HJ, Cheah J, Bishop VR, Snell KRS, Reid AMA, Meddle SL, Wingfield JC, Krause JS. Tissue-specific expression of 11β-HSD and its effects on plasma corticosterone during the stress response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.209346. [PMID: 31796607 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.209346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is under complex regulatory control at multiple levels. Enzymatic regulation plays an important role in both circulating levels of glucocorticoids and target tissue exposure. Three key enzyme pathways are responsible for the immediate control of glucocorticoids. De novo synthesis of glucocorticoid from cholesterol involves a multistep enzymatic cascade. This cascade terminates with 11β-hydroxylase, responsible for the final conversion of 11-deoxy precursors into active glucocorticoids. Additionally, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) controls regeneration of glucocorticoids from inactive metabolites, providing a secondary source of active glucocorticoids. Localized inactivation of glucocorticoids is under the control of Type 2 11β-HSD (11β-HSD2). The function of these enzymes is largely unexplored in wild species, particularly songbirds. Here, we investigated the contribution of both clearance and generation of glucocorticoids to regulation of the hormonal stress response via the use of pharmacological antagonists. Additionally, we mapped 11β-HSD gene expression. We found 11β-HSD1 primarily in liver, kidney and adrenal glands, although it was detectable across all tissue types. 11β-HSD2 was predominately expressed in the adrenal glands and kidney with moderate gonadal and liver expression. Inhibition of glucocorticoid generation by metyrapone was found to decrease levels peripherally, while both peripheral and central administration of the 11β-HSD2 inhibitor DETC resulted in elevated concentrations of corticosterone. These data suggest that during the stress response, peripheral antagonism of the 11β-HSD system has a greater impact on circulating glucocorticoid levels than central control. Further studies should aim to elucidate the respective roles of the 11β-HSD and 11β-hydroxylase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Pérez
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA .,The Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.,The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ryan E Swanson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hannah J Lau
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cheah
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Valerie R Bishop
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Katherine R S Snell
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angus M A Reid
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,MRC HGU, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Simone L Meddle
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John C Wingfield
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jesse S Krause
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Kline SA, Mega MS. Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration: The Potential for Coping as Neuroprotective Therapy. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520960873. [PMID: 32969239 PMCID: PMC10623922 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520960873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
Stress responses are essential for survival, but become detrimental to health and cognition with chronic activation. Chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis release of glucocorticoids induces hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction and neuronal loss, decreases learning and memory, and modifies glucocorticoid receptor/mineralocorticoid receptor expression. Elderly who report increased stress are nearly 3 times more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease, have decreased global cognition and faster cognitive decline than those reporting no stress. Patients with mild cognitive impairment are more sensitive to stress compared to healthy elderly and those with Alzheimer's disease. Stress may also transduce neurodegeneration via the gut microbiome. Coping styles determine hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor expression in mice, indicating that coping modifies cortisol's effect on the brain. Identifying neuroprotective coping strategies that lessen the burden of stress may prevent or slow cognitive decline. Treatments and education designed to reduce stress should be recognized as neuroprotective.
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16
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Béziers P, Ducrest AL, San-Jose LM, Simon C, Roulin A. Expression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor genes co-varies with a stress-related colour signal in barn owls. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 283:113224. [PMID: 31323230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones are important intermediates between an organism and its environment. They enable an organism to adjust its behavioural and physiological processes in response to environmental changes by binding to mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) expressed in many tissues, including the integument. The regulation of glucocorticoids co-varies with melanin-based colouration in numerous species, an association that might result from pleiotropic effects of genes in the melanocortin system and evolve within a signalling context. Most studies have focused on the circulating levels of glucocorticoids disregarding the receptors that mediate their action, and that might partly account for the covariation between the regulation of stress and melanin-based colouration. We investigated the association of the expression levels of GR and MR genes with melanin-based colouration in the growing feathers of nestling barn owls (Tyto alba). We also explored the association between GR and MR expression levels and the expression of genes related to the melanocortin system and melanogenesis to better understand the origin of the link between the expression of receptors to which corticosterone binds and melanin-based colouration. Nestling barn owls displaying larger eumelanic black feather spots expressed GR and MR at lower levels than smaller-spotted individuals. However, we found that the expression of the GR and MR genes was positively rather than negatively correlated with the expression of genes involved in the deposition of melanin pigments at the time we sampled the nestlings. This provides mixed evidence of the association between melanin-based traits and MR and GR gene expression. The finding that the expression of GR and MR was positively associated with the expression of the PCSK2 gene (encoding one of the protein convertase responsible for the production of hormone peptide ACTH and α-MSH) suggests that the melanocortin system may be implicated in the establishment of the covariation between melanin-based colour and the expression of receptors to which glucocorticoids bind. However, further studies investigating the expression of melanin-based traits with stress-related endpoints at different time points of feather development will be necessary to understand better the proximate mechanism linking melanin-based traits with stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Béziers
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Lyse Ducrest
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis M San-Jose
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Simon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Roulin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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17
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Hamden JE, Salehzadeh M, Jalabert C, O'Leary TP, Snyder JS, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Soma KK. Measurement of 11-dehydrocorticosterone in mice, rats and songbirds: Effects of age, sex and stress. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 281:173-182. [PMID: 31145891 PMCID: PMC6751571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are secreted into the blood by the adrenal glands and are also locally-produced by organs such as the lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, and spleen). Corticosterone is the primary circulating GC in many species, including mice, rats and birds. Within lymphoid organs, corticosterone can be locally produced from the inactive metabolite, 11-dehydrocorticosterone (DHC). However, very little is known about endogenous DHC levels, and no immunoassays are currently available to measure DHC. Here, we developed an easy-to-use and inexpensive immunoassay to measure DHC that is accurate, precise, sensitive, and specific. The DHC immunoassay was validated in multiple ways, including comparison with a mass spectrometry assay. After assay validations, we demonstrated the usefulness of this immunoassay by measuring DHC (and corticosterone) in mice, rats and song sparrows. Overall, corticosterone levels were higher than DHC levels across species. In Study 1, using mice, we measured steroids in whole blood and lymphoid organs at postnatal day (PND) 5, PND23, and PND90. Corticosterone and DHC showed distinct tissue-specific patterns across development. In Studies 2 and 3, we measured circulating corticosterone and DHC in adult rats and song sparrows, before and after restraint stress. In rats and song sparrows, restraint stress rapidly increased circulating levels of both steroids. This novel DHC immunoassay revealed major changes in DHC concentrations during development and in response to stress, which have important implications for understanding GC physiology, effects of stress on immune function, and regulation of local GC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Hamden
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melody Salehzadeh
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cecilia Jalabert
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy P O'Leary
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason S Snyder
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine and Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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18
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Gallezot JD, Nabulsi N, Henry S, Pracitto R, Planeta B, Ropchan J, Lin SF, Labaree D, Kapinos M, Shirali A, Lara-Jaime T, Gao H, Matuskey D, Walzer M, Marek GJ, Bellaire S, Yuan N, Carson RE, Huang Y. Imaging the Enzyme 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 with PET: Evaluation of the Novel Radiotracer 11C-AS2471907 in Human Brain. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1140-1146. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.219766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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19
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Smith C, Swart A. Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) - a functional food targeting cardiovascular disease. Food Funct 2019; 9:5041-5058. [PMID: 30183052 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing consumer bias toward natural products and the considerable wealth of indigenous knowledge has precipitated an upturn in market-driven research into potentially beneficial medicinal plants. In this context, Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos) has been identified to be a promising candidate which may impact cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is one of the most widely studied chronic diseases of modern times. Despite these efforts, ischemic heart disease remains the number one cause of mortality globally. Apart from genetic predisposition and other aetiological mechanisms specific to particular types of CVD, co-factors from interlinked systems contribute significantly to disease development and the severity of its clinical manifestation. The bioactivity of Rooibos is directed towards multiple therapeutic targets. Experimental data to date include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects, as well as modulatory effects in terms of the immune system, adrenal steroidogenesis and lipid metabolism. This review integrates relevant literature on the therapeutic potential of Rooibos in the context of CVD, which is currently the most common of non-communicable diseases. The therapeutic value of whole plant extracts versus isolated active ingredients are addressed, together with the potential for overdose or herb-drug interaction. The body of research undertaken to date clearly underlines the benefits of Rooibos as both preventative and complementary therapeutic functional food in the context of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Smith
- Dept Physiological Sciences, Science Faculty, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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20
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Yates NJ, Tesic D, Feindel KW, Smith JT, Clarke MW, Wale C, Crew RC, Wharfe MD, Whitehouse AJO, Wyrwoll CS. Vitamin D is crucial for maternal care and offspring social behaviour in rats. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:73-85. [PMID: 29559544 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Early life vitamin D plays a prominent role in neurodevelopment and subsequent brain function, including schizophrenic-like outcomes and increasing evidence for an association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we investigate how early life vitamin D deficiency during rat pregnancy and lactation alters maternal care and influences neurodevelopment and affective, cognitive and social behaviours in male adult offspring. Sprague-Dawley rats were placed on either a vitamin D control (2195 IU/kg) or deficient diet (0 IU/kg) for five weeks before timed mating, and diet exposure was maintained until weaning of offspring on postnatal day (PND) 23. MRI scans were conducted to assess brain morphology, and plasma corticosterone levels and neural expression of genes associated with language, dopamine and glucocorticoid exposure were characterised at PND1, PND12 and 4 months of age. Compared to controls, vitamin D-deficient dams exhibited decreased licking and grooming of their pups but no differences in pup retrieval. Offspring neurodevelopmental markers were unaltered, but vitamin D-deficient pup ultrasonic vocalisations were atypical. As adults, males that had been exposed to vitamin D deficiency in early life exhibited decreased social behaviour, impaired learning and memory outcomes and increased grooming behaviour, but unaltered affective behaviours. Accompanying these behavioural changes was an increase in lateral ventricle volume, decreased cortical FOXP2 (a protein implicated in language and communication) and altered neural expression of genes involved in dopamine and glucocorticoid-related pathways. These data highlight that early life levels of vitamin D are an important consideration for maternal behavioural adaptations as well as offspring neuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael J Yates
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dijana Tesic
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Kirk W Feindel
- Centre for MicroscopyCharacterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jeremy T Smith
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael W Clarke
- Metabolomics AustraliaCentre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Celeste Wale
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rachael C Crew
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Michaela D Wharfe
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Caitlin S Wyrwoll
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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21
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Nguyen V, Sabeur K, Maltepe E, Ameri K, Bayraktar O, Rowitch DH. Sonic Hedgehog Agonist Protects Against Complex Neonatal Cerebellar Injury. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:213-227. [PMID: 29134361 PMCID: PMC5849674 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-017-0895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum undergoes rapid growth during the third trimester and is vulnerable to injury and deficient growth in infants born prematurely. Factors associated with preterm cerebellar hypoplasia include chronic lung disease and postnatal glucocorticoid administration. We modeled chronic hypoxemia and glucocorticoid administration in neonatal mice to study whole cerebellar and cell type-specific effects of dual exposure. Chronic neonatal hypoxia resulted in permanent cerebellar hypoplasia. This was compounded by administration of prednisolone as shown by greater volume loss and Purkinje cell death. In the setting of hypoxia and prednisolone, administration of a small molecule Smoothened-Hedgehog agonist (SAG) preserved cerebellar volume and protected against Purkinje cell death. Such protective effects were observed even when SAG was given as a one-time dose after dual insult. To model complex injury and determine cell type-specific roles for the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, we performed conditional knockout of von Hippel Lindau (VHL) to hyperactivate HIF1α in cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNP) or Purkinje cells. Surprisingly, HIF activation in either cell type resulted in no cerebellar deficit. However, in mice administered prednisolone, HIF overactivation in CGNPs resulted in significant cerebellar hypoplasia, whereas HIF overactivation in Purkinje cells caused cell death. Together, these findings indicate that HIF primes both cell types for injury via glucocorticoids, and that hypoxia/HIF + postnatal glucocorticoid administration act on distinct cellular pathways to cause cerebellar injury. They further suggest that SAG is neuroprotective in the setting of complex neonatal cerebellar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vien Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Khalida Sabeur
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Emin Maltepe
- Division of Neonatology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kurosh Ameri
- Department of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Omer Bayraktar
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Pediatrics, Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Division of Neonatology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.
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Rensel MA, Ding JA, Pradhan DS, Schlinger BA. 11β-HSD Types 1 and 2 in the Songbird Brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:86. [PMID: 29593652 PMCID: PMC5857549 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones act on the brain to regulate diverse functions, from behavior and homeostasis to the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Local regeneration and metabolism of GCs can occur in target tissues through the actions of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases [11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), respectively] to regulate access to GC receptors. Songbirds have become especially important model organisms for studies of stress hormone action; however, there has been little focus on neural GC metabolism. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 are expressed in GC-sensitive regions of the songbird brain. Localization of 11β-HSD expression in these regions could provide precise temporal and spatial control over GC actions. We quantified GC sensitivity in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) brain by measuring glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression across six regions, followed by quantification of 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 expression. We detected GR, MR, and 11β-HSD2 mRNA expression throughout the adult brain. Whereas 11β-HSD1 expression was undetectable in the adult brain, we detected low levels of expression in the brain of developing finches. Across several adult brain regions, expression of 11β-HSD2 covaried with GR and MR, with the exception of the cerebellum and hippocampus. It is possible that receptors in these latter two regions require direct access to systemic GC levels. Overall, these results suggest that 11β-HSD2 expression protects the adult songbird brain by rapid metabolism of GCs in a context and region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Rensel
- The Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Ding
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Devaleena S. Pradhan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Barney A. Schlinger
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Tuchscherer M, Puppe B, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E. Psychosocial stress sensitizes neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses to Escherichia coli challenge in domestic piglets. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:274-287. [PMID: 29102802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to psychosocial stress can have a profound impact on immune reactivity and health mediated by hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis activation. However, current knowledge regarding the mechanisms involved in cross-sensitization between stress and the immune system is limited. Here, we investigated the effects of a single social isolation followed by repeated oral Escherichia coli (E. coli) applications on cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), haptoglobin and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in the blood; on clinical signs of disease; and on mRNA expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2), TNF-α and IL-6 in the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and spleen of 7-, 21- and 35-day-old piglets. Additionally, the protein levels of splenic TNF-α and IL-6 were analyzed. Non-isolated, E. coli-challenged piglets served as a control. Social isolation for 4 h induced a rise in the plasma cortisol concentrations immediately after social treatment and after repeated E. coli applications in isolated compared to non-isolated piglets. The circulating TNF-α concentration was not affected by social treatment. Furthermore, previously isolated piglets showed a higher frequency of signs of disease in response to E. coli challenge than non-isolated piglets, while the haptoglobin and CRP concentrations did not significantly differ between social treatments. In the brain, 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2 and IL-6 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and GR, and 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 mRNA expression in the PFC were higher in isolated, E. coli-challenged piglets than in the corresponding controls. Moreover, isolated piglets also displayed higher MR, 11β-HSD1 and IL-6 mRNA expression levels and TNF-α concentrations in the spleen. The stress-induced alterations in the hypothalamus and spleen were particularly pronounced in younger piglets. The present findings may contribute to a better understanding of the complex interplay between early psychological stress and an increased risk of disease and might also have implications on aspects of the health and welfare of farm animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Tuchscherer
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Birger Puppe
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Nyman C, Fischer S, Aubin-Horth N, Taborsky B. Evolutionary conserved neural signature of early life stress affects animal social competence. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20172344. [PMID: 29386366 PMCID: PMC5805939 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the early social environment can persistently influence behaviour and social competence later in life. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying variation in animal social competence are largely unknown. In rats, high-quality maternal care causes an upregulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (gr) and reduces offspring stress responsiveness. This identifies gr regulation as a candidate mechanism for maintaining variation in animal social competence. We tested this hypothesis in a highly social cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher, reared with or without caring parents. We find that the molecular pathway translating early social experience into later-life alterations of the stress axis is homologous across vertebrates: fish reared with parents expressed the glucocorticoid receptor gr1 more in the telencephalon. Furthermore, expression levels of the transcription factor egr-1 (early growth response 1) were associated with gr1 expression in the telencephalon and hypothalamus. When blocking glucocorticoid receptors (GR) with an antagonist, mifepristone (RU486), parent-reared individuals showed more socially appropriate, submissive behaviour when intruding on a larger conspecific's territory. Remarkably, mifepristone-treated fish were less attacked by territory owners and had a higher likelihood of territory takeover. Our results indicate that early social-environment effects on stress axis programming are mediated by an evolutionary conserved molecular pathway, which is causally involved in environmentally induced variation of animal social competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Nyman
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Nadia Aubin-Horth
- Département de Biologie and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara Taborsky
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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25
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Leiva R, Griñan-Ferré C, Seira C, Valverde E, McBride A, Binnie M, Pérez B, Luque FJ, Pallàs M, Bidon-Chanal A, Webster SP, Vázquez S. Design, synthesis and in vivo study of novel pyrrolidine-based 11β-HSD1 inhibitors for age-related cognitive dysfunction. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:412-428. [PMID: 28818766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that treatment with 11β-HSD1 inhibitors provides a novel approach to deal with age-related cognitive dysfunctions, including Alzheimer's disease. In this work we report potent 11β-HSD1 inhibitors featuring unexplored pyrrolidine-based polycyclic substituents. A selected candidate administered to 12-month-old SAMP8 mice for four weeks prevented memory deficits and displayed a neuroprotective action. This is the first time that 11β-HSD1 inhibitors have been studied in this broadly-used mouse model of accelerated senescence and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Leiva
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Christian Griñan-Ferré
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Constantí Seira
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Elena Valverde
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Andrew McBride
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Binnie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació i Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Axel Bidon-Chanal
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, Santa Coloma de Gramenet E-08921, Spain
| | - Scott P Webster
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Cienciès de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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26
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Kanitz E, Hameister T, Tuchscherer A, Tuchscherer M, Puppe B. Social Support Modulates Stress-Related Gene Expression in Various Brain Regions of Piglets. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:227. [PMID: 27965550 PMCID: PMC5126102 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of an affiliative conspecific may alleviate an individual’s stress response in threatening conditions. However, the mechanisms and neural circuitry underlying the process of social buffering have not yet been elucidated. Using the domestic pig as an animal model, we examined the effect of a 4-h maternal and littermate deprivation on stress hormones and on mRNA expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11ß-HSD) types 1 and 2 and the immediate early gene c-fos in various brain regions of 7-, 21- and 35-day old piglets. The deprivation occurred either alone or with a familiar or unfamiliar age-matched piglet. Compared to piglets deprived alone, the presence of a conspecific animal significantly reduced free plasma cortisol concentrations and altered the MR/GR balance and 11ß-HSD2 and c-fos mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and hypothalamus, but not in the hippocampus. The alterations in brain mRNA expression were particularly found in 21- or 35-day old piglets, which may reflect the species-specific postnatal ontogeny of the investigated brain regions. The buffering effects of social support were most pronounced in the amygdala, indicating its significance both for the assessment of social conspecifics as biologically relevant stimuli and for the processing of emotional states. In conclusion, the present findings provide further evidence for the importance of the cortico-limbic network underlying the abilities of individuals to cope with social stress and strongly emphasize the benefits of social partners in livestock with respect to positive welfare and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kanitz
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Theresa Hameister
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Margret Tuchscherer
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN) Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Birger Puppe
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN)Dummerstorf, Germany; Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
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27
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Sorwell KG, Renner L, Weiss AR, Neuringer M, Kohama SG, Urbanski HF. Cognition in aged rhesus monkeys: effect of DHEA and correlation with steroidogenic gene expression. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 16:361-368. [PMID: 27736018 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol supplementation has been shown to enhance cognitive performance in old ovariectomized rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). To determine if similar benefits could be achieved in perimenopausal animals using alternative hormonal supplements, we administered dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to old ovary-intact female rhesus macaques for ∼2.5 months. Using computerized touch screen memory tasks, including delayed response (DR) and delayed matching-to-sample (DMS), we observed improved performance with time in all of the animals but failed to detect a significant effect of DHEA. On the other hand, gene expression profiling disclosed a significant correlation between cognitive performance and the expression of several steroidogenic and steroid-responsive genes. The DR performance was positively correlated with hippocampal expression of AKR1C3 and STAR and negatively correlated with the expression of SDRD5A1. A positive correlation was also found between DMS performance and prefrontal cortical expression of AKR1C3 and a negative correlation with STAR, as well as a negative correlation with the hippocampal expression of HSD11B1 and NR3C1. Taken together, the results suggest that steroidogenic gene regulation within the brain may help to maintain cognitive function during the perimenopausal transition period, despite a decline in sex-steroid levels in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Sorwell
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - L Renner
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton
| | - A R Weiss
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton.,Present address: Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Neuringer
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton
| | - S G Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton
| | - H F Urbanski
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton.,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.,Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
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28
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Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Sifaldin AZ. Prenatal corticosterone exposure programs growth, behavior, reproductive function and genes in the chicken. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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29
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Ahmed AA, Sifaldin AZ, Musa HH, Musa TH, Fedail JS. Prenatal corticosterone altered glucocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid metabolic enzyme gene expression in chicken ovary. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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30
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Chen J, Wang ZZ, Zhang S, Zuo W, Chen NH. Does mineralocorticoid receptor play a vital role in the development of depressive disorder? Life Sci 2016; 152:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Castro-Vale I, van Rossum EF, Machado JC, Mota-Cardoso R, Carvalho D. Genetics of glucocorticoid regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder—What do we know? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:143-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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32
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Rensel MA, Schlinger BA. Determinants and significance of corticosterone regulation in the songbird brain. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 227:136-42. [PMID: 26141145 PMCID: PMC4696926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Songbirds exhibit significant adult neuroplasticity that, together with other neural specializations, makes them an important model system for neurobiological studies. A large body of work also points to the songbird brain as a significant target of steroid hormones, including corticosterone (CORT), the primary avian glucocorticoid. Whereas CORT positively signals the brain for many functions, excess CORT may interfere with natural neuroplasticity. Consequently, mechanisms may exist to locally regulate CORT levels in brain to ensure optimal concentrations. However, most studies in songbirds measure plasma CORT as a proxy for levels at target tissues. In this paper, we review literature concerning circulating CORT and its effects on behavior in songbirds, and discuss recent work suggesting that brain CORT levels are regulated independently of changes in adrenal secretion. We review possible mechanisms for CORT regulation in the avian brain, including corticosteroid-binding globulins, p-glycoprotein activity in the blood-brain barrier and CORT metabolism by the 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Data supporting a role for CORT regulation within the songbird brain have only recently begun to emerge, suggesting that this is an avenue for important future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rensel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, The University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Barney A Schlinger
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, The University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Brain Research Institute, The University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of California, Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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33
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Liu J, Duan Y, Hu Y, Sun L, Wang S, Fu W, Ni Y, Zhao R. Exogenous administration of chronic corticosterone affects hepatic cholesterol metabolism in broiler chickens showing long or short tonic immobility. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 191:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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SOSVOROVA L, MOHAPL M, HILL M, STARKA L, BICIKOVA M, VITKU J, KANCEVA R, BESTAK J, HAMPL R. Steroid Hormones and Homocysteine in the Outcome of Patients With Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S227-36. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is one of a few treatable conditions of cognitive decline affecting predominately elderly people. Treatment, commonly based on the ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion, leads to a partial or complete correction of patient's state, although its effect does not unfortunately always last. The aim of our study was to observe the changes of homocysteine and selected steroids and neurosteroids and follow-up the patients with respect to the duration of the NPH-related dementia improvement. The cerebrospinal fluid and plasma levels of cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 7α-hydroxy-DHEA, 7β-hydroxy-DHEA, 7-oxo-DHEA, 16α-hydroxy-DHEA (all LC-MS/MS), DHEA-sulphate (DHEAS) (radioimmunoassay) and homocysteine (gas chromatography) were determined in NPH-diagnosed subjects before, during and 6, 12 and 24 months after shunt insertion. The cognitive functions ameliorated after shunt insertion and remain improved within 2 years. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid DHEAS, DHEA and its ratio, cortisone/cortisol and 16α-hydroxy-DHEA and plasma DHEAS, 7β-hydroxy-DHEA, cortisone/cortisol and homocysteine were found. Mentioned changes may contribute to the clarification of NPH pathogenesis. Altered neurosteroids levels are possible indicators to be utilized in the follow-up of NPH subjects. Moreover, plasma homocysteine may serve as an early indicator of NPH-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. SOSVOROVA
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
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Karachunsky AI, Rumyantseva YV, Lagoiko SN, Bührer C, Tallen G, Aleinikova OV, Bydanov OI, Korepanova NV, Baidun LV, Nasedkina TV, Stackelberg AV, Novichkova GA, Maschan AA, Litvinov DV, Ponomareva NI, Kondratchik KL, Mansurova EG, Fechina LG, Streneva OV, Yudina NB, Sharapova GR, Shamardina AV, Gerbek IE, Shapochnik AP, Rumyantsev AG, Henze G. [Age-related characteristics of the efficacy of different glucocorticosteroids in the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2015; 87:41-50. [PMID: 26390724 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201587741-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine predictors for decision-making on a differential approach to choosing glucocorticosteroids (GCS) for children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). SUBJECTS AND METHODS The analysis covered 1064 primary patients aged to 1 to 18 years with ALL who had been registered at the clinics of Russia and Belorussia in April 2002 to November 2006. Before induction therapy, the patients were randomized into a dexamethasone (DEXA) 6 mg/m2 group (n=539) and a methylprednisolone (MePRED) 60 mg/m2 one (n=525). RESULTS The entire group showed no statistically significant differences in survival rates between the patients receiving DEXA or MePRED. However, an analysis of age groups revealed the benefits of DEXA in children younger than 14 years (the event-free survival (EFS) was 76±2 and 71±2%, respectively (p=0.048); the overall survival (OS) was 81±2 and 77±2%, respectively (p=0.046); therapy-induced mortality was 6.4% (DEXA) andl 1.1% (MePRED) (p=0.01 4); the rate of isolated extramedullary relapses was 1.5% (DEXA) and 4.4% (MePRED) (p=0.009). At the same time, EFS and OS in 14-to-18-year-old adolescents were statistically significantly higher than in those who used MePRED (EFS, 65±6 and 52±6%, respectively (p=0.087); OS, 72±6 and 61±6%, respectively; (p=0.l 7). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that it is possible that the choice of a GCS for ALL therapy must be also based on a patient's age. There is a need for further studies of this matter in prospective randomized multicenter trials in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Karachunsky
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu V Rumyantseva
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - S N Lagoiko
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - C Bührer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - G Tallen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - O V Aleinikova
- Republican Research and Practical Center for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - O I Bydanov
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; Republican Research and Practical Center for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - N V Korepanova
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Baidun
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - T V Nasedkina
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Von Stackelberg
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - G A Novichkova
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Maschan
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - D V Litvinov
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - N I Ponomareva
- Russian Children's Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - K L Kondratchik
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Morozov City Children's Clinical Hospital, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - E G Mansurova
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - L G Fechina
- Regional Children's Clinical Hospital One, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - O V Streneva
- Regional Children's Clinical Hospital One, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - N B Yudina
- Voronezh Regional Children's Clinical Hospital One, Voronezh, Russia
| | - G R Sharapova
- Nizhnevartovsk District Children's Clinical Hospital, Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansi Autonomic District-Yugra, Russia
| | - A V Shamardina
- Nizhny Novgorod Regional Children's Clinical Hospital, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - I E Gerbek
- Tomsk Regional Clinical Hospital, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A P Shapochnik
- Orenburg Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary, Orenburg, Russia
| | - A G Rumyantsev
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Clinical Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - G Henze
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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Sosvorova L, Hill M, Mohapl M, Vitku J, Hampl R. Steroid hormones in prediction of normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 152:124-32. [PMID: 25976421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a treatable neurological disorder affecting elderly people with the prevalence increasing with age. NPH is caused by abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reabsorption and manifested as a balance impairment, urinary incontinence and dementia development. These symptoms are potentially reversible if recognized early. Diagnosis of NPH is difficult and can be easily mistaken for other neurodegenerative disorders, which makes NPH one of the major misdiagnosed diseases worldwide. The aim of the study was to find out the appropriate combination of indicators, based on CSF steroids, which would contribute to a clearer NPH diagnosis. The levels of CSF cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 7α-OH-DHEA, 7β-OH-DHEA, 7-oxo-DHEA, 16α-OH-DHEA and aldosterone (all LC-MS/MS) were determined in our patients (n=30; NPH, 65-80 years) and controls (n=10; 65-80 years). The model of orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) was constructed to predict NPH. Cortisone, 7α-OH-DHEA, 7β-OH-DHEA, 7-oxo-DHEA, aldosterone, 7α-OH-DHEA /DHEA, 7-oxo-DHEA/7α-OH-DHEA, 7β-OH-DHEA/7-oxo-DHEA and 16α-OH-DHEA/DHEA in the CSF were identified as the key predictors and the model discriminated patients from controls with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The suggested model would contribute to early and accurate NPH diagnosis, enabling promptly treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Sosvorova
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Mohapl
- University Military Hospital Prague, Department of Neurosurgery, U Vojenske nemocnice 1200, 169 02 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vitku
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Hampl
- Institute of Endocrinology, Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic
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Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Fedail JS, Sifaldin AZ, Musa TH. Gum arabic decreased visceral adipose tissue associated with downregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I in liver and muscle of mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Tesic V, Perovic M, Lazic D, Kojic S, Smiljanic K, Ruzdijic S, Rakic L, Kanazir S. Long-term intermittent feeding restores impaired GR signaling in the hippocampus of aged rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 149:43-52. [PMID: 25616002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diminished glucocorticoid signaling is associated with an age-related decline in hippocampal functioning. In this study we demonstrate the effect of intermittent, every other day (EOD) feeding on the glucocorticoid hormone/glucocorticoid receptor (GR) system in the hippocampus of middle-aged (18-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Wistar rats. In aged ad libitum-fed rats, a decrease in the level of total GR and GR phosphorylated at Ser(232) (pGR) was detected. Conversely, aged rats subjected to EOD feeding, starting from 6 months of age, showed an increase in GR and pGR levels and a higher content of hippocampal corticosterone. Furthermore, prominent nuclear staining of pGR was observed in CA1 pyramidal and DG granule neurons of aged EOD-fed rats. These changes were accompanied by increased Sgk-1 and decreased GFAP transcription, pointing to upregulated transcriptional activity of GR. EOD feeding also induced an increase in the expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor. Our results reveal that intermittent feeding restores impaired GR signaling in the hippocampus of aged animals by inducing rather than by stabilizing GR signaling during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Tesic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milka Perovic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Divna Lazic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snezana Kojic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kosara Smiljanic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sabera Ruzdijic
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Selma Kanazir
- Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Gomez-Sanchez EP. Brain mineralocorticoid receptors in cognition and cardiovascular homeostasis. Steroids 2014; 91:20-31. [PMID: 25173821 PMCID: PMC4302001 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) mediate diverse functions supporting osmotic and hemodynamic homeostasis, response to injury and inflammation, and neuronal changes required for learning and memory. Inappropriate MR activation in kidneys, heart, vessels, and brain hemodynamic control centers results in cardiovascular and renal pathology and hypertension. MR binds aldosterone, cortisol and corticosterone with similar affinity, while the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has less affinity for cortisol and corticosterone. As glucocorticoids are more abundant than aldosterone, aldosterone activates MR in cells co-expressing enzymes with 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase activity to inactivate them. MR and GR co-expressed in the same cell interact at the molecular and functional level and these functions may be complementary or opposing depending on the cell type. Thus the balance between MR and GR expression and activation is crucial for normal function. Where 11β-hydroxydehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) that inactivates cortisol and corticosterone in aldosterone target cells of the kidney and nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) is not expressed, as in most neurons, MR are activated at basal glucocorticoid concentrations, GR at stress concentrations. An exception may be pre-autonomic neurons of the PVN which express MR and 11β-HSD1 in the absence of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase required to generate the requisite cofactor for reductase activity, thus it acts as a dehydrogenase. MR antagonists, valuable adjuncts to the treatment of cardiovascular disease, also inhibit MR in the brain that are crucial for memory formation and exacerbate detrimental effects of excessive GR activation on cognition and mood. 11β-HSD1 inhibitors combat metabolic and cognitive diseases related to glucocorticoid excess, but may exacerbate MR action where 11β-HSD1 acts as a dehydrogenase, while non-selective 11β-HSD1&2 inhibitors cause injurious disruption of MR hemodynamic control. MR functions in the brain are multifaceted and optimal MR:GR activity is crucial. Therefore selectively targeting down-stream effectors of MR specific actions may be a better therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Caldwell KE, Labrecque MT, Solomon BR, Ali A, Allan AM. Prenatal arsenic exposure alters the programming of the glucocorticoid signaling system during embryonic development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:66-79. [PMID: 25459689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid system, which plays a critical role in a host of cellular functions including mood disorders and learning and memory, has been reported to be disrupted by arsenic. In previous work we have developed and characterized a prenatal moderate arsenic exposure (50ppb) model and identified several deficits in learning and memory and mood disorders, as well as alterations within the glucocorticoid receptor signaling system in the adolescent mouse. In these present studies we assessed the effects of arsenic on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway in both the placenta and the fetal brain in response at two critical periods, embryonic days 14 and 18. The focus of these studies was on the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2) which play a key role in glucorticoid synthesis, as well as the expression and set point of the GR negative feedback regulation. Negative feedback regulation is established early in development. At E14 we found arsenic exposure significantly decreased expression of both protein and message in brain of GR and the 11β-HSD1, while 11β-HSD2 enzyme protein levels were increased but mRNA levels were decreased in the brain. These changes in brain protein continued into the E18 time point, but mRNA levels were no longer significantly altered. Placental HSD11B2 mRNA was not altered by arsenic treatment but protein levels were elevated at E14. GR placental protein levels were decreased at E18 in the arsenic exposed condition. This suggests that arsenic exposure may alter GR expression levels as a consequence of a prolonged developmental imbalance between 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 protein expression despite decreased 11HSDB2 mRNA. The suppression of GR and the failure to turn down 11β-HSD2 protein expression during fetal development may lead to an altered set point for GR signaling throughout adulthood. To our knowledge, these studies are the first to demonstrate that gestational exposure to moderate levels of arsenic results in altered fetal programming of the glucocorticoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Caldwell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Matthew T Labrecque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Benjamin R Solomon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Abdulmehdi Ali
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Andrea M Allan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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Duan Y, Fu W, Wang S, Ni Y, Zhao R. Cholesterol deregulation induced by chronic corticosterone (CORT) stress in pectoralis major of broiler chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 176:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yau JLW, Wheelan N, Noble J, Walker BR, Webster SP, Kenyon CJ, Ludwig M, Seckl JR. Intrahippocampal glucocorticoids generated by 11β-HSD1 affect memory in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:334-43. [PMID: 25109766 PMCID: PMC4706164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) locally amplifies active glucocorticoids within specific tissues including in brain. In the hippocampus, 11β-HSD1 messenger RNA increases with aging. Here, we report significantly greater increases in intrahippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels in aged wild-type (WT) mice during the acquisition and retrieval trials in a Y-maze than age-matched 11β-HSD1−/− mice, corresponding to impaired and intact spatial memory, respectively. Acute stress applied to young WT mice led to increases in intrahippocampal CORT levels similar to the effects of aging and impaired retrieval of spatial memory. 11β-HSD1−/− mice resisted the stress-induced memory impairment. Pharmacologic inhibition of 11β-HSD1 abolished increases in intrahippocampal CORT levels during the Y-maze trials and prevented spatial memory impairments in aged WT mice. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that dynamic increases in hippocampal 11β-HSD1 regenerated CORT levels during learning and retrieval play a key role in age- and stress-associated impairments of spatial memory. We followed intrahippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels in mice during memory testing in a Y-maze. Aged 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1−/−) mice resists age-related spatial memory decline in the Y-maze. A lower dynamic rise in intrahippocampal CORT levels associates with better memory. Acute stress increases intrahippocampal CORT and impairs memory in young mice. 11β-HSD1 inhibition reduces intrahippocampal CORT and improves memory in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce L W Yau
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Nicola Wheelan
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - June Noble
- Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Brian R Walker
- Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott P Webster
- Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Kenyon
- Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mike Ludwig
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Centre for Cognitive Aging and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Endocrinology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
The primary adrenal cortical steroid hormones, aldosterone, and the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, act through the structurally similar mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). Aldosterone is crucial for fluid, electrolyte, and hemodynamic homeostasis and tissue repair; the significantly more abundant glucocorticoids are indispensable for energy homeostasis, appropriate responses to stress, and limiting inflammation. Steroid receptors initiate gene transcription for proteins that effect their actions as well as rapid non-genomic effects through classical cell signaling pathways. GR and MR are expressed in many tissues types, often in the same cells, where they interact at molecular and functional levels, at times in synergy, others in opposition. Thus the appropriate balance of MR and GR activation is crucial for homeostasis. MR has the same binding affinity for aldosterone, cortisol, and corticosterone. Glucocorticoids activate MR in most tissues at basal levels and GR at stress levels. Inactivation of cortisol and corticosterone by 11β-HSD2 allows aldosterone to activate MR within aldosterone target cells and limits activation of the GR. Under most conditions, 11β-HSD1 acts as a reductase and activates cortisol/corticosterone, amplifying circulating levels. 11β-HSD1 and MR antagonists mitigate inappropriate activation of MR under conditions of oxidative stress that contributes to the pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome; however, MR antagonists decrease normal MR/GR functional interactions, a particular concern for neurons mediating cognition, memory, and affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V.(Sonny) Montgomery V.A. Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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44
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Sarabdjitsingh RA, Zhou M, Yau JL, Webster SP, Walker BR, Seckl JR, Joëls M, Krugers HJ. Inhibiting 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 prevents stress effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and impairs contextual fear conditioning. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Cottrell EC, Seckl JR, Holmes MC, Wyrwoll CS. Foetal and placental 11β-HSD2: a hub for developmental programming. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:288-95. [PMID: 24330050 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Foetal growth restriction (FGR), reflective of an adverse intrauterine environment, confers a significantly increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity. In addition, low birthweight associates with adult diseases including hypertension, metabolic dysfunction and behavioural disorders. A key mechanism underlying FGR is exposure of the foetus to glucocorticoids which, while critical for foetal development, in excess can reduce foetal growth and permanently alter organ structure and function, predisposing to disease in later life. Foetal glucocorticoid exposure is regulated, at least in part, by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which catalyses the intracellular inactivation of glucocorticoids. This enzyme is highly expressed within the placenta at the maternal-foetal interface, limiting the passage of glucocorticoids to the foetus. Expression of 11β-HSD2 is also high in foetal tissues, particularly within the developing central nervous system. Down-regulation or genetic deficiency of placental 11β-HSD2 is associated with significant reductions in foetal growth and birth weight, and programmed outcomes in adulthood. To unravel the direct significance of 11β-HSD2 for developmental programming, placental function, neurodevelopment and adult behaviour have been extensively investigated in a mouse knockout of 11β-HSD2. This review highlights the evidence obtained from this mouse model for a critical role of feto-placental 11β-HSD2 in determining the adverse programming outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. C. Cottrell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre; Institute of Human Development; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - J. R. Seckl
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - M. C. Holmes
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - C. S. Wyrwoll
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology; University of Western Australia; Crawley WA Australia
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46
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Gant JC, Blalock EM, Chen KC, Kadish I, Porter NM, Norris CM, Thibault O, Landfield PW. FK506-binding protein 1b/12.6: a key to aging-related hippocampal Ca2+ dysregulation? Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 739:74-82. [PMID: 24291098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been recognized for some time that the Ca(2+)-dependent slow afterhyperpolarization (sAHP) is larger in hippocampal neurons of aged compared with young animals. In addition, extensive studies since have shown that other Ca(2+)-mediated electrophysiological responses are increased in hippocampus with aging, including Ca(2+) transients, L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel activity, Ca(2+) spike duration and action potential accommodation. Elevated Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release from ryanodine receptors (RyRs) appears to drive amplification of the Ca(2+) responses. Components of this Ca(2+) dysregulation phenotype correlate with deficits in cognitive function and plasticity, indicating they may play critical roles in aging-related impairment of brain function. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying aging-related Ca(2+) dysregulation are not well understood. FK506-binding proteins 1a and 1b (FKBP1a/1b, also known as FKBP12/12.6) are immunophilin proteins that bind the immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and rapamycin. In muscle cells, FKBP1a/1b also bind RyRs and inhibits Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release, but it is not clear whether FKBPs act similarly in brain cells. Recently, we found that selectively disrupting hippocampal FKBP1b function in young rats, either by microinjecting adeno-associated viral vectors expressing siRNA, or by treatment with rapamycin, increases the sAHP and recapitulates much of the hippocampal Ca(2+) dysregulation phenotype. Moreover, in microarray studies, we found FKBP1b gene expression was downregulated in hippocampus of aging rats and early-stage Alzheimer's disease subjects. These results suggest the novel hypothesis that declining FKBP function is a key factor in aging-related Ca(2+) dysregulation in the brain and point to potential new therapeutic targets for counteracting unhealthy brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Gant
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St., UKMC Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - E M Blalock
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St., UKMC Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - K-C Chen
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St., UKMC Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - I Kadish
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St., UKMC Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - N M Porter
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St., UKMC Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - C M Norris
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St., UKMC Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - O Thibault
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St., UKMC Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - P W Landfield
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St., UKMC Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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de Kloet ER. Lifetime achievement from a brain-adrenal perspective: on the CRF-urocortin-glucocorticoid balance. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 54:42-9. [PMID: 24161414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This contribution dedicated to Wylie Vale is focused on the action of the glucocorticoid hormone aimed to counterbalance the stress response orchestrated by the corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) and urocortin (Ucn) family of peptides. It appears that the release and action of these stress hormones themselves are subjected to intrinsic self-regulatory feedback loops that operate as checks and balances in stress adaptation. One of these feedback loops is operated by the mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) that mediate in complementary fashion the action of endogenous cortisol/corticosterone in brain circuits underlying the onset and termination of the stress response. By affecting appraisal processes MR has an important role in coordinating emotional expression and cognitive flexibility with the onset of the stress response, while GR's role is prominent in the management of behavioral and physiological adaptations during the recovery phase. Genetic variation in interaction with environmental input and experience-related factors can modulate this balance between susceptibility and recovery governed by a balanced MR:GR signaling. Thanks to the Wylie Vale School of scientists a parallel balanced regulation between the CRF/CRF-1 and Ucn/CRF-2 receptor systems is being uncovered, leading inexorably to the question: how do the CRF/Ucn and glucocorticoid systems interact in multiple brain sites to maintain homeostasis and health?
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Affiliation(s)
- E R de Kloet
- Medical Pharmacology, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Leiden University, Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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48
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Chapman K, Holmes M, Seckl J. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: intracellular gate-keepers of tissue glucocorticoid action. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1139-206. [PMID: 23899562 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of "nuclear" receptors and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) which catalyze interconversion of active cortisol and corticosterone with inert cortisone and 11-dehydrocorticosterone. 11β-HSD type 1, a predominant reductase in most intact cells, catalyzes the regeneration of active glucocorticoids, thus amplifying cellular action. 11β-HSD1 is widely expressed in liver, adipose tissue, muscle, pancreatic islets, adult brain, inflammatory cells, and gonads. 11β-HSD1 is selectively elevated in adipose tissue in obesity where it contributes to metabolic complications. Similarly, 11β-HSD1 is elevated in the ageing brain where it exacerbates glucocorticoid-associated cognitive decline. Deficiency or selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves multiple metabolic syndrome parameters in rodent models and human clinical trials and similarly improves cognitive function with ageing. The efficacy of inhibitors in human therapy remains unclear. 11β-HSD2 is a high-affinity dehydrogenase that inactivates glucocorticoids. In the distal nephron, 11β-HSD2 ensures that only aldosterone is an agonist at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). 11β-HSD2 inhibition or genetic deficiency causes apparent mineralocorticoid excess and hypertension due to inappropriate glucocorticoid activation of renal MR. The placenta and fetus also highly express 11β-HSD2 which, by inactivating glucocorticoids, prevents premature maturation of fetal tissues and consequent developmental "programming." The role of 11β-HSD2 as a marker of programming is being explored. The 11β-HSDs thus illuminate the emerging biology of intracrine control, afford important insights into human pathogenesis, and offer new tissue-restricted therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chapman
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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de Kloet ER. Functional profile of the binary brain corticosteroid receptor system: mediating, multitasking, coordinating, integrating. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 719:53-62. [PMID: 23876452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is focused on the action of the naturally occurring corticosteroids, cortisol and corticosterone, which are secreted from the adrenals in hourly pulses and after stress with the goal to maintain resilience and health. To achieve this goal the action of the corticosteroids displays an impressive diversity, because it is cell-specific and context-dependent in coordinating the individual's response to changing environments. These diverse actions of corticosterone are mediated by mineralocorticoid- and glucocorticoid-receptors that operate as a binary system in concert with neurotransmitter and neuropeptide signals to activate and inhibit stress reactions, respectively. Classically MR and GR are gene transcription factors, but recently these receptors appear to mediate also rapid non-genomic actions on excitatory neurotransmission suggesting that they integrate functions over time. Hence the balance of receptor-mediated actions is crucial for homeostasis. This balanced function of mineralo- and glucocorticoid-receptors can be altered epigenetically by a history of traumatic (early) life events and the experience of repeated stressors as well as by predisposing genetic variants in signaling pathways of these receptors. One of these variants, mineralocorticoid receptor haplotype 2, is associated with dispositional optimism in appraisal of environmental challenges. Imbalance in receptor-mediated corticosterone actions was found to leave a genomic signature highlighting the role of master switches such as cAMP response element-binding protein and mammalian target of rapamycin to compromise health, and to promote vulnerability to disease. Diabetic encephalopathy is a pathology of imbalanced corticosterone action, which can be corrected in its pre-stage by a brief treatment with the antiglucocorticoid mifepristone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R de Kloet
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research & Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Beraki S, Litrus L, Soriano L, Monbureau M, To LK, Braithwaite SP, Nikolich K, Urfer R, Oksenberg D, Shamloo M. A pharmacological screening approach for discovery of neuroprotective compounds in ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69233. [PMID: 23874920 PMCID: PMC3715457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the availability and ease of small molecule production and design continuing to improve, robust, high-throughput methods for screening are increasingly necessary to find pharmacologically relevant compounds amongst the masses of potential candidates. Here, we demonstrate that a primary oxygen glucose deprivation assay in primary cortical neurons followed by secondary assays (i.e. post-treatment protocol in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures and cortical neurons) can be used as a robust screen to identify neuroprotective compounds with potential therapeutic efficacy. In our screen about 50% of the compounds in a library of pharmacologically active compounds displayed some degree of neuroprotective activity if tested in a pre-treatment toxicity assay but just a few of these compounds, including Carbenoxolone, remained active when tested in a post-treatment protocol. When further examined, Carbenoxolone also led to a significant reduction in infarction size and neuronal damage in the ischemic penumbra when administered six hours post middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Pharmacological testing of Carbenoxolone-related compounds, acting by inhibition of 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1), gave rise to similarly potent in vivo neuroprotection. This indicates that the increase of intracellular glucocorticoid levels mediated by 11β-HSD1 may be involved in the mechanism that exacerbates ischemic neuronal cell death, and inhibiting this enzyme could have potential therapeutic value for neuroprotective therapies in ischemic stroke and other neurodegenerative disorders associated with neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simret Beraki
- Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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