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Ya J, Pellumbaj J, Hashmat A, Bayraktutan U. The Role of Stem Cells as Therapeutics for Ischaemic Stroke. Cells 2024; 13:112. [PMID: 38247804 PMCID: PMC10814781 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Current reperfusion treatments for ischaemic stroke are limited due to their narrow therapeutic window in rescuing ischaemic penumbra. Stem cell therapy offers a promising alternative. As a regenerative medicine, stem cells offer a wider range of treatment strategies, including long-term intervention for chronic patients, through the reparation and replacement of injured cells via mechanisms of differentiation and proliferation. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the therapeutic role of stem cells for ischaemic stroke. This paper discusses the pathology during acute, subacute, and chronic phases of cerebral ischaemic injury, highlights the mechanisms involved in mesenchymal, endothelial, haematopoietic, and neural stem cell-mediated cerebrovascular regeneration, and evaluates the pre-clinical and clinical data concerning the safety and efficacy of stem cell-based treatments. The treatment of stroke patients with different types of stem cells appears to be safe and efficacious even at relatively higher concentrations irrespective of the route and timing of administration. The priming or pre-conditioning of cells prior to administration appears to help augment their therapeutic impact. However, larger patient cohorts and later-phase trials are required to consolidate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, Queens Medical Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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2
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Shi T, Yue S, Xie C, Li X, Yang D, Hu L, Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Liu W. MMP-2-mediated Scube2 degradation promotes blood-brain barrier disruption by blocking the interaction between astrocytes and endothelial cells via inhibiting Sonic hedgehog pathway during early cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 38148633 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a rapid secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in the ischemic brain. Since Scube2 can interact with Sonic hedgehog (Shh) to maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity via regulating the interaction between brain capillary endothelial cells (ECs) and perivascular astrocytes, and it is also a substrate of MMP-2, we hypothesized that the secreted MMP-2 could degrade Scube2 and contribute to ischemic BBB disruption. Using an in vitro ischemic model of 90-min oxygen-glucose deprivation/3-h reoxygenation (OGD/R) and an in vivo mouse stroke model of 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with 3-h reperfusion, we established an important role of MMP-2-mediated Scube2 degradation in early ischemic BBB disruption. Exposure of C8-D1A cells and bEnd.3 cells to OGD/R increased MMP secretion in both cells, and C8-D1A cells appeared to secrete more MMPs than bEnd.3 cells. Co-IP and double-immunostaining revealed that Scube2 co-localized well with MMP-2 in C8-D1A cells and could be pulled down by MMP-2 antibodies. In MCAO mice, Scube2 protein showed a drastic reduction in ischemic brain tissue, which was accompanied by suppressed expression of Shh and its downstream molecules. Of note, specific knockdown of astrocytic Scube2 with AAV-shScube2 augmented MCAO-induced Shh suppression and exacerbated BBB leakage and inflammatory reactions in the ischemic brain. Last, incubation of bEnd.3 cells with conditioned medium derived from OGD-treated C8-D1A cells led to a significant inhibition of the Shh pathway in bEnd.3 cells and degradation of VE-cadherin and ZO-1. Inhibition of MMP-2 with SB-3CT or over-expression of Scube2 with plasmids in C8-D1A cells alleviated the above effect of C8-D1A cells-derived conditioned medium. Taken together, our data indicate that ischemia-induced secretion of MMP-2 may contribute to early BBB disruption in ischemic stroke via interrupting the shared Scube2-Shh pathway between brain capillary ECs and perivascular astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengrui Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqin Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cong Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Graduate School of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dexin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linghui Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Graduate School of Guangzhou Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxue Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Lee TH, Chen JL, Tsai MM, Wu YH, Tseng HC, Cheng LC, Shanmugam V, Hsieh HL. Protective Effects of Sophoraflavanone G by Inhibiting TNF-α-Induced MMP-9-Mediated Events in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:283. [PMID: 38203454 PMCID: PMC10779338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, has a critical role in both physiological and pathological events in the central nervous system (CNS). MMP-9 is an indicator of inflammation that triggers several CNS disorders, including neurodegeneration. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has the ability to stimulate the production of different inflammatory factors, including MMP-9, in several conditions. Numerous phytochemicals are hypothesized to mitigate inflammation, including the CNS. Among them, a flavonoid compound, sophoraflavanone G (SG), found in Sophora flavescens has been found to possess several medicinal properties, including anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (bMECs) were used to explore TNF-α-induced MMP-9 signaling. The effects of SG on TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression and its mechanisms were further evaluated. Our study revealed that the expression of MMP-9 in bMECs was stimulated by TNF-α through the activation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2 via the TNF receptor (TNFR) with a connection to the NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, we found that SG can interact with the TNFR. The upregulation of MMP-9 by TNF-α may lead to the disruption of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), which can be mitigated by SG administration. These findings provide evidence that SG may possess neuroprotective properties by inhibiting the signaling pathways associated with TNFR-mediated MMP-9 expression and the subsequent disruption of tight junctions in brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsong-Hai Lee
- Stroke Center and Stroke Section, Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Jiun-Liang Chen
- Division of Chinese Internal Medicine, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ming Tsai
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei 236, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wu
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
| | - Hui-Ching Tseng
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
| | - Li-Ching Cheng
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsi-Lung Hsieh
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-M.T.); (Y.-H.W.); (H.-C.T.); (L.-C.C.)
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Gao X, Bayraktutan U. TNF-α evokes blood-brain barrier dysfunction through activation of Rho-kinase and neurokinin 1 receptor. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152706. [PMID: 37454559 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke, accompanied by neuroinflammation, impairs blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity through a complex mechanism involving activation of both RhoA/Rho kinase/myosin light chain-2 and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). Using an in vitro model of human BBB composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC), astrocytes and pericytes, this study examined the potential contributions of these elements to BBB damage induced by elevated availability of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. Treatment of human BMECs with TNF-α significantly enhanced RhoA activity and the protein expressions of Rho kinase and phosphorylated Ser19MLC-2 while decreasing that of NK1R. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho kinase by Y-27632 and NK1R by CP96345 neutralised the disruptive effects of TNF-α on BBB integrity and function as ascertained by reversal of decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance and increases in paracellular flux of low molecular weight permeability marker, sodium fluorescein, respectively. Suppression of RhoA activation, mitigation of actin stress fibre formation and restoration of plasma membrane localisation of tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 appeared to contribute to the barrier-protective effects of both Y-27632 and CP96345. Attenuation of TNF-α-mediated increases in NK1R protein expression in BMEC by Y-27632 suggests that RhoA/Rho kinase pathway acts upstream to NK1R. In conclusion, specific inhibition of Rho kinase in cerebrovascular conditions, accompanied by excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, helps preserve endothelial cell morphology and inter-endothelial cell barrier formation and may serve as an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Cottarelli A, Shahriar S, Arac A, Glendinning M, Tuohy MC, Prochilo G, Neal JB, Edinger AL, Agalliu D. Rab7a activation promotes degradation of select tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier after ischemic stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555373. [PMID: 37693406 PMCID: PMC10491261 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The stability of tight junctions (TJs) between endothelial cells (ECs) is essential to maintain blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in the healthy brain. Following ischemic stroke, TJ strand dismantlement due to protein degradation leads to BBB dysfunction, yet the mechanisms driving this process are poorly understood. Here, we show that endothelial-specific ablation of Rab7a, a small GTPase that regulates endolysosomal protein degradation, reduces stroke-induced TJ strand disassembly resulting in decreased paracellular BBB permeability and improved neuronal outcomes. Two pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNFα and IL1β, but not glucose and oxygen deprivation, induce Rab7a activation via Ccz1 in brain ECs in vitro, leading to increased TJ protein degradation and impaired paracellular barrier function. Silencing Rab7a in brain ECs in vitro reduces cytokine-driven endothelial barrier dysfunction by suppressing degradation of a key BBB TJ protein, Claudin-5. Thus, Rab7a activation by inflammatory cytokines promotes degradation of select TJ proteins leading to BBB dysfunction after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Cottarelli
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sanjid Shahriar
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahmet Arac
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California in Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Glendinning
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mary Claire Tuohy
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Grace Prochilo
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jason B. Neal
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas, TX, 75226, USA
| | - Aimee L. Edinger
- Departments of Developmental and Cell Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Dritan Agalliu
- Departments of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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6
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Zeng M, Peng M, Liang J, Sun H. The Role of Gut Microbiota in Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03512-7. [PMID: 37498481 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has proved that alterations in the gut microbiota have been linked to neurological disorders including stroke. Structural and functional disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is observed after stroke. In this context, there is pioneering evidence supporting that gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of stroke by regulating the BBB function. However, only a few experimental studies have been performed on stroke models to observe the BBB by altering the structure of gut microbiota, which warrant further exploration. Therefore, in order to provide a novel mechanism for stroke and highlight new insights into BBB modification as a stroke intervention, this review summarizes existing evidence of the relationship between gut microbiota and BBB integrity and discusses the mechanisms of gut microbiota on BBB dysfunction and its role in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Zeng
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Meichang Peng
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Jianhao Liang
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Clinical Biobank Center, Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510280, Guangzhou, China.
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Centre for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Kadir RRA, Alwjwaj M, Rakkar K, Othman OA, Sprigg N, Bath PM, Bayraktutan U. Outgrowth Endothelial Cell Conditioned Medium Negates TNF-α-Evoked Cerebral Barrier Damage: A Reverse Translational Research to Explore Mechanisms. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:503-515. [PMID: 36056287 PMCID: PMC9902316 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Improved understanding of the key mechanisms underlying cerebral ischemic injury is essential for the discovery of efficacious novel therapeutics for stroke. Through detailed analysis of plasma samples obtained from a large number of healthy volunteers (n = 90) and ischemic stroke patients (n = 81), the current study found significant elevations in the levels of TNF-α at baseline (within the first 48 h of stroke) and on days 7, 30, 90 after ischaemic stroke. It then assessed the impact of this inflammatory cytokine on an in vitro model of human blood-brain barrier (BBB) and revealed dramatic impairments in both barrier integrity and function, the main cause of early death after an ischemic stroke. Co-treatment of BBB models in similar experiments with outgrowth endothelial cell-derived conditioned media (OEC-CM) negated the deleterious effects of TNF-α on BBB. Effective suppression of anti-angiogenic factor endostatin, stress fiber formation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis along with concomitant improvements in extracellular matrix adhesive and tubulogenic properties of brain microvascular endothelial cells and OECs played an important role in OEC-CM-mediated benefits. Significant increases in pro-angiogenic endothelin-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in OEC-CM compared to the secretomes of OEC and HBMEC, detected by proteome profiling assay, accentuate the beneficial effects of OEC-CM. In conclusion, this reverse translational study identifies TNF-α as an important mediator of post-ischemic cerebral barrier damage and proposes OEC-CM as a potential vasculoprotective therapeutic strategy by demonstrating its ability to regulate a wide range of mechanisms associated with BBB function. Clinical trial registration NCT02980354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rais Reskiawan A Kadir
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Mansour Alwjwaj
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Kamini Rakkar
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Othman Ahmad Othman
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Nikola Sprigg
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Philip M Bath
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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8
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Kadir RRA, Alwjwaj M, Bayraktutan U. Protein kinase C-β distinctly regulates blood-brain barrier-forming capacity of Brain Microvascular endothelial cells and outgrowth endothelial cells. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1815-1827. [PMID: 35763197 PMCID: PMC9283364 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) provide an endogenous repair mechanism and thus maintain endothelial barrier integrity. As inhibition of protein kinase C-β (PKC-β) activity has been shown to attenuate endothelial damage in various pathological conditions including hyperglycaemia and ischaemic injury, the present study comparatively assessed the effect of LY333531, a PKC-β inhibitor, on the cerebral barrier integrity formed by OECs or human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). To this end, an in vitro model of human BBB established by co-culture of astrocytes and pericytes with either OECs or HBMECs was exposed to 4 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation with/out LY333531 (0.05 µM). The inhibition of PKC-β protected the integrity and function of the BBB formed by HBMECs, as evidenced by increases in transendothelial electrical resistance and decreases in sodium fluorescein flux. It also attenuated ischaemia-evoked actin cytoskeleton remodelling, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in HBMECs. In contrast, treatments with LY333531 exacerbated the deleterious effect of ischaemia on the integrity and function of BBB formed by OECs while augmenting the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal reorganisation in OECs. Interestingly, the magnitude of damage in all aforementioned parameters, notably oxidative stress, was lower with low dose of LY333531 (0.01 µM). It is therefore possible that the therapeutic concentration of LY333531 (0.05 µM) may neutralise the activity of NADPH oxidase and thus trigger a negative feedback mechanism which in turn exacerbate the detrimental effects of ischaemic injury. In conclusion, targeting PKC-β signalling pathway in ischaemic settings requires close attention while using OECs as cellular therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rais Reskiawan A Kadir
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mansour Alwjwaj
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, NG5 1PB, Nottingham, UK.
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9
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Simöes Da Gama C, Morin-Brureau M. Study of BBB Dysregulation in Neuropathogenicity Using Integrative Human Model of Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:863836. [PMID: 35755780 PMCID: PMC9226644 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.863836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a cellular and physical barrier with a crucial role in homeostasis of the brain extracellular environment. It controls the imports of nutrients to the brain and exports toxins and pathogens. Dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier increases permeability and contributes to pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and ischemia. It remains unclear how a dysregulated BBB contributes to these different syndromes. Initial studies on the role of the BBB in neurological disorders and also techniques to permit the entry of therapeutic molecules were made in animals. This review examines progress in the use of human models of the BBB, more relevant to human neurological disorders. In recent years, the functionality and complexity of in vitro BBB models have increased. Initial efforts consisted of static transwell cultures of brain endothelial cells. Human cell models based on microfluidics or organoids derived from human-derived induced pluripotent stem cells have become more realistic and perform better. We consider the architecture of different model generations as well as the cell types used in their fabrication. Finally, we discuss optimal models to study neurodegenerative diseases, brain glioma, epilepsies, transmigration of peripheral immune cells, and brain entry of neurotrophic viruses and metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coraly Simöes Da Gama
- Inserm, Sorbonne University, UMRS 938 Saint-Antoine Research Center, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Morin-Brureau
- Inserm, Sorbonne University, UMRS 938 Saint-Antoine Research Center, Immune System and Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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10
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Zhao Y, Gan L, Ren L, Lin Y, Ma C, Lin X. Factors influencing the blood-brain barrier permeability. Brain Res 2022; 1788:147937. [PMID: 35568085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic structure that protects the brain from harmful blood-borne, endogenous and exogenous substances and maintains the homeostatic microenvironment. All constituent cell types play indispensable roles in the BBB's integrity, and other structural BBB components, such as tight junction proteins, adherens junctions, and junctional proteins, can control the barrier permeability. Regarding the need to exchange nutrients and toxic materials, solute carriers, ATP-binding case families, and ion transporter, as well as transcytosis regulate the influx and efflux transport, while the difference in localisation and expression can contribute to functional differences in transport properties. Numerous chemical mediators and other factors such as non-physicochemical factors have been identified to alter BBB permeability by mediating the structural components and barrier function, because of the close relationship with inflammation. In this review, we highlight recently gained mechanistic insights into the maintenance and disruption of the BBB. A better understanding of the factors influencing BBB permeability could contribute to supporting promising potential therapeutic targets for protecting the BBB and the delivery of central nervous system drugs via BBB permeability interventions under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhao
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Gan
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Ren
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Kadir RRA, Alwjwaj M, Bayraktutan U. Treatment with outgrowth endothelial cells protects cerebral barrier against ischemic injury. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:489-499. [PMID: 35183443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We have previously reported that outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) restore cerebral endothelial cell integrity through effective homing to the injury site. This study further investigates whether treatment with OECs can restore blood-brain barrier (BBB) function in settings of ischemia-reperfusion injury both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS An in vitro model of human BBB was established by co-culture of astrocytes, pericytes, and human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) before exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation alone or followed by reperfusion (OGD±R) in the absence or presence of exogenous OECs. Using a rodent model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), we further assessed the therapeutic potential of OECs in vivo. RESULTS Owing to their prominent antioxidant, proliferative, and migratory properties, alongside their inherent capacity to incorporate into brain vasculature, treatments with OECs attenuated the extent of OGD±R injury on BBB integrity and function, as ascertained by increases in transendothelial electrical resistance and decreases in paracellular flux across the barrier. Similarly, intravenous delivery of OECs also led to better barrier protection in MCAO rats as evidenced by significant decreases in ipsilateral brain edema volumes on day 3 after treatment. Mechanistic studies subsequently showed that treatment with OECs substantially reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HBMECs subjected to ischemic damages. CONCLUSION This experimental study shows that OEC-based cell therapy restores BBB integrity in an effective manner by integrating into resident cerebral microvascular network, suppressing oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rais Reskiawan A Kadir
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mansour Alwjwaj
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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12
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Kadir RRA, Alwjwaj M, McCarthy Z, Bayraktutan U. Therapeutic hypothermia augments the restorative effects of PKC-β and Nox2 inhibition on an in vitro model of human blood-brain barrier. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1817-1832. [PMID: 34398388 PMCID: PMC8437893 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether therapeutic hypothermia augments the restorative impact of protein kinase C-β (PKC-β) and Nox2 inhibition on an in vitro model of human blood-brain barrier (BBB). Cells cultured in normoglycaemic (5.5 mM) or hyperglycaemic (25 mM, 6 to 120 h) conditions were treated with therapeutic hypothermia (35 °C) in the absence or presence of a PKC-β inhibitor (LY333531, 0.05 μM) or a Nox2 inhibitor (gp91ds-tat, 50 μM). BBB was established by co-culture of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) with astrocytes (HAs) and pericytes. BBB integrity and function were assessed via transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular flux of sodium fluorescein (NaF, 376 Da). Nox activity (lucigenin assay), superoxide anion production (cytochrome-C reduction assay), cellular proliferative capacity (wound scratch assay) and actin cytoskeletal formation (rhodamine-phalloidin staining) were assessed both in HBMECs and HAs using the specific methodologies indicated in brackets. Therapeutic hypothermia augmented the protective effects of PKC-β or Nox2 inhibition on BBB integrity and function in experimental setting of hyperglycaemia, as evidenced by increases in TEER and concomitant decreases in paracellular flux of NaF. The combinatory approaches were more effective in repairing physical damage exerted on HBMEC and HA monolayers by wound scratch and in decreasing Nox activity and superoxide anion production compared to sole treatment regimen with either agent. Similarly, the combinatory approaches were more effective in suppressing actin stress fibre formation and maintaining normal cytoskeletal structure. Therapeutic hypothermia augments the cerebral barrier-restorative capacity of agents specifically targeting PKC-β or Nox2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rais Reskiawan A Kadir
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Mansour Alwjwaj
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Zoe McCarthy
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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13
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Kadir RRA, Alwjwaj M, Bayraktutan U. MicroRNA: An Emerging Predictive, Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Strategy in Ischaemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:1301-1319. [PMID: 33368054 PMCID: PMC9142420 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke continues to be the third-leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The limited availability of diagnostic tools approved therapeutics and biomarkers that help monitor disease progression or predict future events remain as the major challenges in the field of stroke medicine. Hence, attempts to discover safe and efficacious therapeutics and reliable biomarkers are of paramount importance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression. Since miRNAs also play important roles in key mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of stroke, including energy failure, inflammation and cell death, it is possible that miRNAs may serve as reliable blood-based markers for risk prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of ischaemic stroke. Discovery of better neurological outcome and smaller cerebral infarcts in animal models of ischaemic stroke treated with miRNA agomirs or antagomirs indicate that miRNAs may also play a cerebrovascular protective role after an ischaemic stroke. Nonetheless, further evidences on the optimum time for treatment and route of administration are required before effective translation of these findings into clinical practice. Bearing these in mind, this paper reviews the current literature discussing the involvement of miRNAs in major pathologies associated with ischaemic stroke and evaluates their value as reliable biomarkers and therapeutics for ischaemic stroke.
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14
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Yuan S, Liu KJ, Qi Z. Occludin regulation of blood-brain barrier and potential therapeutic target in ischemic stroke. Brain Circ 2020; 6:152-162. [PMID: 33210038 PMCID: PMC7646391 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_29_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Occludin is a key structural component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has recently become an important focus of research in BBB damages. Many studies have demonstrated that occludin could regulate the integrity and permeability of the BBB. The function of BBB depends on the level of occludin protein expression in brain endothelial cells. Moreover, occludin may serve as a potential biomarker for hemorrhage transformation after acute ischemic stroke. In this review, we summarize the role of occludin in BBB integrity and the regulatory mechanisms of occludin in the permeability of BBB after ischemic stroke. Multiple factors have been found to regulate occludin protein functions in maintaining BBB permeability, such as Matrix metalloproteinas-mediated cleavage, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and related inflammatory factors. In addition, various signaling pathways participate in regulating the occludin expression, including nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, protein kinase c, RhoK, and ERK1/2. Emerging therapeutic interventions for ischemic stroke targeting occludin are described, including normobaric hyperoxia, Chinese medicine, chemical drugs, genes, steroid hormones, small molecular peptides, and other therapies. Since occludin has been shown to play a critical role in regulating BBB integrity, further preclinical studies will help evaluate and validate occludin as a viable therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Research Laboratory in Brain Injury and Protection, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Zhifeng Qi
- Department of Research Laboratory in Brain Injury and Protection, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Erikson K, Tuominen H, Vakkala M, Liisanantti JH, Karttunen T, Syrjälä H, Ala-Kokko TI. Brain tight junction protein expression in sepsis in an autopsy series. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2020; 24:385. [PMID: 32600371 PMCID: PMC7325252 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation often develops in sepsis along with increasing permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which leads to septic encephalopathy. The barrier is formed by tight junction structures between the cerebral endothelial cells. We investigated the expression of tight junction proteins related to endothelial permeability in brain autopsy specimens in critically ill patients deceased with sepsis and analyzed the relationship of BBB damage with measures of systemic inflammation and systemic organ dysfunction. Methods The case series included all (385) adult patients deceased due to sepsis in the years 2007–2015 with available brain specimens taken at autopsy. Specimens were categorized according to anatomical location (cerebrum, cerebellum). The immunohistochemical stainings were performed for occludin, ZO-1, and claudin. Patients were categorized as having BBB damage if there was no expression of occludin in the endothelium of cerebral microvessels. Results Brain tissue samples were available in 47 autopsies, of which 38% (18/47) had no expression of occludin in the endothelium of cerebral microvessels, 34% (16/47) developed multiple organ failure before death, and 74.5% (35/47) had septic shock. The deceased with BBB damage had higher maximum SOFA scores (16 vs. 14, p = 0.04) and more often had procalcitonin levels above 10 μg/L (56% vs. 28%, p = 0.045) during their ICU stay. BBB damage in the cerebellum was more common in cases with C-reactive protein (CRP) above 100 mg/L as compared with CRP less than 100 (69% vs. 25%, p = 0.025). Conclusions In fatal sepsis, damaged BBB defined as a loss of cerebral endothelial expression of occludin is related with severe organ dysfunction and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristo Erikson
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Center, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Hannu Tuominen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Center, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Merja Vakkala
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Janne Henrik Liisanantti
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo Karttunen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Center, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hannu Syrjälä
- Department of Pathology and Department of Infection Control, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tero Ilmari Ala-Kokko
- Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Research Group of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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16
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Wang QS, Ding HG, Chen SL, Liu XQ, Deng YY, Jiang WQ, Li Y, Huang LQ, Han YL, Wen MY, Wang MQ, Zeng HK. Hypertonic saline mediates the NLRP3/IL-1β signaling axis in microglia to alleviate ischemic blood-brain barrier permeability by downregulating astrocyte-derived VEGF in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1045-1057. [PMID: 32529750 PMCID: PMC7539845 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to explore whether the antibrain edema of hypertonic saline (HS) is associated with alleviating ischemic blood‐brain barrier (BBB) permeability by downregulating astrocyte‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is mediated by microglia‐derived NOD‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Methods The infarct volume and BBB permeability were detected. The protein expression level of VEGF in astrocytes in a transient focal brain ischemia model of rats was evaluated after 10% HS treatment. Changes in the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL‐1β protein expression, and the interleukin‐1 receptor (IL1R1)/pNF‐кBp65/VEGF signaling pathway were determined in astrocytes. Results HS alleviated the BBB permeability, reduced the infarct volume, and downregulated the expression of VEGF in astrocytes. HS downregulates IL‐1β expression by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and then downregulates VEGF expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF‐кBp65 mediated by IL‐1β in astrocytes. Conclusions HS alleviated the BBB permeability, reduced the infarct volume, and downregulated the expression of VEGF in astrocytes. HS downregulated IL‐1β expression via inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia and then downregulated VEGF expression through inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF‐кBp65 mediated by IL‐1β in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Sheng Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Guang Ding
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Long Chen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Liu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Yu Deng
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Qiang Huang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Li Han
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-Yun Wen
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Qiu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hong-Ke Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Zille M, Ikhsan M, Jiang Y, Lampe J, Wenzel J, Schwaninger M. The impact of endothelial cell death in the brain and its role after stroke: A systematic review. Cell Stress 2019; 3:330-347. [PMID: 31799500 PMCID: PMC6859425 DOI: 10.15698/cst2019.11.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain is vital for its function and requires a complex vascular network that, when disturbed, results in profound neurological dysfunction. As part of the pathology in stroke, endothelial cells die. As endothelial cell death affects the surrounding cellular environment and is a potential target for the treatment and prevention of neurological disorders, we have systematically reviewed important aspects of endothelial cell death with a particular focus on stroke. After screening 2876 publications published between January 1, 2010 and August 7, 2019, we identified 154 records to be included. We found that endothelial cell death occurs rapidly as well as later after the onset of stroke conditions. Among the different cell death mechanisms, apoptosis was the most widely investigated (92 records), followed by autophagy (20 records), while other, more recently defined mechanisms received less attention, such as lysosome-dependent cell death (2 records) and necroptosis (2 records). We also discuss the differential vulnerability of brain cells to injury after stroke and the role of endothelial cell death in the no-reflow phenomenon with a special focus on the microvasculature. Further investigation of the different cell death mechanisms using novel tools and biomarkers will greatly enhance our understanding of endothelial cell death. For this task, at least two markers/criteria are desirable to determine cell death subroutines according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Zille
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maulana Ikhsan
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yun Jiang
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josephine Lampe
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Wenzel
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
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18
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Endothelial progenitor cells: Potential novel therapeutics for ischaemic stroke. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:181-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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19
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Kempuraj D, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Raikwar SP, Dubova I, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cells in Stress, Pain, Blood-Brain Barrier, Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 30837843 PMCID: PMC6389675 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell activation plays an important role in stress-mediated disease pathogenesis. Chronic stress cause or exacerbate aging and age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. The severity of inflammatory diseases is worsened by the stress. Mast cell activation-dependent inflammatory mediators augment stress associated pain and neuroinflammation. Stress is the second most common trigger of headache due to mast cell activation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disease that affects more women than men and woman's increased susceptibility to chronic stress could increase the risk for AD. Modern life-related stress, social stress, isolation stress, restraint stress, early life stress are associated with an increased level of neurotoxic beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide. Stress increases cognitive dysfunction, generates amyloid precursor protein (APP), hyperphosphorylated tau, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and amyloid plaques (APs) in the brain. Stress-induced Aβ persists for years and generates APs even several years after the stress exposure. Stress activates hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus and in peripheral system, which increases the formation of Aβ, tau hyperphosphorylation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in the brain. Mast cells are implicated in nociception and pain. Mast cells are the source and target of CRH and other neuropeptides that mediate neuroinflammation. Microglia express receptor for CRH that mediate neurodegeneration in AD. However, the exact mechanisms of how stress-mediated mast cell activation contribute to the pathogenesis of AD remains elusive. This mini-review highlights the possible role of stress and mast cell activation in neuroinflammation, BBB, and tight junction disruption and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E. Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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20
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Resolving neuroinflammation, the therapeutic potential of the anti-malaria drug family of artemisinin. Pharmacol Res 2018; 136:172-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV, Xiang J, Stamatovic SM, Antonetti DA, Hua Y, Xi G. Brain endothelial cell junctions after cerebral hemorrhage: Changes, mechanisms and therapeutic targets. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1255-1275. [PMID: 29737222 PMCID: PMC6092767 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18774666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular disruption is the underlying cause of cerebral hemorrhage, including intracerebral, subarachnoid and intraventricular hemorrhage. The disease etiology also involves cerebral hemorrhage-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which contributes an important component to brain injury after the initial cerebral hemorrhage. BBB loss drives vasogenic edema, allows leukocyte extravasation and may lead to the entry of potentially neurotoxic and vasoactive compounds into brain. This review summarizes current information on changes in brain endothelial junction proteins in response to cerebral hemorrhage (and clot-related factors), the mechanisms underlying junction modification and potential therapeutic targets to limit BBB disruption and, potentially, hemorrhage occurrence. It also addresses advances in the tools that are now available for assessing changes in junctions after cerebral hemorrhage and the potential importance of such junction changes. Recent studies suggest post-translational modification, conformational change and intracellular trafficking of junctional proteins may alter barrier properties. Understanding how cerebral hemorrhage alters BBB properties beyond changes in tight junction protein loss may provide important therapeutic insights to prevent BBB dysfunction and restore normal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anuska V Andjelkovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - David A Antonetti
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science Medical School, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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22
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Liu Y, Huang Y, Xu Y, Qu P, Wang M. Memantine protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain endothelial permeability. IUBMB Life 2018. [PMID: 29542225 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Department of neurology; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
| | - Yudiao Huang
- Department of neurology; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
| | - Yueyue Xu
- Department of Nursing; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
| | - Peng Qu
- Department of neurology; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Department of neurology; The fifth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Daqian Heilongjiang China
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McRae M, LaFratta LM, Nguyen BM, Paris JJ, Hauser KF, Conway DE. Characterization of cell-cell junction changes associated with the formation of a strong endothelial barrier. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:e1405774. [PMID: 29388870 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1405774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A principal function of endothelial cells is the formation of a barrier between the blood and tissues. This barrier arises from the physical connections at cell-cell junctions, which includes cytoskeletal tight junction and adherens junction proteins. Methods that alter barrier function must therefore affect these cell-cell connections. The blood brain barrier (BBB) represents perhaps the most selective endothelial barrier, which arises from endothelial cell interactions with astrocytes and pericytes. Even in non-central nervous system (CNS) endothelial cells, barrier properties can be enhanced, mimicking the BBB, through induction of intercellular junctions, by either direct co-culture with astrocytes, supplementation with astrocyte conditioned medium (ACM) and/or pharmacologic enhancement of cAMP. To understand how cell-cell junctions change during endothelial barrier enhancement, we examined the effects of ACM and/or cAMP donors added to standard media on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC cultured with cAMP-elevating agents had the most enhanced barrier function as measured by Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS®), a real-time, label-free, impedance based method of studying cell barrier properties. However, subtle differences in actin and cell-cell junction proteins were seen across all four culture conditions. cAMP-elevating agents also triggered the redistribution of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin to cell-cell junctions, and intensified the actin microfilament network at the cell cortex. Using a VE-cadherin FRET-force sensor, we observed a decrease in VE-cadherin force in HUVEC cultured with ACM with cAMP donors. Our data indicate cAMP elevation induces both junctional strengthening and reduced VE-cadherin forces. Additionally, treatment with an inhibitor of formin, which reduced actin stress fibers, enhanced barrier function. These data suggest that barrier function is modulated both through the trafficking of proteins to cell-cell junctions, and through the modulation and a relaxation of mechanical force through adherens junctions as intercellular junctional complexes become established.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaryPeace McRae
- a Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Lindsay M LaFratta
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Benjamin M Nguyen
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Jason J Paris
- c Department of BioMolecular Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University , MS , USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- d Department of Pharmacology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA
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24
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Zhang L, Feng T, Spicer LJ. The role of tight junction proteins in ovarian follicular development and ovarian cancer. Reproduction 2018; 155:R183-R198. [PMID: 29374086 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) are protein structures that control the transport of water, ions and macromolecules across cell layers. Functions of the transmembrane TJ protein, occluding (OCLN) and the cytoplasmic TJ proteins, tight junction protein 1 (TJP1; also known as zona occludens protein-1), cingulin (CGN) and claudins (CLDN) are reviewed, and current evidence of their role in the ovarian function is reviewed. Abundance of OCLN, CLDNs and TJP1 mRNA changed during follicular growth. In vitro treatment with various growth factors known to affect ovarian folliculogenesis indicated that CGN, OCLN and TJP1 are hormonally regulated. The summarized studies indicate that expression of TJ proteins (i.e., OCLN, CLDN, TJP1 and CGN) changes with follicle size in a variety of vertebrate species but whether these changes in TJ proteins are increased or decreased depends on species and cell type. Evidence indicates that autocrine, paracrine and endocrine regulators, such as fibroblast growth factor-9, epidermal growth factor, androgens, tumor necrosis factor-α and glucocorticoids may modulate these TJ proteins. Additional evidence presented indicates that TJ proteins may be involved in ovarian cancer development in addition to normal follicular and luteal development. A model is proposed suggesting that hormonal downregulation of TJ proteins during ovarian follicular development could reduce barrier function (i.e., selective permeability of molecules between theca and granulosa cells) and allow for an increase in the volume of follicular fluid as well as allow additional serum factors into the follicle that may directly impact granulosa cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Zhang
- Department of Animal ScienceOklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tao Feng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary MedicineBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal ScienceOklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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25
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Lv J, Hu W, Yang Z, Li T, Jiang S, Ma Z, Chen F, Yang Y. Focusing on claudin-5: A promising candidate in the regulation of BBB to treat ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 161:79-96. [PMID: 29217457 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Claudin-5 is a tight junction (TJ) protein in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that has recently attracted increased attention. Numerous studies have demonstrated that claudin-5 regulates the integrity and permeability of the BBB. Increased claudin-5 expression plays a neuroprotective role in neurological diseases, particularly in cerebral ischemic stroke. Moreover, claudin-5 might be a potential marker for early hemorrhagic transformation detection in ischemic stroke. In light of the distinctive effects of claudin-5 on the nervous system, we present the elaborate network of roles that claudin-5 plays in ischemic stroke. In this review, we first introduce basic knowledge regarding the BBB and the claudin family, the characterization and regulation of claudin-5, and association between claudin-5 and other TJ proteins. Subsequently, we describe BBB dysfunction and neuron-specific drivers of pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, including inflammatory disequilibrium and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we summarize promising ischemic stroke treatments that target the BBB via claudin-5, including modified rt-PA therapy, pharmacotherapy, hormone treatment, receptor-targeted therapy, gene therapy, and physical therapy. This review highlights recent advances and provides a comprehensive summary of claudin-5 in the regulation of the BBB and may be helpful for drug design and clinical therapy for treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Fulin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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26
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Na W, Shin JY, Lee JY, Jeong S, Kim WS, Yune TY, Ju BG. Dexamethasone suppresses JMJD3 gene activation via a putative negative glucocorticoid response element and maintains integrity of tight junctions in brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:3695-3708. [PMID: 28338398 PMCID: PMC5718327 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17701156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) exhibits a highly selective permeability to support the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). The tight junctions in the BBB microvascular endothelial cells seal the paracellular space to prevent diffusion. Thus, disruption of tight junctions results in harmful effects in CNS diseases and injuries. It has recently been demonstrated that glucocorticoids have beneficial effects on maintaining tight junctions in both in vitro cell and in vivo animal models. In the present study, we found that dexamethasone suppresses the expression of JMJD3, a histone H3K27 demethylase, via the recruitment of glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) and nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) to the negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) in the upstream region of JMJD3 gene in brain microvascular endothelial cells subjected to TNFα treatment. The decreased JMJD3 gene expression resulted in the suppression of MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 gene activation. Dexamethasone also activated the expression of the claudin 5 and occludin genes. Collectively, dexamethasone attenuated the disruption of the tight junctions in the brain microvascular endothelial cells subjected to TNFα treatment. Therefore, glucocorticoids may help to preserve the integrity of the tight junctions in the BBB via transcriptional and post-translational regulation following CNS diseases and injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonho Na
- 1 Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Y Shin
- 1 Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Y Lee
- 2 Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangyun Jeong
- 3 Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Won-Sun Kim
- 1 Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Y Yune
- 2 Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.,4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bong-Gun Ju
- 1 Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
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Xyloketal B alleviates cerebral infarction and neurologic deficits in a mouse stroke model by suppressing the ROS/TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1236-1247. [PMID: 28552908 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Xyloketal B (Xyl-B) is a novel marine compound isolated from mangrove fungus Xylaria sp. We previously demonstrated that pretreatment with Xyl-B exerted neuroprotective effects and attenuated hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. In the present study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of pre- and post-treatment with Xyl-B in adult mice using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, and explored the underlying mechanisms. Adult male C57 mice were subjected to tMCAO surgery. For the pre-treatment, Xyl-B was given via multiple injections (12.5, 25, and 50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ip) 48 h, 24 h and 30 min before ischemia. For the post-treatment, a single dose of Xyl-B (50 mg/kg, ip) was injected at 0, 1 or 2 h after the onset of ischemia. The regional cerebral perfusion was monitored using a laser-Doppler flowmeter. TTC staining was performed to determine the brain infarction volume. We found that both pre-treatment with Xyl-B (50 mg/kg) and post-treatment with Xyl-B (50 mg/kg) significantly reduced the infarct volume, but had no significant hemodynamic effects. Treatment with Xyl-B also significantly alleviated the neurological deficits in tMCAO mice. Furthermore, treatment with Xyl-B significantly attenuated ROS overproduction in brain tissues; increased the MnSOD protein levels, suppressed TLR4, NF-κB and iNOS protein levels; and downregulated the mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ. Moreover, Xyl-B also protected blood-brain barrier integrity in tMCAO mice. In conclusion, Xyl-B administered within 2 h after the onset of stroke effectively protects against focal cerebral ischemia; the underlying mechanism may be related to suppressing the ROS/TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway.
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28
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Mirshekar MA, Fanaei H, Keikhaei F, Javan FS. Diosmin improved cognitive deficit and amplified brain electrical activity in the rat model of traumatic brain injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1220-1229. [PMID: 28738538 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the main causes of intellectual and cognitive disabilities in humans. Clinically, it is essential to limit the progress of cognitive impairment after TBI. It is reported that diosmin has a neuroprotective effect that can limit the progress of the impairment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diosmin on neurological score, memory, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level and long-term potentiation in hippocampal dentate gyrus after the injury. METHODS A total of ninety six adult male Wistar rats were used as test subjects in this study. The animals were randomly assigned into one of the following three groups (n=32/group): Sham, TBI and diosmin (100mg/kg, p.o for seven consecutive days before TBI induction). TBI was induced into the animals by Marmarou's method. Briefly, a 200g weight was dropped from a 1m height through a free-falling tube onto the head of the anesthetized rats. RESULTS The veterinary coma scale scores, memory and long-term potentiation in TBI group showed significant decrease at different times after the onset of TBI when compared with Sham (p<0.001). The TNF-α level in the hippocampus of the TBI group of animals was significantly higher than that found in the test subjects from the Sham group (p<0.001). The pre-treatment of the TBI group with diosmin significantly improved their neurological scores, memory and long-term potentiation (p<0.001) when compared with the TBI group. The TNF-α level in hippocampus of the diosmin group was significantly lower than the TBI group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Based on the results of the present study, pre-treatment with diosmin has protective effects against TBI-induced memory and long-term potentiation impairment. The effects of diosmin may be mediated through a decrement in the TNF-α concentration of hippocampus as a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Mirshekar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hamed Fanaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Pregnancy Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Keikhaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sargolzaee Javan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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29
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Zhang K, Li YJ, Feng D, Zhang P, Wang YT, Li X, Liu SB, Wu YM, Zhao MG. Imbalance between TNFα and progranulin contributes to memory impairment and anxiety in sleep-deprived mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43594. [PMID: 28300056 PMCID: PMC5353617 DOI: 10.1038/srep43594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorder is becoming a widespread problem in current society, and is associated with impaired cognition and emotional disorders. Progranulin (PGRN), also known as granulin epithelin precursor, promotes neurite outgrowth and cell survival, and is encoded by the GRN gene. It is a tumor necrosis factor α receptor (TNFR) ligand which is implicated in many central nervous system diseases. However, the role PGRN in sleep disorder remains unclear. In the present study, we found that sleep deprivation (S-DEP) impaired the memory and produced thigmotaxis/anxiety-like behaviors in mice. S-DEP increased the levels of TNFα but decreased PGRN levels in the hippocampus. The intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of PGRN or intraperitoneal injection of TNFα synthesis blocker thalidomide (25 mg/kg), prevented the memory impairment and anxiety behaviors induced by S-DEP. PGRN treatment also restored dendritic spine density in the hippocampus CA1 region and neurogenesis in hippocampus dentate gyrus (DG). These results indicate that an imbalance between TNFα and PGRN contributes to memory impairment and thigmotaxis/anxiety caused by sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Precision Pharmacy &Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Precision Pharmacy &Drug Development Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
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30
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Erol-Demirbilek M, Kilic N, Komurcu HF. Investigation of Epidermal Growth Factor, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha and Thioredoxin System in Rats Exposed to Cerebral Ischemia. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/rrlm-2016-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have neuroprotective/neurotoxic effects in cerebral ischemia. We aimed to investigate the TrxR activity, EGF and TNF-α levels in cerebral ischemic, sham-operated and non-ischemic rat brains.
Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats divided into three groups. Rats in control group were not subjected to any of treatments and their brains were removed under anesthesia. Middle cerebral arters were exposed but not occluded for the sham-operated rats. Animals were subjected to permanent middle cerebral arter occlusion (MCAO) in MCAO-operated group. The rats were decapitated at 16 hours (h), 48 h and 96 h after sham operation and focal cerebral ischemia. TrxR activities, EGF and TNF-α levels were measured in ischemic and non-ischemic hemispheres for all groups.
Results: In group MCAO, TrxR activities were significantly low at 48 h in ischemic hemisphere in comparison to control. After the 48 h, a remarkable increase was observed at 96 h. EGF and TNF-α levels were substantially high at 96 h in group MCAO of ischemic brain.
Conclusion: TrxR activity was reduced by oxidative stress which was formed by ischemia. EGF levels increased to exhibit neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. After ischemia, TNF-α levels increased as a response to the tissue damage. Further studies with a higher number of experimental subjects and shorter or longer periods such as from first 30 minutes up to 3 months may be more informative to show the time-dependent variations in TrxR, EGF and TNF-α in cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Erol-Demirbilek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, 06500 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey Turkey
- Biotechnology Research Center, The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Field Crops Research Institute, Istanbul Yolu 5.km, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nedret Kilic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Gazi University, 06500 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ferhan Komurcu
- Department of Neurology, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
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31
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Carbone F, Satta N, Montecucco F, Virzi J, Burger F, Roth A, Roversi G, Tamborino C, Casetta I, Seraceni S, Trentini A, Padroni M, Dallegri F, Lalive PH, Mach F, Fainardi E, Vuilleumier N. Anti-ApoA-1 IgG serum levels predict worse poststroke outcomes. Eur J Clin Invest 2016; 46:805-17. [PMID: 27490973 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies to apolipoprotein A-1 (anti-ApoA-1 IgG) were shown to predict major adverse cardiovascular events and promote atherogenesis. However, their potential relationship with clinical disability and ischaemic lesion volume after acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) remains unexplored. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included n = 76 patients admitted for AIS and we investigated whether baseline serum anti-ApoA-1 IgG levels could predict (i) AIS-induced clinical disability [assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS)], and (ii) AIS-related ischaemic lesion volume [assessed by Computed Tomography (CT)]. We also evaluated the possible pro-apoptotic and pro-necrotic effects of anti-ApoA-1 IgG on human astrocytoma cell line (U251) using flow cytometry. RESULTS High levels of anti-ApoA-1 IgG were retrieved in 15·8% (12/76) of patients. Increased baseline levels of anti-ApoA-1 IgG were independently correlated with worse mRS [β = 0·364; P = 0·002; adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1·05 (95% CI 1·01-1·09); P = 0·017] and CT-assessed ischaemic lesion volume [β = 0·333; P < 0·001; adjusted OR: 1·06 (95% CI 1·01-1·12); P = 0·048] at 3 months. No difference in baseline clinical, biochemical and radiological characteristics was observed between patients with high vs. low levels of anti-ApoA-1 IgG. Incubating human astrocytoma cells with anti-ApoA-1 IgG dose dependently induced necrosis and apoptosis of U251 cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Anti-ApoA-1 IgG serum levels at AIS onset are associated with poorer clinical recovery and worse brain lesion volume 3 months after AIS. These observations could be partly explained by the deleterious effect of anti-ApoA-1 IgG on human brain cell survival in vitro and may have clinical implication in the prediction of poor outcome in AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nathalie Satta
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Julien Virzi
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Burger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Specialties, Foundation for Medical Researches, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aline Roth
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Specialties, Foundation for Medical Researches, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Roversi
- Department of Biological, Psychiatric and Psychological Science, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmine Tamborino
- Department of Biological, Psychiatric and Psychological Science, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Casetta
- Department of Biological, Psychiatric and Psychological Science, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silva Seraceni
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health 'IRCCS Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Trentini
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marina Padroni
- Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Dallegri
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patrice H Lalive
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Mach
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Specialties, Foundation for Medical Researches, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Abdullah Z, Bayraktutan U. Suppression of PKC-α attenuates TNF-α-evoked cerebral barrier breakdown via regulations of MMP-2 and plasminogen-plasmin system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1354-66. [PMID: 27094771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke, accompanied by neuroinflammation, impairs blood-brain barrier integrity through a complex mechanism involving both protein kinase C (PKC) and urokinase. Using an in vitro model of human blood-brain barrier (BBB) composed of brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and astrocytes, this study assessed the putative roles of these elements in BBB damage evoked by enhanced availability of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. Treatment of HBMEC with TNF-α significantly increased the mRNA and protein expressions of all plasminogen-plasmin system (PPS) components, namely tissue plasminogen activator, urokinase, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and also the activities of urokinase, total PKC and extracellular MMP-2. Inhibition of urokinase by amiloride abated the effects of TNF-α on BBB integrity and MMP-2 activity without affecting that of total PKC. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms dramatically suppressed TNF-α-induced overactivation of urokinase. Knockdown of PKC-α gene via specific siRNA in HBMEC suppressed the stimulatory effects of TNF-α on protein expression of all PPS components, MMP-2 activity, DNA fragmentation rates and pro-apoptotic caspase-3/7 activities. Establishment of co-cultures with BMEC transfected with PKC-α siRNA attenuated the disruptive effects of TNF-α on BBB integrity and function. This was partly due to elevations observed in expression of a tight junction protein, claudin-5 and partly to prevention of stress fibre formation. In conclusion, specific inhibition of PKC-α in cerebral conditions associated with exaggerated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably TNF-α may be of considerable therapeutic value and help maintain endothelial cell viability, appropriate cytoskeletal structure and basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuraidah Abdullah
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Ulvi Bayraktutan
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Sciences Building, School of Medicine, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
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33
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Kangwantas K, Pinteaux E, Penny J. The extracellular matrix protein laminin-10 promotes blood-brain barrier repair after hypoxia and inflammation in vitro. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:25. [PMID: 26832174 PMCID: PMC4736307 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier (BBB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is essential for normal brain function. However, the loss of BBB integrity that occurs after ischaemic injury is associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and inflammation, and contributes to poor outcome. ECM remodelling also contributes to BBB repair after injury, but the precise mechanisms and contribution of specific ECM molecules involved are unknown. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which hypoxia and inflammation trigger loss of BBB integrity and tested the hypothesis ECM changes could contribute to BBB repair in vitro. Methods We used an in vitro model of the BBB, composed of primary rat brain endothelial cells grown on collagen (Col) I-, Col IV-, fibronectin (FN)-, laminin (LM) 8-, or LM10-coated tissue culture plates, either as a single monolayer culture or on Transwell® inserts above mixed glial cell cultures. Cultures were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and/or reoxygenation, in the absence or the presence of recombinant interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Cell adhesion to ECM molecules was assessed by cell attachment and cell spreading assays. BBB dysfunction was assessed by immunocytochemistry for tight junction proteins occludin and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and measurement of trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Change in endothelial expression of ECM molecules was assessed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results OGD and/or IL-1 induce dramatic changes associated with loss of BBB integrity, including cytoplasmic relocalisation of membrane-associated tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1, cell swelling, and decreased TEER. OGD and IL-1 also induced gene expression of key ECM molecules associated with the BBB, including FN, Col IV, LM 8, and LM10. Importantly, we found that LM10, but not FN, Col IV, nor LM8, plays a key role in maintenance of BBB integrity and reversed most of the key hallmarks of BBB dysfunction induced by IL-1. Conclusions Our data unravel new mechanisms of BBB dysfunction induced by hypoxia and inflammation and identify LM10 as a key ECM molecule involved in BBB repair after hypoxic injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korakoch Kangwantas
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, A.V. Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Jeffrey Penny
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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