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Power ME, Fernandez NR, Oni OP, Kalia A, Rourke JL. The non-nutritive sweetener sucralose increases β-arrestin signaling at the constitutively active orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:116-127. [PMID: 37748201 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are popular food additives owing to their low caloric density and powerful sweetness relative to natural sugars. Their lack of metabolism contributes to evidence proclaiming their safety, yet several studies contradict this, demonstrating that sweeteners activate sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and elicit deleterious metabolic functions through unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that activation of GPCRs, particularly orphan receptors due to their abundance in metabolically active tissues, contributes to the biological activity of sweeteners. We quantified the response of 64 orphans to the sweeteners saccharin and sucralose using a high-throughput β-arrestin-2 recruitment assay (PRESTO-Tango). GPR52 was the sole receptor that significantly responded to a mixture of sucralose and saccharin. Subsequent experiments revealed sucralose as the activating sweetener. Activation of GPR52 was concentration-dependent, with an EC50 of 0.23 mmol/L and an Emax of 3.43 ± 0.24 fold change at 4 mmol/L. GPR52 constitutively activates CRE pathways; however, we show that sucralose-induced activation of GPR52 does not further activate this pathway. Identification of this novel sucralose-GPCR interaction supports the notion that sucralose elicits off-target signaling through the activation of GPR52, calling into question sucralose's assumed lack of bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Power
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Olaiya Peter Oni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aditaya Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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2
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Kretschmer K, Zellmann T, Mörl K, Beck-Sickinger AG. Stable Binding of Full-Length Chemerin Is Driven by Negative Charges in the CMKLR1 N Terminus. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300280. [PMID: 37186779 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The adipokine chemerin is the endogenous ligand of the chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This protein ligand plays an important role in obesity and inflammatory processes. Stable receptor-ligand interactions are highly relevant for its different physiological effects such as the migration of immune cells towards sites of inflammation. Here, we demonstrate that negative charges in the CMKLR1 N terminus are involved in the formation of strong contacts with a specific positively charged patch at the surface of full-length chemerin, which is absent in the short nonapeptide agonist chemerin-9, thus explaining its reduced affinity. Using receptor chimera of G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and CMKLR1, we were able to identify the residues of this interaction and its relevance for stable full-length chemerin binding. This could help to develop more potent ligands for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kretschmer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tristan Zellmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Mörl
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Ren J, Xu B, Ren J, Liu Z, Cai L, Zhang X, Wang W, Li S, Jin L, Ding L. The Importance of M1-and M2-Polarized Macrophages in Glioma and as Potential Treatment Targets. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1269. [PMID: 37759870 PMCID: PMC10526262 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common and malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive glioma, with a poor prognosis and no effective treatment because of its high invasiveness, metabolic rate, and heterogeneity. The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains many tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which play a critical role in tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis and indirectly promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment. TAM is divided into tumor-suppressive M1-like (classic activation of macrophages) and tumor-supportive M2-like (alternatively activated macrophages) polarized cells. TAMs exhibit an M1-like phenotype in the initial stages of tumor progression, and along with the promotion of lysing tumors and the functions of T cells and NK cells, tumor growth is suppressed, and they rapidly transform into M2-like polarized macrophages, which promote tumor progression. In this review, we discuss the mechanism by which M1- and M2-polarized macrophages promote or inhibit the growth of glioblastoma and indicate the future directions for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbin Ren
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Bangjie Xu
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Jianghao Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200030, China;
| | - Zhichao Liu
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Lingyu Cai
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Weijie Wang
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Shaoxun Li
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Luhao Jin
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Lianshu Ding
- Department of neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223000, China; (J.R.); (B.X.); (Z.L.); (L.C.); (X.Z.); (W.W.); (S.L.); (L.J.)
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Grewal T, Buechler C. Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051302. [PMID: 37238973 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates obesity as a risk factor for increased severity of disease outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which not only predisposes individuals to metabolic complications, but also substantially contributes to low-grade systemic inflammation, altered immune cell composition, and compromised immune function. This seems to impact the susceptibility and outcome of diseases caused by viruses, as obese people appear more vulnerable to developing infections and they recover later from infectious diseases than normal-weight individuals. Based on these findings, increased efforts to identify suitable diagnostic and prognostic markers in obese Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients to predict disease outcomes have been made. This includes the analysis of cytokines secreted from adipose tissues (adipokines), which have multiple regulatory functions in the body; for instance, modulating insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, appetite, and fertility. Most relevant in the context of viral infections, adipokines also influence the immune cell number, with consequences for overall immune cell activity and function. Hence, the analysis of the circulating levels of diverse adipokines in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been considered to reveal diagnostic and prognostic COVID-19 markers. This review article summarizes the findings aimed to correlate the circulating levels of adipokines with progression and disease outcomes of COVID-19. Several studies provided insights on chemerin, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and galectin-3 levels in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, while limited information is yet available on the adipokines apelin and visfatin in COVID-19. Altogether, current evidence points at circulating galectin-3 and resistin levels being of diagnostic and prognostic value in COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Chemerin and Chemokine-like Receptor 1 Expression Are Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression in European Patients. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030737. [PMID: 36979716 PMCID: PMC10044805 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemoattractant protein chemerin is protective in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and high expression in HCC tissues of Asian patients was related to a favorable prognosis. Studies from Asia found reduced expression of chemerin in HCC compared to para-tumor tissues while our previous analysis observed the opposite. Aim of this study was to correlate chemerin expression in HCC tissues with disease severity of European patients Hepatocyte chemerin protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in HCC tissue of 383 patients, and was low in 24%, moderate in 49% and high in 27%. High chemerin protein in the HCC tissues was related to the T stage, vessel invasion, histologic grade, Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stage and tumor size. Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) is a functional chemerin receptor. CMKLR1 protein in hepatocytes was low expressed in HCC tissues of 36%, moderate in tissues of 32% and high in 32% of the HCCs. Tumor CMKLR1 was associated with the T stage, vessel invasion, histologic grade and UICC stage. Notably, sex-specific analysis revealed that associations of chemerin and CMKLR1 expression with HCC progression were significant in males but not in females. The tumor chemerin and CMKLR1 protein expression were not related to steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis grades. In summary, chemerin as well as CMKLR1 protein were related to disease severity of European HCC patients, and this was significant in males. This observation is in contrast to Asian patients where higher chemerin in the tumors was protective. Current analysis provides evidence for ethnicity and sex-related differences of tumor expressed chemerin and HCC severity.
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Czerniak AS, Kretschmer K, Weiß T, Beck-Sickinger AG. The Chemerin Receptor CMKLR1 Requires Full-Length Chemerin for High Affinity in Contrast to GPR1 as Demonstrated by a New Nanoluciferase-Based Binding Assay. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200413. [PMID: 36178206 PMCID: PMC10092101 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To study the binding mode of the adipokine chemerin as well as the short peptide agonist chemerin-9 (C9) to its two receptors chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) and G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1), we generated 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) modified variants of both ligands. In addition, we labeled GPR1 and CMKLR1 with a nanoluciferase at the N-terminus to perform NanoBRET binding assays. For GPR1, both ligands show high affinity and comparable binding. Significant differences were found for CMKLR1, whereby only full-length chemerin binds with high affinity in saturation and displacement assays. For TAMRA-C9 a biphasic binding consisting of two binding states has been found and no displacement studies could be performed. Thus, we conclude that CMKLR1 requires full-length chemerin for stable binding in contrast to GPR1. This work demonstrates the NanoBRET binding assay as a new tool for binding studies at chemerin receptors and it enables deeper insights into the ligand binding parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Czerniak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin Kretschmer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Weiß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annette G Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstr. 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Gudelska M, Dobrzyn K, Kiezun M, Kisielewska K, Rytelewska E, Kaminski T, Smolinska N. The effect of oestradiol and progesterone on chemerin system expression in the porcine endometrium during early pregnancy and the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. Theriogenology 2022; 196:186-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Chemerin Forms: Their Generation and Activity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10082018. [PMID: 36009565 PMCID: PMC9405667 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10082018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is the product of the RARRES2 gene which is secreted as a precursor of 143 amino acids. That precursor is inactive, but proteases from the coagulation and fibrinolytic cascades, as well as from inflammatory reactions, process the C-terminus of chemerin to first activate it and then subsequently inactivate it. Chemerin can signal via two G protein-coupled receptors, chem1 and chem2, as well as be bound to a third non-signaling receptor, CCRL2. Chemerin is produced by the liver and secreted into the circulation as a precursor, but it is also expressed in some tissues where it can be activated locally. This review discusses the specific tissue expression of the components of the chemerin system, and the role of different proteases in regulating the activation and inactivation of chemerin. Methods of identifying and determining the levels of different chemerin forms in both mass and activity assays are reviewed. The levels of chemerin in circulation are correlated with certain disease conditions, such as patients with obesity or diabetes, leading to the possibility of using chemerin as a biomarker.
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9
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Pohl R, Eichelberger L, Feder S, Haberl EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, McMullen N, Sinal CJ, Bruckmann A, Weiss TS, Beck M, Höring M, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Wiest R, Wanninger J, Buechler C. Hepatocyte expressed chemerin-156 does not protect from experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2059-2071. [PMID: 35449483 PMCID: PMC9237010 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a rapidly growing liver disease. The chemoattractant chemerin is abundant in hepatocytes, and hepatocyte expressed prochemerin protected from NASH. Prochemerin is inactive and different active isoforms have been described. Here, the effect of hepatocyte expressed muChem-156, a highly active murine chemerin isoform, was studied in the methionine–choline deficient dietary model of NASH. Mice overexpressing muChem-156 had higher hepatic chemerin protein. Serum chemerin levels and the capability of serum to activate the chemerin receptors was unchanged showing that the liver did not release active chemerin. Notably, activation of the chemerin receptors by hepatic vein blood did not increase in parallel to total chemerin protein in patients with liver cirrhosis. In experimental NASH, muChem-156 had no effect on liver lipids. Accordingly, overexpression of active chemerin in hepatocytes or treatment of hepatocytes with recombinant chemerin did not affect cellular triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Importantly, overexpression of muChem-156 in the murine liver did not change the hepatic expression of inflammatory and profibrotic genes. The downstream targets of chemerin such as p38 kinase were neither activated in the liver of muChem-156 producing mice nor in HepG2, Huh7 and Hepa1-6 cells overexpressing this isoform. Recombinant chemerin had no effect on global gene expression of primary human hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells within 24 h of incubation. Phosphorylation of p38 kinase was, however, increased upon short-time incubation of HepG2 cells with chemerin. These findings show that muChem-156 overexpression in hepatocytes does not protect from liver steatosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Laura Eichelberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Feder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Christopher J Sinal
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Astrid Bruckmann
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), Laboratory for RNA Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Children's University Hospital (KUNO), Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Beck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Höring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josef Wanninger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Waniczek D, Świętochowska E, Śnietura M, Kiczmer P, Lorenc Z, Muc-Wierzgoń M. Salivary Concentrations of Chemerin, α-Defensin 1, and TNF-α as Potential Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080704. [PMID: 36005576 PMCID: PMC9416224 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. There is a great interest and need to find simple, inexpensive, and minimally invasive diagnostic tests. The aim of the study was to analyze the salivary concentrations of chemerin, α-defensin 1, and TNF-α in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and in a healthy control group. The concentration of these proteins was simultaneously determined in the serum of subjects. We also aimed to assess the correlation of these results and selected clinicopathological features. This prospective study was comprised of 39 CRC patients and 40 control group patients. Salivary and serum concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassays. The salivary and serum concentrations of chemerin, α-defensin 1, and TNF-α were significantly higher in cancer patients compared to the control group. No correlation was found between concentrations of the proteins and the clinical stage of cancer and tumor location. The ROC curve analysis showed that although salivary concentrations of all proteins showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, serum concentrations of the analyzed proteins were characterized by 100% sensitivity and over 90% specificity. The assessment of chemerin, α-defensin 1, and TNF-α concentrations in saliva seem to have great potential as quick and useful biomarkers in the early diagnosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Waniczek
- Department of Surgical Nursing and Propaedeutics of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Świętochowska
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (E.Ś.); (P.K.)
| | - Mirosław Śnietura
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kiczmer
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (E.Ś.); (P.K.)
| | - Zbigniew Lorenc
- Department of General, Colorectal and Multiple-Organ Surgery, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń
- Małgorzata Muc-Wierzgoń, Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
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11
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Jiang B, Wen C, Sun Y, Li W, Liu C, Feng J, Su Y. A novel chemerin receptor 1 (Chemerin1) takes part in the immune response of cobia (Rachycentron canadum). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Wu J, Shen S, Liu T, Ren X, Zhu C, Liang Q, Cui X, Chen L, Cheng P, Cheng W, Wu A. Chemerin enhances mesenchymal features of glioblastoma by establishing autocrine and paracrine networks in a CMKLR1-dependent manner. Oncogene 2022; 41:3024-3036. [PMID: 35459783 PMCID: PMC9122825 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02295-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with mesenchymal features exhibits enhanced chemotherapeutic resistance and results in reduced overall survival. Recent studies have suggested that there is a positive correlation between the GBM mesenchymal status and immune cell infiltration. However, the mechanisms by which GBM acquires its mesenchymal features in a tumor immune microenvironment-dependent manner remains unknown. Here, we uncovered a chemerin-mediated autocrine and paracrine network by which the mesenchymal phenotype of GBM cells is strengthened. We identified chemerin as a prognostic secretory protein mediating the mesenchymal phenotype-promoting network between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor cells in GBM. Mechanistically, chemerin promoted the mesenchymal features of GBM by suppressing the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of CMKLR1, a chemerin receptor predominantly expressed on TAMs and partially expressed on GBM cells, thereby enhancing NF-κB pathway activation. Moreover, chemerin was found to be involved in the recruitment of TAMs in the GBM tumor microenvironment. We revealed that chemerin also enhances the mesenchymal phenotype-promoting ability of TAMs and promotes their M2 polarization via a CMKLR1/NF-κB axis, which further exacerbates the mesenchymal features of GBM. Blocking the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis with 2-(α-naphthoyl) ethyltrimethylammonium iodide disrupted the mesenchymal network and suppressed tumor growth in GBM. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of targeting the chemerin/CMKLR1 axis to block the mesenchymal network in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiufang Ren
- Departement of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingyu Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army of China (PLA) General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Institute of Neurosurgery of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Zdanowicz K, Bobrus-Chociej A, Lebensztejn DM. Chemerin as Potential Biomarker in Pediatric Diseases: A PRISMA-Compliant Study. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030591. [PMID: 35327393 PMCID: PMC8945351 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the main source of adipokines and therefore serves not only as a storage organ, but also has an endocrine effect. Chemerin, produced mainly in adipocytes and liver, is a natural ligand for chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and C-C motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2), which have been identified in many tissues and organs. The role of this protein is an active area of research, and recent analyses suggest that chemerin contributes to angiogenesis, adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. Many studies confirm that this molecule is associated with obesity in both children and adults. We conducted a systematic review of data from published studies evaluating chemerin in children with various disease entities. We searched PubMed to identify eligible studies published prior to February 2022. A total of 36 studies were selected for analysis after a detailed investigation, which was intended to leave only the research studies. Moreover, chemerin seems to play an important role in the development of cardiovascular and digestive diseases. The purpose of this review was to describe the latest advances in knowledge of the role of chemerin in the pathogenesis of various diseases from studies in pediatric patients. The mechanisms underlying the function of chemerin in various diseases in children are still being investigated, and growing evidence suggests that this adipokine may be a potential prognostic biomarker for a wide range of diseases.
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14
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Fischer TF, Beck-Sickinger AG. Chemerin - exploring a versatile adipokine. Biol Chem 2022; 403:625-642. [PMID: 35040613 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemerin is a small chemotactic protein and a key player in initiating the early immune response. As an adipokine, chemerin is also involved in energy homeostasis and the regulation of reproductive functions. Secreted as inactive prochemerin, it relies on proteolytic activation by serine proteases to exert biological activity. Chemerin binds to three distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), namely chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1, recently named chemerin1), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1, recently named chemerin2), and CC-motif chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2). Only CMKLR1 displays conventional G protein signaling, while GPR1 only recruits arrestin in response to ligand stimulation, and no CCRL2-mediated signaling events have been described to date. However, GPR1 undergoes constitutive endocytosis, making this receptor perfectly adapted as decoy receptor. Here, we discuss expression pattern, activation, and receptor binding of chemerin. Moreover, we review the current literature regarding the involvement of chemerin in cancer and several obesity-related diseases, as well as recent developments in therapeutic targeting of the chemerin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Yamamoto A, Sagara A, Otani K, Okada M, Yamawaki H. Chemerin-9 stimulates migration in rat cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174566. [PMID: 34653380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since chemerin is an adipocytokine whose concentration in blood increases in the subjects with various cardiac diseases, chemerin may be involved in pathogenesis of cardiac diseases. In the present study, we examined the effects of chemerin-9, an active fragment of chemerin, on functions of cardiac fibroblasts, which are involved in pathophysiology of cardiac diseases. Primary cardiac fibroblasts were enzymatically isolated from adult male Wistar rats. Migration of cardiac fibroblasts was measured by a Boyden chamber assay and a scratch assay. Phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was measured by Western blotting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluoresein staining. Chemerin-9 significantly stimulated migration in cardiac fibroblasts. Chemerin-9 significantly stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and ERK as well as ROS production. An Akt pathway inhibitor, LY294002, an ERK pathway inhibitor, PD98059, an antagonist of chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), 2-(α-Napththoyl) ethyltrimethylammonium iodide, or an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine prevented the migration induced by chemerin-9. In summary, we for the first time revealed that chemerin-9 stimulates migration perhaps through the ROS-dependent activation of Akt and ERK via CMKLR1 in cardiac fibroblasts. It is proposed that chemerin plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 Bancho 35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sagara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 Bancho 35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Kosuke Otani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 Bancho 35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Muneyoshi Okada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 Bancho 35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23 Bancho 35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan.
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16
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Liu G, Wan N, Liu Q, Chen Y, Cui H, Wang Y, Ren J, Shen X, Lu W, Yu Y, Shen Y, Wang J. Resolvin E1 Attenuates Pulmonary Hypertension by Suppressing Wnt7a/β-Catenin Signaling. Hypertension 2021; 78:1914-1926. [PMID: 34689593 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.17809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhu Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (G.L., Y.C., W.L., Y.Y., J.W.)
| | - Naifu Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (N.W.)
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Q.L., Y.W., Y.Y., Y.S.)
| | - Yuqin Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (G.L., Y.C., W.L., Y.Y., J.W.)
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China (H.C., X.S.)
| | - Yuanyang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Q.L., Y.W., Y.Y., Y.S.)
| | - Jiaoqi Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (J.R.)
| | - Xia Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China (H.C., X.S.).,CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (X.S., Y.Y.)
| | - Wenju Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (G.L., Y.C., W.L., Y.Y., J.W.)
| | - Ying Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (G.L., Y.C., W.L., Y.Y., J.W.).,Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Q.L., Y.W., Y.Y., Y.S.).,CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (X.S., Y.Y.)
| | - Yujun Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Q.L., Y.W., Y.Y., Y.S.)
| | - Jian Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (G.L., Y.C., W.L., Y.Y., J.W.).,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.W.)
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17
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Adipokines as Immune Cell Modulators in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910845. [PMID: 34639186 PMCID: PMC8509121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is a major clinical and societal problem, which has a tremendous impact on the life of patients and their proxies. Current immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory therapies prove to be relatively effective; however, they fail to concomitantly stop ongoing neurological deterioration and do not reverse acquired disability. The proportion to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of MS is still incompletely understood; however, a recent association between MS etiology and obesity was shown, with obesity greatly increasing the risk of developing MS. An altered balance of adipokines, which are white adipose tissue (WAT) hormones, plays an important role in the low-grade chronic inflammation during obesity by their pervasive modification of local and systemic inflammation. Vice versa, inflammatory factors secreted by immune cells affect adipokine function. To explore the role of adipokines in MS pathology, we will here review the reciprocal effects of adipokines and immune cells and summarize alterations in adipokine levels in MS patient cohorts. Finally, we will discuss proof-of-concept studies demonstrating the therapeutic potential of adipokines to target both neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration processes in MS.
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18
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Umar MI, Hassan W, Murtaza G, Buabeid M, Arafa E, Irfan HM, Asmawi MZ, Huang X. The Adipokine Component in the Molecular Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival, Proliferation and Metastasis. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609828. [PMID: 34588926 PMCID: PMC8473628 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hormonal imbalance may disrupt the rigorously monitored cellular microenvironment by hampering the natural homeostatic mechanisms. The most common example of such hormonal glitch could be seen in obesity where the uprise in adipokine levels is in virtue of the expanding bulk of adipose tissue. Such aberrant endocrine signaling disrupts the regulation of cellular fate, rendering the cells to live in a tumor supportive microenvironment. Previously, it was believed that the adipokines support cancer proliferation and metastasis with no direct involvement in neoplastic transformations and tumorigenesis. However, the recent studies have reported discrete mechanisms that establish the direct involvement of adipokine signaling in tumorigenesis. Moreover, the individual adipokine profile of the patients has never been considered in the prognosis and staging of the disease. Hence, the present manuscript has focused on the reported extensive mechanisms that culminate the basis of poor prognosis and diminished survival rate in obese cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waseem Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Manal Buabeid
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elshaimaa Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Xianju Huang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
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19
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Ben Dhaou C, Mandi K, Frye M, Acheampong A, Radi A, De Becker B, Antoine M, Baeyens N, Wittamer V, Parmentier M. Chemerin regulates normal angiogenesis and hypoxia-driven neovascularization. Angiogenesis 2021; 25:159-179. [PMID: 34524600 PMCID: PMC9054887 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin is a multifunctional protein initially characterized in our laboratory as a chemoattractant factor for leukocyte populations. Its main functional receptor is CMKLR1. We identified previously chemerin as an anti-tumoral factor inhibiting the vascularization of tumor grafts. We show here that overexpression of bioactive chemerin in mice results in a reduction of the density of the retinal vascular network during its development and in adults. Chemerin did not affect vascular sprouting during the post-natal development of the network, but rather promoted endothelial cell apoptosis and vessel pruning. This phenotype was reversed to normal in CMKLR1-deficient mice, demonstrating the role of this receptor. Chemerin inhibited also neoangiogenesis in a model of pathological proliferative retinopathy, and in response to hind-limb ischemia. Mechanistically, PTEN and FOXO1 antagonists could almost completely restore the density of the retinal vasculature, suggesting the involvement of the PI3-kinase/AKT pathway in the chemerin-induced vessel regression process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ben Dhaou
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.,Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, University of Tours, INRA Val-de-Loire UMR-85, CNRS UMR-1247, Tours, France
| | - Kamel Mandi
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Frye
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Angela Acheampong
- Cardiology Department, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ayoub Radi
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin De Becker
- Cardiology Department, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Antoine
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Baeyens
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Pharmacologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Parmentier
- WELBIO and I.R.I.B.H.M, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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20
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Acewicz M, Kasacka I. Chemerin activity in selected pathological states of human body - A systematic review. Adv Med Sci 2021; 66:270-278. [PMID: 34082283 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that fatty tissue, so far considered an energy storage organ, is also the source of many substances called adipokines, including chemerin which plays many important functions in the body. Chemerin stimulates adipocytes maturation and differentiation, as well as acts as a chemoattractant, which stimulates innate and acquired immunity. This adipokine participates in the early stages of acute inflammation as well as its suppression by reacting with the CMKLR1 receptor. In various diseases associated with inflammatory processes, the level of chemerin in the serum increases. It is also considered a marker for benign and malignant tumors. Explanation of the pathomechanisms involving this adipokine is of a high importance and may contribute to the development of new possibilities in the treatment of many diseases. The article presents the latest information on the role of chemerin in various pathological states, particularly in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Acewicz
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
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21
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Fischer TF, Czerniak AS, Weiß T, Schoeder CT, Wolf P, Seitz O, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Ligand-binding and -scavenging of the chemerin receptor GPR1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6265-6281. [PMID: 34241650 PMCID: PMC8429170 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tight regulation of cytokines is essential for the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Chemerin, a mediator of innate immunity, mainly acts on chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) to induce the migration of macrophages and dendritic cells. The role of the second chemerin receptor, G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1), is still unclear. Here we demonstrate that GPR1 shows ligand-induced arrestin3 recruitment and internalization. The chemerin C-terminus triggers this activation by folding into a loop structure, binding to aromatic residues in the extracellular loops of GPR1. While this overall binding mode is shared between GPR1 and CMKLR1, differences in their respective extracellular loop 2 allowed for the design of the first GPR1-selective peptide. However, our results suggest that ligand-induced arrestin recruitment is not the only mode of action of GPR1. This receptor also displays constitutive internalization, which allows GPR1 to internalize inactive peptides efficiently by an activation-independent pathway. Our results demonstrate that GPR1 takes a dual role in regulating chemerin activity: as a signaling receptor for arrestin-based signaling on one hand, and as a scavenging receptor with broader ligand specificity on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne S Czerniak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Weiß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN37212, USA
| | - Philipp Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN37212, USA
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Zhu L, Huang J, Wang Y, Yang Z, Chen X. Chemerin causes lipid metabolic imbalance and induces passive lipid accumulation in human hepatoma cell line via the receptor GPR1. Life Sci 2021; 278:119530. [PMID: 33887347 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Chemerin is abundant in patients with high body mass index and metabolic syndrome possibly due to its activation in adipogenesis and glucose intolerance. It has reported that sera chemerin is positively associated with fatty liver with little known underlying mechanisms. Our aim is to study the role of chemerin in hepatic lipid metabolism. MAIN METHODS Oil Red O staining and TG quantitative assay were used to detect intracellular lipid accumulation. PCR, QPCR and western blot were applied to measure lipid metabolism-related genes, CMKLR1, GPR1 and inflammation marker genes. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to uncover the down-regulation of proximate promoter activities of CMKLR1 and GPR1 by SREBP1c. Antibody neutralization assay was used to address the effects of chemerin on hepatic lipid synthesis. KEY FINDINGS Over-expression of chemerin led to passive lipid accumulation, in human hepatoma cell line HepG2. The disable form of chemerin (chemerin 21-158) and active chemerin (chemerin 21-157) performed strongly effects on lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. Heterologous expression of CMKLR1 or G-protein coupled receptor1 (GPR1) played similar roles in hepatocyte lipid metabolism as chemerin. Chemerin exerted its effects on lipid metabolism via GPR1 in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, free fatty acids and high concentration insulin inhibited chemerin expression. Consistently, the key lipogenic transcription factor Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c suppressed chemerin mRNA expression and proximate promoter activities of CMKLR1 and GPR1. SIGNIFICANCE It implied the existence of negative feed-back regulation and further confirmed the involvement of chemerin in hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zaiqing Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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23
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Su X, Cheng Y, Zhang G, Wang B. Chemerin in inflammatory diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 517:41-47. [PMID: 33631197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a series of health problems. Adipocytes are a huge repository of energy as well as an important source of many adipokines. In obesity, adipocytes are dysfunctional with excessive production and secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), leptin, and chemerin. Recent studies have revealed that chemerin plays an important role in modulating physiologic as well as pathophysiologic processes. For example, chemerin stimulates maturation and differentiation of pre-adipocytes, acts as a chemoattractant and facilitates innate and acquired immunity. Furthermore, chemerin participates in the early stage of acute inflammation by reacting with the ChemR23 receptor. In various inflammatory diseases, the serum chemerin is significantly increased. Additionally, chemerin is also considered as an important biomarker for benign and malignant tumors. Thus, elucidating the pathologic mechanisms of chemerin action may facilitate the development of new therapeutic modalities to treat diverse inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of chemerin and its role as an important regulator in modulating various inflammatory diseases. Mechanisms underlying chemerin function in diverse diseases are explored to better understand its biochemistry and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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24
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Perego S, Sansoni V, Ziemann E, Lombardi G. Another Weapon against Cancer and Metastasis: Physical-Activity-Dependent Effects on Adiposity and Adipokines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042005. [PMID: 33670492 PMCID: PMC7922129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically active behavior has been associated with a reduced risk of developing certain types of cancer and improved psychological conditions for patients by reducing anxiety and depression, in turn improving the quality of life of cancer patients. On the other hand, the correlations between inactivity, sedentary behavior, and overweight and obesity with the risk of development and progression of various cancers are well studied, mainly in middle-aged and elderly subjects. In this article, we have revised the evidence on the effects of physical activity on the expression and release of the adipose-tissue-derived mediators of low-grade chronic inflammation, i.e., adipokines, as well as the adipokine-mediated impacts of physical activity on tumor development, growth, and metastasis. Importantly, exercise training may be effective in mitigating the side effects related to anti-cancer treatment, thereby underlining the importance of encouraging cancer patients to engage in moderate-intensity activities. However, the strong need to customize and adapt exercises to a patient’s abilities is apparent. Besides the preventive effects of physically active behavior against the adipokine-stimulated cancer risk, it remains poorly understood how physical activity, through its actions as an adipokine, can actually influence the onset and development of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0266214068
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; or
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; or
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Treeck O, Buechler C. Chemerin Signaling in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113085. [PMID: 33105894 PMCID: PMC7690612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Treeck
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics I, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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Chemerin-156 is the Active Isoform in Human Hepatic Stellate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207555. [PMID: 33066326 PMCID: PMC7589075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine chemerin exists as C-terminally processed isoforms whose biological functions are mostly unknown. A highly active human chemerin variant (huChem-157) was protective in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) models. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are central mediators of hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis and express the chemerin receptors chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) and G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1). Here we aimed to analyse the effect of chemerin isoforms on the viability, proliferation and secretome of the human HSC cell line LX-2. Therefore, huChem-157, 156 and 155 were over-expressed in LX-2 cells, which have low endogenous chemerin levels. HuChem-157 produced in LX-2 cells activated CMKLR1 and GPR1, and huChem-156 modestly induced GPR1 signaling. HuChem-155 is an inactive chemerin variant. Chemerin isoforms had no effect on cell viability and proliferation. Cellular expression of the fibrotic proteins galectin-3 and alpha-smooth muscle actin was not regulated by any chemerin isoform. HuChem-156 increased IL-6, IL-8 and galectin-3 in cell media. HuChem-157 was ineffective, and accordingly, did not enhance levels of these proteins in media of primary human hepatic stellate cells when added exogenously. These analyses provide evidence that huChem-156 is the biologic active chemerin variant in hepatic stellate cells and acts as a pro-inflammatory factor.
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Feder S, Bruckmann A, McMullen N, Sinal CJ, Buechler C. Chemerin Isoform-Specific Effects on Hepatocyte Migration and Immune Cell Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197205. [PMID: 33003572 PMCID: PMC7582997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine chemerin is C-terminally processed to the bioactive isoforms, muChem-156 and muChem-155, among which the longer variant protects from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of muChem-155 is mostly unknown. Here, we aimed to compare the effects of these isoforms on the proliferation, migration and the secretome of the human hepatocyte cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 and the murine Hepa1-6 cell line. Therefore, huChem-157 and -156 were overexpressed in the human cells, and the respective murine variants, muChem-156 and -155, in the murine hepatocytes. Both chemerin isoforms produced by HepG2 and Hepa1-6 cells activated the chemerin receptors chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) and G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1). HuChem-157 was the active isoform in the Huh7 cell culture medium. The potencies of muChem-155 and muChem-156 to activate human GPR1 and mouse CMKLR1 were equivalent. Human CMKLR1 was most responsive to muChem-156. Chemerin variants showed no effect on cell viability and proliferation. Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases Erk1/2 and p38, and protein levels of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition marker, E-cadherin, were not regulated by the chemerin variants. Migration was reduced in HepG2 and Hepa1-6 cells by the longer isoform. Protective effects of chemerin in HCC include the modulation of cytokines but huChem-156 and huChem-157 overexpression did not change IL-8, CCL20 or osteopontin in the hepatocytes. The conditioned medium of the transfected hepatocytes failed to alter these soluble factors in the cell culture medium of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Interestingly, the cell culture medium of Huh7 cells producing the inactive variant huChem-155 reduced CCL2 and IL-8 in PBMCs. To sum up, huChem-157 and muChem-156 inhibited hepatocyte migration and may protect from HCC metastasis. HuChem-155 was the only human isoform exerting anti-inflammatory effects on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Feder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Astrid Bruckmann
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), Laboratory for RNA Biology, University of Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (N.M.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Christopher J. Sinal
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (N.M.); (C.J.S.)
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-941-944-7009
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Chemerin Impairs In Vitro Testosterone Production, Sperm Motility, and Fertility in Chicken: Possible Involvement of Its Receptor CMKLR1. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071599. [PMID: 32630345 PMCID: PMC7408590 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine chemerin is a novel adipokine involved in the regulation of energy metabolism but also female reproductive functions in mammals. Its effects on male fertility are less studied. Here, we investigated the involvement of chemerin in chicken male reproduction. Indeed, the improvement of the sperm of roosters is a challenge for the breeders since the sperm quantity and quality have largely decreased for several years. By using specific chicken antibodies, here we show that chemerin and its main receptor CMKLR1 (chemokine-like receptor 1) are expressed within the chicken testis with the lowest expression in adults as compared to the embryo or postnatal stages. Chemerin and CMKLR1 are present in all testicular cells, including Leydig, Sertoli, and germinal cells. Using in vitro testis explants, we observed that recombinant chicken chemerin through CMKLR1 inhibits hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) stimulated testosterone production and this was associated to lower 3βHSD (3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) expression and MAPK ERK2 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2) phosphorylation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that chemerin in seminal plasma is lower than in blood plasma, but it is negatively correlated with the percentage of motility and the spermatozoa concentration in vivo in roosters. In vitro, we show that recombinant chicken chemerin reduces sperm mass and individual motility in roosters, and this effect is abolished when sperm is pre-incubated with an anti-CMKLR1 antibody. Moreover, we demonstrate that fresh chicken sperm treated with chemerin and used for artificial insemination (AI) in hen presented a lower efficiency in terms of eggs fertility for the four first days after AI. Taken together, seminal chemerin levels are negatively associated with the rooster fertility, and chemerin produced locally by the testis or male tract could negatively affect in vivo sperm quality and testosterone production through CMKLR1.
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Rennier K, Shin WJ, Krug E, Virdi G, Pachynski RK. Chemerin Reactivates PTEN and Suppresses PD-L1 in Tumor Cells via Modulation of a Novel CMKLR1-mediated Signaling Cascade. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5019-5035. [PMID: 32605911 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-4245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemerin (retinoic acid receptor responder 2, RARRES2) is an endogenous leukocyte chemoattractant that recruits innate immune cells through its receptor, ChemR23. RARRES2 is widely expressed in nonhematopoietic tissues and often downregulated across multiple tumor types compared with normal tissue. Recent studies show that augmenting chemerin in the tumor microenvironment significantly suppresses tumor growth, in part, by immune effector cells recruitment. However, as tumor cells express functional chemokine/chemoattractant receptors that impact their phenotype, we hypothesized that chemerin may have additional, tumor-intrinsic effects. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the effect of exogenous chemerin on human prostate and sarcoma tumor lines. Key signaling pathway components were elucidated using qPCR, Western blotting, siRNA knockdown, and specific inhibitors. Functional consequences of chemerin treatment were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS We show for the first time that human tumors exposed to exogenous chemerin significantly upregulate PTEN expression/activity, and concomitantly suppress programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. CMKLR1 knockdown abrogated chemerin-induced PTEN and PD-L1 modulation, exposing a novel CMKLR1/PTEN/PD-L1 signaling cascade. Targeted inhibitors suggested signaling was occurring through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Chemerin treatment significantly reduced tumor migration, while significantly increasing T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Chemerin treatment was as effective as both PD-L1 knockdown and the anti-PD-L1 antibody, atezolizumab, in augmenting T-cell-mediated tumor lysis. Forced expression of chemerin in human DU145 tumors significantly suppressed in vivo tumor growth, and significantly increased PTEN and decreased PD-L1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data show a novel link between chemerin, PTEN, and PD-L1 in human tumor lines, which may have a role in improving T-cell-mediated immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Rennier
- Division of Oncology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Woo Jae Shin
- Division of Oncology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ethan Krug
- Division of Oncology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gurpal Virdi
- Division of Oncology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Russell K Pachynski
- Division of Oncology, John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. .,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,The Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs (CHiiPs), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Guo Y, Huo J, Wu D, Hao H, Ji X, Zhao E, Nie B, Liu Q. Simvastatin inhibits the adipogenesis of bone marrow‑derived mesenchymal stem cells through the downregulation of chemerin/CMKLR1 signaling. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:751-761. [PMID: 32468037 PMCID: PMC7307816 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis, partly through the inhibition of the adipogenesis of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The present study focused on the mechanisms responsible for the inhibitory effects of simvastatin on adipogenesis and examined the effects of simvastatin on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), chemerin, chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and the adipocyte marker gene, adiponectin. BMSCs were isolated from 4-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and adipogenesis was measured by the absorbance values at 490 nm of Oil Red O dye. The expression of each gene was evaluated by western blot analysis or reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The expression of chemerin increased during adipogenesis, while CMKLR1 exhibited a trend towards a decreased expression. On days 7 and 14, the simvastatin-treated cells exhibited a down-regulated expression of chemerin, whereas the upregulated expression of its receptor, CMKLR1 was observed. The results also revealed that CMKLR1 is required for adipogenesis and the simvastatin-mediated inhibitory effect on adipogenesis. Simvastatin regulated adipogenesis by negatively modulating chemerin-CMKLR1 signaling. Importantly, simvastatin stimulation inhibited the upregulation of PPARγ and PPARγ-mediated chemerin expression to prevent adipogenesis. Treatment with the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone, partially reversed the negative regulatory effects of simvastatin. On the whole, the findings of the present study demonstrate that simvastatin inhibits the adipogenesis of BMSCs through the downregulation of PPARγ and subsequently prevents the PPARγ-mediated induction of chemerin/CMKLR1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Guo
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Huo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Dou Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Haihu Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Xinghua Ji
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
| | - Enzhe Zhao
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Boyuan Nie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
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The expression of chemerin and its receptors (CMKLR1, GPR1, CCRL2) in the porcine uterus during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy and in trophoblasts and conceptuses. Animal 2020; 14:2116-2128. [PMID: 32398173 DOI: 10.1017/s175173112000097x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated that chemerin may take part in the regulation of reproduction. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of chemerin system - chemerin and its receptors, chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) - in the porcine uterus during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy, and in trophoblasts and conceptuses by real-time PCR and western blotting. Chemerin concentrations in uterine luminal flushings (ULF) were determined using ELISA test. In the endometrium, the highest expression of chemerin and GPR1 proteins was observed during the mid-luteal phase; CMKLR1, during the late luteal phase; and CCRL2, during the follicular phase of the cycle. In the myometrium, chemerin protein expression was enhanced during the early luteal phase, and chemerin receptor proteins were highly expressed during the follicular phase. In the endometrium of pregnant pigs, the highest expression of chemerin and CCRL2 protein was observed during implantation; CMKLR1, during placentation; and GPR1, during embryo migration. In the myometrium, chemerin and CCRL2 protein expression increased at the end of implantation, and the expression of CMKLR1 and GPR1 protein was enhanced during implantation. In the conceptuses and trophoblasts, the highest expression of chemerin system proteins was observed during placentation, with the exception of GPR1 protein in the trophoblasts. The highest concentrations of the analysed adipokine were observed in ULF during the luteal phase of the cycle and during maternal recognition of pregnancy. This is the first study to demonstrate that the expression of the chemerin system in the porcine uterus, conceptuses and trophoblasts, and chemerin concentrations in ULF are influenced by the hormonal milieu in different stages of the oestrous cycle and in early pregnancy. The present results also suggest that chemerin is implicated in the regulation of reproductive functions in pigs.
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Chemerin: A Potential Regulator of Inflammation and Metabolism for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4574509. [PMID: 32337250 PMCID: PMC7166297 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4574509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) features chronic inflammatory reactions of both intra- and extrapulmonary nature. Moreover, COPD is associated with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in patients, which influences the prognosis and chronicity of this disease. Abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism are also closely related to inflammation processes. Further insights into the interactions of inflammation and glucose and lipid metabolism might therefore inspire novel therapeutic interventions to promote lung rehabilitation. Chemerin, as a recently discovered adipokine, has been shown to play a role in inflammatory response and glucose and lipid metabolism in many diseases (including COPD). Chemerin recruits inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation during the early stages of COPD, leading to endothelial barrier dysfunction, early vascular remodeling, and angiogenesis. Moreover, it supports the recruitment of antigen-presenting cells that guide immune cells as part of the body's inflammatory responses. Chemerin also regulates metabolism via activation of its cognate receptors. Glucose homeostasis is affected via effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity, and lipid metabolism is changed by increased transformation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes through chemerin-binding receptors. Controlling chemerin signaling may be a promising approach to improve various aspects of COPD-related dysfunction. Importantly, several studies indicate that chemerin expression in vivo is influenced by exercise. Although available evidence is still limited, therapeutic alterations of chemerin activity may be a promising target of therapeutic approaches aimed at the rehabilitation of COPD patients based on exercises. In conclusion, chemerin plays an essential role in COPD, especially in the inflammatory responses and metabolism, and has a potential to become a target for, and a biomarker of, curative mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated lung rehabilitation.
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Dubois-Vedrenne I, De Henau O, Robert V, Langa F, Javary J, Al Delbany D, Vosters O, Angelats-Canals E, Vernimmen M, Luangsay S, Wittamer V, Parmentier M. Expression of Bioactive Chemerin by Keratinocytes Inhibits Late Stages of Tumor Development in a Chemical Model of Skin Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1253. [PMID: 31803622 PMCID: PMC6873210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a multifunctional protein acting mainly through the G protein-coupled receptor ChemR23/CMKLR1/Chemerin1. Its expression is frequently downregulated in human tumors, including in melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and anti-tumoral properties of chemerin were reported in mouse tumor graft models. In the present study, we report the development of spontaneous skin tumors in aged ChemR23-deficient mice. In order to test the potential therapeutic benefit of chemerin analogs, a transgenic model in which bioactive chemerin is over-expressed by basal keratinocytes was generated. These animals are characterized by increased levels of chemerin immunoreactivity and bioactivity in the skin and the circulation. In a chemical carcinogenesis model, papillomas developed later, were less numerous, and their progression to carcinomas was delayed. Temporal control of chemerin expression by doxycycline allowed to attribute its effects to late stages of carcinogenesis. The protective effects of chemerin were partly abrogated by ChemR23 invalidation. These results demonstrate that chemerin is able to delay very significantly tumor progression in a model that recapitulates closely the evolution of solid cancer types in human and suggest that the chemerin-ChemR23 system might constitute an interesting target for therapeutic intervention in the cancer field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier De Henau
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Robert
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francina Langa
- Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine (CIGM), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Joaquim Javary
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diana Al Delbany
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vosters
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Maxime Vernimmen
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Souphalone Luangsay
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Ogeda S.A., Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Parmentier
- IRIBHM and Welbio, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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More Than an Adipokine: The Complex Roles of Chemerin Signaling in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194778. [PMID: 31561459 PMCID: PMC6801800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is widely recognized as an adipokine, with diverse biological roles in cellular differentiation and metabolism, as well as a leukocyte chemoattractant. Research investigating the role of chemerin in the obesity-cancer relationship has provided evidence both for pro- and anti-cancer effects. The tumor-promoting effects of chemerin primarily involve direct effects on migration, invasion, and metastasis as well as growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Chemerin can also promote tumor growth via the recruitment of tumor-supporting mesenchymal stromal cells and stimulation of angiogenesis pathways in endothelial cells. In contrast, the majority of evidence supports that the tumor-suppressing effects of chemerin are immune-mediated and result in a shift from immunosuppressive to immunogenic cell populations within the tumor microenvironment. Systemic chemerin and chemerin produced within the tumor microenvironment may contribute to these effects via signaling through CMKLR1 (chemerin1), GPR1 (chemerin2), and CCLR2 on target cells. As such, inhibition or activation of chemerin signaling could be beneficial as a therapeutic approach depending on the type of cancer. Additional studies are required to determine if obesity influences cancer initiation or progression through increased adipose tissue production of chemerin and/or altered chemerin processing that leads to changes in chemerin signaling in the tumor microenvironment.
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Estienne A, Bongrani A, Reverchon M, Ramé C, Ducluzeau PH, Froment P, Dupont J. Involvement of Novel Adipokines, Chemerin, Visfatin, Resistin and Apelin in Reproductive Functions in Normal and Pathological Conditions in Humans and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184431. [PMID: 31505789 PMCID: PMC6769682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that adipokines are endocrine factors that are mainly secreted by white adipose tissue. Their central role in energy metabolism is currently accepted. More recently, their involvement in fertility regulation and the development of some reproductive disorders has been suggested. Data concerning the role of leptin and adiponectin, the two most studied adipokines, in the control of the reproductive axis are consistent. In recent years, interest has grown about some novel adipokines, chemerin, visfatin, resistin and apelin, which have been found to be strongly associated with obesity and insulin-resistance. Here, we will review their expression and role in male and female reproduction in humans and animal models. According to accumulating evidence, they could regulate the secretion of GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone), gonadotropins and steroids. Furthermore, their expression and that of their receptors (if known), has been demonstrated in the human and animal hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. Like leptin and adiponectin, these novel adipokines could thus represent metabolic sensors that are able to regulate reproductive functions according to energy balance changes. Therefore, after investigating their role in normal fertility, we will also discuss their possible involvement in some reproductive troubles known to be associated with features of metabolic syndrome, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia and intra-uterine growth retardation in women, and sperm abnormalities and testicular pathologies in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Estienne
- INRA UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Alice Bongrani
- INRA UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxime Reverchon
- SYSAAF-Syndicat des Sélectionneurs Avicoles et Aquacoles Français, Centre INRA Val de Loire, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- INRA UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Ducluzeau
- INRA UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Internal Medicine Department, Unit of Endocrinology, CHRU Tours, F-37044 Tours, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- INRA UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours F-37041 Tours, France
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRA UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
- CNRS UMR 7247 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
- Université François Rabelais de Tours F-37041 Tours, France.
- IFCE, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Abstract
Chemerin is a multifunctional adipokine with established roles in inflammation, adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggest an important function of chemerin in cancer. Chemerin's main cellular receptors, chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G-protein coupled receptor 1 (GPR1) and C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2) are expressed in most normal and tumor tissues. Chemerin's role in cancer is considered controversial, since it is able to exert both anti-tumoral and tumor-promoting effects, which are mediated by different mechanisms like recruiting innate immune defenses or activation of endothelial angiogenesis. For this review article, original research articles on the role of chemerin and its receptors in cancer were considered, which are listed in the PubMed database. Additionally, we included meta-analyses of publicly accessible DNA microarray data to elucidate the association of expression of chemerin and its receptors in tumor tissues with patients' survival.
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Zhang R, Wang Q, Yang L. Chemerin induced by
Treponema pallidum
predicted membrane protein Tp0965 mediates the activation of endothelial cell via MAPK signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:19621-19634. [PMID: 31322756 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Wuxi China
| | - Qian‐Qiu Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, & National Center for STD Control China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Nanjing China
| | - Li‐Jia Yang
- Department of Dermatology Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Wuxi China
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Novel Molecular Targets Participating in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Cardioprotection. Cardiol Res Pract 2019; 2019:6935147. [PMID: 31275641 PMCID: PMC6558612 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6935147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and related heart failure remain high. While effective early reperfusion of the criminal coronary artery after a confirmed AMI is the typical treatment at present, collateral myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and pertinent cardioprotection are still challenging to address and have inadequately understood mechanisms. Therefore, unveiling the related novel molecular targets and networks participating in triggering and resisting the pathobiology of MIRI is a promising and valuable frontier. The present study specifically focuses on the recent MIRI advances that are supported by sophisticated bio-methodology in order to bring the poorly understood interrelationship among pro- and anti-MIRI participant molecules up to date, as well as to identify findings that may facilitate the further investigation of novel targets.
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van der Vorst EPC, Peters LJF, Müller M, Gencer S, Yan Y, Weber C, Döring Y. G-Protein Coupled Receptor Targeting on Myeloid Cells in Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31191301 PMCID: PMC6540917 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of the majority of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is a lipid-driven, inflammatory disease of the large arteries. Gold standard therapy with statins and the more recently developed proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors have improved health conditions among CVD patients by lowering low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Nevertheless, a substantial part of these patients is still suffering and it seems that 'just' lipid lowering is insufficient. The results of the Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcome Study (CANTOS) have now proven that inflammation is a key driver of atherosclerosis and that targeting inflammation improves CVD outcomes. Therefore, the identification of novel drug targets and development of novel therapeutics that block atherosclerosis-specific inflammatory pathways have to be promoted. The inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis are facilitated by a network of immune cells and their subsequent responses. Cell networking is orchestrated by various (inflammatory) mediators which interact, bind and induce signaling. Over the last years, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) emerged as important players in recognizing these mediators, because of their diverse functions in steady state but also and specifically during chronic inflammatory processes - such as atherosclerosis. In this review, we will therefore highlight a selection of these receptors or receptor sub-families mainly expressed on myeloid cells and their role in atherosclerosis. More specifically, we will focus on chemokine receptors, both classical and atypical, formyl-peptide receptors, the chemerin receptor 23 and the calcium-sensing receptor. When information is available, we will also describe the consequences of their targeting which may hold promising options for future treatment of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research/Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Linsey J. F. Peters
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Madeleine Müller
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Gencer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yi Yan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Heart Alliance, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich, Germany
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Skuratovskaia D, Zatolokin P, Vulf M, Mazunin I, Litvinova L. Interrelation of chemerin and TNF-α with mtDNA copy number in adipose tissues and blood cells in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:40. [PMID: 30871547 PMCID: PMC6416837 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory response plays a key role in the development of insulin resistance (IR) in obesity. Oxidative stress triggers the replication of the mitochondrial genome and division of the organelle. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of chemerin and TNF-α with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (mesentery of the small intestine (Mes), greater omentum (GO) and blood mononuclear cells (MNCs)) in patients with obesity with/without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS The study included 142 obese patients and 34 healthy donors. The samples used for the study were peripheral venous blood (MNCs) and ATs (SAT, Mes and GO). The measurement of mtDNA copy number was done by droplet digital PCR. Quantitative determination of insulin, adiponectin, TNF-α and chemerin in serum/plasma was performed by flow-through fluorometry and commercial ELISA kit. Statistical analysis and graphs were obtained in R Statistical Software (version 3.3.1). RESULTS The increase in body mass index (BMI) was accompanied by an increase in TNF-α production, an increase in mtDNA copy number in SAT and a decrease in mtDNA copy number in MNCs. The negative association between plasma chemerin and mtDNA copy number in the Mes, as well as between mtDNA copy number and chemerin expression in the Mes, in the group with BMI > 40 kg/m2 without T2DM demonstrates the protective effect of chemerin against the development of IR via the regulation of mtDNA copy number in adipose tissues. CONCLUSIONS We thus speculated the existence of a compensatory mechanism in which leads to the increased number of mtDNA copies under the influence of proinflammatory factors. Based on the obtained data, we propose that reducing mtDNA copy number in cases of morbid obesity without T2DM has a positive effect on carbohydrate metabolism, which may help maintain glucose levels within reference values. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, mtDNA, cytokines, TNF-a, chemerin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Skuratovskaia
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russian Federation Kaliningrad, Gaidara 6 st, Russia
| | - Pavel Zatolokin
- Department of Reconstructive and Endoscopic Surgery, Kaliningrad Regional Hospital Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Maria Vulf
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russian Federation Kaliningrad, Gaidara 6 st, Russia
| | - Ilia Mazunin
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russian Federation Kaliningrad, Gaidara 6 st, Russia
| | - Larisa Litvinova
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Russian Federation Kaliningrad, Gaidara 6 st, Russia
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Buechler C, Feder S, Haberl EM, Aslanidis C. Chemerin Isoforms and Activity in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051128. [PMID: 30841637 PMCID: PMC6429392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and adiposity are risk factors for several diseases, like type 2 diabetes and cancer. White adipose tissue is a major source for adipokines, comprising a diverse group of proteins exerting various functions. Chemerin is one of these proteins whose systemic levels are increased in obesity. Chemerin is involved in different physiological and pathophysiological processes and it regulates adipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and immune response, suggesting a vital role in metabolic health. The majority of serum chemerin is biologically inert. Different proteases are involved in the C-terminal processing of chemerin and generate diverse isoforms that vary in their activity. Distribution of chemerin variants was analyzed in adipose tissues and plasma of lean and obese humans and mice. The Tango bioassay, which is suitable to monitor the activation of the beta-arrestin 2 pathway, was used to determine the ex-vivo activation of chemerin receptors by systemic chemerin. Further, the expression of the chemerin receptors was analyzed in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. Present investigations assume that increased systemic chemerin in human obesity is not accompanied by higher biologic activity. More research is needed to fully understand the pathways that control chemerin processing and chemerin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Feder
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Charalampos Aslanidis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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The serum biomarker chemerin promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:681-695. [PMID: 30804218 DOI: 10.1042/cs20181023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin, which is encoded by retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2), has been found to be related to malignant tumours, but its role in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is largely unexplored. In the present study, a higher serum level of chemerin was evident in patients with OSCC than in healthy individuals, and this high level of chemerin significantly decreased after tumour resection. In addition, high chemerin levels were positively associated with advanced tumour stage and lymph node metastasis. The expression levels of chemerin and Chemerin Receptor 23 (ChemR23) were positively correlated with the migration and invasion of OSCC cell lines. Recombinant chemerin (R-chemerin) enhanced the in vitro migration, invasion and proliferation of OSCC cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting RARRES2 decreased chemerin expression and inhibited OSCC cell metastasis and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo Additionally, R-chemerin activated manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and increased the amount of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leading to a significant decrease in E-cadherin expression and dramatic increase in the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), Slug, Vimentin and N-cadherin, but shRNAs targeting RARRES2 reversed these effects. Moreover, knockdown of ChemR23 with small interfering RNAs (siRNA) significantly inhibited chemerin-induced OSCC cell migration/invasion and SOD2 activity. Our results revealed that chemerin is a novel biomarker for OSCC. Chemerin/ChemR23 promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis in OSCC and may be a new therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Chemerin acts via CMKLR1 and GPR1 to stimulate migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells: putative role of decreased TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Oncotarget 2019; 10:98-112. [PMID: 30719206 PMCID: PMC6349446 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine-like peptide, chemerin, stimulates chemotaxis in several cell types. In this study we examined the expression of putative chemerin receptors in gastric cancer and the action of chemerin on cancer cell migration and invasion. Immunohistochemical studies of gastric tumors identified expression of two putative receptors, chemokine-like receptor-1 (CMKLR1) and G-protein coupled receptor 1(GPR1), in cancer cells; there was also some expression in stromal myofibroblasts although generally at a lower intensity. The expression of both receptors was detected in a gastric cancer cell line, AGS; chemerin itself was expressed in cultured gastric cancer myofibroblasts but not AGS cells. Chemerin stimulated (a) morphological transformation of AGS cells characterized by extension of processes and cell scattering, (b) migration in scratch wound assays and (c) both migration and invasion in Boyden chamber chemotaxis assays. These responses were inhibited by two putative receptor antagonists CCX832 and α-NETA. Inhibition of receptor expression by siRNA selectively reduced CMKLR1 or GPR1 and inhibited the action of chemerin indicating that both receptors contributed to the functional response. Using a proteomic approach employing stable isotope dynamic labeling of secretomes (SIDLS) to selectively label secreted proteins, we identified down regulation of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinease (TIMP)1 and TIMP2 in media in response to chemerin. When cells were treated with chemerin and TIMP1 or TIMP2 the migration response to chemerin was reduced. The data suggest a role for chemerin in promoting the invasion of gastric cancer cells via CMKLR1 and GPR1at least partly by reducing TIMP1 and TIMP2 expression. Chemerin receptor antagonists have potential in inhibiting gastric cancer progression.
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Serafin DS, Allyn B, Sassano MF, Timoshchenko RG, Mattox D, Brozowski JM, Siderovski DP, Truong YK, Esserman D, Tarrant TK, Billard MJ. Chemerin-activated functions of CMKLR1 are regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) and β-arrestin 2 in inflammatory macrophages. Mol Immunol 2018; 106:12-21. [PMID: 30576947 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemerin receptor (CMKLR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) implicated in macrophage-mediated inflammation and in several forms of human arthritis. Analogous to other GPCR, CMKLR1 is likely regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) phosphorylation of intracellular domains in an activation-dependent manner, which leads to recruitment and termination of intracellular signaling via desensitization and internalization of the receptor. The ubiquitously expressed GRK family members include GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6, but it is unknown which GRK regulates CMKLR1 cellular and signaling functions. Our data show that activation of CMKLR1 by chemerin in primary macrophages leads to signaling and functional outcomes that are regulated by GRK6 and β-arrestin 2. We show that arrestin recruitment to CMKLR1 following chemerin stimulation is enhanced with co-expression of GRK6. Further, internalization of endogenous CMKLR1, following the addition of chemerin, is decreased in inflammatory macrophages from GRK6- and β-arrestin 2-deficient mice. These GRK6- and β-arrestin 2-deficient macrophages display increased migration toward chemerin and altered AKT and Extracellular-signal Related Kinase (ERK) signaling. Our findings show that chemerin-activated CMKLR1 regulation in inflammatory macrophages is largely GRK6 and β-arrestin mediated, which may impact innate immunity and have therapeutic implications in rheumatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephen Serafin
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Brittney Allyn
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Maria F Sassano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Roman G Timoshchenko
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Daniel Mattox
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jaime M Brozowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - David P Siderovski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States
| | - Young K Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Denise Esserman
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Duke University, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Matthew J Billard
- Thurston Arthritis Research Center and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Helfer G, Wu QF. Chemerin: a multifaceted adipokine involved in metabolic disorders. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R79-R94. [PMID: 29848608 PMCID: PMC6026924 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a global public health problem and predisposes individuals to obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, accumulating evidence has uncovered a critical role of adipokines. Chemerin, encoded by the gene Rarres2, is a newly discovered adipokine involved in inflammation, adipogenesis, angiogenesis and energy metabolism. In humans, local and circulating levels of chemerin are positively correlated with BMI and obesity-related biomarkers. In this review, we discuss both peripheral and central roles of chemerin in regulating body metabolism. In general, chemerin is upregulated in obese and diabetic animals. Previous studies by gain or loss of function show an association of chemerin with adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, food intake and body weight. In the brain, the hypothalamus integrates peripheral afferent signals including adipokines to regulate appetite and energy homeostasis. Chemerin increases food intake in seasonal animals by acting on hypothalamic stem cells, the tanycytes. In peripheral tissues, chemerin increases cell expansion, inflammation and angiogenesis in adipose tissue, collectively resulting in adiposity. While chemerin signalling enhances insulin secretion from pancreatic islets, contradictory results have been reported on how chemerin links to obesity and insulin resistance. Given the association of chemerin with obesity comorbidities in humans, advances in translational research targeting chemerin are expected to mitigate metabolic disorders. Together, the exciting findings gathered in the last decade clearly indicate a crucial multifaceted role for chemerin in the regulation of energy balance, making it a promising candidate for urgently needed pharmacological treatment strategies for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Helfer
- School of Chemistry and BiosciencesUniversity of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Development BiologyInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to Q-F Wu:
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Malik F, Cromar KR, Atkins CL, Price RE, Jackson WT, Siddiqui SR, Spencer CY, Mitchell NC, Haque IU, Johnston RA. Chemokine (C-C Motif) Receptor-Like 2 is not essential for lung injury, lung inflammation, or airway hyperresponsiveness induced by acute exposure to ozone. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/24/e13545. [PMID: 29242308 PMCID: PMC5742705 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of ozone (O3), a gaseous air pollutant, causes lung injury, lung inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils contribute to one or more of these sequelae induced by O3. Furthermore, each of these aforementioned cells express chemokine (C‐C motif) receptor‐like 2 (Ccrl2), an atypical chemokine receptor that facilitates leukocyte chemotaxis. Given that Ccrl2 is expressed by cells essential to the development of O3‐induced lung pathology and that chemerin, a Ccrl2 ligand, is increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by O3, we hypothesized that Ccrl2 contributes to the development of lung injury, lung inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness induced by O3. To that end, we measured indices of lung injury (BALF protein, BALF epithelial cells, and bronchiolar epithelial injury), lung inflammation (BALF cytokines and BALF leukocytes), and airway responsiveness to acetyl‐β‐methylcholine chloride (respiratory system resistance) in wild‐type and mice genetically deficient in Ccrl2 (Ccrl2‐deficient mice) 4 and/or 24 hours following cessation of acute exposure to either filtered room air (air) or O3. In air‐exposed mice, BALF chemerin was greater in Ccrl2‐deficient as compared to wild‐type mice. O3 increased BALF chemerin in mice of both genotypes, yet following O3 exposure, BALF chemerin was greater in Ccrl2‐deficient as compared to wild‐type mice. O3 increased indices of lung injury, lung inflammation, and airway responsiveness. Nevertheless, no indices were different between genotypes following O3 exposure. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Ccrl2 modulates chemerin levels in the epithelial lining fluid of the lungs but does not contribute to the development of O3‐induced lung pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Malik
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin R Cromar
- Marron Institute of Urban Management New York University, New York, New York
| | - Constance L Atkins
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Roger E Price
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - William T Jackson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Saad R Siddiqui
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Chantal Y Spencer
- Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicholas C Mitchell
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ikram U Haque
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A Johnston
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas .,Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Zheng C, Chen D, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Huang S, Zheng D, Liang W, She S, Peng X, Wang P, Mo X, Song Q, Lv P, Huang J, Ye RD, Wang Y. FAM19A1 is a new ligand for GPR1 that modulates neural stem-cell proliferation and differentiation. FASEB J 2018; 32:fj201800020RRR. [PMID: 29799787 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800020rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
FAM19A1 is a member of the family with sequence similarity 19 with unknown function. FAM19A1 mRNA expression is restricted to the CNS. Here, we report that FAM19A1 is a classic secretory protein, and expression levels correlate with brain development, increasing from embryonic d 12.5, peaking between postnatal d (P)1 and P7 and decreasing at wk 8. The adult hippocampus is a region of FAM19A1 high expression. Recombinant FAM19A1 suppressed the proliferation and self-renewal of neural stem cells (NSCs) and altered the lineage progression of NSCs with promoted neuron differentiation and suppressed astrocyte differentiation. Although GPCR 1 (GPR1) has been reported to be expressed in the CNS, its functions in the brain remain unclear. We identified GPR1 to be a functional receptor for FAM19A1. FAM19A1 interacted with GPR1 via the N-terminal domain (GPR1-ND), and its NSC modulatory functions required the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) /ERK1/2 and ROCK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways. GPR1-ND that selectively bound to FAM19A1 neutralized the effects of FAM19A1 on NSC functions. Taken together, our results show, for the first time to our knowledge, that FAM19A1 is a novel regulatory factor of the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, and identified a novel mechanism by which GPCR mediates the effects of FAM19A1 on NSC functions that may be important for brain development and neurogenesis. Additional exploration of the functions of FAM19A1 and GPR1 in the CNS may broaden the range of therapeutic options available for major brain disorders.-Zheng, C., Chen, D., Zhang, Y., Bai, Y., Huang, S., Zheng, D., Liang, W., She, S., Peng, X., Wang, P., Mo, X., Song, Q., Lv, P., Huang, J., Ye, R. D., Wang, Y. FAM19A1 is a new ligand for GPR1 that modulates neural stem-cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dixin Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyang Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoping She
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjian Peng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Mo
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Quansheng Song
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Center for Human Disease Genomics, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Yang YL, Sun LF, Yu Y, Xiao TX, Wang BB, Ren PG, Tang HR, Zhang JV. Deficiency of Gpr1 improves steroid hormone abnormality in hyperandrogenized mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:50. [PMID: 29793502 PMCID: PMC5968470 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex genetic disease with multifarious phenotypes. Many researches use dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to induce PCOS in pubertal mouse models. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of GPR1 in dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced hyperandrogenized mice. METHODS Prepubertal C57BL/6 mice (25 days of age) and Gpr1-deficient mice were each divided into two groups and injected daily with sesame oil with or without DHEA (6 mg/100 g) for 21 consecutive days. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to determine the characteristics of the DHEA-treated ovaries. Real-time PCR was used to examine steroid synthesis enzymes gene expression. Granulosa cell was cultured to explore the mechanism of DHEA-induced, GPR1-mediated estradiol secretion. RESULTS DHEA treatment induced some aspects of PCOS in wild-type mice, such as increased body weight, elevated serum testosterone, increased number of small, cystic, atretic follicles, and absence of corpus luteum in ovaries. However, Gpr1 deficiency significantly attenuated the DHEA-induced weight gain and ovarian phenotype, improving steroidogenesis in ovaries and estradiol synthesis in cultured granulosa cells, partially through mTOR signaling. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, Gpr1 deficiency leads to the improvement of steroid synthesis in mice hyperandrogenized with DHEA, indicating that GPR1 may be a therapeutic target for DHEA-induced hyperandrogenism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Yang
- Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Li-Feng Sun
- Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yan Yu
- Baoan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Shenzhen, 518101 China
| | - Tian-Xia Xiao
- Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Bao-Bei Wang
- Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Pei-Gen Ren
- Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Hui-Ru Tang
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035 China
| | - Jian V. Zhang
- Research Laboratory for Reproductive Health, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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49
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Ex vivo analysis of serum chemerin activity in murine models of obesity. Cytokine 2018; 104:42-45. [PMID: 29414326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chemerin is an adipokine with established roles in inflammation, adipogenesis and the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Extracellular proteolytic processing of chemerin generates a spectrum of isoforms that differ significantly with respect to the ability to activate the cognate receptors chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) and G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1). Increased total serum chemerin has been widely reported in obese humans as well as in preclinical rodent models of adiposity. However, very little information is available regarding the correspondence, if any, of changes in total serum chemerin protein with chemerin bioactivity. METHODS Total serum chemerin and ex vivo CMKLR1 and GPR1 activation was compared using two widely used murine obesity models: high fat diet feeding (HFD) and leptin deficiency (ob/ob). RESULTS Total serum chemerin levels and ex vivo CMKLR1 and GPR1 activation were significantly induced in HFD. The bioactivity ratio (bioactive chemerin/total chemerin) was also increased when measured with CMKLR1, but not GPR1. In contrast, while ob/ob mice exhibited increased total serum chemerin protein, ex vivo receptor activation was observed with GPR1, but not CMKLR1. There was no change in bioactivity ratio for either receptor. Of note, GPR1 but not CMKLR1 bioactivity positively correlated with adipose tissue inflammation. CONCLUSIONS While increased total serum chemerin is a consistent finding among rodent obesity models, this may not accurately reflect changes in chemerin bioactivity which is the major determinant of biological effects.
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Kennedy AJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CIII: Chemerin Receptors CMKLR1 (Chemerin 1) and GPR1 (Chemerin 2) Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:174-196. [PMID: 29279348 PMCID: PMC5744648 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.013177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin, a chemoattractant protein and adipokine, has been identified as the endogenous ligand for a G protein–coupled receptor encoded by the gene CMKLR1 (also known as ChemR23), and as a consequence the receptor protein was renamed the chemerin receptor in 2013. Since then, chemerin has been identified as the endogenous ligand for a second G protein–coupled receptor, encoded by the gene GPR1. Therefore, the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification recommends that the official name of the receptor protein for chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) is chemerin receptor 1, and G protein–coupled receptor 1 is chemerin receptor 2 to follow the convention of naming the receptor protein after the endogenous ligand. Chemerin receptor 1 and chemerin receptor 2 can be abbreviated to Chemerin1 and Chemerin2, respectively. Chemerin requires C-terminal processing for activity, and human chemerin21–157 is reported to be the most active form, with peptide fragments derived from the C terminus biologically active at both receptors. Small-molecule antagonist, CCX832, selectively blocks CMKLR1, and resolvin E1 activation of CMKLR1 is discussed. Activation of both receptors by chemerin is via coupling to Gi/o, causing inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and increased Ca2+ flux. Receptors and ligand are widely expressed in humans, rats, and mice, and both receptors share ∼80% identity across these species. CMKLR1 knockout mice highlight the role of this receptor in inflammation and obesity, and similarly, GPR1 knockout mice exhibit glucose intolerance. In addition, the chemerin receptors have been implicated in cardiovascular disease, cancer, steroidogenesis, human immunodeficiency virus replication, and neurogenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Kennedy
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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