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Carvalho HGAC, Silva DM, Rodrigues GRD, Gameiro AH, Dos Santos RF, Raineri C, Lima AMC. Estimation of economic losses due to leptospirosis in dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2024; 229:106255. [PMID: 38889484 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
There are few studies that effectively quantify the economic losses resulting from problems caused by leptospirosis in naturally infected dairy cattle. Given this gap, the objective of this study was to propose and apply a method to quantify the economic losses resulting from productive and reproductive problems in a commercial dairy herd naturally infected by Leptospira spp. For this study, the zootechnical and economic indicators at a property with Jersey cattle were analyzed during the period from 2014 to 2017. The leptospirosis outbreak occurred in 2014, and the therapeutic approach was carried out between 2015 and 2017, with the latter considered the year of control of the outbreak. The adopted integrated control strategy consisted of dividing the herd according to the serological results obtained through the microscopic agglutination test, the treatment of reagents with streptomycin, and vaccination against leptospirosis of non-reagent heifers and cows. The method used to evaluate the economic indicators of the property was the calculation of the gross margin by taking into account the implicit and explicit cost parameters associated with the manifestation of leptospirosis. The prevalence rate of leptospirosis decreased from 49.4 % in 2015 to 21.6 % in 2017. There was a reduction in the abortion rate (from 40.00 % in 2014 to 9.00 % in 2017), in the stillborn rate (from 2.63 % in 2014 to 1.69 % in 2017) and an increase in the calving rate (from 65.00 % in 2014 to 86.00 % in 2017). In addition, there were increases in the number of lactating cows (from 38 in 2014-57 in 2017) and the mean times of lactation duration, which increased from 275 days in 2014-295 days in 2017. As a result, the average annual production of milk increased from 164,655 liters in 2014-248,521 liters in 2017. In 2014, when treatment hadn't yet started, the gross margin per liter of milk sold, considering implicit and explicit costs, was US$0.00. In 2015 and 2016, US$0.27 and US$0.30 were obtained, respectively, for this variable. In 2017, with the disease under control on the property, the gross margin per liter of milk reached US$0.36. The gross margin per liter of milk sold was higher in the period when the disease was controlled, showing losses of up to 84 % of the gross margin during the outbreak. Immediate treatment of positive cows and preventive measures had a significant impact on improving the productive and economic efficiency of the property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Gabryella Andrade Costa Carvalho
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Danilo Mundim Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Roberto Dias Rodrigues
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Studies on Agribusiness, Federal University of Uberlândia, BR 050, km 78. 38410-337. Campus Glória, Bloco 1CCG, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Hauber Gameiro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, Laboratory of Socioeconomic Analyses and Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga, São Paulo 133635-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Ferreira Dos Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Camila Raineri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Studies on Agribusiness, Federal University of Uberlândia, BR 050, km 78. 38410-337. Campus Glória, Bloco 1CCG, Brazil
| | - Anna Monteiro Correia Lima
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Block 2D, Ceara Street, Room 33, Zip Code, Uberlândia, MG 38405-315, Brazil
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2
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Harran E, Kuntz G, Decors A, Bourhy P, Auffret A, Bigeard C, Cherel D, Kodjo A, Le Dréan E, Lejas C, Lequeux G, Pilard MA, Pivette M, Guillois Y, Ayral F. Tracking potential Leptospira sources following human cases of leptospirosis: A One Health approach applied to an ecosystem in Brittany, France. One Health 2024; 18:100726. [PMID: 38644972 PMCID: PMC11026838 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira can cause leptospirosis: a widespread, potentially fatal bacterial zoonosis whose risk is mediated by the soil and water features, animal host distributions, meaning the local ecosystem. When human cases of leptospirosis occur, it is challenging to track down their source because ecosystem-level epidemiological knowledge on Leptospira is needed. Between 2016 and 2019 in a focal riparian ecosystem, the human population experienced an outbreak and successive cases of leptospirosis attributable to L. kirschneri and L. interrogans. The epidemiological investigation was carried out using the One Health approach, as described in international health guidelines. As a first step in this process, we investigated leptospiral carriage in the main animal hosts found in the region. We sampled 143 nutrias, 17 muskrats, and 10 Norway rats using convenient trapping. DNA was extracted from their kidneys, lungs, and urine and subjected to real-time PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the Leptospira 16S rDNA and lfb1 genes. In the farms along the river's stretch of interest, we sampled serum from 439 cattle and used a microscopic agglutination test to detect the presence of antibodies against Leptospira. Urine samples were concomitantly obtained from 145 cattle and were used in two analyses: RT-PCR targeting the Leptospira 16S rDNA gene and Leptospira culturing. We found th, wt rodents were the most likely source of the L. interrogans behind the human cases. The cattle tested negative for Leptospira DNA but positive for antibodies against the serogroups implicated in the human cases. We failed to identify the potential source of the L. kirschneri responsible for several human cases of leptospirosis. Our results call for further clarification of the Leptospira maintenance community, which may comprise known maintenance hosts, such as rodents, as well as taxa not commonly considered to be maintenance hosts but that can still spread Leptospira. The resulting research network will collaboratively conduct future eco-epidemiological surveys to illuminate the leptospirosis risks faced by humans and animals within ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Harran
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile 69280, France
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Lebanon
| | | | - Anouk Decors
- Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la recherche et de l'appui scientifique, Orléans 45100, France
| | - Pascale Bourhy
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Clément Bigeard
- Ecole Nationale des Services Vétérinaires – France Vétérinaire Internationale, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile 69280, France
| | | | - Angeli Kodjo
- Laboratoire des Leptospires et d'Analyses Vétérinaires, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile 69280, France
| | | | - Cyrille Lejas
- Fédération Départementale de Gestion des Espèces exotiques envahissantes (FDGDON 35), Direction Technique, 35340 Ercé-prés-Liffré, France
| | | | - Marie-Agnès Pilard
- Agence Régionale de Santé Bretagne, Délégation Départementale d'Ille-et-Vilaine, Département Santé-Environnement, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Mathilde Pivette
- Santé Publique France, Direction des regions, Bretagne, 94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Yvonnick Guillois
- Santé Publique France, Direction des regions, Bretagne, 94415 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Florence Ayral
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile 69280, France
- VetAgro Sup, Pôle EVAAS, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
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3
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Cardoso TL, de Freitas SB, Seixas Neto ACP, Balassiano IT, Hartwig DD. Advancing serologic diagnosis: assessing the efficacy of rErpY-like protein in human leptospirosis detection. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01364-4. [PMID: 38805148 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a globally distributed infectious disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the Leptospira genus, often overlooked. It is estimated that the disease affects approximately one million people annually, resulting in more than 58,900 deaths. The gold standard for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis is the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). However, the limitations of this technique necessitate the exploration of alternative diagnostic methods. In this study, we evaluated the ErpY-like recombinant protein (rErpY-like) in the development of a serologic diagnostic assay for human leptospirosis. Eighty-six human sera samples, characterized by MAT, underwent evaluation through indirect IgM-ELISA and IgG-ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity values obtained from IgM-ELISA were 60% and 76%, respectively, while those from IgG-ELISA were 96.4% and 100%, respectively. The use of the rErpY-like protein in both IgM-ELISA and IgG-ELISA proves to be a sensitive and specific method for antibody detection. This could potentially serve as a valuable alternative tool in the diagnosis of human leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayná Laner Cardoso
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Bioassays, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Stella Buchhorn de Freitas
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Bioassays, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Amilton Clair Pinto Seixas Neto
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Bioassays, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ilana Teruszkin Balassiano
- Bacterial Zoonoses Laboratory, Leptospirosis National Reference Center/Leptospira Collection, WHO/PAHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Department of Bacteriology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Bioassays, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
- Federal University of Pelotas, University Campus, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
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4
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Saliba J, Vassallo C, Saliba J, Pace Bardon M. Leptospirosis: a clinical and diagnostic challenge. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e256905. [PMID: 38719252 PMCID: PMC11085900 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-256905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a man in his early 50s who presented with a history of fever, malaise and jaundice. Initial investigations showed liver and renal dysfunction with no discernible cause for the septic process. On starting intravenous antibiotics, the patient developed a septic-shock-like reaction requiring transfer to intensive care. A diagnosis of leptospirosis was eventually established through an extensive and thorough history leading to a stepwise approach to investigations. Treatment targeting leptospirosis was delivered with noticeable clinical improvement.
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de Oliveira D, Khalil H, Almerinda G. Palma F, Santana R, Nery N, C. Quintero-Vélez J, Zeppelini CG, Almeida do Sacramento G, Cruz JS, Lustosa R, Santana Ferreira I, Carvalho-Pereira T, Diggle PJ, Wunder EA, I. Ko A, Alzate Lopez Y, Begon M, G. Reis M, Costa F. Factors associated with differential seropositivity to Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira kirschneri in a high transmission urban setting for leptospirosis in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011292. [PMID: 38758957 PMCID: PMC11139309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by pathogenic species of bacteria belonging to the genus Leptospira. Most studies infer the epidemiological patterns of a single serogroup or aggregate all serogroups to estimate overall seropositivity, thus not exploring the risks of exposure to distinct serogroups. The present study aims to delineate the demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors associated with seropositivity of Leptospira serogroup Icterohaemorraghiae and serogroup Cynopteri in an urban high transmission setting for leptospirosis in Brazil. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a cross-sectional serological study in five informal urban communities in the city of Salvador, Brazil. During the years 2018, 2020 2021, we recruited 2.808 residents and collected blood samples for serological analysis using microagglutination assays. We used a fixed-effect multinomial logistic regression model to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity for each serogroup. Seropositivity to Cynopteri increased with each year of age (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01-1.06) and was higher in those living in houses with unplastered walls (exposed brick) (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.09-2.59) and where cats were present near the household (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.03-3.88). Seropositivity to Icterohaemorrhagiae also increased with each year of age (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.03) and was higher in males (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.09-2.10), in those with work-related exposures (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.10-2.66) or who had contact with sewage (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.00-2.03). Spatial analysis showed differences in distribution of seropositivity to serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae and Cynopteri within the five districts where study communities were situated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest distinct epidemiological patterns associated with the Icterohaemorrhagiae and Cynopteri serogroups in the urban environment at high risk for leptospirosis and with differences in spatial niches. We emphasize the need for studies that accurately identify the different pathogenic serogroups that circulate and infect residents of low-income areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana de Oliveira
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Roberta Santana
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Nivison Nery
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Juan C. Quintero-Vélez
- Grupo de Ciencias Veterinarias—Centauro, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Epidemiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia: Teoria, Aplicações e Valores, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline S. Cruz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Lustosa
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | | | | | - Peter J. Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yeimi Alzate Lopez
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | - Federico Costa
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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6
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Garcia-Lopez M, Lurier T, Bouilloud M, Pradel J, Tatard C, Sepulveda D, Anfray G, Dussert J, Bourhy P, Charbonnel N, Djelouadji Z. Prevalence, genetic diversity and eco-epidemiology of pathogenic Leptospira species in small mammal communities in urban parks Lyon city, France. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300523. [PMID: 38598501 PMCID: PMC11006123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rodents are recognized as the main reservoirs of Leptospira spp. Rats, in particular, serve as hosts for the widely predominant Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae, found worldwide. Several studies have shown the importance of other reservoirs, such as mice or hedgehogs, which harbor other leptospires' serovars. Nevertheless, our knowledge of circulating Leptospira spp. in reservoirs other than rats remains limited. In this context, we proposed an eco-health approach to assess the health hazard associated with leptospires in urban green spaces, where contacts between human/small mammals and domestic animals are likely. We studied the prevalence, the diversity of circulating strains, and epidemiology of pathogenic Leptospira species in small terrestrial mammal communities (rodents and shrews), between 2020-2022, in two parks in Lyon metropolis, France. Our study showed a significant carriage of Leptospira spp. in small terrestrial mammals in these parks and unveiled a global prevalence rate of 11.4%. Significant variations of prevalence were observed among the small mammal species (from 0 to 26.1%), with Rattus norvegicus exhibiting the highest infection levels (26.1%). We also observed strong spatio-temporal variations in Leptospira spp. circulation in its reservoirs. Prevalence seems to be higher in the peri-urban park and in autumn in 2021 and 2022. This is potentially due to differences in landscape, abiotic conditions and small mammal communities' composition. Our study suggests an important public health relevance of rats and in a lesser extent of other rodents (Apodemus spp., Clethrionomys glareolus and Mus musculus) as reservoirs of L. interrogans, with rodent species carrying specific serogroups/serovars. We also emphasize the potential hazard associated between the shrew Crocidura russula and L. kirschneri. Altogether, these results improve our knowledge about the prevalence of leptospirosis in an urban environment, which is an essential prerequisite for the implementation of prevention of associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garcia-Lopez
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Lurier
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Clermont Auvergne, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Marie Bouilloud
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Pradel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Tatard
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Diana Sepulveda
- Department of Health, Health and Environment Service, City of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Pascale Bourhy
- Biology of Spirochetes Unit, National Reference Center for Leptospirosis, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Charbonnel
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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7
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Carmona Gasca CA, Martínez González S, Castillo Sánchez LO, Rodríguez Reyes EA, Cárdenas Marrufo MF, Vado Solís I, Castañeda Miranda G, López Huitrado LP, de la Peña-Moctezuma A. The Presence of a Virulent Clone of Leptospira interrogans Serovar Canicola in Confirmed Cases of Asymptomatic Dog Carriers in Mexico. Microorganisms 2024; 12:674. [PMID: 38674618 PMCID: PMC11052047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that commonly affects cattle, pigs, horses, and dogs in many countries. Infection in dogs is usually subclinical, but acute cases of leptospirosis may occur along with systemic failure, which may become fatal. After recovery from an acute infection, dogs may become asymptomatic carriers and shed pathogenic leptospires through urine for long periods of time. Here, a study of ten different cases of leptospirosis is presented, showing the relevance of dogs as asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic Leptospira. The diagnosis was confirmed via isolation and further serological and genetic identification. Four Leptospira isolates (LOCaS28, 31, 34, and 46) were obtained from the kidneys and urine samples of 58 dogs destined for destruction (6.89%) at a Canine Control Center in Mexico City. No spirochetes were observed in the urine samples of those Leptospira-positive dogs examined under dark-field microscopy, and no clinical signs of disease were observed either. Six additional isolates were obtained: two came from asymptomatic carrier dogs (CEL60 and UADY22); another isolate came from an asymptomatic dog that was a pack companion of a clinically ill dog with fatal leptospirosis (AGFA24); and finally, three isolates were taken from dogs that died of leptospirosis (LOCaS59, Citlalli, and Nayar1). Nine out of the ten isolates were identified as being from the serogroup Canicola via cross-absorption MAT using reference strains and specific antisera, and their identity was genetically confirmed as Canicola ST34 via multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST). In contrast, the isolate Nayar1 was identified as serovar Copenhageni ST2. Interestingly, the asymptomatic dogs from which Leptospira isolates were recovered consistently showed high antibody titers in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), revealing values of at least 1:3200 against serogroup Canicola and lower titer values against other serogroups. Isolates showed different virulence levels in the hamster model. Taken as a whole, all these findings confirmed that dogs may act as asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic leptospires and possibly spread them out to the environment, thus representing an active public health risk. The results also showed that the Canicola ST34 clone is the most prevalent Leptospira serovar in dogs in Mexico, and finally that the old-fashioned MAT is a good alternative for the detection of presumptive Leptospira asymptomatic carrier dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alfredo Carmona Gasca
- Functional Biology Laboratory, Academic Unit for Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic 63155, Mexico; (S.M.G.)
| | - Sergio Martínez González
- Functional Biology Laboratory, Academic Unit for Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic 63155, Mexico; (S.M.G.)
| | - Luz Olivia Castillo Sánchez
- Functional Biology Laboratory, Academic Unit for Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Nayarit, Tepic 63155, Mexico; (S.M.G.)
- Leptospira and Leptospirosis Research Group, Teaching, Research and Extension Center for Animal Husbandry in the Plateau, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tequisquiapan 76795, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ignacio Vado Solís
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Yucatan, Merida 97000, Mexico; (M.F.C.M.)
| | - Giselle Castañeda Miranda
- Leptospira and Leptospirosis Research Group, Teaching, Research and Extension Center for Animal Husbandry in the Plateau, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tequisquiapan 76795, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro de la Peña-Moctezuma
- Leptospira and Leptospirosis Research Group, Teaching, Research and Extension Center for Animal Husbandry in the Plateau, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Tequisquiapan 76795, Mexico
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8
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Kumar D, Prasad ML, Kumar M, Munda SS, Vidyapati. An Insight Into Various Manifestations of Leptospirosis: A Unique Case Series From a State in Eastern India. Cureus 2024; 16:e56802. [PMID: 38659535 PMCID: PMC11042753 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis presents with highly variable clinical manifestations affecting different organ systems in different individuals. The presentation ranges from an asymptomatic or mild disease to a severe disease associated with multiorgan failure and higher mortality. Leptospirosis is highly underreported due to a lack of diagnostic modalities and less suspicion among clinicians. METHODOLOGY We present this single-center retrospective case series of 12 cases, which include various common and uncommon scenarios by which the disease can present and can be missed due to lack of suspicion. The study contains individual patient characteristics including demographic, laboratory, clinical, and treatment data. The association between these variables and mortality was analyzed using p-values and results were described. A p-value of<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 12 cases were included in the study. The male-to-female ratio was 3:1. The mean age was higher (37.75±9.81 years) in cases who died than those who recovered (34.25±14.09). Factors like history of alcoholism, presence of chronic liver disease (CLD), jaundice, acute renal failure, requirement of dialysis, and requirement of intensive care were significantly associated with increased risk of death (odds ratio >1, p-value <0.05). The most common symptom of presentation was fever in 11 (91.66%) cases. Jaundice and renal failure were significantly associated with death (odds ratio 1.2, p-value 0.04). The requirement of intensive care treatment (odds ratio 2.1, p-value 0.05) and dialysis (odds ratio 39.66, p-value 0.03) were also significantly associated with death. The percentage of death was lower in the group of patients who received combination antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSION Leptospirosis has varied presentations in different individuals and the diagnosis can be missed due to lack of specific signs and symptoms. Severe diseases involving multiple organs and preexisting comorbidities are associated with higher mortality rates. Timely diagnosis and treatment are necessary to reduce mortality and increase survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divakar Kumar
- Internal Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | | | - Mukesh Kumar
- Community Medicine, Phulo Jhano Medical College, Dumka, IND
| | - Shiv S Munda
- Internal Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
| | - Vidyapati
- Internal Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, IND
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Sreevalsan TV, Chandra R. Relevance of Polymerase Chain Reaction in Early Diagnosis of Leptospirosis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024; 28:290-293. [PMID: 38477003 PMCID: PMC10926039 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim and background Leptospirosis is common in India, especially in the southern states. Mortality is high among untreated cases. Diagnosis of leptospirosis remains a challenge in India as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is more sensitive than Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is not widely available. This study aimed to find out the difference in diagnostic yield with PCR and IgM in early leptospirosis. Materials and methods This retrospective, single-center study included 67 adults with laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis (IgM, PCR, or both) who presented within 7 days of symptom onset and were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The difference in the diagnostic yield with PCR and IgM ELISA was studied. Results About 77.6% of the patients tested positive by PCR and 55.2% tested positive by IgM. There was a statistically significant difference in the detection of leptospirosis by PCR and IgM (p-value = 0.036). In the subgroup of patients who presented within 3 days of onset of symptoms, PCR positivity was 90.32% whereas IgM positivity was only 25.8%. Conclusion Our study showed that the sensitivity of leptospira PCR is significantly higher than IgM in the first week of illness. It also showed that among the subset of patients who died, a majority were detected only by PCR. Since PCR is not widely available, leptospirosis remains underdiagnosed and mortality from the same is underestimated. Polymerase chain reaction, if routinely done along with IgM for all suspected cases of leptospirosis that present within the first week of illness helps in prompt diagnosis and treatment. How to cite this article Sreevalsan TV, Chandra R. Relevance of Polymerase Chain Reaction in Early Diagnosis of Leptospirosis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(3):290-293.
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Affiliation(s)
- TV Sreevalsan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Lisie Hospital, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Rohitha Chandra
- Department of Microbiology, Lisie Hospital, Cochin, Kerala, India
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Comia IR, Manuel L, Miambo RD, Carimo AA, Manjate PDF, Maholela AE, Banze LR, Buene TP, Nhancupe N, Sousa IM, Benson CA, Schooley RT, Sacarlal J, Noormahomed EV. A Cross Sectional Study on the Bidirectional Interactions Between Leptospirosis and HIV Infection Among Patients from Maputo Central Hospital, Mozambique. Res Rep Trop Med 2024; 15:1-11. [PMID: 38371361 PMCID: PMC10871144 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s445878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aims to determine the baseline seroprevalence of leptospirosis, a zoonotic and neglected disease, in people living with HIV (PWH) in Maputo, Mozambique, and to evaluate the relationship between selected HIV-related factors that might influence risk of coinfection with leptospirosis, such as degree of immunosuppression, as assessed by CD4 cell count, World Health Organization (WHO) HIV/AIDS clinical stage and antiretroviral therapy (ART) intake. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional analysis of 157 PWH, aged over 18 years old, admitted to the Maputo Central Hospital, in Maputo, Mozambique, between March 2020 and October 2021. The study participants were recruited as a convenience sample regardless of the reasons for their admission. We collected sociodemographic and clinical data, including ART and WHO HIV/AIDS clinical stage, and blood for CD4 cell count and detection of Leptospira IgG antibodies using a commercial Kit ab247199 Leptospira IgG ELISA (www.abcam.com/ab247199) with sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 97.3%, respectively. Laboratory testing was performed at the Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University and Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, in Maputo. Results Participants were aged 18 to 72 years (median age 39 years; SD ± 10.5), the majority were female 100 (63.7%), from urban areas 138 (87.9%), with secondary-level education 80 (51%). The overall seroprevalence of Leptospira IgG antibodies was 40.1%. The median CD4 cell count was 385 cells/µl (02 to 2297; SD ± 378.47). Higher seroprevalence of Leptospira antibodies was found among participants with CD4 cell counts <250 cells/µl (54.8%), WHO HIV/AIDS stage IV (70.2%) and those on ART (92%), though there were no statistically significant differences between groups with and without Leptospira antibodies. Conclusion Our study confirmed that Leptospira antibodies are highly prevalent in PWH in Maputo; however, Leptospira infection was not associated with the degree of immunosuppression, WHO HIV/AIDS clinical stage, or the use of ART. Our data support the need for routine screening for leptospirosis in PWH in Mozambique. Future studies are warranted to characterize the incidence and outcomes of symptomatic leptospirosis in this patient population and to identify circulating serovars and species in the country and region, as well as the implicated reservoirs.
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Grants
- research work and student fellowship
- the National Institutes of Health
- Fogarty International Center
- titled Enhanced Advanced Biomedical Training in Mozambique
- Additionally, RTS and EVN received support from the above-mentioned grant to support their efforts as PI and co-PI, respectively. RDM, IMS, LB, and TB received support from the above grant as mentors. NN, AC, PFM, AM, CAB, RTS, JS, and EVN received support from the grant number R25TW011216 also from NIH-FIC and PEPFAR. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders
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Affiliation(s)
- Isac Rodrigues Comia
- Department of Research and Extension, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Leonardo Manuel
- Department of Research and Extension, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Regina Daniel Miambo
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Para-Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Awa Abdul Carimo
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Percílio da Floca Manjate
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ana Edith Maholela
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Maputo Central Hospital, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lucas Raimundo Banze
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Titos Paulo Buene
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Noémia Nhancupe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Irina M Sousa
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Constance A Benson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Emília Virgínia Noormahomed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Soro SD, Lattard V, Kodjo A, Benoît E, Chatron N. Structural investigation of vitamin K epoxide reductase domain-containing protein in Leptospira species: a potential target for the development of new leptospirosis treatments as an alternative to antibiotics. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38197604 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2302925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the motile bacterium Leptospira. This disease can cause hemorrhagic symptoms, multi-visceral and renal failures, resulting in one million cases and approximately 60,000 deaths each year. The motility of Leptospira is highly involved in its virulence and is ensured by the presence of two flagella in the periplasm. Several proteins that require the formation of disulfide bridges are essential for flagellar function. In Leptospira, these redox reactions are catalysed by the vitamin K epoxide reductase domain-containing protein (VKORdcp). The aim of the present work was to study the conservation of VKORdcp among Leptospira species and its interactions with putative substrates and inhibitor. Our results evidenced the presence of ten amino acids specific to either pathogenic or saprophytic species. Furthermore, structural studies revealed a higher affinity of the enzyme for vitamin K1 quinone, compared to ubiquinone. Finally, characterisation of the binding of a potential inhibitor revealed the involvement of some VKORdcp amino acids that have not been present in the human enzyme, in particular the polar residue D114. Our study thus paves the way for the future development of Leptospira VKORdcp inhibitors, capable of blocking bacterial motility. Such molecules could therefore offer a promising therapeutic alternative to antibiotics, especially in the event of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Angeli Kodjo
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Etienne Benoît
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Nolan Chatron
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, INRAE, Université de Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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Blanco RM, Lima EDS, de Haro GN, Kamikawa CM, Blanco RM, Vincentini AP, Romero EC. Comparative analysis of a novel N-butanol-prepared antigen vs thermo-resistant and sonicated antigens for human leptospirosis detection. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae004. [PMID: 38216452 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The diagnosis of human leptospirosis is mainly based on serological assays. Since the extraction by N-butanol has only been studied as an antigen for the diagnosis of cattle leptospirosis, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the N-butanol preparation for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis and compare it with sonicated and thermo-resistant antigens in IgM dot-blot test. Paired serum samples from 147 laboratory-confirmed leptospirosis cases were tested. The control group consisted of 148 serum samples from healthy individuals and nonleptospirosis cases. N-butanol antigens from serovar Copenhageni (ButC3) and serovar Patoc (ButP3) showed reactivity with antileptospiral antibodies from patients with confirmed leptospirosis. In the acute phase, sensitivities of IgM dot-blot assay with ButC3 and ButP3 antigens were 47.6% and 51.0%, respectively. In the convalescent phase, sensitivities were 95.9% (ButC3) and 93.2% (ButP3), and no significant differences were observed among the IgM dot-blot tests with other antigens. The specificity of the IgM dot-blot test with ButC3 antigen was good (92.6%), but with ButP3 (83.1%), it was significantly lower than with the other tests. The IgM dot-blot test described in this study is simple to perform and presents reliable visual results. Antigens prepared by N-butanol proved to be valuable diagnostic markers of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Morozetti Blanco
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Bacteriologia, Laboratório de Leptospirose, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Dos Santos Lima
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Bacteriologia, Laboratório de Leptospirose, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Nogueira de Haro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Mika Kamikawa
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico das Micoses, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Pardini Vincentini
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico das Micoses, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliete Caló Romero
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Bacteriologia, Laboratório de Leptospirose, 01246-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ji J, Wang W, Xiang S, Wei X, Pang G, Shi H, Dong J, Pang J. Diagnosis of leptospira by metagenomics next-generation sequencing with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:788. [PMID: 37957556 PMCID: PMC10644436 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08793-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp., which could result in severe illnesses. Indirect contact with these pathogens is more common. Individuals could contract this disease through contact with contaminated water or during floods. In this case, we present the details of a 40-year-old male pig farmer who suffered from severe pulmonary hemorrhagic leptospirosis and multiple organ failure. The diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed through metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS) while the patient received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support, and antibiotic treatment was adjusted accordingly. The patient underwent comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation in the intensive care unit. CONCLUSION This case illustrates the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of leptospirosis. While obtaining the epidemiological history, second-generation metagenomics sequencing was utilized to confirm the etiology. The prompt initiation of ECMO therapy provided a crucial window of opportunity for addressing the underlying cause. This case report offers valuable insights for diagnosing patients with similar symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Ji
- Research Center of Communicable and Severe Diseases, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center Construction Project for Critical Treatment of Major Communicable Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Research Center of Communicable and Severe Diseases, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center Construction Project for Critical Treatment of Major Communicable Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shulin Xiang
- Research Center of Communicable and Severe Diseases, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center Construction Project for Critical Treatment of Major Communicable Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiutian Wei
- Research Center of Communicable and Severe Diseases, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center Construction Project for Critical Treatment of Major Communicable Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangbao Pang
- Research Center of Communicable and Severe Diseases, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center Construction Project for Critical Treatment of Major Communicable Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huirong Shi
- Research Center of Communicable and Severe Diseases, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center Construction Project for Critical Treatment of Major Communicable Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinda Dong
- Department of blood transfusion, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Pang
- Research Center of Communicable and Severe Diseases, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
- Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center Construction Project for Critical Treatment of Major Communicable Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Arboleda M, Mejía-Torres M, Posada M, Restrepo N, Ríos-Tapias P, Rivera-Pedroza LA, Calle D, Sánchez-Jiménez MM, Marín K, Agudelo-Flórez P. Molecular Diagnosis as an Alternative for Public Health Surveillance of Leptospirosis in Colombia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2759. [PMID: 38004770 PMCID: PMC10673046 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis represents a public health problem in Colombia. However, the underreporting of the disease is an unfortunate reality, with a clear trend towards a decrease in cases since 2019, when the guidelines for its confirmatory diagnosis changed with the requirement of two paired samples. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of leptospirosis. While the access to rapid diagnosis is available at practically all levels of care for dengue and malaria, leptospirosis-a doubly neglected disease-deserves recognition as a serious public health problem in Colombia. In this manner, it is proposed that molecular tests are a viable diagnostic alternative that can improve the targeted treatment of the patient and the timeliness of data and case reporting to SIVIGILA, and reduce the underreporting of the disease. Taking advantage of the strengthened technological infrastructure derived from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic for molecular diagnosis in Colombia, with a network of 227 laboratories distributed throughout the national territory, with an installed capacity for PCR testing, it is proposed that molecular diagnosis can be used as an alternative for early diagnosis. This would allow case confirmation through the public health network in Colombia, and, together with the microagglutination (MAT) technique, the epidemiological surveillance of this disease in this country would be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Arboleda
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
| | - Mariana Mejía-Torres
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
| | - Maritza Posada
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
| | - Nicaela Restrepo
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
| | - Paola Ríos-Tapias
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
| | - Luis Alberto Rivera-Pedroza
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
| | - David Calle
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
| | - Miryan M. Sánchez-Jiménez
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
| | - Katerine Marín
- Tropical Medicine Group, Colombian Institute of Tropical Medicine, Sabaneta 055450, Colombia; (M.M.-T.); (M.P.); (N.R.); (P.R.-T.); (L.A.R.-P.); (D.C.); (M.M.S.-J.); (K.M.)
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dos Santos GF, Petri FAM, Pires GP, Panneitz AK, Braga ER, Malcher CS, Mongruel ACB, de Castro JHT, Mathias LA, de Oliveira LG. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Leptospira spp. Infection in Backyard Pigs in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:468. [PMID: 37888596 PMCID: PMC10611261 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that poses a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide. Among different animal species, pigs are known to play a crucial role in the transmission of the pathogenic Leptospira spp. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Leptospira spp. infection and associated risk factors in backyard pigs in the state of Paraná, Brazil. A set of 1393 blood samples were collected from pigs on 188 subsistence properties from 136 different municipalities of the Paraná state and tested using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) to detect antibodies against 24 different Leptospira spp. serovars. The results revealed an overall seroprevalence of 15.87% (221/1393; 95% CI: 13.95-17.78%) for Leptospira spp. antibodies, with Icterohaemorrhagiae, Butembo, and Pomona being the most commonly detected in serovar levels. The lack of rodent control (OR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.63-1.98, p = 0.02) was the only variable associated with disease incidence and was identified as a significant risk factor for Leptospira spp. infection in this context. These findings highlight the urgent need to implement effective control measures, such as improved housing conditions, rodent control, and veterinary assistance, to prevent the spread of this zoonotic disease in backyard pigs in Paraná, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Fernandes dos Santos
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Fernando Antônio Moreira Petri
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Gabriele Polia Pires
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Ana Karolina Panneitz
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Eduarda Ribeiro Braga
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Clarisse Sena Malcher
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Anna Claudia Baumel Mongruel
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | | | - Luís Antônio Mathias
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil; (G.F.d.S.); (F.A.M.P.); (G.P.P.); (A.K.P.); (E.R.B.); (C.S.M.); (A.C.B.M.); (L.A.M.)
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16
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Taylor C, Belin E, Brodbelt D, Klaasen HLBM, Catchpole B. Exploration of the potential utility of the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay for the detection of anti-leptospira antibodies in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 264:110661. [PMID: 37827091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Canine leptospirosis represents a diagnostic challenge to veterinarians, due to the variability in presenting clinical signs and interpretation of serology test results in dogs that have been vaccinated previously. None of the commercially available serological assays, including the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), have been verified to be capable of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). Recent work identified that half of primary practice attending dogs were up to date with their leptospirosis vaccination and would be expected to have circulating anti-leptospira antibodies (Taylor et al., 2022), indicating that this is a relevant issue for suspected leptospirosis cases in dogs in the UK. This study aimed to explore the utility of three leptospiral outer membrane proteins (OMPs: LipL32, LipL21 and LipL41) as potential DIVA targets in the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay. N and C terminal nanoluciferase tagged recombinant proteins were generated for each OMP. Differences in reactivity between serum samples from MAT positive dogs (n = 29) and paired samples (n = 6 dogs) taken pre and 21 days post leptospirosis vaccination were assessed against these six constructs. Reactivity was greater towards the N terminal than the C terminal recombinant proteins for all three OMPs. None of the constructs appeared to demonstrate DIVA capability, although two (pNLF1-N-FLAG/LipL32 and pNLF1-N-FLAG/LipL21) were able to detect vaccine seroconversion. The findings of this work suggest that these particular OMP targets do not offer DIVA ability, however LipL32 and LipL21 may be suitable for use in immunoassays for vaccine trials or for detection of infections in humans, where there is no requirement for DIVA capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Taylor
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
| | - E Belin
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - D Brodbelt
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - H L B M Klaasen
- Global Companion Animals Research and Development, Merck Sharp and Dohme Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - B Catchpole
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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17
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Dutta Majumder P, Mochizuki M, González-López JJ, Gonzales J, Sharma M, Sharma K, Biswas J. Laboratory Investigations in Infectious Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:1405-1415. [PMID: 36698066 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2164728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory investigations can play a significant role in the diagnosis and decision-making of infectious uveitis. Though direct demonstration of the infective organism remains the gold standard of diagnosis, it is not always possible with ocular tissues. Recent advancements in molecular techniques have made it possible to overcome these limitations and to identify the genomic DNA of pathogens associated with infectious uveitis. Techniques such as next-generation sequencing can analyze all DNA-based lifeforms, regardless of whether they are bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites and have been used in the laboratory diagnosis of intraocular inflammation. On the other hand, serological tests, though they dominate the diagnostic landscape of various infectious etiologies in uveitis in routine clinical practice, have varied specificities and sensitivities in different infectious uveitis. In this review, we focus on various methods of laboratory diagnosis of infectious uveitis and discuss the recent advances in molecular diagnosis and their role in various infectious clinical entities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Julio J González-López
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Gonzales
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India
| | - Kusum Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Jyotirmay Biswas
- Director of Uveitis & Ocular Pathology, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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18
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Jirawannaporn S, Limothai U, Tachaboon S, Dinhuzen J, Kiatamornrak P, Chaisuriyong W, Srisawat N. The combination of RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a and Leptospira IgM RDT enhances the early detection of leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011596. [PMID: 37624847 PMCID: PMC10497128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of available sensitive point-of-care testing is one of the primary obstacles to the rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis. The purpose of this study was to test the performance of two point-of-care tests, a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 12a (CRISPR/Cas12a) fluorescence-based diagnostic assay (FBDA), a Leptospira immunoglobulin M (IgM) rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and the two tests combined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS For the diagnosis of 171 clinical samples, a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-CRISPR/Cas12a FBDA for whole blood and Leptospira IgM RDT (Medical Science Public Health, Thailand) for serum were used. The confirmed cases were determined by using any positive qPCR, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and culture results. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed on the first day of enrollment and stratified by the day after symptom onset. The overall sensitivity of the Leptospira IgM RDT and RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a FBDA was 55.66% and 60.38%, respectively. When the two tests were combined, the sensitivity rose to 84.91%. The specificity of each test was 63.08% and 100%, respectively, and 63.08% when combined. The sensitivity of the Leptospira IgM RDT rose on days 4-6 after the onset of fever, while the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a FBDA continued to decrease. When the two tests were combined, the sensitivity was over 80% at different days post-onset of fever. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The combination of Leptospira IgM RDT and RPA-CRISPR/Cas12 FBDA exhibited significant sensitivity for the detection of leptospires at various days after the onset of fever, thereby reducing the likelihood of misdiagnosis. The combination of these assays may be suitable for early leptospirosis screening in situations with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirawit Jirawannaporn
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Limothai
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sasipha Tachaboon
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Janejira Dinhuzen
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patcharakorn Kiatamornrak
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watchadaporn Chaisuriyong
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Critical Care Nephrology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn, Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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19
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Bedoya-Pérez MA, Westman ME, Loomes M, Chung NYN, Knobel B, Ward MP. Pathogenic Leptospira Species Are Present in Urban Rats in Sydney, Australia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1731. [PMID: 37512903 PMCID: PMC10383884 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging disease among people and dogs in Sydney, Australia. However, the routes of Leptospira transmission in these cases, and in particular the possible role of rats as reservoirs of infection in Sydney, are unknown. Rats were collected within the City of Sydney Council area and their kidneys were tested for pathogenic Leptospira DNA by real-time (q)PCR. A subset of rats also had qPCR testing performed on whole blood and urine, and Microscopic Agglutination Testing (MAT) that included a panel of 10 Leptospira serovars from nine different Leptospira serogroups was performed on a subset of serum samples. Based on qPCR testing, the proportion of rats with Leptospira DNA in their kidneys was 9/111 (8.1%). qPCR testing of blood samples (n = 9) and urine (n = 4) was negative. None of the 10 serum samples tested MAT positive. A primary cluster of qPCR-positive locations was detected based on six infected rats, which partially overlapped with a previously identified cluster of canine leptospirosis cases in Sydney. These findings suggest that rats in Sydney might play a role in the transmission of leptospirosis to dogs and people. Further testing of rats in Sydney and investigation into other possible wildlife reservoirs of infection and environmental sources of leptospires are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Bedoya-Pérez
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark E Westman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Max Loomes
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nga Yee Natalie Chung
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin Knobel
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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20
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Udechukwu CC, Kudi CA, Abdu PA, Mamman PH, Pilau NN, Abiayi EA, Jolayemie KO, Okoronkwo MO, Adekola AA. Isolation and molecular characterization of pathogenic Leptospira species from cattle in Zaria and its environs, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 99:102003. [PMID: 37393647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic serovars of Leptospira spp. The paucity of information on the status of leptospirosis in cattle in the study area led to this study. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a total of 130 kidney samples from cattle which were cultured using Ellinghausen Mc-Cullough Johnson Harris enrichment and examined on dark field microscope after 8 weeks of culture. DNA was extracted directly from 6 kidney tissues to confirm the presence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. and further sequenced to determine the species of Leptospira spp. Result of the culture indicated that the overall occurrence of Leptospira spp.was 32.30 %. Phylogenetic analysis of lipL32 sequences showed Leptospira interrogans isolates from cattle nucleotide homology ranging from 99.40 % to 99.73 % with a query cover of 100 % when compared with sequence from gene bank. In conclusion, this study established that cattle may act as a significant reservoir of leptospirosis in the study area and pose a potential risk to abattoir workers, veterinarians and local communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Paul Ayub Abdu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Paul H Mamman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Elmina Abiba Abiayi
- Microbiology Division, Central Diagnostic Laboratory National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom Plateau state, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Adewole Augustine Adekola
- Harper and Keele Veterinary School, Keele, Newcastle, England, UK; Royal Veterinary College, Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hawkshead Lane, England, UK
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21
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Benvin I, Perko VM, Maljković MM, Habuš J, Štritof Z, Hađina S, Perharić M, Zečević I, Cvetnić M, Turk N. Serological surveillance of equine leptospirosis in Croatia in the period from 2012 to 2022 - a key insight into the changing epizootiology. J Equine Vet Sci 2023:104844. [PMID: 37295759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is re-emerging zoonotic bacterial disease of global importance that affects domestic and wild animals and humans. Due to the public health importance, control of disease in Croatia is being implemented by monitoring the seroprevalence of equine leptospirosis and it is regulated by the law. In the period from 2012 to 2022, a total of 61724 serum samples from apparently healthy horses were admitted to the Laboratory for leptospires, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Zagreb. Serum samples were tested for Leptospira spp. antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Samples were considered seropositive with a cut-off titre 1:200 for Bratislava and 1:400 for other Leptospira spp. serovars. Out of 61724 serum samples tested, 6665 (10.80%) were found seropositive for at least one Leptospira serovar. In the studied period, seroprevalence varied between 5.00% and 15.94%. The highest seroprevalence was found for serovar Pomona (41.98%) and serovar Grippotyphosa (31.34%), followed by Sejroe (8.03%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (7.05%) and Bratislava (6.47%). Results indicated that horses in Croatia are particularly exposed to Leptospira spp. infections. The most prevalent presumed infective serovar was Pomona increasing each year. Investigated horses were randomly selected and healthy and most seropositive horses have anamnestic titre due to previous infection. This is the first study in Europe reporting such high seropositivity for the serovar Pomona in apparently healthy horses. According to the results of the present study, the question arises of the possible evolutionary adaptation of the pathogenic serovar Pomona as dominant for horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Benvin
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Vesna Mojčec Perko
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Maurić Maljković
- Department of Animal Breeding and Livestock Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Habuš
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Štritof
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Hađina
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matko Perharić
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iva Zečević
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Cvetnić
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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22
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Stone NE, McDonough RF, Hamond C, LeCount K, Busch JD, Dirsmith KL, Rivera-Garcia S, Soltero F, Arnold LM, Weiner Z, Galloway RL, Schlater LK, Nally JE, Sahl JW, Wagner DM. DNA Capture and Enrichment: A Culture-Independent Approach for Characterizing the Genomic Diversity of Pathogenic Leptospira Species. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1282. [PMID: 37317256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Because they are difficult to culture, obtaining genomic information from Leptospira spp. is challenging, hindering the overall understanding of leptospirosis. We designed and validated a culture-independent DNA capture and enrichment system for obtaining Leptospira genomic information from complex human and animal samples. It can be utilized with a variety of complex sample types and diverse species as it was designed using the pan-genome of all known pathogenic Leptospira spp. This system significantly increases the proportion of Leptospira DNA contained within DNA extracts obtained from complex samples, oftentimes reaching >95% even when some estimated starting proportions were <1%. Sequencing enriched extracts results in genomic coverage similar to sequenced isolates, thereby enabling enriched complex extracts to be analyzed together with whole genome sequences from isolates, which facilitates robust species identification and high-resolution genotyping. The system is flexible and can be readily updated when new genomic information becomes available. Implementation of this DNA capture and enrichment system will improve efforts to obtain genomic data from unculturable Leptospira-positive human and animal samples. This, in turn, will lead to a better understanding of the overall genomic diversity and gene content of Leptospira spp. that cause leptospirosis, aiding epidemiology and the development of improved diagnostics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Stone
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Ryelan F McDonough
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Camila Hamond
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Karen LeCount
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Joseph D Busch
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Katherine L Dirsmith
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, San Juan, PR 00918, USA
| | - Sarai Rivera-Garcia
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, San Juan, PR 00918, USA
| | - Fred Soltero
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, San Juan, PR 00918, USA
| | - Laura M Arnold
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - Zachary Weiner
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Renee L Galloway
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Linda K Schlater
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jason W Sahl
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - David M Wagner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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23
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Dogonyaro BB, van Heerden H, Potts AD, Fasina FO, Casanovas-Massana A, Kolo FB, Lötter C, Byaruhanga C, Ko AI, Wunder EA, Adesiyun AA. Molecular Characterization of Leptospira Species Detected in the Kidneys of Slaughtered Livestock in Abattoirs in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:666. [PMID: 37242336 PMCID: PMC10223745 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospira was investigated in kidneys (n = 305) from slaughtered livestock in the Gauteng Province abattoirs, South Africa, using a culture medium to isolate Leptospira, followed by the LipL32 qPCR to detect Leptospira DNA. The SecY gene region was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed for LipL32 qPCR-positive samples or Leptospira isolates. The overall frequency of isolation of Leptospira spp. was 3.9% (12/305), comprising 4.8% (9/186), 4.1% (3/74), and 0% (0/45) from cattle, pigs, and sheep, respectively (p > 0.05). However, with LipL32 qPCR, the overall frequency of Leptospira DNA was 27.5%, consisting of 26.9%, 20.3%, and 42.2% for cattle, pigs, and sheep, respectively (p = 0.03). Based on 22 SecY sequences, the phylogenetic tree identified the L. interrogans cluster with serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and the L. borgpetersenii cluster with serovar Hardjo bovis strain Lely 607. This study is the first molecular characterization of Leptospira spp. from livestock in South Africa. The reference laboratory uses an eight-serovar microscopic agglutination test panel for leptospirosis diagnosis, of which L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo bovis is not part. Our data show that pathogenic L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii are circulating in the livestock population. Diagnostic use of molecular methods will eliminate or reduce the under-reporting of leptospirosis in livestock, particularly sheep, in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banenat B. Dogonyaro
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Virology Department, Vom 930101, Nigeria
| | - Henriette van Heerden
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Andrew D. Potts
- Bacterial Serology Laboratory, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Francis B. Kolo
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Christine Lötter
- Bacterial Serology Laboratory, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador 40081, Brazil
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador 40081, Brazil
| | - Abiodun A. Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of West Indies, St. Augustine 685509, Trinidad and Tobago
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Forero-Peña DA, Carrión-Nessi FS, Lopez-Perez M, Sandoval-de Mora M, Amaya ID, Gamardo ÁF, Chavero M, Figuera L, Marcano MV, Camejo-Ávila NA, Hidalgo M, Arenas CJ, Arévalo-Herrera M, Herrera S. Seroprevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens among malaria patients in an endemic area of southern Venezuela. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:33. [PMID: 37038195 PMCID: PMC10084699 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a leading public health problem worldwide. Co-infections with other pathogens complicate its diagnosis and may modify the disease's clinical course and management. Similarities in malaria clinical presentation with other infections and overlapping endemicity result in underdiagnosis of co-infections and increased mortality. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of viral and bacterial pathogens among diagnosed malaria patients in malaria-endemic areas in Venezuela. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on malaria patients attending three reference medical centres in Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela. Clinical evaluation and laboratory tests for dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), viral hepatitis [hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV)], and leptospirosis (LEP) were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Previous exposure to these pathogens was defined by the presence of specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G, and co-infection or recent exposure (CoRE) was determined by the presence of specific IgM alone or IgM + IgG. Data analysis considered descriptive statistics. Parameter distribution was statistically evaluated using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the necessary comparison tests. Odds ratio (OR) for complications was determined according to CoRE presence with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 161 malaria patients were studied, 66% infected with Plasmodium vivax, 27% with P. falciparum, and 7.5% harboured P. vivax/P. falciparum mixed infection. Previous exposure to DENV (60%) and CHIKV (25%) was frequent. CoRE was confirmed in 55 of the 161 malaria patients (34%) and were more frequent in P. falciparum (49%) than in P. vivax (29%) and mixed malaria patients (25%) (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.39-4.25, P = 0.018). The most frequent CoRE was DENV (15%), followed by HAV (12%), HBV (6.2%), CHIKV (5.5%), and LEP (3.7%); HCV CoRE was absent. Complicated malaria was significantly more frequent in patients with CoRE (56%) than those without CoRE (36%; OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.18-4.92, P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS We found high CoRE prevalence in malaria patients as determined by serology in the study region; cases were associated with a worse clinical outcome. Further prospective studies with samples from different infection sites and the use of molecular tools are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Forero-Peña
- Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela.
- Internal Medicine Department, "Ruiz y Páez" University Hospital Complex, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela.
| | - Fhabián S Carrión-Nessi
- Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
- "Dr. Francisco Battistini Casalta" Health Sciences School, University of Oriente - Bolivar Nucleus, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Mary Lopez-Perez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marisol Sandoval-de Mora
- Internal Medicine Department, "Ruiz y Páez" University Hospital Complex, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Iván D Amaya
- "Dr. Francisco Battistini Casalta" Health Sciences School, University of Oriente - Bolivar Nucleus, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Ángel F Gamardo
- Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Melynar Chavero
- Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Luisamy Figuera
- Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - María V Marcano
- Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Natasha A Camejo-Ávila
- Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
- "Dr. Francisco Battistini Casalta" Health Sciences School, University of Oriente - Bolivar Nucleus, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
| | - Mariana Hidalgo
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Microbiology and Cell Biology Centre, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Cariagne J Arenas
- Biomedical Research and Therapeutic Vaccines Institute, Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela
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Barnabé NNDC, Soares RR, Barros DKS, Nogueira DB, da Costa FTR, Araújo Júnior JP, Malossi CD, Ullmann LS, da Costa DF, Silva MLCR, Higino SSDS, Santos CDSAB, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Bovine Leptospirosis in Caatinga Biome, Brazil: New Insights into Diagnosis and Epidemiology. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 36977178 PMCID: PMC10053506 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leptospirosis causes economic losses and raises public health concerns. It is possible that there are peculiarities in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in regions with a semiarid climate, such as the Caatinga biome in Brazil, where the climate is hot and dry, and the etiological agent require alternative routes of transmission. This study aimed to close knowledge gaps to the diagnosis and epidemiology of Leptospira spp. infection in cows from the Caatinga biome, Brazil. Samples of the blood, urinary tract (urine, bladder and kidney) and reproductive tract (vaginal fluid, uterus, uterine tube, ovary and placenta) were collected from 42 slaughtered cows. Diagnostic tests included were the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial isolation. Anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies were found in 27 (64.3%) of the animals analyzed using MAT at a 1:50 dilution (cut-off 50), while 31 (73.8%) animals had at least one organ/fluid where the presence of Leptospira spp. DNA was identified, and 29 animals (69%) were positive at bacteriological culture. The highest sensitivity values for MAT were obtained at the cut-off point of 50. In conclusion, even under hot and dry climate conditions, it is possible that Leptospira spp. can spread through alternative routes such as venereal transmission; moreover, a cut-off of 50 is recommended for the serological diagnosis of cattle from the Caatinga biome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Soares
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine (UAMV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Deivyson Kelvis Silva Barros
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine (UAMV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Denise Batista Nogueira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny (FMVZ), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | | | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of the São Paulo State (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Camila Dantas Malossi
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of the São Paulo State (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of the São Paulo State (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine (UAMV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Clebert José Alves
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine (UAMV), Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos 58708-110, Brazil
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Global Seropositivity of Swine Leptospirosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030158. [PMID: 36977159 PMCID: PMC10059827 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a major threat to public health worldwide; however, there is no study focused on global seropositivity in pigs. In this study, we grouped publications and performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to gather data related to swine leptospirosis seropositivity published globally. The search method initially used returned a total of 1183 results, of which 20 met all predefined criteria and were therefore included in this review. Meta-analysis with general data was performed and a combined seropositivity of 21.95% was found. Seropositivity was 36.40% in South America, 34.05% in North America, 22.18% in Africa, 17.40% in Oceania, 13.30% in Europe and 13.36% in Asia. The results suggest that there is high seropositivity for leptospirosis in pigs worldwide. Information compiled from this research is relevant to understanding the spread of leptospirosis globally. It is expected that these indicators will contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease with a focus on its control and, consequently, on the reduction of cases in the human and animal population.
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Jayaramu V, Zulkafli Z, De Stercke S, Buytaert W, Rahmat F, Abdul Rahman RZ, Ishak AJ, Tahir W, Ab Rahman J, Mohd Fuzi NMH. Leptospirosis modelling using hydrometeorological indices and random forest machine learning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:423-437. [PMID: 36719482 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that has been linked to hydrometeorological variability. Hydrometeorological averages and extremes have been used before as drivers in the statistical prediction of disease. However, their importance and predictive capacity are still little known. In this study, the use of a random forest classifier was explored to analyze the relative importance of hydrometeorological indices in developing the leptospirosis model and to evaluate the performance of models based on the type of indices used, using case data from three districts in Kelantan, Malaysia, that experience annual monsoonal rainfall and flooding. First, hydrometeorological data including rainfall, streamflow, water level, relative humidity, and temperature were transformed into 164 weekly average and extreme indices in accordance with the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). Then, weekly case occurrences were classified into binary classes "high" and "low" based on an average threshold. Seventeen models based on "average," "extreme," and "mixed" indices were trained by optimizing the feature subsets based on the model computed mean decrease Gini (MDG) scores. The variable importance was assessed through cross-correlation analysis and the MDG score. The average and extreme models showed similar prediction accuracy ranges (61.5-76.1% and 72.3-77.0%) while the mixed models showed an improvement (71.7-82.6% prediction accuracy). An extreme model was the most sensitive while an average model was the most specific. The time lag associated with the driving indices agreed with the seasonality of the monsoon. The rainfall variable (extreme) was the most important in classifying the leptospirosis occurrence while streamflow was the least important despite showing higher correlations with leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veianthan Jayaramu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zed Zulkafli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - Simon De Stercke
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Wouter Buytaert
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fariq Rahmat
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Asnor Juraiza Ishak
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Wardah Tahir
- Flood Control Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Jamalludin Ab Rahman
- Department of Community Medicine, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
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Molecular and Serological Identification of Pathogenic Leptospira in Local and Imported Cattle from Lebanon. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/3784416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide bacterial zoonosis for which the risk increases in warm and wet climates. Despite the suitability of the local climate for the bacteria’s persistence, Lebanon lacks a formal system of prophylaxis for the prevention of Leptospira infection in both humans and animals, and the disease’s epidemiology is unknown so far. As a preliminary step, we focused on Leptospira infection in cattle, which is of public health and economic concern. We conducted a descriptive study in cattle from the governorate of Mount Lebanon (ML) and in imported cattle. A total of 187 blood and 135 serum samples were provided. Among the 187 blood samples, 135 were from randomly selected animals from 14 herds, while the remaining 52 were from imported livestock. Serum specimens (n = 135) were obtained exclusively from cattle in the ML governorate. DNA was extracted from all blood samples and subjected to real-time PCR targeting 16S rRNA. All Leptospira-positive DNA samples were then amplified using conventional PCR (cPCR), and Leptospira species were identified via Sanger sequencing. A microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed on the 135 serum samples from local cattle. The real-time PCR revealed Leptospira infection in 7 of 135 local animals and 1 of 52 imported animals. DNA from six of the seven local animals and the one imported animal were amplified by cPCR and successfully sequenced, identifying the pathogen as the species L. kirschneri. Seven animals located in five out of the 14 tested herds had MAT titers ≥1 : 100. Serogroup Grippotyphosa was predominant. This is the first study to provide epidemiological data on bovine Leptospira infection in Lebanon. Pathogenic Leptospira species and serogroups were identified in both local and imported cattle. These findings highlight the cattle associated risk of Leptospira infection in Lebanon, in the contexts of farming and trade. Summary. Leptospirosis is a severe zoonotic disease that can have critical consequences for people and animals. Within the country of Lebanon, this disease has been reported, but its epidemiology is unknown so far. The present study thus provides the first description of the existence of Leptospira in cattle in Lebanon (local and imported). It also highlights the existence of different pathogenic serogroups of Leptospira in local cattle. Our results should raise public health awareness of the threat posed by this underdiagnosed disease and serve as a starting point for control efforts in Lebanon.
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Gómez-Martín MC, Rodríguez-Benjumeda LM, de Eguilior-Mestre MC, Lozano-Domínguez MC, Luque-Márquez R, Jódar-Sánchez F, Aznar-Martín J, Donaire-Granado JA, Luque-Romero LG. [Epidemiology of leptospirosis in the wetlands of Southern Spain]. GACETA SANITARIA 2023; 37:102288. [PMID: 36804781 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2023.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find out whether the leptospirosis incidence rate among red swamp crayfish collectors in the harvesting season is higher than in the general population, and to identify risk factors and assess the direct and indirect health costs associated with leptospirosis seroconversion. METHOD This study was carried out between 1 July 2017 and 31 March 2018 in the municipality of Isla Mayor (Seville, Spain). It took the form of a prospective cohort study (exposed population: swamp crayfish collectors; non-exposed population: general population). The population was invited to take part in a prevalence study to be conducted using the ELISA qualitative technique, and informed consent was obtained from those who agreed. Negative serology cases were then included in the cohort study. Both cohorts were monitored clinically and symptomatic cases were serology tested. A second serum sample was taken from the swamp crayfish collectors at the end of the monitoring period to detect asymptomatic cases. Serovars were confirmed by microscopic agglutination testing. A bivariate descriptive analysis was carried out and cumulative incidence and relative risk were calculated, with positive serology being taken as the dependent variable. RESULTS A total of 278 people were included in the study, of whom 92 made up the swamp crayfish collectors cohort and 186 the general population cohort. Women made up 46.8% of the sample, but only 29.3% of the collectors cohort. The mean age was 45.1 (±16.4) years. Nine cases of seroconversion were detected: eight among swamp crayfish collectors and one in the general population. Overall cumulative incidence was therefore 3.2%: 8.7% in the exposed group and 0.5% in the non-exposed group. Relative risk was 16.2% (95% confidence interval: 2.1-127.4). The total cost of medical assistance and illness-related losses associated with leptospirosis was 1568€/case. CONCLUSIONS Leptospirosis in Isla Mayor is strongly associated with red swamp crayfish collecting. It's incidence here is much higher than that reported in studies published in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Gómez-Martín
- Unidad de Protección de la Salud, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Centro de Salud Ciudad Expo, Mairena del Aljarafe (Sevilla), España
| | - Luis Miguel Rodríguez-Benjumeda
- Unidad de Prevención, Promoción y Vigilancia de la Salud, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Centro de Salud Ciudad Expo, Mairena del Aljarafe (Sevilla), España
| | - María Carmen de Eguilior-Mestre
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Coria del Río, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Centro de Salud Blas Infante, Coria del Río (Sevilla), España
| | - María Carmen Lozano-Domínguez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología Clínica y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, España
| | - Rafael Luque-Márquez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología Clínica y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, España
| | - Francisco Jódar-Sánchez
- Departamento de Economía Aplicada (Estadística y Econometría), Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Javier Aznar-Martín
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología Clínica y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, España; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Sevilla, IBIS (Universidad de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Junta de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Sevilla, España; Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | | | - Luis Gabriel Luque-Romero
- Unidad de Investigación, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte, Servicio Andaluz de Salud, Sevilla, España; Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España.
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Eves C, Kjelsø C, Benedetti G, Jørgensen CS, Krogfelt KA. Trends in human leptospirosis in Denmark, 2012-2021. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1079946. [PMID: 36860988 PMCID: PMC9968856 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1079946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection that can cause influenza-like symptoms and severe disease. In Denmark, leptospirosis is rare, non-endemic, and most commonly transferred to humans from mice and rats. Cases of human leptospirosis in Denmark are by law notifiable to Statens Serum Institut. This study aimed to describe trends in incidence of leptospirosis in Denmark from 2012 to 2021. Descriptive analyses were used to calculate the incidence, geographical distribution and possible routes of infection, as well as testing capacity and serological trends. The overall incidence rate was 0.23 per 100,000 inhabitants, with the highest annual incidence of 24 cases in 2017. Men between 40-49 years old were the demographic group most commonly diagnosed with leptospirosis. August and September were the months with highest incidence over the entire study period. The most common serovar observed was Icterohaemorrhagiae, although over a third of cases were diagnosed via polymerase chain reaction alone. The most common sources of exposure reported were travel abroad, farming, and recreational contact with fresh water, the latter being a new exposure compared to previous studies. Overall, a One Health approach would ensure better detection of outbreaks and milder disease. Additionally, preventative measures should be expanded to include recreational water sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Eves
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Caroline Eves,
| | - Charlotte Kjelsø
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guido Benedetti
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Science and Environment, PandemiX Center, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Harran E, Pinot A, Kodjo A, Djelouadji Z, Le Gudayer M, Sionfoungo Daouda S, Groud K, Lattard V, Ayral F. Identification of Pathogenic Leptospira kirschneri Serogroup Grippotyphosa in Water Voles ( Arvicola terrestris) from Ruminant Pastures in Puy-de-Dôme, Central France. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020260. [PMID: 36839532 PMCID: PMC9965961 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents are the primary reservoirs for pathogenic Leptospira species, which cause leptospirosis. Among the key potential carriers are water voles, whose population outbreaks can consequently pose a major threat to human and animal health. We studied the prevalence, prominence, and epidemiology of pathogenic Leptospira species in water voles in central France. First, 46 voles were captured, and DNA was extracted from kidney, lung, liver, blood, and urine and tested for the presence of Leptospira using three molecular methods: PCR, O-antigen typing, and variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing. We also attempted to culture leptospires from kidney and urine samples. In addition, we investigated leptospiral antibodies in serum samples from 60 sheep using microscopic agglutination testing. These animals co-occurred with the voles, so we sought to assess their degree of exposure and involvement in pathogen dynamics. The overall prevalence of infection was 76.1% (CI95% [61.2%, 87.4%]). The only strain found was L. kirschneri serogroup Grippotyphosa and a similar VNTR profile was acquired. Leptospires were successfully cultured from kidney and urine samples for four voles. Three sheep had low antibody titers against the Leptospira serogroup Grippotyphosa. Taken together, our results suggest the exclusive carriage of L. kirschneri serogroup Grippotyphosa among water voles in central France. Nevertheless, their ability to act as reservoir hosts that transmit the pathogen to co-occurring livestock remains unclear and merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Harran
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
- Correspondence:
| | - Adrien Pinot
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Angeli Kodjo
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Zouheira Djelouadji
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Marine Le Gudayer
- Laboratoire des Leptospires et d’Analyses Vétérinaires, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | | | - Karine Groud
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Virginie Lattard
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Florence Ayral
- USC 1233-RS2GP, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
- Laboratoire des Leptospires et d’Analyses Vétérinaires, VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L’Etoile, France
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Adepoju OA, Afinowi OA, Tauheed AM, Danazumi AU, Dibba LBS, Balogun JB, Flore G, Saidu U, Ibrahim B, Balogun OO, Balogun EO. Multisectoral Perspectives on Global Warming and Vector-borne Diseases: a Focus on Southern Europe. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2023; 10:47-70. [PMID: 36742193 PMCID: PMC9883833 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-023-00283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The climate change (CC) or global warming (GW) modifies environment that favors vectors' abundance, growth, and reproduction, and consequently, the rate of development of pathogens within the vectors. This review highlights the threats of GW-induced vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in Southern Europe (SE) and the need for mitigation efforts to prevent potential global health catastrophe. Recent Findings Reports showed astronomical surges in the incidences of CC-induced VBDs in the SE. The recently (2022) reported first cases of African swine fever in Northern Italy and West Nile fever in SE are linked to the CC-modified environmental conditions that support vectors and pathogens' growth and development, and disease transmission. Summary VBDs endemic to the tropics are increasingly becoming a major health challenge in the SE, a temperate region, due to the favorable environmental conditions caused by CC/GW that support vectors and pathogens' biology in the previously non-endemic temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafemi A. Adepoju
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
| | | | - Abdullah M. Tauheed
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
| | - Ammar U. Danazumi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lamin B. S. Dibba
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, University of the Gambia, Serrekunda, The Gambia
| | - Joshua B. Balogun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State Dutse, Nigeria
| | - Gouegni Flore
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
| | - Umar Saidu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
| | - Bashiru Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
| | - Olukunmi O. Balogun
- Department of Health Policy, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuel O. Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2222 Kaduna State Nigeria
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Comia IR, Miambo RD, Noormahomed EV, Mahoche M, Pondja A, Schooley RT, Benson C, Sacarlal J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of Leptospirosis in HIV uninfected and in people living with HIV from the Southern African Development Community. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010823. [PMID: 36508469 PMCID: PMC9744292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an occupational, neglected febrile disease of bacterial origin transmitted between humans and animals. In this manuscript we summarize available data on Leptospira infection in HIV uninfected and in people living with HIV from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries, identifying gaps in knowledge and recommend future research priorities. METHODOLOGY Articles published between 1990 and 2021 were accessed by an online search of Google Scholar and Medline/PubMed performed between February 2020 and July 2022. The STATA program was used for the Meta-analysis. Pooled prevalence values with 95% confidence intervals and heterogeneity were determined. RESULTS Thirty studies from eight SADC countries, reporting the prevalence on Leptospira were reviewed. A pooled prevalence of 19% (CI: 13-25%), a heterogeneity level of 96% and index score ranging from 2 to 9 was determined. Only four (4) studies reported HIV co-infection status. Three species of Leptospira (Leptospira interrogans (4), L. kirschneri (3), Leptospira borgpetersenii (1) and 23 serogroups were identified. The most frequently reported serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae (13), Grippotyphosa and Australis (10) followed by Sejroe (8). CONCLUSION Studies on human leptospirosis in the SADC region are scarce, especially in people living with HIV. Additional studies aimed at determining the prevalence and the role of the pathogen in people living with HIV, including detailed clinical, molecular and demographic data are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isac Rodrigues Comia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Regina Daniel Miambo
- Department of Para-Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- * E-mail:
| | - Emília Virgínia Noormahomed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Manuel Mahoche
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lúrio University, Nampula, Mozambique
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Alberto Pondja
- Department of Para-Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Robert Turner Schooley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Constance Benson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Mozambique Institute for Health Education and Research (MIHER), Maputo, Mozambique
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Ashaiba A, Arun AB, Prasad KS, Tellis RC. Leptospiral sphingomyelinase Sph2 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of leptospirosis. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 203:106621. [PMID: 36375539 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an underestimated infectious tropical disease caused by the spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. Leptospirosis is grossly underdiagnosed due to its myriad symptoms, varying from mild febrile illness to severe haemorrhage. Laboratory tests for leptospirosis is an extremely important and potent way for disease diagnosis, as the clinical manifestations are very similar to other febrile diseases. Currently available diagnostic techniques are time-consuming, require expertise and sophisticated instruments, and cannot identify the disease at an early phase of infection. Early diagnosis of leptospirosis is the need of the hour while considering the severe complications after the infection and the rate of mortality after misdiagnosis. Secretion of Leptospira-specific sphingomyelinases in leptospirosis patient's urine within a few days of the onset of infection is quite common and is a virulence factor present only in pathogenic Leptospira species. Herein, the structural and functional importance of leptospiral sphingomyelinase Sph2 in leptospirosis pathogenesis, as well as the potential of screening urinary Sph2 for diagnosis and the scope for developing a rapid and easily affordable point-of-care test for urinary leptospiral sphingomyelinase Sph2 as an alternative to current diagnostic methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ashaiba
- Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - A B Arun
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India
| | - K Sudhakara Prasad
- Nano Materials Research Laboratory, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India; Centre for Nutrition Studies, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India.
| | - Rouchelle C Tellis
- Department of Microbiology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore 575 018, India.
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Tazerji SS, Nardini R, Safdar M, Shehata AA, Duarte PM. An Overview of Anthropogenic Actions as Drivers for Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:1376. [PMID: 36422627 PMCID: PMC9692567 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth and industrialization have led to a race for greater food and supply productivity. As a result, the occupation and population of forest areas, contact with wildlife and their respective parasites and vectors, the trafficking and consumption of wildlife, the pollution of water sources, and the accumulation of waste occur more frequently. Concurrently, the agricultural and livestock production for human consumption has accelerated, often in a disorderly way, leading to the deforestation of areas that are essential for the planet's climatic and ecological balance. The effects of human actions on other ecosystems such as the marine ecosystem cause equally serious damage, such as the pollution of this habitat, and the reduction of the supply of fish and other animals, causing the coastal population to move to the continent. The sum of these factors leads to an increase in the demands such as housing, basic sanitation, and medical assistance, making these populations underserved and vulnerable to the effects of global warming and to the emergence of emerging and re-emerging diseases. In this article, we discuss the anthropic actions such as climate changes, urbanization, deforestation, the trafficking and eating of wild animals, as well as unsustainable agricultural intensification which are drivers for emerging and re-emerging of zoonotic pathogens such as viral (Ebola virus, hantaviruses, Hendravirus, Nipah virus, rabies, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease-2), bacterial (leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis, and tuberculosis), parasitic (leishmaniasis) and fungal pathogens, which pose a substantial threat to the global community. Finally, we shed light on the urgent demand for the implementation of the One Health concept as a collaborative global approach to raise awareness and educate people about the science behind and the battle against zoonotic pathogens to mitigate the threat for both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Salajegheh Tazerji
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran P.O. Box. 1477893855, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elites Club Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University; Tehran P.O. Box. 1477893855, Iran
| | - Roberto Nardini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Muhammad Safdar
- Department of Breeding and Genetics, Cholistan University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany
- Prophy-Institute for Applied Prophylaxis, 59159 Bönen, Germany
| | - Phelipe Magalhães Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Bioscience, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil
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Soares RR, da Costa Barnabé NN, Júnior JPA, Malossi CD, Ullmann LS, da Costa DF, Rodrigues Silva MLC, dos Santos Higino SS, de Azevedo SS, Alves CJ. Investigation of the Presence of Leptospira interrogans in Urinary and Genital Tracts of Male Goats Raised in the Semiarid Region of Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clemente BM, Pineda-Cortel MR, Villaflores O. Evaluating immunochromatographic test kits for diagnosis of acute human leptospirosis: A systematic review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Diaz EA, Luna L, Burgos-Mayorga A, Donoso G, Guzman DA, Baquero MI, Pearson T, Barragan VA. First detection of Leptospira santarosai in the reproductive track of a boar: A potential threat to swine production and public health. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274362. [PMID: 36129918 PMCID: PMC9491572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis causes significant economic losses and is an occupational risk in the swine industry, especially in developing tropical regions where social and geoclimatic conditions are favorable for the transmission of this disease. Although vaccination can reduce infection risk, efficacy is diminished if local genetic and antigenic variants of the pathogen are not accounted for in the vaccine. Identifying and characterizing strains hosts, and potential mechanisms of transmission is therefore critical for public health mitigation practices. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our study was conducted on a rural breeding farm in Ecuador, where we used a PCR assay that targets lipL32 to detect Leptospira spp. and targeted gene sequencing to identify Leptospira santarosai in the kidneys, testicles, and ejaculate of a vaccinated boar. MAT results showed low titers against serovars found in the vaccine, but the MAT panel did not include serovars of L. santarosai. The boar showed no symptoms of leptospirosis but did show blood in the semen. However, no postmortem histopathological lesions were observed tissue samples. Vaccinated sows that were artificially inseminated with the semen from this boar had reproductive problems, suggesting that transmission had occurred. This is the first documented case of Leptospira santarosai in the reproductive tract of a boar. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE As L. santarosai is pathogenic in other livestock species and humans, our finding highlights the need to evaluate the prevalence and epidemiological significance of this pathogen in livestock and consider the possibility of venereal transmission. In addition, further studies are needed to identify and characterize local serovars that may impact diagnosis and vaccination programs to better control leptospirosis in livestock and spillover into the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. Diaz
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical, Laboratorio de Salud Animal, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ligia Luna
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Burgos-Mayorga
- Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Medicina Veterinaria, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Gustavo Donoso
- Hospital de Fauna Silvestre TUERI, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego A. Guzman
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María Ines Baquero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Talima Pearson
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Veronica Alexandra Barragan
- Instituto de Microbiología, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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Azócar-Aedo L, Monti G. Seroprevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in domestic dogs from southern Chile and risk factors associated with different environments. Prev Vet Med 2022; 206:105707. [PMID: 35835048 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected and severe zoonotic bacterial disease that affects canine populations worldwide, and it is present in animals from different settings, such as urban and rural environments. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted on owned domestic dogs from urban and rural origins in southern Chile. The study aimed: 1) to estimate the true prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira in dogs from urban and rural environments in southern Chile, 2) to determine the serovars circulating in an endemic area of Chile, 3) to assess potential risk factors associated with seropositivity in dogs from urban and rural environments. Blood samples from 706 canines were collected, and the serum was tested with Micro-Agglutination-Test (MAT), using a panel of 13 serovars. A Bayesian approach was applied to estimate True prevalence (TP). In addition, dog owners answered a questionnaire that had prompts regarding dog characteristics and potential risk factors. The effect of these factors on the risk of being infected was analysed using a logistic regression model. The TP for urban dogs was 9.4% and 9.1% for rural animals. However, seroprevalence was higher in dogs with different individual, lifestyle, and habitat characteristics regarding their origin. For example, in urban animals, those living in places with rodents roaming near houses and dogs with rodent hunting habits had decreased risk for the seropositivity in MAT. On the other hand, in rural dogs, those of a recognized breed, with contact with cattle and sheep, living with more than one cat at home and living in places close to natural water sources have more risk to seropositivity in MAT. The presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies is widespread in pet dogs in urban and rural environments in southern Chile, and individual, lifestyle and habitat characteristics of the animals, according to the origin, are associated with the seropositivity in MAT. Therefore, the adoption of preventive measures is urgent, in addition to increase the awareness either in public health institutions, practitioners and companion animals' owners, considering the zoonotic potential of Leptospira infection and the close contact between people and their pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Azócar-Aedo
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, PO box 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Gustavo Monti
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, PO box 567, Valdivia, Chile.
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Loong SK, Abd-Majid MA, Teoh BT, Cheh MJ, Khor CS, Chao CC, Khoo JJ, AbuBakar S. Leptospirosis among Dengue-Negative Febrile Patients in Selangor, Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:397-400. [PMID: 35895409 PMCID: PMC9393432 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of leptospirosis cases, including the number of deaths, has exponentially increased in Malaysia. From June 2016 to February 2018, blood samples of 321 febrile patients with the presumptive diagnosis of dengue-like illness were examined for possible exposure to Leptospira. Two hundred fifty-five blood samples were tested as negative for dengue. Seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and IgM ELISA for leptospirosis were performed. From the samples, an overall prevalence for leptospirosis based on PCR of 4.7% (12/255) was obtained. Eighteen percent (46/255) were positive for anti-Leptospira IgM antibodies. The genome sequences of six of 12 Leptospira PCR-positive samples showed > 97.0% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. One patient's sample consisted of Leptospira and chikungunya virus, suggesting a coinfection. Findings from the study suggest that leptospirosis is prevalent among dengue-negative febrile patients in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Keng Loong
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Azlan Abd-Majid
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon Teong Teoh
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mi Jing Cheh
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee Sieng Khor
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chien Chung Chao
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jing Jing Khoo
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Surdel MC, Hahn BL, Anderson PN, Coburn J. Heterologous production of the adhesin LIC13411 from pathogenic Leptospira facilitates binding of non-pathogenic Leptospira in vitro and in vivo. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:917963. [PMID: 35937702 PMCID: PMC9354625 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.917963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Disease severity ranges from asymptomatic colonization to widespread hemorrhage and multiorgan dysfunction. The causative agents, Leptospira spp., are zoonotic Gram-negative spirochetes. One important step in pathogenesis is binding of bacterial adhesins to host components. Previously our laboratory identified two L. interrogans candidate adhesins, LIC11574 and LIC13411, that bind to VE-cadherin in vitro. In the current study, we demonstrate the ability of two strains of pathogenic L. interrogans to disrupt the localization of VE-cadherin, a protein important to maintaining inter-endothelial junctions. Purified MBP-LIC11574 and MBP-LIC13411 bind human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in a pattern reminiscent of VE-cadherin, but do not disrupt VE-cadherin localization. Genes encoding the candidate adhesins from pathogenic Leptospira were cloned in an overexpression vector and introduced into non-pathogenic L. biflexa, creating gain-of-function strains producing LIC11574 or LIC13411. Protein production and localization to the outer membrane were confirmed by Triton X-114 fractionation. Although these strains do not disrupt VE-cadherin localization, production of LIC13411 increases binding of non-pathogenic Leptospira to human endothelial cells and specifically to VE-cadherin. In a short-term murine model of infection, LIC13411 production led to increased burdens of the non-pathogen in the lung, liver, kidney, and bladder. These data confirm the role of LIC13411 as an adhesin in Leptospira spp. and implicate it in dissemination to multiple organs. Importantly, anti-adhesin therapy has been shown to have many benefits over classical antibiotics. Taken together, this work provides novel insight into the pathogenesis of Leptospira spp. and identifies LIC13411 as a potential prophylactic and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Surdel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Beth L. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Phillip N. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jenifer Coburn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Jenifer Coburn,
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Taylor C, O'Neill DG, Catchpole B, Brodbelt DC. Leptospirosis vaccination in dogs attending UK primary care practices: vaccine uptake and factors associated with administration. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:285. [PMID: 35864518 PMCID: PMC9303131 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is found globally and affects most mammalian species. Vaccination of dogs against leptospirosis is an important approach to preventing clinical disease, or reducing disease severity, as well as reducing transmission of the infection to humans. Although it is generally considered to be a ‘core’ vaccine, there is limited information on the level of leptospirosis vaccine usage and factors associated with its usage in dogs in the UK. The study aimed to report the uptake of leptospirosis vaccination and factors associated with its usage in a cohort of dogs under primary veterinary care during a 12-month period. Results From a population of 905,543 dogs, 49% (95%CI 48.9–49.1%) had at least one leptospirosis vaccine administered during the 12 months of study. Adult dogs had reduced odds of receiving a leptospirosis vaccine when compared to dogs < 1 year old, with dogs > 8 years old having a greater than ten-fold reduction in odds (OR = 0.08, 95%CI 0.07–0.09). Odds of receiving a leptospirosis vaccine was increased in insured dogs when compared to uninsured dogs (OR = 1.22, 95%CI = 1.17–1.28). Neutered dogs had reduced odds of receiving a leptospirosis vaccine (OR = 0.87, 95%CI 0.83–0.91). Breed associations with receiving a leptospirosis vaccine varied. Several breeds were associated with increased odds of receiving a leptospirosis vaccine when compared to crossbreed dogs, including Border Terriers (OR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.42–1.57), Golden Retrievers (OR = 1.30, 95%CI = 1.24–1.37), Cocker Spaniels (OR = 1.27, 95%CI 1.23–1.31) and West Highland White Terriers (OR = 1.27, 95%CI 1.22–1.31). French Bulldogs (OR = 0.64, 95%CI = 0.62–0.67), Staffordshire Bull Terriers (OR = 0.79, 95%CI 0.78–0.82) and Pugs (OR = 0.91, 95%CI =0.88–0.95) had significantly reduced odds of receiving a leptospirosis vaccination during the study. Conclusion This work identified that almost half of the UK primary care attending population received a leptospirosis vaccine during the year. Several demographic variables were associated with leptospirosis vaccine administration, with age being particularly important. Both the proportion of uptake and factors associated with leptospirosis vaccine usage can be used as a benchmark for comparisons in the future. Additionally, an understanding of which populations have reduced odds of receiving a leptospirosis vaccine can potentially be used for initiatives to encourage owner vaccination uptake in these groups. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03382-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collette Taylor
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Brian Catchpole
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, AL9 7TA, UK
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Surdel MC, Anderson PN, Hahn BL, Coburn J. Hematogenous dissemination of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Leptospira in a short-term murine model of infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:917962. [PMID: 35923802 PMCID: PMC9339599 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.917962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Because rodents are natural hosts of Leptospira, rodent models of pathogenesis have been limited, but are valuable to understand infection in reservoir animals even in the absence of disease. Mouse models of infection provide advantages due to genetic tractability, so developing murine models of Leptospira infection is crucial for further understanding the biology of this organism. Previously our laboratory developed a short-term murine model of Borrelia burgdorferi hematogenous dissemination to investigate the role of adhesion proteins on bacterial survival and dissemination within a host. Here we adapt this model to Leptospira. C3H/HeJ mice are anesthetized, inoculated intravenously, and then bacteria are allowed to circulate for up to twenty-four hours. Mice are euthanized, perfused with saline, and tissues are harvested for culture and DNA purification. Bacterial burdens are determined by quantitative PCR. Reproducible burdens of bacteria were found in tissues upon inoculation with pathogens and non-pathogens, demonstrating the utility of this model to probe different Leptospira species and strains. Pathogenic L. interrogans has a significantly higher burden in blood, liver, kidney, and bladder at one-hour post-inoculation when compared to non-pathogenic L. biflexa. Colonization of the kidney is essential to the life cycle of pathogenic Leptospira in nature. Measurable burdens of non-pathogenic L. biflexa were found in numerous organs and live leptospires were recovered from blood samples for at least three hours post-inoculation, contrary to the previous belief that non-pathogenic leptospires are rapidly cleared. This short-term murine model of Leptospira hematogenous dissemination will allow for the interrogation of virulence factors potentially important for tissue colonization and evasion of host defenses, and represents a novel animal model for investigating determinants of Leptospira infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Surdel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Phillip N. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Beth L. Hahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jenifer Coburn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Jenifer Coburn,
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Rees EM, Lau CL, Kama M, Reid S, Lowe R, Kucharski AJ. Estimating the duration of antibody positivity and likely time of Leptospira infection using data from a cross-sectional serological study in Fiji. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010506. [PMID: 35696427 PMCID: PMC9232128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease prevalent throughout the world, but with particularly high burden in Oceania (including the Pacific Island Countries and Territories). Leptospirosis is endemic in Fiji, with outbreaks often occurring following heavy rainfall and flooding. As a result of non-specific clinical manifestation and diagnostic challenges, cases are often misdiagnosed or under-ascertained. Furthermore, little is known about the duration of persistence of antibodies to leptospirosis, which has important clinical and epidemiological implications. Methodology and principal findings Using the results from a serosurvey conducted in Fiji in 2013, we fitted serocatalytic models to estimate the duration of antibody positivity and the force of infection (FOI, the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire infection or seroconversion), whilst accounting for seroreversion. Additionally, we estimated the most likely timing of infection. Using the reverse catalytic model, we estimated the duration of antibody persistence to be 8.33 years (4.76–12.50; assuming constant FOI) and 7.25 years (3.36–11.36; assuming time-varying FOI), which is longer than previous estimates. Using population age-structured seroprevalence data alone, we were not able to distinguish between these two models. However, by bringing in additional longitudinal data on antibody kinetics we were able to estimate the most likely time of infection, lending support to the time-varying FOI model. We found that most individuals who were antibody-positive in the 2013 serosurvey were likely to have been infected within the previous two years, and this finding is consistent with surveillance data showing high numbers of cases reported in 2012 and 2013. Conclusions This is the first study to use serocatalytic models to estimate the FOI and seroreversion rate for Leptospira infection. As well as providing an estimate for the duration of antibody positivity, we also present a novel method to estimate the most likely time of infection from seroprevalence data. These approaches can allow for richer, longitudinal information to be inferred from cross-sectional studies, and could be applied to other endemic diseases where antibody waning occurs. Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that occurs in almost all regions of the world, with a particularly high burden of disease in Oceania. It is widely considered to be a Neglected Zoonotic Disease, and it is often mis-diagnosed and under-ascertained. Very little information exists about the persistence of antibodies to leptospirosis, which is important for understanding how long individuals may have partial protection against reinfection. In this study, we show how data collected from a large population survey of leptospirosis antibodies can be used to estimate the duration of antibody persistence. Knowledge of the duration of antibody persistence enables an estimation of the duration of immunity to re-infection, which is most likely antibody-mediated. We also estimate the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire infection (force of infection), whilst accounting for antibody waning. This provides more accurate estimates of population-wide disease burden. Finally, we show how the results from a cross-sectional population survey can be used to estimate when infections may have occurred. This is particularly useful in areas with limited surveillance. This approach could be applied to other neglected diseases for which data are limited and where antibody waning occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor M. Rees
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Colleen L. Lau
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mike Kama
- Fiji Centre for Communicable Disease Control, Suva, Fiji
- The University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji
| | - Simon Reid
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Vibert M, Guimard T, Brochard J, Takoudju EM, Larrose C, Boutoille D, Le Turnier P. Leptospirosis in retirees living in rural areas: a poorly recognized emerging problem in mainland France? Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac269. [PMID: 35854997 PMCID: PMC9290540 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Among 40 patients diagnosed with leptospirosis in 3 hospitals of western mainland France between 2014 and 2018 half were at least 60 years old and retired. Their exposure factors were mainly rural residential environment with limited remarkable risk factors. Better awareness and information on leptospirosis appear necessary in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Guimard
- Post Emergency and Infectious Diseases department, La Roche sur Yon Hospital , La Roche sur Yon, France
| | - Julia Brochard
- Polyvalent Medicine department, Saint Nazaire Hospital , Saint Nazaire, France
| | - Eve-Marie Takoudju
- Microbiology department, La Roche sur Yon Hospital , La Roche sur Yon, France
| | - Catherine Larrose
- Medical biology department, Nantes University Hospital , Nantes, France
| | - David Boutoille
- Nantes University Hospital Infectious Diseases department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France and INSERM CIC 1413, , Nantes, France
| | - Paul Le Turnier
- Nantes University Hospital Infectious Diseases department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France and INSERM CIC 1413, , Nantes, France
- Infectious Diseases department, Cayenne Hospital , Cayenne, French Guiana
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Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009959. [PMID: 35584143 PMCID: PMC9154103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira bacteria, is a common zoonosis worldwide, especially in the tropics. Reservoir species and risk factors have been identified but surveys for environmental sources are rare. Furthermore, understanding of environmental Leptospira containing virulence associated genes and possibly capable of causing disease is incomplete, which may convolute leptospirosis diagnosis, prevention, and epidemiology.
Methodology/Principal findings
We collected environmental samples from 22 sites in Puerto Rico during three sampling periods over 14-months (Dec 2018-Feb 2020); 10 water and 10 soil samples were collected at each site. Samples were screened for DNA from potentially pathogenic Leptospira using the lipL32 PCR assay and positive samples were sequenced to assess genetic diversity. One urban site in San Juan was sampled three times over 14 months to assess persistence in soil; live leptospires were obtained during the last sampling period. Isolates were whole genome sequenced and LipL32 expression was assessed in vitro.
We detected pathogenic Leptospira DNA at 15/22 sites; both soil and water were positive at 5/15 sites. We recovered lipL32 sequences from 83/86 positive samples (15/15 positive sites) and secY sequences from 32/86 (10/15 sites); multiple genotypes were identified at 12 sites. These sequences revealed significant diversity across samples, including four novel lipL32 phylogenetic clades within the pathogenic P1 group. Most samples from the serially sampled site were lipL32 positive at each time point. We sequenced the genomes of six saprophytic and two pathogenic Leptospira isolates; the latter represent a novel pathogenic Leptospira species likely belonging to a new serogroup.
Conclusions/Significance
Diverse and novel pathogenic Leptospira are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico. The disease potential of these lineages is unknown but several were consistently detected for >1 year in soil, which could contaminate water. This work increases understanding of environmental Leptospira diversity and should improve leptospirosis surveillance and diagnostics.
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Characteristics of human leptospirosis in three different geographical and climatic zones of Vietnam: A hospital-based study. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 120:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Role of Diagnostics in Epidemiology, Management, Surveillance, and Control of Leptospirosis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040395. [PMID: 35456070 PMCID: PMC9032781 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A One Health approach to the epidemiology, management, surveillance, and control of leptospirosis relies on accessible and accurate diagnostics that can be applied to humans and companion animals and livestock. Diagnosis should be multifaceted and take into account exposure risk, clinical presentation, and multiple direct and/or indirect diagnostic approaches. Methods of direct detection of Leptospira spp. include culture, histopathology and immunostaining of tissues or clinical specimens, and nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). Indirect serologic methods to detect leptospiral antibodies include the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and lateral flow methods. Rapid diagnostics that can be applied at the point-of-care; NAAT and lateral flow serologic tests are essential for management of acute infection and control of outbreaks. Culture is essential to an understanding of regional knowledge of circulating strains, and we discuss recent improvements in methods for cultivation, genomic sequencing, and serotyping. We review the limitations of NAATs, MAT, and other diagnostic approaches in the context of our expanding understanding of the diversity of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Novel approaches are needed, such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based approaches to leptospiral nucleic acid detection.
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Macaluso G, Torina A, Blanda V, Guercio A, Lastra A, Giacchino I, D’Agostino R, Sciacca C, D’Incau M, Bertasio C, Grippi F. Leptospira in Slaughtered Fattening Pigs in Southern Italy: Serological Survey and Molecular Typing. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050585. [PMID: 35268152 PMCID: PMC8909543 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, serological and molecular assays in 55 pigs in Sicily were conducted in order to investigate Leptospira spp. prevalence and to carry out strain characterization. A seropositivity rate of 16.4% was determined; 3.64% of kidney samples tested positive for pathogenic Leptospiral DNA. Obtained data showed that Leptospira infection is common among pigs in southern Italy, confirming the importance of Leptospiral infection in pigs and reaffirming the potential role of these animals as a source of infection for humans (occupational risk) and other animals. Our study delivers a comprehensive overview based on up-to-date data to deepen the knowledge of swine leptospiral infections, characterize new potential emerging strains, and reinforce control measures able to reduce the infection risk in swine herds. Abstract Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonosis of worldwide significance; a wide spectrum of wild and domestic animal species act as natural or accidental hosts. Swine can act as maintenance or accidental hosts of pathogenic Leptospira spp. This study aimed at investigation of Leptospira spp. prevalence and diversity in slaughtered pigs in southern Italy (Sicily). In total, 55 samples of kidneys and blood were collected. Microscopic agglutination test and real-time PCR were performed to detect pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira. Partial rpoB gene sequencing and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were performed to characterize Leptospira species. The analysis showed a seropositivity rate of 16.4%, with Australis representing the most frequently identified serogroup (63.64%); Pomona and Sejroe were detected with a prevalence of 27.27% and 9.09%, respectively. Pathogenic Leptospiral DNA was detected in 2 kidney samples (3.64%). Leptospira were identified through MLST as L. borgpetersenii serovar Tarassovi (serogroup Tarassovi). Obtained data confirmed the presence of Leptospira infection among pigs in southern Italy, suggesting that management of these animals may be considered an occupational risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-09-1656-5235
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Antonio Lastra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Ilenia Giacchino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Rosalia D’Agostino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Carmela Sciacca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Mario D’Incau
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Leptospirosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Cristina Bertasio
- Centro di Referenza Nazionale per la Leptospirosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Francesca Grippi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (G.M.); (A.T.); (A.G.); (A.L.); (I.G.); (R.D.); (C.S.); (F.G.)
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Rapid diagnostic test (Leptocheck-WB) for detection of acute leptospirosis: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 41:631-640. [PMID: 35147814 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of leptospirosis is subclinical or mild self-limiting systemic illness. A rapid and accurate diagnostic test for the detection of leptospirosis is essential to prevent disease progression from acute non-severe illness to potentially fatal infection. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) recognized as point-of-care (PoC) tests may support clinical decision-making in resource-poor settings. We aimed to assess the accuracy of PoC (Leptocheck-WB) for the detection of acute leptospirosis by meta-analysis of data from eligible studies. This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Diagnostic Test Accuracy (PRISMA-DTA) guideline. The pooling of data was done only when there were two or more studies that used a particular type of reference test. A total of ten studies (n = 5369) were identified. The majority (70%) were from the Asian region. Using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) as reference test, the pooled sensitivity (0.75, 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.84, 10 studies, I2: 85.9%) and specificity (0.87, 95% CI: 0.77 to 0.94, 10 studies, I2: 97.37%) of Leptocheck-WB in the detection of leptospirosis were moderate. With the use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reference test, the pooled sensitivity 0.85 (95% CI: 0.79 to 0.9, 4 studies, I2: 27.49%) and specificity 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71 to 0.85, 4 studies, I2: 58.9%) of Leptocheck-WB were also moderate. Diagnostic odds ratio of Leptocheck-WB with MAT (21, 95% CI: 10-44) or with ELISA as reference test (21, 95% CI: 9-46) showed an acceptable level of accuracy. Meta-regression analysis showed methodological quality of studies (p: 0.06) and study design (p: 0.09) were potential factors that affected the accuracy of Leptocheck-WB test. Findings suggest that Leptocheck-WB has a moderate level of acceptance for detection of acute leptospirosis. Further confirmation with large-sampled, prospectively designed studies using the same samples for evaluating test accuracy is recommended.
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