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Sawant S, Nandi SS, Gohil T, Jadhav A, Samudra P, Arora M, Rudra U, Deshpande J. A multiplex SNaPshot assay for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism associated with clinical severity of enterovirus infections. Gene 2024; 926:148618. [PMID: 38821327 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Non-polio enterovirus infections are known to cause a variety of diseases and neurological complications. It is also known that the severity of these diseases largely differs among individuals with different genotypes and alleles. The Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) within specific genes have a considerable effect on the immune response to enteroviruses and on the outcome of disease, leading to variations in complications and infection susceptibility. Knowing the distribution of such SNPs can be valuable for individual case management and studying epidemiological parameters of enterovirus infections. In this feasibility study, a multiplex version of the primer extension-based technique called the SNaPshot Assay has been developed to examine SNPs in various relevant genes for predicting the clinical severity of enterovirus infections. It is already established that this technique is precise, consistent, scalable, and likely to exhibit high throughput. The multiplex SNaPshot can investigate multiple genetic susceptibility markers simultaneously, and the assay can be used to identify vulnerable populations, understand the epidemiology of infections, and manage the outbreaks of enteroviruses. Based on the literature, 15 SNPs were identified which are suspected for higher susceptibility to the worst outcomes after enterovirus infection and the assay was developed. Blood samples of 100 healthy volunteers were collected and tested for assay feasibility as well as to know the proportions of 15 selected SNPs. After the analysis, seven SNPs have been identified and suggested to be considered for future assays. Based on the pilot test results, it appears that positivity for any three out of the identified seven SNPs might indicate a higher risk, and future studies correlated with clinical studies among patients with and without severe diseases utilizing this assay will provide robust parameters to determine at-risk individuals more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sawant
- National Institute of Virology Mumbai Unit, Haffkine Institute Compound, AD Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Shyam Sundar Nandi
- National Institute of Virology Mumbai Unit, Haffkine Institute Compound, AD Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Trupti Gohil
- National Institute of Virology Mumbai Unit, Haffkine Institute Compound, AD Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Abhijeet Jadhav
- Scientist E, National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India.
| | - Prasanna Samudra
- National Institute of Virology Mumbai Unit, Haffkine Institute Compound, AD Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Meera Arora
- Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Hospital (Zonal) Byculla, Central Railway, Mumbai 400012, India.
| | - Ujjaini Rudra
- Dr. Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Rural Medical College, Loni 413736, India.
| | - Jagadish Deshpande
- National Institute of Virology Mumbai Unit, Haffkine Institute Compound, AD Marg, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
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Novazzi F, Piralla A, Perniciaro S, Genoni AP, Ferrante FD, Giardina F, Ferrari G, Pellegrinelli L, Clementi N, Pariani E, Zanoni I, Baldanti F, Agosti M, Mancini N. A new case of Echovirus 11 neonatal fulminant hepatitis involving male twins in a Northern Italy Tertiary University Hospital: Insight on a possible immunological clue. IJID REGIONS 2024; 12:100411. [PMID: 39220203 PMCID: PMC11363566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The European Center for Disease Prevention and Control has reported 19 cases of severe echovirus 11 infections in neonates since 2022, nine of which were fatal. We report a new fatal neonatal case that occurred in a male twin for which we evaluated the respiratory and intestinal mucosal innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Novazzi
- University of Insubria, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation Varese, Varese, Italy
- ASST Sette Laghi, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Microbiology and Virology Department, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Perniciaro
- Ospedale Filippo del Ponte Ostetricia e Ginecologia, Neonatology and NICU, Del Ponte Hospital, Varese, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Genoni
- University of Insubria, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation Varese, Varese, Italy
- ASST Sette Laghi, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Federica Giardina
- University of Pavia, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Ferrari
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Microbiology and Virology Department, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Pellegrinelli
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Pariani
- University of Milan, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard University, Boston Children's Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge, USA
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Microbiology and Virology Department, Pavia, Italy
- University of Pavia, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Agosti
- University of Insubria, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- University of Insubria, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation Varese, Varese, Italy
- ASST Sette Laghi, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Varese, Italy
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Lin X, Gan J, Sun Q, Li Z, Qin K, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Zhou J. The Structural Framework and Opening Appearance of the VP1-Pocket of Enteroviruses Correlated with Viral Thermostability. Pathogens 2024; 13:711. [PMID: 39204311 PMCID: PMC11357065 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs and RVs) are prevalent worldwide and cause various diseases in humans, of which the VP1-pocket is a target of antivirals, with a lipid molecule as a pocket factor to stabilize the virion. However, the characterization of the structure of the VP1-pocket in EVs is poor. Here, we compared the published capsid crystals of EVs and RVs and proposed a structural framework for the VP1-pocket: Frame 1-4, which is located at the CD loop, GH loop, and C-terminus, presenting with an outward opening appearance or not. The non-outward viral strains-CVB3, Echo 11, RV-A81, and RV-B70-are more thermally stable, with a breakpoint temperature (B.T.) of 51~62 °C for genome releasing, which is 4~10 °C higher than its outward temperature of 41~47 °C, and infectivity preservation when treated at 50 °C for 3 min. Its outward versus non-outward opening is correlated significantly with the B.T. for genome release (r = -0.90; p = 0.0004) and infectivity (r = -0.82, p = 0.0039). The energy of Frames 1, 2, and 4, including Van der Waals attractive and repulsive interactions and hydrogen bonds, showed significant correlations with the B.T. (r = -0.67, 0.75, and -0.8; p = 0.034, 0.013, and 0.006, respectively). These characters of the VP1-pocket could be predictors for virion thermostability and aid in the development of vaccines or antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (Q.S.); (Z.L.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianhong Gan
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (J.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qiang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (Q.S.); (Z.L.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zi Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (Q.S.); (Z.L.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Kun Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (Q.S.); (Z.L.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (Q.S.); (Z.L.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Cao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (J.G.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (Q.S.); (Z.L.); (K.Q.); (Y.Z.)
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Dong Y, Shao E, Li S, Wang R, Wang D, Wang L, Yang H, He Y, Luan T, Chen Y, Wang Y, Lin L, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Zhao W. Baicalein suppresses Coxsackievirus B3 replication by inhibiting caspase-1 and viral protease 2A. Virol Sin 2024; 39:685-693. [PMID: 39025463 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle and one of the primary causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. Group B coxsackievirus (CVB) is one of the leading causative pathogens of viral myocarditis, which primarily affects children and young adults. Due to the lack of vaccines, the development of antiviral medicines is crucial to controlling CVB infection and the progression of myocarditis. In this study, we investigated the antiviral effect of baicalein, a flavonoid extracted from Scutellaria baicaleinsis. Our results demonstrated that baicalein treatment significantly reduced cytopathic effect and increased cell viability in CVB3-infected cells. In addition, significant reductions in viral protein 3D, viral RNA, and viral particles were observed in CVB3-infected cells treated with baicalein. We found that baicalein exerted its inhibitory effect in the early stages of CVB3 infection. Baicalein also suppressed viral replication in the myocardium and effectively alleviated myocarditis induced by CVB3 infection. Our study revealed that baicalein exerts its antiviral effect by inhibiting the activity of caspase-1 and viral protease 2A. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that baicalein has antiviral activity against CVB3 infection and may serve as a potential therapeutic option for the myocarditis caused by enterovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Enze Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Siwei Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingxia He
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tian Luan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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Alzaydi M, Alosaimi A, Alghamdi AA, Bamogaddam IY, Altassan MA, Almazrua A, Althawadi S, Alghamdi SM. Changes in seasonal respiratory viral infections among pediatric population around the COVID-19 pandemic; 2019-2023. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:1589-1596. [PMID: 38814498 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to describe the prevalence and the fluctuations of respiratory viral infections among the pediatric population in a tertiary care center during 2019-2023, parallel with the COVID-19 pandemic, and the specific preventative measures applied in the region during this time. METHODS In this observational study, we extracted all respiratory virus PCR tests collected from pediatric patients (< 15 years old) between January 2019 and March 2023. Data on the positivity rate and prevalence of 18 respiratory viruses were presented over the study period. RESULTS The lowest rate for the studied respiratory viruses was observed in 2020/2021 (during the COVID-19 pandemic), followed by a gradual increase in positive cases in the 2021/2022 season. Timing (seasonality) was altered during 2022/2023 with an early circulation of respiratory viruses in May-June followed by an early start of the usual respiratory viruses' season in September, leading to prolonged respiratory virus activity. Most respiratory viruses were circulating at unprecedented levels during the 2022/2023 season, with rhinovirus/enterovirus being the most commonly detected virus in all seasons. Other viruses that had atypical activity after the COVID-19 pandemic were influenza A(H3) virus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza 3 virus. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the extended influence of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated community restriction measures on the timing and distribution of other respiratory viruses. Continuous monitoring of changes in the circulation of respiratory viruses is crucial for the success of related public health measures such as vaccination distributions and epidemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael Alzaydi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aeshah Alosaimi
- Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Atheer A Alghamdi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Israa Y Bamogaddam
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A Altassan
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Afnan Almazrua
- Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Althawadi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem M Alghamdi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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6
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Ji L, Zhao Q, Shen Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Ji L, Yang S, Zhang W. Identification and characterization of multiple novel picornaviruses in fecal samples of bar-headed goose. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1440801. [PMID: 39132136 PMCID: PMC11310119 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1440801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The bar-headed goose (Anser indicus), one of the most well-known high-altitude birds, is renowned for its adaptation to high-altitude environments. Previous studies have shown that they can be infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza; however, there is currently limited research on other viruses in bar-headed geese. Methods In this study, 10 fecal samples of healthy bar-headed geese were collected, and viral metagenomics method was conducted to identify novel picornaviruses. Results Seven novel picornaviruses were identified in the fecal samples of bar-headed geese. Most of these picornaviruses were genetically different from other currently known viruses in the NCBI dataset. Among them, PICV4 was determined to be a new species belonging to the Anativirus genus, PICV5 and PICV13 were classified as novel species belonging to the Hepatovirus genus, and the remaining four picornaviruses (PICV1, PICV19, PICV21, and PICV22) were identified as part of the Megrivirus A species of the Megrivirus genus. Recombinant analysis indicates that PICV21 was a potential recombinant, and the major and minor parents were PICV1 and PICV22, respectively. Conclusion The findings of this study increase our understanding of the diversity of picornaviruses in bar-headed geese and provide practical viral genome information for the prevention and treatment of potential viral diseases affecting this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shixing Yang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Das NK, Vogt J, Patel A, Banna HA, Koirala D. Structural basis for a highly conserved RNA-mediated enteroviral genome replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae627. [PMID: 39036953 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses contain conserved RNA structures at the extreme 5' end of their genomes that recruit essential proteins 3CD and PCBP2 to promote genome replication. However, the high-resolution structures and mechanisms of these replication-linked RNAs (REPLRs) are limited. Here, we determined the crystal structures of the coxsackievirus B3 and rhinoviruses B14 and C15 REPLRs at 1.54, 2.2 and 2.54 Å resolution, revealing a highly conserved H-type four-way junction fold with co-axially stacked sA-sD and sB-sC helices that are stabilized by a long-range A•C•U base-triple. Such conserved features observed in the crystal structures also allowed us to predict the models of several other enteroviral REPLRs using homology modeling, which generated models almost identical to the experimentally determined structures. Moreover, our structure-guided binding studies with recombinantly purified full-length human PCBP2 showed that two previously proposed binding sites, the sB-loop and 3' spacer, reside proximally and bind a single PCBP2. Additionally, the DNA oligos complementary to the 3' spacer, the high-affinity PCBP2 binding site, abrogated its interactions with enteroviral REPLRs, suggesting the critical roles of this single-stranded region in recruiting PCBP2 for enteroviral genome replication and illuminating the promising prospects of developing therapeutics against enteroviral infections targeting this replication platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naba Krishna Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Jeff Vogt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Alisha Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Hasan Al Banna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Deepak Koirala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Daniels MG, Werner ME, Li RT, Pascal SM. Exploration of Potential Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Targets in the Enterovirus Replication Element: Identification of Six Distinct 5' Cloverleaves. Viruses 2024; 16:1009. [PMID: 39066172 PMCID: PMC11281424 DOI: 10.3390/v16071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus genomic replication initiates at a predicted RNA cloverleaf (5'CL) at the 5' end of the RNA genome. The 5'CL contains one stem (SA) and three stem-loops (SLB, SLC, SLD). Here, we present an analysis of 5'CL conservation and divergence for 209 human health-related serotypes from the enterovirus genus, including enterovirus and rhinovirus species. Phylogenetic analysis indicates six distinct 5'CL serotypes that only partially correlate with the species definition. Additional findings include that 5'CL sequence conservation is higher between the EV species than between the RV species, the 5'CL of EVA and EVB are nearly identical, and RVC has the lowest 5'CL conservation. Regions of high conservation throughout all species include SA and the loop and nearby bases of SLB, which is consistent with known protein interactions at these sites. In addition to the known protein binding site for the Poly-C binding protein in the loop of SLB, other conserved consecutive cytosines in the stems of SLB and SLC provide additional potential interaction sites that have not yet been explored. Other sites of conservation, including the predicted bulge of SLD and other conserved stem, loop, and junction regions, are more difficult to explain and suggest additional interactions or structural requirements that are not yet fully understood. This more intricate understanding of sequence and structure conservation and variability in the 5'CL may assist in the development of broad-spectrum antivirals against a wide range of enteroviruses, while better defining the range of virus isotypes expected to be affected by a particular antiviral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan G. Daniels
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; (M.G.D.); (M.E.W.)
| | - Meagan E. Werner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; (M.G.D.); (M.E.W.)
| | - Rockwell T. Li
- Math and Science Academy, Ocean Lakes High School, Virginia Beach, VA 23454, USA;
| | - Steven M. Pascal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA; (M.G.D.); (M.E.W.)
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Manukyan H, Lal M, Zhu C, Singh O, Lin TL, Tritama E, Chumakov K, Lee SM, Laassri M. Application of MPBT Assay for Multiplex Determination of Infectious Titers and for Selection of the Optimal Formulation for the Trivalent Novel Oral Poliovirus Vaccine. Viruses 2024; 16:961. [PMID: 38932253 PMCID: PMC11209357 DOI: 10.3390/v16060961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, a multiplex PCR-based titration (MPBT) assay was developed for simultaneous determination of infectious titers of all three Sabin strains of the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to replace the conventional CCID50 assay, which is both time-consuming and laborious. The MPBT assay was shown to be reproducible, robust and sensitive. The conventional and MPBT assays showed similar results and sensitivity. The MPBT assay can be completed in two to three days, instead of ten days for the conventional assay. To prevent attenuated vaccine strains of poliovirus from reversion to virulence, a novel, genetically stable OPV (nOPV) was developed by modifying the genomes of conventional Sabin strains used in OPV. In this work, we evaluated the MPBT assay as a rapid screening tool to support trivalent nOPV (tnOPV) formulation development by simultaneous titration of the three nOPV strains to confirm stability as needed, for the selection of the lead tnOPV formulation candidate. We first assessed the ability of the MPBT assay to discriminate a 0.5 log10 titer difference by titrating the two tnOPV samples (undiluted and threefold-diluted) on the same plate. Once the assay was shown to be discriminating, we then tested different formulations of tnOPV drug products (DPs) that were subjected to different exposure times at 37 °C (untreated group and treated groups: 2 and 7 days at 37 °C), and to three freeze and thaw (FT) cycles. Final confirmation of the down selected formulation candidates was achieved by performing the conventional CCID50 assay, comparing the stability of untreated and treated groups and FT stability testing on the top three candidates. The results showed that the MPBT assay generates similar titers as the conventional assay. By testing two trivalent samples in the same plate, the assay can differentiate a 0.5 log10 difference between the titers of the tested nOPV samples. Also, the assay was able to detect the gradual degradation of nOPV viruses with different formulation compositions and under different time/temperature conditions and freeze/thaw cycles. We found that there were three tnOPV formulations which met the stability criteria of less than 0.5 log10 loss after 2 days' exposure to 37 ℃ and after three FT cycles, maintaining the potency of all three serotypes in these formulations. The ability of the MPBT assay to titrate two tnOPV lots (six viruses) in the same plate makes it cheaper and gives it a higher throughput for rapid screening. The assay detected the gradual degradation of the tnOPV and was successful in the selection of optimal formulations for the tnOPV. The results demonstrated that the MPBT method can be used as a stability indicating assay to assess the thermal stability of the nOPV. It can be used for rapid virus titer determination during the vaccine manufacturing process, and in clinical trials. The MPBT assay can be automated and applied for other viruses, including those with no cytopathic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasmik Manukyan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (O.S.); (T.-L.L.)
| | - Manjari Lal
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, WA 98121, USA; (M.L.); (C.Z.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Changcheng Zhu
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, WA 98121, USA; (M.L.); (C.Z.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Olga Singh
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (O.S.); (T.-L.L.)
| | - Tsai-Lien Lin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (O.S.); (T.-L.L.)
| | - Erman Tritama
- Research and Development Division, PT Bio Farma, Bandung 40161, Indonesia;
| | - Konstantin Chumakov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (O.S.); (T.-L.L.)
| | - Shwu-Maan Lee
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), Seattle, WA 98121, USA; (M.L.); (C.Z.); (S.-M.L.)
| | - Majid Laassri
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (H.M.); (O.S.); (T.-L.L.)
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10
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Machado RS, Tavares FN, Sousa IP. Global landscape of coxsackieviruses in human health. Virus Res 2024; 344:199367. [PMID: 38561065 PMCID: PMC11002681 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses-induced infections, particularly in infants and young children, are one of the most important public health issues in low- and middle-income countries, where the surveillance system varies substantially, and these manifestations have been disregarded. They are widespread throughout the world and are responsible for a broad spectrum of human diseases, from mildly symptomatic conditions to severe acute and chronic disorders. Coxsackieviruses (CV) have been found to have 27 identified genotypes, with overlaps in clinical phenotypes between genotypes. In this review, we present a concise overview of the most recent studies and findings of coxsackieviruses-associated disorders, along with epidemiological data that provides comprehensive details on the distribution, variability, and clinical manifestations of different CV types. We also highlight the significant roles that CV infections play in the emergence of neurodegenerative illnesses and their effects on neurocognition. The current role of CVs in oncolytic virotherapy is also mentioned. This review provides readers with a better understanding of coxsackieviruses-associated disorders and pointing the impact that CV infections can have on different organs with variable pathogenicity. A deeper knowledge of these infections could have implications in designing current surveillance and prevention strategies related to severe CVs-caused infections, as well as encourage studies to identify the emergence of more pathogenic types and the etiology of the most common and most severe disorders associated with coxsackievirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiana S Machado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brasil; Laboratório de Referência Regional em Enteroviroses, Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Rodovia BR 316‑ KM 07, S/N Bairro Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA 67030000, Brasil
| | - Fernando N Tavares
- Laboratório de Referência Regional em Enteroviroses, Seção de Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Rodovia BR 316‑ KM 07, S/N Bairro Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA 67030000, Brasil
| | - Ivanildo P Sousa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia e Parasitologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brasil.
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11
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Barbieri F, Carlen V, Martina MG, Sannio F, Cancade S, Perini C, Restori M, Crespan E, Maga G, Docquier JD, Cagno V, Radi M. 4-Trifluoromethyl bithiazoles as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents for virus-related bacterial infections or co-infections. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1589-1600. [PMID: 38784463 PMCID: PMC11110737 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections involving a variety of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi are a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality globally, exacerbating various pre-existing respiratory and non-respiratory conditions. Moreover, the ability of bacteria and viruses to coexist might impact the development and severity of lung infections, promoting bacterial colonization and subsequent disease exacerbation. Secondary bacterial infections following viral infections represent a complex challenge to be overcome from a therapeutic point of view. We report herein our efforts in the development of new bithiazole derivatives showing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both viruses and bacteria. A series of 4-trifluoromethyl bithiazole analogues was synthesized and screened against selected viruses (hRVA16, EVD68, and ZIKV) and a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, two promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds (8a and 8j) have been identified: both compounds showed low micromolar activity against all tested viruses, 8a showed synergistic activity against E. coli and A. baumannii in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of colistin, while 8j showed a broader spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Activity against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates is also reported. Given the ever-increasing need to adequately address viral and bacterial infections or co-infections, this study paves the way for the development of new agents with broad antimicrobial properties and synergistic activity with common antivirals and antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Vincent Carlen
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Sacha Cancade
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Cecilia Perini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Margherita Restori
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
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12
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Alves Abrantes JJP, Veríssimo de Azevedo JC, Fernandes FL, Duarte Almeida V, Custódio De Oliveira LA, Ferreira de Oliveira MT, Galvão De Araújo JM, Lanza DCF, Bezerra FL, Andrade VS, Araújo de Medeiros Fernandes TA, Fernandes JV. Viruses as a potential environmental trigger of type 1 diabetes mellitus (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:81. [PMID: 38628629 PMCID: PMC11019645 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex multifactorial process that involves an intricate network of genetic, epigenetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Despite the advances in recent years, some aspects of the mechanisms involved in triggering the disease are still unclear. Infections with certain viruses have been suggested as possible environmental triggers for the autoimmune process that leads to selective and progressive destruction of pancreatic β-cells and insufficiency of insulin production, which is its hallmark. In this review, advances in knowledge and evidence that suggest the participation of certain viruses in the mechanisms of disease initiation and progression are described. It has been accepted that environmental factors, including viruses, can initiate and possibly sustain, accelerate, or slow down the autoimmune process and consequently damage insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Although the role of these agents, especially human enteroviruses, has been exhaustively studied as the most likely triggers of the activation of autoimmunity that destroys pancreatic islets and leads to T1DM, certain doubts remain. Clinical epidemiological and experimental studies in humans and animals provide consistent and increasing evidence that persistent viral infections, especially with human enteroviruses and rotavirus infections, are associated with an increased risk of the disease in individuals genetically predisposed to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Liberalino Fernandes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rio Grande do Norte State University, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59607-360, Brazil
| | - Valéria Duarte Almeida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rio Grande do Norte State University, Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte 59607-360, Brazil
| | | | | | - Josélio Maria Galvão De Araújo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Daniel Carlos Ferreira Lanza
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lima Bezerra
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Vania Sousa Andrade
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
| | | | - José Veríssimo Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59078-970, Brazil
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13
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Mogotsi MT, Ogunbayo AE, O’Neill HG, Nyaga MM. High Detection Frequency of Vaccine-Associated Polioviruses and Non-Polio Enteroviruses in the Stools of Asymptomatic Infants from the Free State Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2024; 12:920. [PMID: 38792747 PMCID: PMC11124149 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infections are widespread and associated with a range of clinical conditions, from encephalitis to meningitis, gastroenteritis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Knowledge about the circulation of EVs in neonatal age and early infancy is scarce, especially in Africa. This study aimed to unveil the frequency and diversity of EVs circulating in apparently healthy newborns from the Free State Province, South Africa (SA). For this purpose, longitudinally collected faecal specimens (May 2021-February 2022) from a cohort of 17 asymptomatic infants were analysed using metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Overall, seven different non-polio EV (NPEV) subtypes belonging to EV-B and EV-C species were identified, while viruses classified under EV-A and EV-D species could not be characterised at the sub-species level. Additionally, under EV-C species, two vaccine-related poliovirus subtypes (PV1 and PV3) were identified. The most prevalent NPEV species was EV-B (16/17, 94.1%), followed by EV-A (3/17, 17.6%), and EV-D (4/17, 23.5%). Within EV-B, the commonly identified NPEV types included echoviruses 6, 13, 15, and 19 (E6, E13, E15, and E19), and coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2), whereas enterovirus C99 (EV-C99) and coxsackievirus A19 (CVA19) were the only two NPEVs identified under EV-C species. Sabin PV1 and PV3 strains were predominantly detected during the first week of birth and 6-8 week time points, respectively, corresponding with the OPV vaccination schedule in South Africa. A total of 11 complete/near-complete genomes were identified from seven NPEV subtypes, and phylogenetic analysis of the three EV-C99 identified revealed that our strains were closely related to other strains from Cameroon and Brazil, suggesting global distribution of these strains. This study provides an insight into the frequency and diversity of EVs circulating in asymptomatic infants from the Free State Province, with the predominance of subtypes from EV-B and EV-C species. This data will be helpful to researchers looking into strategies for the control and treatment of EV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton T. Mogotsi
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (M.T.M.); (A.E.O.)
| | - Ayodeji E. Ogunbayo
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (M.T.M.); (A.E.O.)
| | - Hester G. O’Neill
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;
| | - Martin M. Nyaga
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit and Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (M.T.M.); (A.E.O.)
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14
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Xu C, Wang M, Cheng A, Yang Q, Huang J, Ou X, Sun D, He Y, Wu Z, Wu Y, Zhang S, Tian B, Zhao X, Liu M, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S. Multiple functions of the nonstructural protein 3D in picornavirus infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365521. [PMID: 38629064 PMCID: PMC11018997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
3D polymerase, also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is encoded by all known picornaviruses, and their structures are highly conserved. In the process of picornavirus replication, 3D polymerase facilitates the assembly of replication complexes and directly catalyzes the synthesis of viral RNA. The nuclear localization signal carried by picornavirus 3D polymerase, combined with its ability to interact with other viral proteins, viral RNA and cellular proteins, indicate that its noncatalytic role is equally important in viral infections. Recent studies have shown that 3D polymerase has multiple effects on host cell biological functions, including inducing cell cycle arrest, regulating host cell translation, inducing autophagy, evading immune responses, and triggering inflammasome formation. Thus, 3D polymerase would be a very valuable target for the development of antiviral therapies. This review summarizes current studies on the structure of 3D polymerase and its regulation of host cell responses, thereby improving the understanding of picornavirus-mediated pathogenesis caused by 3D polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu He
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Yin C, Zhao H, Xia X, Pan Z, Li D, Zhang L. Picornavirus 2C proteins: structure-function relationships and interactions with host factors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1347615. [PMID: 38465233 PMCID: PMC10921941 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1347615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses, which are positive-stranded, non-enveloped RNA viruses, are known to infect people and animals with a broad spectrum of diseases. Among the nonstructural proteins in picornaviruses, 2C proteins are highly conserved and exhibit multiple structural domains, including amphipathic α-helices, an ATPase structural domain, and a zinc finger structural domain. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the functional structures of picornaviruses' 2C protein. We summarize the mechanisms by which the 2C protein enhances viral replication. 2C protein interacts with various host factors to form the replication complex, ultimately promoting viral replication. We review the mechanisms through which picornaviruses' 2C proteins interact with the NF-κB, RIG-I, MDA5, NOD2, and IFN pathways, contributing to the evasion of the antiviral innate immune response. Additionally, we provide an overview of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs for treating various enterovirus infections, such as guanidine hydrochloride, fluoxetine, and dibucaine derivatives. These drugs may exert their inhibitory effects on viral infections by targeting interactions with 2C proteins. The review underscores the need for further research to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action of 2C proteins and to identify additional host factors for potential therapeutic intervention. Overall, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of picornaviruses and offers insights into the antiviral strategies against these significant viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haomiao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyi Xia
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengyang Pan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Daoqun Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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16
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Yarlagadda T, Zhu Y, Snape N, Carey A, Bryan E, Maresco-Pennisi D, Coleman A, Cervin A, Spann K. Lactobacillus rhamnosus dampens cytokine and chemokine secretion from primary human nasal epithelial cells infected with rhinovirus. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae018. [PMID: 38268489 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on viral replication and cellular response to human rhinovirus (HRV) infection, including the secretion of antiviral and inflammatory mediators from well-differentiated nasal epithelial cells (WD-NECs). METHODS AND RESULTS The WD-NECs from healthy adult donors (N = 6) were cultured in vitro, exposed to different strains of L. rhamnosus (D3189, D3160, or LB21), and infected with HRV (RV-A16) after 24 h. Survival and adherence capacity of L. rhamnosus in a NEC environment were confirmed using CFSE-labelled isolates, immunofluorescent staining, and confocal microscopy. Shed virus and viral replication were quantified using TCID50 assays and RT-qPCR, respectively. Cytotoxicity was measured by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Pro-inflammatory mediators were measured by multiplex immunoassay, and interferon (IFN)-λ1/3 was measured using a standard ELISA kit. Lactobacillus rhamnosus was able to adhere to and colonize WD-NECs prior to the RV-A16 infection. Lactobacillus rhamnosus did not affect shed RV-A16, viral replication, RV-A16-induced IFN-λ1/3 production, or LDH release. Pre-exposure to L. rhamnosus, particularly D3189, reduced the secretion of RV-A16-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by WD-NECs. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that L. rhamnosus differentially modulates RV-A16-induced innate inflammatory immune responses in primary NECs from healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejasri Yarlagadda
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Yanshan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Natale Snape
- University of Queensland Frazer Institute, Woolloongabba 4102, Australia
| | - Alison Carey
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Emily Bryan
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Diane Maresco-Pennisi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Andrea Coleman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Anders Cervin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston 4006, Australia
| | - Kirsten Spann
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000, Australia
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17
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Lyu R, Wu J, He Y, You Q, Qian Y, Jiang N, Cai Y, Chen D, Wu Z. Folate supports IL-25-induced tuft cell expansion following enteroviral infections. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23430. [PMID: 38243751 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301928r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal tuft cells, a kind of epithelial immune cells, rapidly expand in response to pathogenic infections, which is associated with infection-induced interleukin 25 (IL-25) upregulation. However, the metabolic mechanism of IL-25-induced tuft cell expansion is largely unknown. Folate metabolism provides essential purine and methyl substrates for cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, we aim to investigate the roles of folate metabolism playing in IL-25-induced tuft cell expansion by enteroviral infection and recombinant murine IL-25 (rmIL-25) protein-stimulated mouse models. At present, enteroviruses, such as EV71, CVA16, CVB3, and CVB4, upregulated IL-25 expression and induced tuft cell expansion in the intestinal tissues of mice. However, EV71 did not induce intestinal tuft cell expansion in IL-25-/- mice. Interestingly, compared to the mock group, folate was enriched in the intestinal tissues of both the EV71-infected group and the rmIL-25 protein-stimulated group. Moreover, folate metabolism supported IL-25-induced tuft cell expansion since both folate-depletion and anti-folate MTX-treated mice had a disrupted tuft cell expansion in response to rmIL-25 protein stimulation. In summary, our data suggested that folate metabolism supported intestinal tuft cell expansion in response to enterovirus-induced IL-25 expression, which provided a new insight into the mechanisms of tuft cell expansion from the perspective of folate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruining Lyu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yating He
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiao You
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Qian
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yurong Cai
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Ivanova OE, Eremeeva TP, Morozova NS, Mikhailova YM, Kozlovskaya LI, Baikova OY, Shakaryan AK, Krasota AY, Korotkova EA, Yakovchuk EV, Shustova EY, Lukashev AN. Non-Polio Enteroviruses Isolated by Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance Laboratories in the Russian Federation in 1998-2021: Distinct Epidemiological Features of Types. Viruses 2024; 16:135. [PMID: 38257835 PMCID: PMC10819661 DOI: 10.3390/v16010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 100 types of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) are ubiquitous in the human population and cause a variety of symptoms ranging from very mild to meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). Much of the information regarding diverse pathogenic properties of NPEVs comes from the surveillance of poliovirus, which also yields NPEV. The analysis of 265 NPEV isolations from 10,433 AFP cases over 24 years of surveillance and more than 2500 NPEV findings in patients without severe neurological lesions suggests that types EV-A71, E13, and E25 were significantly associated with AFP. EV-A71 was also significantly more common among AFP patients who had fever at the onset and residual paralysis compared to all AFP cases. In addition, a significant disparity was noticed between types that were common in humans (CV-A2, CVA9, EV-A71, E9, and E30) or in sewage (CVA7, E3, E7, E11, E12, and E19). Therefore, there is significant evidence of non-polio viruses being implicated in severe neurological lesions, but further multicenter studies using uniform methodology are needed for a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E. Ivanova
- Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution “Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia (E.V.Y.); (E.Y.S.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Production of Immunobiological Preparations, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana P. Eremeeva
- Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution “Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia (E.V.Y.); (E.Y.S.)
| | - Nadezhda S. Morozova
- The Federal Budgetary Health Institution “Federal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology” of the Federal Office for Inspectorate in the Field of Customers and Human Well-Being Protection”(FBHI FCH&E), 117105 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia M. Mikhailova
- The Federal Budgetary Health Institution “Federal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology” of the Federal Office for Inspectorate in the Field of Customers and Human Well-Being Protection”(FBHI FCH&E), 117105 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov I. Kozlovskaya
- Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution “Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia (E.V.Y.); (E.Y.S.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Production of Immunobiological Preparations, Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Y. Baikova
- Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution “Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia (E.V.Y.); (E.Y.S.)
| | - Armen K. Shakaryan
- Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution “Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia (E.V.Y.); (E.Y.S.)
- Department of Childrenʹs Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Y. Krasota
- Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution “Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia (E.V.Y.); (E.Y.S.)
- Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Korotkova
- Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V. Yakovchuk
- Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution “Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia (E.V.Y.); (E.Y.S.)
| | - Elena Y. Shustova
- Federal State Autonomous Scientific Institution “Chumakov Federal Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (Institute of Poliomyelitis) (FSASI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia (E.V.Y.); (E.Y.S.)
| | - Alexander N. Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, 117246 Moscow, Russia
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19
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Ndiaye N, Kébé O, Diarra M, Thiaw FD, Dia M, Dia ND, Sall AA, Fall M, Faye O, Faye M. Non-polio enteroviruses circulation in acute flaccid paralysis cases and sewage in Senegal from 2013 to 2021. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 138:54-62. [PMID: 37995831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several factors can cause acute flaccid paralysis cases including non-polio enteroviruses. In Senegal, few studies on non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) have been performed. METHODS Our study assess the molecular epidemiology of non-polio enteroviruses in Senegal from 2013 to 2021 through the previously existing programs for surveillance of polioviruses. RESULTS A total of 3815 stool samples and 281 sewage samples were collected. After virus isolation by cell culture, non-polio enteroviruses-positive isolates were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Following this detection, the positive samples were subjected to molecular characterization. Our data showed that 15.22% and 52.66% were positive in cell culture for non-polio enteroviruses in acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and environmental surveillance, respectively. These non-polio enteroviruses-positive isolates were detected all year round but tend to unequal peaks of circulation, and the age group 0-5 years was more vulnerable to infection (84.4%). Genetic characterization revealed the circulation of enteroviruses species infecting humans (Enterovirus A - Enterovirus D): Enterovirus A (29.2%) and Enterovirus B (63.1%) isolates from both the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance and environmental surveillance while Enterovirus C (5.3%) and Enterovirus D (2.4%) were only isolated from the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. However, the highly prevalent Enterovirus B species from the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance included echovirus 7 and echovirus 13, whereas coxsackievirus A6 was the predominant species from the environmental surveillance. CONCLUSION This first 8-year period study of NPEV in Senegal showed that NPEV represent important viral etiologies associated with acute flaccid paralysis cases and circulating in environmental surveillance in Senegal and highlighted the need to promote effective long-term strategies for monitoring of non-polio enteroviruses infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndack Ndiaye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - Ousmane Kébé
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maryam Diarra
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Mohamed Dia
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - NDongo Dia
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Malick Fall
- Département de Biologie Animale, Faculté des sciences et techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Martin Faye
- Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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20
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Morvan C, Nekoua MP, Debuysschere C, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Antibody-dependent enhancement and neutralization against CVB4 investigated in vitro and in silico through an agent-based model. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29399. [PMID: 38235792 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The infection with coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) can be enhanced in vitro by antibodies directed against the viral capsid protein VP4. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of CVB4 infection leads to the production of interferon alpha (IFN-α). To investigate ADE of CVB4-induced production of IFN-α, an agent-based model was constructed with enhancing and neutralizing antibodies. The model recapitulates viral neutralization and ADE in silico. The enhancing and neutralizing activities of serum samples were evaluated in vitro to confront the model predictions with experimental results. Increasing the incubation time of CVB4 with serum samples improves virus neutralization in silico as well as in vitro. It also results in ADE at lower antibody numbers in silico, which is confirmed in vitro with IFN-α production at lower serum concentrations. Furthermore, incubation of CVB4 with serum at a low temperature does not induce IFN-α production in vitro. Thus, taken together our results suggest that enhancing antibodies bind cryptic epitopes, more accessible with longer incubation time and at higher temperature due to changes in capsid conformation, consistent with previous results indicating that enhancing antibodies are anti-VP4 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Morvan
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille et CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Cyril Debuysschere
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille et CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Univ Lille et CHU Lille, Lille, France
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21
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Ponomareva NV, Novikova NA. Neurotropic enteroviruses (Picornaviridae: Enterovirus): predominant types, basis of neurovirulence. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:479-487. [PMID: 38156564 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteroviruses are one of the most common causative agents of infectious diseases of the central nervous system. They are characterized by genetic variability, the ability to infect a wide range of cells, including brain microglial cells and astrocytes, and persist in the central nervous system tissue, causing delayed and chronic diseases. The review presents data on the basis of neurovirulence of non-polio enteroviruses and the most common pathogens causing enteroviral neuroinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Ponomareva
- Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Rospotrebnadzor
| | - N A Novikova
- Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Rospotrebnadzor
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22
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Brar B, Marwaha S, Minakshi P, Ikbal, Ranjan K, Misri J. A Rapid and Novel Multiplex PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Viruses Associated with Bovine Gastroenteritis. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:513-519. [PMID: 38031618 PMCID: PMC10682325 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrheal virus (BVDV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are prevalent viral infections in buffalo calves that result in significant economic losses globally. However, Bovine picobirnavirus (BPBV) Group I and II has been an emerging causes of gastrointestinal infection as has been detected with mixed of BVDV as well as BCV. To combat economic losses and viral infection, a rapid and innovative multiplex-PCR assay (M-PCR) was developed to simultaneously identify BVDV, BCV, and BPBV. The assay employed three primer pairs, each specific to a particular virus. Notably, the primers for BCV and BVDV, targeting the transmembrane (M) Mebus gene and 5'UTR genes, respectively, were self-designed. To validate the assay, 300 samples of buffalo calf feces were subjected to the standardized multiplex PCR. The results demonstrated that 54 (18%) samples tested positive for multiple viruses, with 16.67% samples infected by BVDV, 0.9% by BCoV, and 0.13% by BPBV, as detected by the M-PCR assay. In summary, this developed assay is characterized by high specificity, sensitivity, throughput, and speed, enabling the simultaneous detection of the three viruses in a single reaction tube. Consequently, it holds potential for epidemiological investigations. It is worth noting that, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported multiplex assay for the worldwide detection of BVDV, BCoV, and BPBV. This novel assay promises to aid in the detection of mixed infections in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanti Brar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
- Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001 India
| | - Sumnil Marwaha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
| | - Prasad Minakshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
| | - Ikbal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004 India
| | - Koushlesh Ranjan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250110 India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Division of Animal Science, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110114 India
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23
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Zhou K, Ding Z, Hu B, Zhan J, Cai K. Circulating trends of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Hubei Province, China: Impact from the COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22872. [PMID: 38058442 PMCID: PMC10696181 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was performed to investigate the effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on hand, foot, and mouth disease in Hubei Province China during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Methods Data and samples were collected from the hand, foot, and mouth disease surveillance laboratory network in Hubei Province between 2018 and 2022. The samples were identified as Enterovirus A71, Coxsackievirus A6or Coxsackievirus A16 via real-time polymerase chain reaction. Representative Coxsackievirus A6 and Coxsackievirus A16 samples were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Results A noticeable 3-fold reduction in the number of hand, foot, and mouth disease cases was observed from 2019 to 2020. The age and sex distributions of patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease were approximately the same from 2018 to 2022. The proportion of Coxsackievirus A6 accounted for 86 % in 2020 and 75 % in 2021 for hand, foot, and mouth disease compared with 48 % in 2018, 53 % in 2019, and 29 % in 2022. The proportions of Coxsackievirus A16 in 2020 and 2021 were 2 % and 17 %, respectively, showing a sharp decline in 2018 (37.8 %) and 2019 (35 %). In 2022, Coxsackievirus A16 was the dominant serotype (46 %). Only slight differences were found in the VP1 sequences across the different years. Conclusions Our study confirmed that a series of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the coronavirus disease 2019 period reduced the transmission of enteroviruses and that long-term restrictions could significantly change the prevalence of enterovirus serotypes causing hand, foot, and mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangping Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 35 North Zhuodaoquan, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zhihong Ding
- Xiangyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441000, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 35 North Zhuodaoquan, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jianbo Zhan
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 35 North Zhuodaoquan, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 35 North Zhuodaoquan, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430079, China
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24
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Wolf J. Insights into the molecular evolution of enterovirus D68. Arch Virol 2023; 168:268. [PMID: 37804367 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a respiratory virus that primarily affects children and has been associated with sporadic outbreaks of respiratory illness worldwide. In the present study, temporal spreading and molecular evolution of EV-D68 clades (A1, A2, B, B1, B2, B3, and C) were evaluated. Bayesian coalescent analysis was performed to study viral evolution. Data from 976 whole-genome sequences (WGSs) collected between 1977 and 2022 were evaluated. For A1, the most recent common ancestor was dated to 2005-04-17 in the USA; for A2 it was 2003-12-23 in China; for B, it was 2003-07-06 in China; for B1, it was 2010-03-21 in Vietnam; for B2, it was 2006-11-25 in Vietnam; for B3, it was 2011-01-15 in China; and for C, it was 2000-06-27 in the USA. The molecular origin of EV-D68 was in Canada in 1995, and later it was disseminated in France in 1997, the USA in 1999, Asia in 2008, the Netherlands in 2009, New Zealand in 2010, Mexico in 2014, Kenya in 2015, Sweden in 2016, Switzerland in 2018, Spain in 2018, Belgium in 2018, Australia in 2018, and Denmark in 2019. In 2022, this virus circulated in the USA. In conclusion, EV-D68 originated in Canada in the 1990s and spread to Europe, Asia, Oceania, Latin America, and Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wolf
- Clinical practice management office, Medical Manager at Hospital Moinhos de Vento, 333 Tiradentes Street, 13 floor, Porto Alegre, RS, 90560-030, Brazil.
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25
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Hogben E, Khamrin P, Kumthip K, Yodmeeklin A, Maneekarn N. Distribution and molecular characterization of saffold virus and human cosavirus in children admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2017-2022. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29159. [PMID: 37805831 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) and human cosavirus (HCoSV) are emerging viruses of the Picornaviridae family. They have been shown to associate with gastrointestinal infection and more recently these viruses have also been demonstrated to associate with other clinical infections such as the respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and the cerebral ventricular system. In this study, 2459 stool specimens collected from pediatric patients admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis from January 2017 to December 2022, were screened for SAFV and HCoSV utilizing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Positive samples were then characterized into genotypes via nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Of the 2459 samples, 21 and 39 were positive for SAFV (0.9%) and HCoSV (1.6%), respectively. Three genotypes of SAFV were identified-SAFV-1 (38%), SAFV-2 (24%), and SAFV-3 (38%). Two genetic groups of HCoSV were identified-HCoSV-C (97%) and HCoSV-A (3%), demonstrating a large increase of HCoSV-C as compared to those reported previously from the same geographical region in Thailand. This study provides the prevalence of SAFV and HCoSV genotypes in Chiang Mai, Thailand during a period of 6 years from 2017 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hogben
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arpaporn Yodmeeklin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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26
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Spector C, De Sanctis CM, Panettieri RA, Koziol-White CJ. Rhinovirus induces airway remodeling: what are the physiological consequences? Respir Res 2023; 24:238. [PMID: 37773065 PMCID: PMC10540383 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus infections commonly evoke asthma exacerbations in children and adults. Recurrent asthma exacerbations are associated with injury-repair responses in the airways that collectively contribute to airway remodeling. The physiological consequences of airway remodeling can manifest as irreversible airway obstruction and diminished responsiveness to bronchodilators. Structural cells of the airway, including epithelial cells, smooth muscle, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and adjacent lung vascular endothelial cells represent an understudied and emerging source of cellular and extracellular soluble mediators and matrix components that contribute to airway remodeling in a rhinovirus-evoked inflammatory environment. MAIN BODY While mechanistic pathways associated with rhinovirus-induced airway remodeling are still not fully characterized, infected airway epithelial cells robustly produce type 2 cytokines and chemokines, as well as pro-angiogenic and fibroblast activating factors that act in a paracrine manner on neighboring airway cells to stimulate remodeling responses. Morphological transformation of structural cells in response to rhinovirus promotes remodeling phenotypes including induction of mucus hypersecretion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Rhinovirus exposure elicits airway hyperresponsiveness contributing to irreversible airway obstruction. This obstruction can occur as a consequence of sub-epithelial thickening mediated by smooth muscle migration and myofibroblast activity, or through independent mechanisms mediated by modulation of the β2 agonist receptor activation and its responsiveness to bronchodilators. Differential cellular responses emerge in response to rhinovirus infection that predispose asthmatic individuals to persistent signatures of airway remodeling, including exaggerated type 2 inflammation, enhanced extracellular matrix deposition, and robust production of pro-angiogenic mediators. CONCLUSIONS Few therapies address symptoms of rhinovirus-induced airway remodeling, though understanding the contribution of structural cells to these processes may elucidate future translational targets to alleviate symptoms of rhinovirus-induced exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Spector
- Rutgers Institute for Translation Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Camden M De Sanctis
- Rutgers Institute for Translation Medicine and Science, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Pan J, Ji L, Wu H, Wang X, Wang Y, Wu Y, Yang S, Shen Q, Liu Y, Zhang W, Zhang K, Shan T. Metagenomic analysis of herbivorous mammalian viral communities in the Northwest Plateau. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:568. [PMID: 37749507 PMCID: PMC10521573 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09646-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammals are potential hosts for many infectious diseases. However, studies on the viral communities of herbivorous mammals in the Northwest Plateau are limited. Here, we studied the viral communities of herbivorous mammals in the Northwest Plateau using virus metagenomic analysis to analyze and compare the viral community composition of seven animal species. RESULTS By library construction and next-generation sequencing, contigs and singlets reads with similar viral sequences were classified into 24 viral families. Analyzed from the perspective of sampling areas, the virus community composition was relatively similar in two areas of Wuwei and Jinchang, Gansu Province. Analyzed from the perspective of seven animal species, the viral reads of seven animal species were mostly ssDNA and dominated by CRESS-DNA viruses. Phylogenetic analysis based on viral marker genes indicated that CRESS-DNA viruses and microviruses have high genetic diversity. In addition to DNA viruses, nodaviruses, pepper mild mottle viruses and picornaviruses were RNA viruses that we performed by phylogenetic analysis. The CRESS-DNA viruses and nodaviruses are believed to infect plants and insects, and microviruses can infect bacteria, identifying that they were likely from the diet of herbivorous mammals. Notably, two picornaviruses were identified from red deer and wild horse, showing that the picornavirus found in red deer had the relatively high similarity with human hepatitis A virus, and the picornavirus carried by wild horse could potentially form a new species within the Picornaviridae family. CONCLUSIONS This study explored the herbivorous mammalian virus community in the Northwest Plateau and the genetic characteristics of viruses that potentially threaten human health. It reveals the diversity and stability of herbivorous mammalian virus communities in the Northwest Plateau and helps to expand our knowledge of various herbivorous mammalian potentially pathogenic viruses.
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Grants
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No.2022YFC2603801 National Key Research and Development Programs of China
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
- No. 20220817004 Funding for Kunlun Talented People of Qinghai Province, High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship talents - Leading Talents
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Likai Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haisheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Ibrahim C, Hammami S, Khelifi N, Hassen A. Detection of Enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Tunisian Wastewater. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2023; 15:224-235. [PMID: 37140767 PMCID: PMC10157586 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-023-09557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the circulation of enteric viruses in environmental wastewater is a valuable tool for preventing the emergence of waterborne and food-borne diseases in humans. The detection of viruses was performed in five Tunisian wastewater treatment plants, three located in the Grand Tunis City (WWTP 1, WWTP 2, WWTP 3) and two in the Sahel of Tunisia (WWTP 4, WWTP 4), known as very developed and crowded zones, to assess the effectiveness of three biological wastewater treatment procedures namely natural oxidizing lagoons, rotating biodisks procedure, activated sludge procedure, and one tertiary sewage treatment using UV-C254 reactor for this enteric viruses' removal. Thus, 242 sewage samples were collected between June 2019 and May 2020 from different lines of wastewater treatment procedures implemented in the five wastewater treatment plants investigated. SARS-CoV-2 was analyzed using real-time multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (multiplex real-time RT-PCR) and enteroviruses using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The enteroviruses detection showed 93% and 73% respective high frequencies only in the two WWTPs of the Grand Tunis (WWTP 1 and WWTP 2). SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 58% of the all wastewater samples collected from the five studied WWTPs with a respective dominance of N gene (47%), S gene (42%), RdRp gene (42%) and at last E gene (20%). These enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 detection were revealed in all steps of the wastewater treatment procedures, so poor virological quality is found at the exit of each biological and tertiary step of treatment investigated. For the first time in Tunisia, these results highlighted the enterovirus and SARS-CoV-2 detection with high rates, and the ineffectiveness of the biological and UV-C254 treatment implemented to remove these viruses. The preliminary results of SARS-CoV-2 circulation in Tunisian wastewater confirmed the wide positivity rate underlined by other works worldwide and allowed showing a move towards integrating wastewater as a way for this virus to spread in different areas and environments. So, this last result about SARS-CoV-2 circulation allowed us to caution about the strong probability of diffusion of this hazardous virus through water and sewage; despite its enveloped character and nature, as a labile and sensitive virus in these environments. Thus, establishing a national surveillance strategy is needed to improve the sanitary quality of treated wastewater and prevent public health problems related to these viruses in treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chourouk Ibrahim
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020 Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
- Microbiology Laboratory, Beja University Hospital, Beja, Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- National School of Veterinary Medicine at Sidi Thabet, IRESA, University of Manouba, 2020 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nesserine Khelifi
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Center of Research and Water Technologies (CERTE), Laboratory of Treatment and Valorization of Water Rejects (LTVRH), Techno Park of Borj-Cédria, 8020 Tunis, Tunisia
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Moreni G, van Eijk H, Koen G, Johannesson N, Calitz C, Benschop K, Cremer J, Pajkrt D, Sridhar A, Wolthers K. Non-Polio Enterovirus C Replicate in Both Airway and Intestine Organotypic Cultures. Viruses 2023; 15:1823. [PMID: 37766230 PMCID: PMC10537321 DOI: 10.3390/v15091823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses (EV) belonging to species C, which are highly prevalent in Africa, mainly among children, are poorly characterized, and their pathogenesis is mostly unknown as they are difficult to culture. In this study, human airway and intestinal organotypic models were used to investigate tissue and cellular tropism of three EV-C genotypes, EV-C99, CVA-13, and CVA-20. Clinical isolates were obtained within the two passages of culture on Caco2 cells, and all three viruses were replicated in both the human airway and intestinal organotypic cultures. We did not observe differences in viral replication between fetal and adult tissue that could potentially explain the preferential infection of infants by EV-C genotypes. Infection of the airway and the intestinal cultures indicates that they both can serve as entry sites for non-polio EV-C. Ciliated airway cells and enterocytes are the target of infection for all three viruses, as well as enteroendocrine cells for EV-C99.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Moreni
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Hetty van Eijk
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Gerrit Koen
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Nina Johannesson
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Kimberley Benschop
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment, RIVM, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jeroen Cremer
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment, RIVM, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (K.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (H.v.E.); (G.K.); (N.J.); (C.C.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
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30
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Laajala M, Zwaagstra M, Martikainen M, Nekoua MP, Benkahla M, Sane F, Gervais E, Campagnola G, Honkimaa A, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Ojha R, Bailliot M, Balistreri G, Peersen O, Hober D, Van Kuppeveld F, Marjomäki V. Vemurafenib Inhibits Acute and Chronic Enterovirus Infection by Affecting Cellular Kinase Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Type IIIβ. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0055223. [PMID: 37436162 PMCID: PMC10433971 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00552-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are one of the most abundant viruses causing mild to serious acute infections in humans and also contributing to chronic diseases like type 1 diabetes. Presently, there are no approved antiviral drugs against enteroviruses. Here, we studied the potency of vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, as an antiviral against enteroviruses. We showed that vemurafenib prevented enterovirus translation and replication at low micromolar dosage in an RAF/MEK/ERK-independent manner. Vemurafenib was effective against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect was related to a cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevented infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicated infection in a chronic cell model, and lowered virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Altogether, instead of acting through the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, vemurafenib affects the cellular PI4KB and, hence, enterovirus replication, opening new possibilities to evaluate further the potential of vemurafenib as a repurposed drug in clinical care. IMPORTANCE Despite the prevalence and medical threat of enteroviruses, presently, there are no antivirals against them. Here, we show that vemurafenib, an FDA-approved RAF kinase inhibitor for treating BRAFV600E mutant-related melanoma, prevents enterovirus translation and replication. Vemurafenib shows efficacy against group A, B, and C enteroviruses, as well as rhinovirus, but not parechovirus or more remote viruses such as Semliki Forest virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The inhibitory effect acts through cellular phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIIβ (PI4KB), which has been shown to be important in the formation of enteroviral replication organelles. Vemurafenib prevents infection efficiently in acute cell models, eradicates infection in a chronic cell model, and lowers virus amounts in pancreas and heart in an acute mouse model. Our findings open new possibilities to develop drugs against enteroviruses and give hope for repurposing vemurafenib as an antiviral drug against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Martikainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Mehdi Benkahla
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Emily Gervais
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Grace Campagnola
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Amir-Babak Sioofy-Khojine
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ravi Ojha
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marie Bailliot
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Olve Peersen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Van Kuppeveld
- Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Liang Y, Chen J, Wang C, Yu B, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Investigating the mechanism of Echovirus 30 cell invasion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1174410. [PMID: 37485505 PMCID: PMC10359910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1174410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses invade susceptible cells through a complex mechanism before injecting their genetic material into them. This causes direct damage to the host cell, as well as resulting in disease in the corresponding system. Echovirus type 30 (E30) is a member of the Enterovirus B group and has recently been reported to cause central nervous system (CNS) disorders, leading to viral encephalitis and viral meningitis in children. In this review, we aim to help in improving the understanding of the mechanisms of CNS diseases caused by E30 for the subsequent development of relevant drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucai Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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32
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Coutinho CRM, Cardoso JF, Siqueira JAM, Machado RS, Chagas Júnior WDD, Tavares FN, Gabbay YB. Diversity of picornaviruses detected in diarrheal samples from children in Belém, Brazilian Amazon (1982-2019). J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28873. [PMID: 37349989 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, fecal specimens from children with diarrhea were collected from four community studies conducted between 1982 and 2019 in Belém, Brazilian Amazon. A total of 234 samples were tested by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect infections by picornaviruses of the Enterovirus (EV), Parechovirus (HPeV), Cosavirus (HCoSV), Kobuvirus (Aichivirus - AiV) and Salivirus (SalV) genera. The positive samples were subjected to different amplification protocols of the VP1 region of the genome, such as nested PCR or snPCR, and were subsequently genotyped by sequencing VP1 and VP3 of the viral genome. Positivity was observed in 76.5% (179/234) of the samples tested using RT-qPCR for at least one virus, and co-infection was observed in 37.4% (67/179) of the cases. EV was detected in 50.8% (119/234), HPeV in 29.9% (70/234), HCoSV in 27.3% (64/234), and AiV/SalV in 2.1% (5/234) of the specimens tested by RT-qPCR. Using nested PCR and/or snPCR techniques, the positivity rates were 94.11% (112/119) for EV, 72.85% (51/70) for HPeV, and 20.31% (13/64) for HCoSV. It was not possible to amplify the samples that were positive for AiV/SalV. Sequencing revealed 67.2% (80/119) EV, 51.4% (36/70) HPeV, and 20.31% (13/64) HCoSV. Forty-five different types of EV were found among species A, B, and C; HCoSV identified five species, including a possible recombinant strain; all HPeV were identified as belonging to species A, in two samples a possible recombination involving three different strains was verified. This study demonstrated the high circulation and diversity of different types of picornaviruses in fecal samples, including those collected more than 30 years ago. This endorsed the evaluation of important points in the epidemiology of these viruses, such as the presence of co-infection and the possibility of knowing more about these agents, considering that some were recently described; therefore, their detection in older samples can provide more data about their ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jedson Ferreira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Bioinformática-BIOINFO, Seção de Virologia-SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas-IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente-SVSA, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Jones Anderson Monteiro Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Gastroentéricos-LVG, Seção de Virologia-SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas-IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente-SVSA, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Raiana Scerni Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Dias das Chagas Júnior
- Laboratório de Enterovírus-LEV, Seção de Virologia-SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas-IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente-SVSA, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fernando Neto Tavares
- Laboratório de Enterovírus-LEV, Seção de Virologia-SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas-IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente-SVSA, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Laboratório de Vírus Gastroentéricos-LVG, Seção de Virologia-SAVIR, Instituto Evandro Chagas-IEC, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente-SVSA, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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33
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Hadj Hassine I, Gharbi J, Amara I, Alyami A, Subei R, Almalki M, Hober D, M'hadheb MB. Cloning and Molecular Characterization of the Recombinant CVB4E2 Immunogenic Viral Protein (rVP1), as a Potential Subunit Protein for Vaccine and Immunodiagnostic Reagent Candidate. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1192. [PMID: 37317166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was, first, to clone the VP1 gene of the human coxsackievirus B4 strain E2 (CVB4E2) in the prokaryotic pUC19 plasmid expression vector then to compare it with the structural capsid proteins of the same strain using bioinformatic tools. PCR colony amplification followed through a restriction digestion analysis and sequencing process which affirmed the success of the cloning process. SDS-PAGE and Western Blotting were used to characterize the purified recombinant viral protein expressed in bacteria cells. The BLASTN tool revealed that the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant VP1 (rVP1) expressed by pUC19 highly matched the target nucleotide sequence of the diabetogenic CVB4E2 strain. Secondary structure and three-dimension structure prediction suggested that rVP1, such as wild-type VP1, is chiefly composed of random coils and a high percentage of exposed amino acids. Linear B-cell epitope prediction showed that several antigenic epitopes are likely present in rVP1 and CVB4E2 VP1 capsid protein. Additionally, phosphorylation site prediction revealed that both proteins may affect the signal transduction of host cells and can be involved in virus virulence. The present work highlights the usefulness of cloning and bioinformatics characterizations for gene investigation. Furthermore, the collected data are helpful for future experimental research related to the development of immunodiagnostic reagents and subunit vaccines based on the expression of immunogenic viral capsid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikbel Hadj Hassine
- Virology and Antiviral Strategies Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Jawhar Gharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imene Amara
- Virology and Antiviral Strategies Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Ameera Alyami
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Subei
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almalki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Manel Ben M'hadheb
- Virology and Antiviral Strategies Research Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Monastir, BP74, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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Das NK, Hollmann NM, Vogt J, Sevdalis SE, Banna HA, Ojha M, Koirala D. Crystal structure of a highly conserved enteroviral 5' cloverleaf RNA replication element. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1955. [PMID: 37029118 PMCID: PMC10082201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The extreme 5'-end of the enterovirus RNA genome contains a conserved cloverleaf-like domain that recruits 3CD and PCBP proteins required for initiating genome replication. Here, we report the crystal structure at 1.9 Å resolution of this domain from the CVB3 genome in complex with an antibody chaperone. The RNA folds into an antiparallel H-type four-way junction comprising four subdomains with co-axially stacked sA-sD and sB-sC helices. Long-range interactions between a conserved A40 in the sC-loop and Py-Py helix within the sD subdomain organize near-parallel orientations of the sA-sB and sC-sD helices. Our NMR studies confirm that these long-range interactions occur in solution and without the chaperone. The phylogenetic analyses indicate that our crystal structure represents a conserved architecture of enteroviral cloverleaf-like domains, including the A40 and Py-Py interactions. The protein binding studies further suggest that the H-shape architecture provides a ready-made platform to recruit 3CD and PCBP2 for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naba K Das
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Nele M Hollmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Jeff Vogt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Spiridon E Sevdalis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Hasan A Banna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Manju Ojha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Deepak Koirala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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Le Bars H, Madany N, Lamoureux C, Beauruelle C, Vallet S, Payan C, Pilorgé L. Evaluation of the Performance Characteristics of a New POC Multiplex PCR Assay for the Diagnosis of Viral and Bacterial Neuromeningeal Infections. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13061110. [PMID: 36980418 PMCID: PMC10047878 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care syndromic PCR (POC SPCR) assays are useful tools for the rapid detection of the most common causative agents of community-acquired infections responsible for meningitis and encephalitis infections. We evaluated the performance characteristics of the new QIAstat-Dx® Meningitis/Encephalitis panel (QS) compared to the laboratory reference methods and the POC SPCR Biofire® FilmArray® Meningitis Encephalitis Panel (FA). Viral (Enterovirus, Parechovirus, HSV-1, HSV-2, HHV-6, VZV) and bacterial (E. coli K1, H. influenzae, L. monocytogenes, encapsulated N. meningitidis, M. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes) pathogens were suspended at low concentrations and tested with the POC SPCR systems. The reproducibility, analytical specificity, carryover contamination, interferences and clinical samples were evaluated. All samples tested positive with both QS and FA except for those containing the lowest concentrations of Enterovirus-D68-B3, Echovirus-30 and S. agalactiae which were only detected by FA. In terms of analytical specificity, we observed 3 false positive results out of 48 QS tests versus 1 out of 37 FA tests. For the other studied criteria, both QS and FA performed as expected. Our results suggest that the performance characteristics of QS are close to those of FA. A prospective multicenter study would be useful to complete the performances evaluation of QS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Le Bars
- Unity of Bacteriology, Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology-Mycology-Hygiene, Pole of Biology-Pathology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Neil Madany
- Unity of Virology, Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology-Mycology-Hygiene, Pole of Biology-Pathology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Claudie Lamoureux
- Unity of Bacteriology, Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology-Mycology-Hygiene, Pole of Biology-Pathology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB CEDEX, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Clémence Beauruelle
- Unity of Bacteriology, Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology-Mycology-Hygiene, Pole of Biology-Pathology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB CEDEX, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Sophie Vallet
- Unity of Virology, Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology-Mycology-Hygiene, Pole of Biology-Pathology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB CEDEX, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Christopher Payan
- Unity of Virology, Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology-Mycology-Hygiene, Pole of Biology-Pathology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Univ Brest, Inserm, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB CEDEX, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Léa Pilorgé
- Unity of Virology, Department of Bacteriology-Virology-Parasitology-Mycology-Hygiene, Pole of Biology-Pathology, University Hospital of Brest, F-29200 Brest, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-298-347-191; Fax: +33-298-347-193
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A One-Step Reverse-transcription Recombinase aided PCR Assay for the Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Human Enteroviruses. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
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Wan L, Wang X, Wang T, Yuan X, Liu W, Huang Y, Deng C, Cao S. Comparison of Target Pocket Similarity and Progress into Research on Inhibitors of Picornavirus 3C Proteases. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202201100. [PMID: 36808685 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The 3C protease (3C Pro) plays a significant role in the life cycle of picornaviruses from replication to translation, making it an attractive target for structure-based design of drugs against picornaviruses. The structurally related 3C-like protease (3CL Pro) is an important protein involved in the replication of coronaviruses. With the emergence of COVID-19 and consequent intensive research into 3CL Pro, development of 3CL Pro inhibitors has emerged as a popular topic. This article compares the similarities of the target pockets of various 3C and 3CL Pros from numerous pathogenic viruses. This article also reports several types of 3C Pro inhibitors that are currently undergoing extensive studies and introduces various structural modifications of 3C Pro inhibitors to provide a reference for the development of new and more effective inhibitors of 3C Pro and 3CL Pro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, P. R. China
| | - Tangle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Changyong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
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Fall A, Forman M, Morris CP, Gniazdowski V, Luo CH, Hanlon A, Miller H, Bergman Y, Mostafa HH. Enterovirus characterized from cerebrospinal fluid in a cohort from the Eastern United States. J Clin Virol 2023; 161:105401. [PMID: 36805602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses (EVs) are predominant causes of a spectrum of neurological diseases. To better understand the origins of the outbreaks of disease associated with EV, it is essential to develop an efficient surveillance system that identifies the circulating EVs and correlate their genomic evolution with the disease presentations. METHODS The clinical presentations of patients with positive EV from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between 2014 and 2022, diagnosed at the Johns Hopkins Medical Microbiology Laboratory, were compared from year to year. EV typing and whole genome sequencing were performed and correlated to the spectrum of disease. RESULTS A total of 95 CSF specimens were positive for EV between 2014 and 2022. The percentage positivity ranged from the lowest of 1.1% in 2020 to the highest of 3.2% in 2015. The median ages declined from 22 years in 2014 to less than one year starting in 2016 to 34 in 2022. Typing using VP1 sequencing revealed that E30 and E6 were associated with meningitis in adults but coxsackieviruses (CVs-B3 and B5) were detected from pediatric patients with fever. Whole genome sequencing revealed multiple recombination events. In 2020, a recombinant CV-A9 was detected in a CSF sample associated with unusual presentation of sepsis, profound acute bilateral sensory neural hearing loss, and myofasciitis. CONCLUSIONS EV genomic surveillance is needed for a better understanding of the genetic determinants of neurovirulence. Whole genome sequencing can reveal recombination events missed by traditional molecular surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amary Fall
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Michael Forman
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - C Paul Morris
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Gniazdowski
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Chun Huai Luo
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Ann Hanlon
- Johns Hopkins Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Meyer B-130, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Heather Miller
- Johns Hopkins Hospital Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Meyer B-130, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Yehudit Bergman
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer B-121F, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287-7093, USA.
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Bouin A, Vu MN, Al-Hakeem A, Tran GP, Nguyen JHC, Semler BL. Enterovirus-Cardiomyocyte Interactions: Impact of Terminally Deleted Genomic RNAs on Viral and Host Functions. J Virol 2023; 97:e0142622. [PMID: 36475766 PMCID: PMC9888282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01426-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B enteroviruses, including coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), can persistently infect cardiac tissue and cause dilated cardiomyopathy. Persistence is linked to 5' terminal deletions of viral genomic RNAs that have been detected together with minor populations of full-length genomes in human infections. In this study, we explored the functions and interactions of the different viral RNA forms found in persistently infected patients and their putative role(s) in pathogenesis. Since enterovirus cardiac pathogenesis is linked to the viral proteinase 2A, we investigated the effect of different terminal genomic RNA deletions on 2A activity. We discovered that 5' terminal deletions in CVB3 genomic RNAs decreased the levels of 2A proteinase activity but could not abrogate it. Using newly generated viral reporters encoding nano-luciferase, we found that 5' terminal deletions resulted in decreased levels of viral protein and RNA synthesis in singly transfected cardiomyocyte cultures. Unexpectedly, when full-length and terminally deleted forms were cotransfected into cardiomyocytes, a cooperative interaction was observed, leading to increased viral RNA and protein production. However, when viral infections were carried out in cells harboring 5' terminally deleted CVB3 RNAs, a decrease in infectious particle production was observed. Our results provide a possible explanation for the necessity of full-length viral genomes during persistent infection, as they would stimulate efficient viral replication compared to that of the deleted genomes alone. To avoid high levels of viral particle production that would trigger cellular immune activation and host cell death, the terminally deleted RNA forms act to limit the production of viral particles, possibly as trans-dominant inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses like coxsackievirus B3 are able to initiate acute infections of cardiac tissue and, in some cases, to establish a long-term persistent infection that can lead to serious disease sequelae, including dilated cardiomyopathy. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of 5' terminally deleted forms of enterovirus RNAs in heart tissues derived from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. These deleted RNAs are found in association with very low levels of full-length enterovirus genomic RNAs, an interaction that may facilitate continued persistence while limiting virus particle production. Even in the absence of detectable infectious virus particle production, these deleted viral RNA forms express viral proteinases at levels capable of causing viral pathology. Our studies provide mechanistic insights into how full-length and deleted forms of enterovirus RNA cooperate to stimulate viral protein and RNA synthesis without stimulating infectious viral particle production. They also highlight the importance of targeting enteroviral proteinases to inhibit viral replication while at the same time limiting the long-term pathologies they trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Bouin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michelle N. Vu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hakeem
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Genevieve P. Tran
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joseph H. C. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bert L. Semler
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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40
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Shishova A, Dyugay I, Fominykh K, Baryshnikova V, Dereventsova A, Turchenko Y, Slavokhotova AA, Ivin Y, Dmitriev SE, Gmyl A. Enteroviruses Manipulate the Unfolded Protein Response through Multifaceted Deregulation of the Ire1-Xbp1 Pathway. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112486. [PMID: 36366584 PMCID: PMC9699254 DOI: 10.3390/v14112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses are known to trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in host cells, which in turn can develop a protective unfolded protein response (UPR). Depending on the conditions, the UPR may lead to either cell survival or programmed cell death. One of three UPR branches involves the upregulation of Xbp1 transcription factor caused by the unconventional cytoplasmic splicing of its mRNA. This process is accomplished by the phosphorylated form of the endoribonuclease/protein kinase Ire1/ERN1. Here, we show that the phosphorylation of Ire1 is up-regulated in HeLa cells early in enterovirus infection but down-regulated at later stages. We also find that Ire1 is cleaved in poliovirus- and coxsackievirus-infected HeLa cells 4-6 h after infection. We further show that the Ire1-mediated Xbp1 mRNA splicing is repressed in infected cells in a time-dependent manner. Thus, our results demonstrate the ability of enteroviruses to actively modulate the Ire1-Xbp1 host defensive pathway by inducing phosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage of the ER stress sensor Ire1, as well as down-regulating its splicing activity. Inactivation of Ire1 could be a novel mode of the UPR manipulation employed by viruses to modify the ER stress response in the infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shishova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.E.D.)
| | - Ilya Dyugay
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Fominykh
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Baryshnikova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena Dereventsova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuriy Turchenko
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Slavokhotova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Ivin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey E. Dmitriev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.E.D.)
| | - Anatoly Gmyl
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products RAS (FSBSI “Chumakov FSC R&D IBP RAS”), 108819 Moscow, Russia
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Zhou J, Zhou Y, Luo K, Liao Q, Zheng W, Gong H, Shi H, Zhao S, Wang K, Qiu Q, Dai B, Ren L, Wang L, Gao L, Xu M, Liu N, Lu W, Zheng N, Chen X, Chen Z, Yang J, Cauchemez S, Yu H. The transfer of maternal antibodies and dynamics of maternal and natural infection-induced antibodies against coxsackievirus A16 in Chinese children 0-13 years of age: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Med 2022; 20:436. [PMID: 36352415 PMCID: PMC9645321 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02604-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) pathogen, coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), has predominated in several of the last 10 years and caused the largest number of HFMD outbreaks between 2011 and 2018 in China. We evaluated the efficacy of maternal anti-CVA16 antibody transfer via the placenta and explored the dynamics of maternal and natural infection-induced neutralizing antibodies in children. METHODS Two population-based longitudinal cohorts in southern China were studied during 2013-2018. Participants were enrolled in autumn 2013, including 2475 children aged 1-9 years old and 1066 mother-neonate pairs, and followed for 3 years. Blood/cord samples were collected for CVA16-neutralizing antibody detection. The maternal antibody transfer efficacy, age-specific seroprevalence, geometric mean titre (GMT) and immune response kinetics were estimated. RESULTS The average maternal antibody transfer ratio was 0.88 (95% CI 0.80-0.96). Transferred maternal antibody levels declined rapidly (half-life: 2.0 months, 95% CI 1.9-2.2 months). The GMT decayed below the positive threshold (8) by 1.5 months of age. Due to natural infections, it increased above 8 after 1.4 years and reached 32 by 5 years of age, thereafter dropping slightly. Although the average duration of maternal antibody-mediated protection was < 3 months, the duration extended to 6 months on average for mothers with titres ≥ 64. CONCLUSIONS Anti-CVA16 maternal antibodies are efficiently transferred to neonates, but their levels decline quickly. Children aged 0-5 years are the main susceptible population and should be protected by CVA16 vaccination, with the optimal vaccination time between 1.5 months and 1 year of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwei Luo
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaohong Liao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Gong
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Huilin Shi
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanlu Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Qiu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbing Dai
- Anhua County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiyang, China
| | - Lingshuang Ren
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Lidong Gao
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Xu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Nuolan Liu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Lu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, UMR2000, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
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Chen W, Wang W, Wang X, Li Z, Wu K, Li X, Li Y, Yi L, Zhao M, Ding H, Fan S, Chen J. Advances in the differential molecular diagnosis of vesicular disease pathogens in swine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019876. [PMID: 36386633 PMCID: PMC9641196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Senecavirus A (SVA) and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) are members of the family Picornaviridae, which can cause similar symptoms - vesicular lesions in the tissues of the mouth, nose, feet, skin and mucous membrane of animals. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of these viruses allows for control measures to prevent the spread of these diseases. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR are traditional and reliable methods for pathogen detection, while their amplification reaction requires a thermocycler. Isothermal amplification methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification developed in recent years are simple, rapid and do not require specialized equipment, allowing for point of care diagnostics. Luminex technology allows for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. CRISPR-Cas diagnostic systems also emerging nucleic acid detection technologies which are very sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, various nucleic acid detection methods aimed at vesicular disease pathogens in swine (including FMDV, SVA and SVDV) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
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Han Z, Xiao J, Song Y, Zhao X, Sun Q, Lu H, Zhang K, Li J, Li J, Si F, Zhang G, Zhao H, Jia S, Zhou J, Wang D, Zhu S, Yan D, Xu W, Fu X, Zhang Y. Highly diverse ribonucleic acid viruses in the viromes of eukaryotic host species in Yunnan province, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019444. [PMID: 36312977 PMCID: PMC9606678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diversity in currently documented viruses and their morphological characteristics indicates the need for understanding the evolutionary characteristics of viruses. Notably, further studies are needed to obtain a comprehensive landscape of virome, the virome of host species in Yunnan province, China. Materials and methods We implemented the metagenomic next-generation sequencing strategy to investigate the viral diversity, which involved in 465 specimens collected from bats, pangolins, monkeys, and other species. The diverse RNA viruses were analyzed, especially focusing on the genome organization, genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships. Results In this study, we investigated the viral composition of eight libraries from bats, pangolins, monkeys, and other species, and found several diverse RNA viruses, including the Alphacoronavirus from bat specimens. By characterizing the genome organization, genetic divergence, and phylogenetic relationships, we identified five Alphacoronavirus strains, which shared phylogenetic association with Bat-CoV-HKU8-related strains. The pestivirus-like virus related to recently identified Dongyang pangolin virus (DYPV) strains from dead pangolin specimens, suggesting that these viruses are evolving. Some genomes showed higher divergence from known species (e.g., calicivirus CS9-Cali-YN-CHN-2020), and many showed evidence of recombination events with unknown or known strains (e.g., mamastroviruses BF2-astro-YN-CHN-2020 and EV-A122 AKM5-YN-CHN-2020). The newly identified viruses showed extensive changes and could be assigned as new species, or even genus (e.g., calicivirus CS9-Cali-YN-CHN-2020 and iflavirus Ifla-YN-CHN-2020). Moreover, we identified several highly divergent RNA viruses and estimated their evolutionary characteristics among different hosts, providing data for further examination of their evolutionary dynamics. Conclusion Overall, our study emphasizes the close association between emerging viruses and infectious diseases, and the need for more comprehensive surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhi Han
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jichen Li
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Junhan Li
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fenfen Si
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hehe Zhao
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Senquan Jia
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Jienan Zhou
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Fu
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
- Xiaoqing Fu,
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, WHO Western Pacific Region Office (WPRO) Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory for Biosafety, NHC Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhang,
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Genome Sequences of Rare Human Enterovirus Genotypes Recovered from Clinical Respiratory Samples in Bern, Switzerland. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0027622. [PMID: 35993703 PMCID: PMC9476959 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00276-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on genomic sequences of human enteroviruses (EVs) that were identified in respiratory samples in Bern, Switzerland, in 2018 and 2019. Besides providing sequences for coxsackievirus A2, echovirus 11, and echovirus 30, we determined the sequences of rare EV-D68 and EV-C105 genotypes circulating in Switzerland.
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Cryo-electron microscopy and image classification reveal the existence and structure of the coxsackievirus A6 virion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:898. [PMID: 36056184 PMCID: PMC9438360 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) has recently overtaken enterovirus A71 and CV-A16 as the primary causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease worldwide. Virions of CV-A6 were not identified in previous structural studies, and it was speculated that the virus is unique among enteroviruses in using altered particles with expanded capsids to infect cells. In contrast, the virions of other enteroviruses are required for infection. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structures of the CV-A6 virion, altered particle, and empty capsid. We show that the CV-A6 virion has features characteristic of virions of other enteroviruses, including a compact capsid, VP4 attached to the inner capsid surface, and fatty acid-like molecules occupying the hydrophobic pockets in VP1 subunits. Furthermore, we found that in a purified sample of CV-A6, the ratio of infectious units to virions is 1 to 500. Therefore, it is likely that virions of CV-A6 initiate infection, like those of other enteroviruses. Our results provide evidence that future vaccines against CV-A6 should target its virions instead of the antigenically distinct altered particles. Furthermore, the structure of the virion provides the basis for the rational development of capsid-binding inhibitors that block the genome release of CV-A6. A cryo-EM structure for the three conformers of coxsackievirus A6 provides insight into the infection process of this enterovirus, which is responsible for numerous cases of hand, foot, and mouth disease.
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46
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Quantitative analysis of respiratory viral distribution in forensic autopsy cases. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 339:111419. [PMID: 35994987 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses can cause fatal systemic infections; therefore, post-mortem diagnosis is essential in forensic autopsy cases. However, little is known regarding the distribution of respiratory viruses in the body. In this study, we investigated the anatomical distribution of respiratory viruses in 48 forensic autopsy cases suspected of viral infections at our institute. Fast Track Diagnostics (FTD) Respiratory Pathogens 21 was used as a screening test for 20 respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal swabs. In cases with positive results for virus detection by the screening test, the detected viruses were quantified in body fluid and organ specimens by virus-specific real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and digital PCR. Viruses were detected in 33 cases, with the viral distribution and load differing among the cases. Since various respiratory viruses were detected from the nasopharyngeal swab and its viral load was higher than those of other body fluid specimens, the nasopharyngeal swab was suggested as a useful specimen for the post-mortem detection of respiratory viruses. Viruses were detected in almost all specimens including the serum in six cases. Considering the viral distribution in the body, pathological findings, and ante-mortem symptoms, these cases were presumed to be systemically infected, having died in the acute infection phase. In conclusion, the anatomical distribution of respiratory viruses can help indicate ante-mortem systemic conditions and the cause of death.
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Carmona RCC, Machado BC, Reis FC, Jorge AMV, Cilli A, Dias AMN, Morais DR, Leme L, Yu ALF, Silva MR, Carvalhanas TRMP, Timenetsky MCST. Hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak by Coxsackievirus A6 during COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, São Paulo, Brazil. J Clin Virol 2022; 154:105245. [PMID: 35896051 PMCID: PMC9301960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute febrile illness characterized by fever; sore throat; and vesicular eruptions on the hands, feet, and oral mucosa. Outbreaks of HFMD in children aged <5 years have been reported worldwide and the major causative agents are Coxsackievirus (CV)A16, enterovirus (EV)-A71 and recently CVA6. Aim and methods The aim of this study was to investigated a large outbreak of Hand, foot, and mouth disease during COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 from clinical samples of 315 suspected cases, in São Paulo State, Brazil. Diagnostic evaluation was performed by RT-qPCR, culture cell isolation and serological neutralization assay. EV-positive were genotyped by partial VP1 genome sequencing. Results One hundred and forty-nine cases analyzed were positive for enterovirus (47.3%; n = 149/315) by neutralizing test (n = 10 patients) and RT-qPCR (n = 139 patients), and identified as CVA6 sub-lineage D3 by analysis of VP1 partial sequences. Conclusions This finding indicated the reemergence of CVA6 in HFMD, soon after the gradual easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions during-pandemic COVID-19 and the relevance of continued surveillance of circulating enterovirus types in the post-COVID pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C C Carmona
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bráulio C Machado
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabricio C Reis
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana M V Jorge
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Cilli
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda M N Dias
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele R Morais
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Leme
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L F Yu
- Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratoria, Centro de Vigilancia Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela R Silva
- Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratoria, Centro de Vigilancia Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma R M P Carvalhanas
- Divisão de Doenças de Transmissão Respiratoria, Centro de Vigilancia Epidemiológica "Prof. Alexandre Vranjac", Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Brazil
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Chen W, Li J, Li J, Zhang J, Zhang J. Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Virus-Host Interaction About Pathogenesis of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:247. [PMID: 35834056 PMCID: PMC9281230 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02928-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent the largest and main transcriptome products and play various roles in the biological activity of cells and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence shows that microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) are important ncRNAs that play vital regulatory roles during viral infection. Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) virus causes hand-foot-mouth disease, and is also associated with various serious complications and high mortality. However, there is currently no effective treatment. In this review, we focus on advances in the understanding of the modulatory role of ncRNAs during HFMD virus infection. Specifically, we discuss the generation, classification, and regulatory mechanisms of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in the interaction between virus and host, with a particular focus on their influence with viral replication and infection. Analysis of these underlying mechanisms can help provide a foundation for the development of ncRNA-based antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinwei Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chenggong District, No. 727, Southern Jingming Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650500, People's Republic of China.
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National Surveillance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Cases in Senegal during 2017 Uncovers the Circulation of Enterovirus Species A, B and C. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071296. [PMID: 35889015 PMCID: PMC9319795 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polioviruses have been eliminated in many countries; however, the number of acute flaccid paralysis cases has not decreased. Non-polio enteroviruses are passively monitored as part of the polio surveillance program. Previous studies have shown that some enteroviruses do not grow in conventional cell lines used for the isolation of poliovirus according to the WHO guidelines. In order to evaluate the presence of enteroviruses, real-time RT-PCR was performed on Human Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD)-positive and RD-negative stool samples. A total of 310 stool samples, collected from children under the age of 15 years with acute flaccid paralysis in Senegal in 2017, were screened using cell culture and real-time RT-PCR methods. The selected isolates were further characterized using Sanger sequencing and a phylogenetic tree was inferred based on VP1 sequences. Out of the 310 stool samples tested, 89 were positive in real-time RT-PCR. A total of 40 partial VP1 sequences were obtained and the classification analysis showed that 3 (13%), 19 (82.6%), and 1 (4.4%) sequences from 23 RD-positive non-polio enterovirus isolates and 3 (17.6%), 7 (41.1%), and 7 (41.1%) sequences from 17 RD-negative stool samples belonged to the species EV-A, B, and C, respectively. Interestingly, the EV-B sequences from RD-negative stool samples were grouped into three separate phylogenetic clusters. Our data exhibited also a high prevalence of the EV-C species in RD-negative stool samples. An active country-wide surveillance program of non-polio enteroviruses based on direct RT-PCR coupled with sequencing could be important not only for the rapid identification of the involved emergence or re-emergence enteroviruses, but also for the assessment of AFP’s severity associated with non-polio enteroviruses detected in Senegal.
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50
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Bujaki E, Farkas Á, Takács M. Echovirus 9 genetic diversity detected in whole-capsid genome sequences obtained directly from clinical specimens using next generation sequencing. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2022; 69:233-240. [PMID: 35895489 DOI: 10.1556/030.2022.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Echovirus 9 (E9) has been detected in an increased number of symptomatic patient samples received by the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory in Hungary during 2018 compared to previously reported years.
Formerly identified E9 viruses from different specimen types detected from patients of various ages and showing differing clinical signs were chosen for the detailed analysis of genetic relationships and potential variations within the viral populations. We used next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of 3,900 nucleotide long amplicons covering the entire capsid coding region of the viral genome without isolation, directly from clinical samples.
Compared to the E9 reference strain, the viruses showed about 79% nucleotide and around 93% amino acid sequence similarity. The four new viral genome sequences had 1-20 nucleotide differences between them also resulting in 6 amino acid variances in the coding region, including 3 in the structural VP1 capsid protein. One virus from a patient with hand, foot, and mouth disease had two amino acid changes in the VP1 capsid protein. An amino acid difference was also detected in the non-structural 2C gene of one virus sequenced from a throat swab sample from a patient with meningitis, compared to the faecal specimen taken two days later. Two amino acid changes, one in the capsid protein, were found between faecal samples of meningitis patients of different ages.
Sequencing the whole capsid genome revealed several nucleotide and amino acid differences between E9 virus strains detected in Hungary in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bujaki
- National Public Health Center, Department of Virology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Farkas
- National Public Health Center, Department of Virology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Takács
- National Public Health Center, Department of Virology, Budapest, Hungary
- Semmelweis University, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Budapest, Hungary
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