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De Souza Ferreira L, Ruegg PL. Graduate Student Literature Review: Hemotropic mycoplasmas in cattle. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3185-3196. [PMID: 38101735 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this narrative literature review is to better understand bovine hemoplasmosis, an emerging disease that threatens dairy animal health. Several species of hemotropic mycoplasma are known to infect both animals and humans, and Mycoplasma wenyonii and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos are the species that infect red blood cells of cattle. These microorganisms are associated with clinical signs in dairy cattle, but the effects of infection on health and productivity of dairy cows are poorly understood. In this paper, we review information about the epidemiology of bovine hemoplasmosis in different countries, including clinical signs associated with hemoplasmosis in cattle, methods of diagnosis, treatment, possible routes of transmission, risk factors for infection, and disease progression. Although hemoplasmas have been reported to infect cattle in many countries, and methods used to detect these organisms have improved, numerous gaps in knowledge were identified. The pathogenesis of the disease and potential effect on animal health and productivity remain unclear. With this review, we seek to contribute to the understanding of hemoplasmosis in cattle and provide insights for further research to improve disease management strategies and overall animal health in the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L De Souza Ferreira
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
| | - P L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Pluta A, Rola-Łuszczak M, Hoffmann FG, Donnik I, Petropavlovskiy M, Kuźmak J. Genetic Variability of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Evidence of Dual Infection, Recombination and Quasi-Species. Pathogens 2024; 13:178. [PMID: 38392916 PMCID: PMC10893129 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the intrahost genetic variation in the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) by examining 16 BLV isolates originating from the Western Siberia-Tyumen and South Ural-Chelyabinsk regions of Russia. Our research focused on determining the genetic composition of an 804 bp fragment of the BLV env gene, encoding for the entire gp51 protein. The results provide the first indication of the quasi-species genetic nature of BLV infection and its relevance for genome-level variation. Furthermore, this is the first phylogenetic evidence for the existence of a dual infection with BLV strains belonging to different genotypes within the same host: G4 and G7. We identified eight cases of recombination between these two BLV genotypes. The detection of quasi-species with cases of dual infection and recombination indicated a higher potential of BLV for genetic variability at the intra-host level than was previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.-Ł.); (J.K.)
| | - Marzena Rola-Łuszczak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.-Ł.); (J.K.)
| | - Federico G. Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
- Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - Irina Donnik
- Ural State Agrarian University, Ekaterinburg 620075, Russia;
| | - Maxim Petropavlovskiy
- Ural Federal Agrarian Scientific Research Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia;
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.-Ł.); (J.K.)
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Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, Wang H, Wu R. The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:297. [PMID: 38254466 PMCID: PMC10812804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. Although EBL has been successfully eradicated in most European countries, infections continue to rise in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. BLV imposes a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, particularly in dairy farming, as it leads to a decline in animal production performance and increases the risk of disease. Moreover, trade restrictions on diseased animals and products between countries and regions further exacerbate the problem. Recent studies have also identified fragments of BLV nucleic acid in human breast cancer tissues, raising concerns for public health. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, controlling the disease is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect and diagnose BLV at an early stage to control its spread and minimize economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of BLV, encompassing its genomic structure, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, detection methods, hazards, and control strategies. The aim is to provide strategic information for future BLV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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Pereira JG, Silva CDA, Silva LD, Lima CAA, do Rosário CJRM, Silva EMC, Oliveira MDSC, Ribeiro LSDS, Santos HP, Abreu-Silva AL, Melo FA. Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle in northeastern Brazil. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1080994. [PMID: 36713884 PMCID: PMC9880491 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1080994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a chronic viral disease of wide distribution in cattle herds and may take several years for the first manifestation of clinical signs. Most animals do not present clinical signs. However, the economic losses are underestimated due to this disease. Thus, this work aimed to detect and characterize BLV in dairy cattle in the Maranhão state, northeastern Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 176 animals from 8 municipalities in the southeastern state of Maranhão. Bovine blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction and molecular diagnosis using nested PCR assays for BLV, targeting gp51 gene. Positive samples were then sequenced and then subjected to phylogenetic inferences. BLV DNA was detected in 16 cattle (16/176, 9.09%) in 4 municipalities. Phylogenetic analyzes showed that the sequence obtained clustered in a clade containing BLV sequences classified as genotype 6, with a high degree of support. Our data shows BLV occurrence in the Northeast of Brazil and the identification of genotype 6 in this region. These findings contribute to the molecular epidemiology of this agent in Brazil.
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Bai L, Soya M, Ichikawa M, Matsuura R, Arimura Y, Wada S, Aida Y. Antigenicity of subregions of recombinant bovine leukemia virus (BLV) glycoprotein gp51 for antibody detection. J Virol Methods 2023; 311:114644. [PMID: 36332713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an enveloped virus, found worldwide that can infect cattle and induce many subclinical symptoms and malignant tumors. BLV infection causes severe economic losses in the cattle industry. The identification of BLV-infected cattle for segregation or elimination would be the most effective way to halt the spread of BLV infection on farms, owing to the lack of effective treatments and vaccines. Therefore, antibody detection against the viral glycoprotein gp51 is an effective method for diagnosing BLV-infected animals. In this study, ten different subregions of gp51 containing a common B cell epitope are vital for developing antigens as epitope-driven vaccine design and immunological assays. Such antigens were produced in Escherichia coli expression system to react with antibodies in the serum from BLV-infected cattle and compete for antigenicity. Recombinant His-gp5156-110 and gp5133-301(full) had the same sensitivity in BLV-positive sera, indicating that antibodies responded to the limited subregion of viral gp51, a common B cell epitope. This finding provides significant information for antigen selection in BLV to use in antibody detection assays. Further studies are needed to evaluate the antigenicity of His-gp5156-110 and gp5133-301(full) as antigens for antibody detection assays using a larger number of bovine serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 0208551, Japan
| | - Mariko Soya
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Minori Ichikawa
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Host Defense for Animals. Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 1808602, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Yutaka Arimura
- Host Defense for Animals. Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 1808602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan; Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 1138657, Japan.
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LE DT, NGUYEN SV, LE TAN, NGUYEN VH, LE PD, DINH DV, DUONG HT, VU HV, FUJIMOTO Y, KUNIEDA T, HAGA T. Detection of bovine leukemia virus in beef cattle kept in the Central Coast Regions of Vietnam. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:111-116. [PMID: 36450501 PMCID: PMC9887213 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiologic agent of enzootic bovine leucosis. Our previous study showed the BLV existence in cattle kept in the Red River Delta Region of Vietnam. However, no positive samples were identified in beef cattle. Besides, information related to the BLV circulation in the remained parts of Vietnam is limited. Therefore, we tested the existence of BLV in 48 beef cattle kept in the Central Coast Regions. Nested PCR targeting the BLV-env-gp51 confirmed the prevalence of 14.6% in investigated regions. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the co-existence of genotypes 1 and 10. The close relationship between strains found in Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, and China was revealed suggesting the possibility of BLV transmission through the movement of live cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thi LE
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Son Vu NGUYEN
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thu Anh Nu LE
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Van Huu NGUYEN
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Phung Dinh LE
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Dung Van DINH
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Hai Thanh DUONG
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Hai Van VU
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Yuri FUJIMOTO
- Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Tetsuo KUNIEDA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi HAGA
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory of OSG Veterinary Science for Global Disease Management, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan,Correspondence to: Haga T: , Division of Infection Control and Disease
Prevention, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, Badawy S, Shirani I, Dawood A, Guo A, Almutairi MM, Alshammari FA, Selim A. Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112167. [PMID: 34834973 PMCID: PMC8618541 DOI: 10.3390/v13112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia;
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suleiman El Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt;
| | - Sara Badawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Natural Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan
| | - Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 22334, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
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Genetic analysis of the pX region of bovine leukemia virus genotype 1 in Holstein Friesian cattle with different stages of infection. Arch Virol 2021; 167:45-56. [PMID: 34651240 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pX genetic region of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) includes four genes with overlapping reading frames that code for the Tax, Rex, R3, and G4 proteins. These proteins are involved in the regulation of transcriptional and post-transcriptional viral expression, as well as having oncogenic potential. Our goal was to investigate the pathogenicity of the pX region of BLV genotype 1 in terms of lymphocytosis, lymphomas, and proviral DNA load. We screened 724 serological samples from mixed-age Holstein Friesian cattle from six states in Mexico. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were isolated from whole blood with anticoagulant, and genomic DNA was extracted from the PBLs using a commercial kit. Then, a set of primers that hybridize in conserved regions of the BLV pX region were used, which allowed for PCR standardization to detect proviral DNA in infected cells. Positive amplicons were sequenced using the Sanger method, resulting in 1156-nucleotide-long final sequences that included the four pX region genes. The experimental group consisted of 30 animals. Twelve of these had lymphocytosis, six had lymphoma, and 12 were apparently healthy cattle without any signs of lymphocytosis or lymphoma. The presence of lymphoma was detected in six bovine tumor tissues using histopathology, and the presence of BLV was detected by in situ hybridization. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the 30 sequences were associated with genotype 1, and the genetic distance between the sequences ranged from 0.2% to 2.09%. We identified two sequences in the G4 gene: one with a three-nucleotide deletion resulting in the loss of a leucine (AGU_7488L, in a cow with lymphocytosis), and one with a nine-nucleotide deletion resulting in the loss of leucine, proline, and leucine (AGU_18A, in a cow without lymphocytosis). Analysis of the PX region indicated that positive selection had occurred in the G4, rex, and R3 genes, and we found no difference in proviral DNA load between the studied groups. We were unable to establish an association between variations in the pX region and the development of lymphocytosis, lymphoma, asymptomatic status, or proviral DNA load in BLV-infected cattle.
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Montero Machuca N, Tórtora Pérez JL, González Méndez AS, García-Camacho AL, Marín Flamand E, Ramírez Álvarez H. Genetic analysis of the pX region of bovine leukemia virus genotype 1 in Holstein Friesian cattle with different stages of infection. Arch Virol 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-05252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Molecular Characterization of the env Gene of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Cattle from Pakistan with NGS-Based Evidence of Virus Heterogeneity. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070910. [PMID: 34358060 PMCID: PMC8308526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the global genetic diversity of the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an ongoing international research effort. Up to now BLV sequences have been classified into eleven distinct genotypes. Although BLV genotyping and molecular analysis of field isolates were reported in many countries, there is no report describing BLV genotypes present in cattle from Pakistan. In this study we examined 27 env gene sequences from BLV-infected cattle coming from four farms located in Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Gilgit Baltisan and Punjab provinces. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the classification of Pakistani sequences into genotypes G1 and G6. The alignment with the FLK-BLV sequence revealed the presence of 45 mutations, namely, seven in genotype G1 and 33 in genotype G6. Five mutations were found in both, G1 and G6 genotypes. Twelve amino acid substitutions were found in the analyzed sequences, of which only one P264S was specific for sequences from Pakistan. Furthermore, a certain degree of nucleotide heterogeneity was identified by NGS. These results highlight the need for further study on the importance of genetic variability of BLV, especially in the context of its pathogenicity and potential effect on serological detection.
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Seroprevalence, Risk Factors and Molecular Identification of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Egyptian Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020319. [PMID: 33513908 PMCID: PMC7912176 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is distributed worldwide and affects dairy cattle causing significant economic losses. This study’s objective was to assess the risk factors associated with BLV infection and identify the Egyptian BLV strain’s genetic diversity. The overall seroprevalence of BLV infection in Egyptian dairy cattle was 18.2%, and the grazing cattle in the losing house system had a higher probability of getting BLV infection. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for one Egyptian BLV strain was performed, and the obtained results confirmed the clustering of Egyptian BLV strain into genotype-1. Abstract Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is distributed worldwide and affects dairy cattle causing severe economic losses. The BLV has been serologically reported in Egypt, but few studies have evaluated its associated risk factors and genetic classification. Therefore, this study assessed risk factors associated with BLV infection and identified the genetic diversity of the Egyptian strain. The study was conducted on 500 dairy cattle distributed in four Governorates located in Northern Egypt. Overall, the seroprevalence of BLV infection among Egyptian dairy cattle was 18.2%. The grazing cattle in the losing house system had higher odds for BLV seropositivity, and bad practice such as the use of a single needle or one plastic glove for more than one animal was considered a significant risk factor for BLV infection. Besides, the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for one Egyptian BLV strain was performed, and the obtained results confirmed the clustering of Egyptian BLV strain into genotype-1. The assessment of associated risk factors for BLV infection and determination of its genetic classification are essential to implement an effective control program.
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Ma BY, Gong QL, Sheng CY, Liu Y, Ge GY, Li DL, Diao NC, Shi K, Li JM, Sun ZB, Zong Y, Leng X, Du R. Prevalence of bovine leukemia in 1983-2019 in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104681. [PMID: 33296716 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia is a chronic, progressive, contagious tumor disease characterized by malignant lymphoid cell hyperplasia and systemic lymphadenopathy, and is caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The disease affects almost all countries and regions where livestock are raised, and may even be a potential zoonotic disease. Monitoring and early prevention of bovine leukemia is very important. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis, the first of its type in the country, to estimate the prevalence of bovine leukemia in 1983-2019 in China. We included a total of 35 publications reported in 1983-2019 from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Chinese Web of Knowledge (CNKI), VIP Chinese, and Wan Fang databases. In those articles, a total of 34,954 cattle had been tested, of which 4701 were positive for BLV infection. The estimated pooled BLV prevalence was 10.0% (4701/34,954). Subgroup analysis showed that there were significant differences for sampling years, detection methods, and age. BLV prevalence was highest in the following subgroups: sampled before 1985 (38.5%, 437/1134), age 3-5 years (22.5%, 231/1044), and detected by PCR (17.9%, 1228/5100). Regarding geographic factors, there were significant differences in the latitude and elevation subgroups. BLV prevalence was lowest in the subgroups of 20-30° latitude (3.3%, 255/5069) 200-1000 m altitude (2.2%, 560/11,990). We also analyzed other subgroups such as region, variety, breeding method, precipitation, humidity, and temperature, however, the differences were not significant. Our research indicated that the BLV was still prevalent in some of areas in China. We recommend strengthening the testing of cattle aged >1 year and using flexible testing methods such as PCR to control the prevalence of bovine leukemia and to prevent persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Yi Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Gui-Yang Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Dong-Li Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China.
| | - Rui Du
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China.
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13
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Phylogenetic Analysis of South African Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV) Isolates. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080898. [PMID: 32824449 PMCID: PMC7472093 DOI: 10.3390/v12080898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) causes chronic lymphoproliferative disorder and fatal lymphosarcoma in cattle, leading to significant economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. BLV is endemic globally and eleven genotypes have been identified. To date, only Zambian isolates have been genotyped from Africa. Although high BLV prevalence has been reported in South Africa, there has been no molecular characterisation of South African BLV isolates. To characterise BLV isolates in South Africa for the first time, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships and compared the genetic variability of eight South African BLV isolates with BLV isolates representing the eleven known genotypes from different geographical regions worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses based on full-length and partial env sequences as well as full-length gag sequences revealed that at least two genotypes, genotypes 1 (G1) and 4 (G4), are present in cattle in South Africa, which is consistent with studies from Zambia. However, our analysis revealed that the G1 South African isolate is more similar to other G1 isolates than the G1 Zambian isolates whereas, the G4 South African isolates are more divergent from other G4 isolates but closely related to the G4 Zambian isolate. Lastly, amino acid sequence alignment identified genotype-specific as well as novel amino acid substitutions in the South African isolates. The detection of two genotypes (G1 and G4) in southern Africa highlights the urgent need for disease management and the development of an efficacious vaccine against local strains.
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14
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LE DT, Yamashita-Kawanishi N, Okamoto M, Nguyen SV, Nguyen NH, Sugiura K, Miura T, Haga T. Detection and genotyping of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in Vietnamese cattle. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1042-1050. [PMID: 32475959 PMCID: PMC7399327 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belongs to the genus, Deltaretrovirus of the family, Retroviridae and it is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. The prevalence of BLV in three provinces in the Red River Delta Region in the North of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vinhphuc and Bacninh was studied from April 2017 to June 2018. A total of 275 blood samples collected from cattle were used for serum isolation and DNA extraction. Of these samples, 266 sera were subjected to ELISA test for detecting antibody against BLV gp51 protein and 152 DNA samples were used to detect the 444 bp fragment corresponding to a part of the gp51 region of the env by nested PCR. The results showed that 16.5% (n=44) and 21.1% (n=32) of samples were positive for BLV gp51 antibody and BLV proviral DNA, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial (423 bp) and complete (913 bp) BLV env-gp51 gene indicated that Vietnamese strains were clustered into genotypes 1, 6 and 10 (G1, G6 and G10). Of those genotypes, G1 genotype was dominant; G6 strains were designated as G6e and G6f subgenotypes; the existence of genotype 10 was confirmed for the first time in Vietnam. The present study provides important information regarding the prevalence of BLV infection and genetic characteristics of BLV strains identified in Vietnam, contributing to promote the establishment of disease control and eradication strategies in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Thi LE
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nanako Yamashita-Kawanishi
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mari Okamoto
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Son Vu Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | - Nam Huu Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi100000, Vietnam
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haga
- Division of Infection Control and Disease Prevention, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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15
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Moe KK, Polat M, Borjigin L, Matsuura R, Hein ST, Moe HH, Aida Y. New evidence of bovine leukemia virus circulating in Myanmar cattle through epidemiological and molecular characterization. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229126. [PMID: 32084185 PMCID: PMC7034883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. BLV infects cattle worldwide and causes serious problems for the cattle industry. In this study, we examined the prevalence of BLV infection and the distribution of BLV genotypes in cattle in the northern, central, and southern parts of Myanmar. The prevalence of BLV infection among Myanmar cattle (37.04%) in this study was markedly higher than the prevalence (9.1%) observed in our earlier study in which BLV was detected from the limited number of cattle only from a small area of Myanmar. Phylogenetic analysis of partial env-gp51 sequence of the isolated BLV strains revealed that there are at least three BLV genotypes (genotype-1, genotype-6, and genotype-10) in Myanmar, which have also been detected in the neighboring countries. We performed this study to estimate the BLV proviral load, which is a major diagnosis index for determining the virus transmission risk. The cattle of the three test regions with warm, wet, and humid climatic conditions (upper Sagaing, Yangon, and Kayin) exhibited a high mean proviral load, while cattle of three other regions with low annual rainfall and very high temperature (Mandalay, Magway, and upper Bago) exhibited a low mean proviral load. Further, the level of proviral load and the prevalence of BLV infection in Myanmar native cattle (N = 235) were lower than that in the hybrid cattle (Holstein Friesian × Myanmar native) (N = 62). We also observed that the cattle with high risk for BLV transmission, which have high proviral load, may enhance the BLV infection rate. Hence, to control BLV transmission, it is necessary to eliminate these cattle with high-risk for BLV transmission and to diagnose BLV provirus in cattle in the remaining regions/states of Myanmar sharing a boundary with neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyaw Kyaw Moe
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Meripet Polat
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Si Thu Hein
- Department of Anatomy, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Hla Hla Moe
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Cerón Téllez F, González Méndez AS, Tórtora Pérez JL, Loza-Rubio E, Ramírez Álvarez H. Lack of association between amino acid sequences of the bovine leukemia virus envelope and varying stages of infection in dairy cattle. Virus Res 2020; 278:197866. [PMID: 31968223 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We collected 724 blood samples from dairy cattle from six Mexican states, and tested them for the presence of antibodies against BLV using a commercial ELISA test. Our study groups consisted of 32 samples: 12 asymptomatic cows, 12 cows with lymphocytosis and 8 samples of tumor tissue of the abomasum and heart of cattle with lymphoma. We designed three pairs of primers to amplify the complete BLV env gene, and obtained a fragment of 1548 nucleotides in length with the sequenced products. According to the phylogenetic tree we constructed to identify the viral genotype, 96.87 % of the sequences grouped into genotype 1, while a single sample from a cow with lymphocytosis (3.13 %) was associated with genotype 3 sequences. The similarity between the Mexican BLV sequences ranged from 0.985-1.00. In addition, the proportion of non-synonymous and synonymous mutations indicated negative selection. We did not identify any conserved residues in the viral protein sequences that could be related to BLV infection stage in cattle. Proviral quantification was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and we used Mood´s median test as statistical analysis. We found no significant association between proviral load and phase of infection. The sequences showed high similarity without any association between BLV surface glycoprotein and the different infection stages, nor differences in the proviral load. BLV genotype 1 was identified as prevalent in the studied samples, and for the first time in Mexico, we identified BLV genotype 3 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cerón Téllez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
| | - Ana Silvia González Méndez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Luis Tórtora Pérez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Loza-Rubio
- National Center of Research in Animal Microbiology and Innocuity, INIFAP, CP. 05110, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Hugo Ramírez Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, C.P. 54714, Mexico.
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17
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Corredor-Figueroa AP, Salas S, Olaya-Galán NN, Quintero JS, Fajardo Á, Soñora M, Moreno P, Cristina J, Sánchez A, Tobón J, Ortiz D, Gutiérrez MF. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of bovine leukemia virus in Colombian cattle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104171. [PMID: 31904555 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is one of the five agents considered most significant for cattle. It is important to determine the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of BLV throughout the country in order to gain a more thorough understanding of the current situation of BLV and to reveal the possibility of masked genotypes that the primers used by OIE are unable to identify. Blood samples were collected at random from 289 cows distributed in 75 farms across the country. PCR amplification of env, gag and tax gene segments was performed. The obtained amplicons were sequenced and then subjected to phylogenetic analyses. A total of 62% of the cows present at 92% of the farms were BLV-positive for gag fragment. Genotype 1 was exclusively detected by env gene segment when analyzed using previously reported primers. However, tax gene analysis revealed circulation of genotype 6 variants, which were also detected based on env gene analysis with newly designed primers. These results indicate that current genotyping approaches based on partial env sequencing may bias BLV genetic variability approaches and underestimate the diversity of the detected BLV genotypes. This report is one of the first molecular and epidemiological studies of BLV conducted in Colombia, which contributes to the global epidemiology of the virus; it also highlights the substantial impact of BLV on the country's livestock and thus is a useful resource for farmers and government entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Patricia Corredor-Figueroa
- Universidad ECCI, Cra. 19 No. 49-20, Bogotá 111311, Colombia; Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá́ 11001000, Colombia.
| | - Sandra Salas
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá́ 11001000, Colombia.
| | - Nury Nathalia Olaya-Galán
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá́ 11001000, Colombia; PhD Programme in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 N° 63C-69, Bogotá́ 112111, Colombia
| | - Juan Sebastián Quintero
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá́ 11001000, Colombia.
| | - Álvaro Fajardo
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Mataojo 2055, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Martín Soñora
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Mataojo 2055, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Pilar Moreno
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Mataojo 2055, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República de Uruguay, Mataojo 2055, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Alfredo Sánchez
- Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios - VECOL, Av.Eldorado 82-93, Bogotá 110931, Colombia
| | - Julio Tobón
- Empresa Colombiana de Productos Veterinarios - VECOL, Av.Eldorado 82-93, Bogotá 110931, Colombia.
| | - Diego Ortiz
- Agrosavia, Km 14 Vía Mosquera-Bogotá, Mosquera 250047, Colombia
| | - María Fernanda Gutiérrez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 40 - 62, Bogotá́ 11001000, Colombia.
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18
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Yang Y, Chen L, Dong M, Huang W, Hao X, Peng Y, Gong Z, Qin A, Shang S, Yang Z. Molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus reveals existence of genotype 4 in Chinese dairy cattle. Virol J 2019; 16:108. [PMID: 31455344 PMCID: PMC6712836 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leucosis and is widely spread worldwide, except several European countries, Australia and New Zealand. Although BLV is highly prevalent in China, information about the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of BLV among Chinese dairy herds is still lacking. To determine the genetic variability of BLV, 219 cows from four cities of Ningxia province of China were screened for BLV infection by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-PCR and sequencing, 16 selected positive samples were subjected to molecular characterization. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method on complete sequences of envelope (env) gene of BLV obtained from China and those available in GenBank (representing BLV genotypes 1-10) revealed that those Chinese strains belonged to genotypes 4 and 6. Totally, 23 mutations were identified and 16 of them were determined to be unique mutations among Chinese strains. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences demonstrated six mutations in glycoprotein 51 (gp51) and three mutations in glycoprotein 30 (gp30) located in the identified neutralizing domain (ND), CD8+ T cell epitope, E-epitope, B-epitope, gp51N12 and cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane protein. This study reported for the first time the BLV genotype 4 in China, and further studies are warranted to compare its immunogenicity and pathogenicity with other BLV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maoli Dong
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjiang Huang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Victor Pharmaceutical Company of Limited Liability, Zhenjiang, 212132, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yalan Peng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zaicheng Gong
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhangping Yang
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Sajiki Y, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Nishimori A, Maekawa N, Goto S, Watari K, Minato E, Kobayashi A, Kohara J, Yamada S, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Takahashi H, Terasaki N, Takeda A, Yamamoto K, Toda M, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Prostaglandin E 2-Induced Immune Exhaustion and Enhancement of Antiviral Effects by Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Combined with COX-2 Inhibitor in Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1313-1324. [PMID: 31366713 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is a chronic viral infection of cattle and endemic in many countries, including Japan. Our previous study demonstrated that PGE2, a product of cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, suppresses Th1 responses in cattle and contributes to the progression of Johne disease, a chronic bacterial infection in cattle. However, little information is available on the association of PGE2 with chronic viral infection. Thus, we analyzed the changes in plasma PGE2 concentration during BLV infection and its effects on proviral load, viral gene transcription, Th1 responses, and disease progression. Both COX2 expression by PBMCs and plasma PGE2 concentration were higher in the infected cattle compared with uninfected cattle, and plasma PGE2 concentration was positively correlated with the proviral load. BLV Ag exposure also directly enhanced PGE2 production by PBMCs. Transcription of BLV genes was activated via PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4, further suggesting that PGE2 contributes to disease progression. In contrast, inhibition of PGE2 production using a COX-2 inhibitor activated BLV-specific Th1 responses in vitro, as evidenced by enhanced T cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production, and reduced BLV proviral load in vivo. Combined treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 Ab significantly reduced the BLV proviral load, suggesting a potential as a novel control method against BLV infection. Further studies using a larger number of animals are required to support the efficacy of this treatment for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; .,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Asami Nishimori
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kei Watari
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Erina Minato
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agriculture Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku 081-0038, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Takahashi
- Shibecha Branch, Kushiro Central Office, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shibecha 088-2311, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Terasaki
- Shibecha Branch, Kushiro Central Office, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shibecha 088-2311, Japan
| | - Akira Takeda
- Shibecha Branch, Kushiro Central Office, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shibecha 088-2311, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Toda
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,New Business and International Business Development, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0019, Japan; and.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0019, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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20
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Phiri MM, Kaimoyo E, Changula K, Silwamba I, Chambaro HM, Kapila P, Kajihara M, Simuunza M, Muma JB, Pandey GS, Takada A, Mweene AS, Chitanga S, Simulundu E. Molecular detection and characterization of genotype 1 bovine leukemia virus from beef cattle in the traditional sector in Zambia. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2531-2536. [PMID: 31300890 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whilst bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes considerable economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide, information on its molecular epidemiology and economic impact in beef cattle is limited. Here, blood from 880 animals from Zambia's major cattle-rearing provinces was screened for BLV by nested PCR. Positive pools were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. The estimated pooled prevalence was 2.1%. All strains belonged to genotype 1 and formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster. The study suggests circulation of genotype 1 BLV in beef cattle in these regions. This is the first report on molecular detection and characterization of BLV from beef cattle in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mundia M Phiri
- School of Natural Sciences, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Evans Kaimoyo
- School of Natural Sciences, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Isaac Silwamba
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Herman M Chambaro
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Penjaninge Kapila
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia.,Africa Center of Excellence of Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Girja S Pandey
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia.,Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Aaron S Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia.,Africa Center of Excellence of Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Zambia, PO Box 50110, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia.
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21
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Nishikaku K, Ishikura R, Ohnuki N, Polat M, Aida Y, Murakami S, Kobayashi T. Broadly applicable PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method for genotyping bovine leukemia virus. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1157-1161. [PMID: 31189764 PMCID: PMC6715913 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a causative agent of enzootic bovine lymphoma (EBL). BLV
is prevalent worldwide, and ten genotypes have been classified based on the sequence of
the envelope glycoprotein (gp51) gene. In this study, we present a simple and generally
applicable PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to identify BLV
genotypes. While the genotyping results obtained by previously described PCR-RFLP methods
matched only 78.96% to the results of phylogenetic analysis, we demonstrated that our
PCR-RFLP method can identify 90.4% of the sequences available in the database in
silico. The method was validated with 20 BLV sequences from EBL tumor tissues
and 3 BLV sequences from blood of BLV infected cattle, and was found to show high
specificity. We utilized this method to determine genotypes of blood samples from 18 BLV
seropositive cattle in Kanagawa and Niigata, as well as 12 EBL cattle in Chiba, Japan. Our
analysis with the modified PCR-RFLP detected two genotypes, Genotypes 1 and 3. Genotype 1
was detected as the main genotype, while Genotype 3 was sporadically observed. This
technique can be used as a reliable system for screening a large number of epidemiological
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nishikaku
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Rina Ishikura
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Nagaki Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Meripet Polat
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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22
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Yu C, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zheng Y. Genotyping bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle of Heilongjiang, northeastern China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:179. [PMID: 31142319 PMCID: PMC6542110 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle and leads to heavy economic losses in the husbandry industry. Heilongjiang Province, China, is rich in dairy cattle. However, its current BLV epidemiology and genotypes have still not been evaluated and confirmed. In this report, we investigated the BLV epidemiology in dairy cattle in the major regions of Heilongjiang Province via the nested PCR assay. Results A total of 730 blood samples were collected from nine different farms in six regions of Heilongjiang. The results showed that the infection rate of these regions ranged from null to 31%. With a clustering analysis of 60 published BLV env sequences, genotypes 1 and 6 were confirmed to be circulating in Heilongjiang. Importantly, a new genotype, 11, and a new subgenotype, 6E, were also identified in the Harbin and Daqing regions, respectively. An epitope analysis showed that a cluster of T-X-D-X-R-XXXX-A sequences in genotype 11 gp51 neutralizing domain 2 was unique among all currently known BLV isolates and was therefore a defining feature of this new genotype. Conclusions BLV epidemics and genotypes were initially investigated in dairy cattle of Heilongjiang. A relatively high infection rate was found in some regions of this province. A new genotype, G11, with a highly specific motif, was identified and thus added as a new member to the current BLV genotype family. This report provides an initial reference for future investigations and subsequent control of BLV transmission and spread in this region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1863-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yonghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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23
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Baculovirus Expression and Potential Diagnostic Application of the Gp51 Envelope Glycoprotein of Genetic Mutants of the Bovine Leukaemia Virus. J Vet Res 2019; 63:1-6. [PMID: 30989129 PMCID: PMC6458546 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Field isolates of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) show the presence of a few amino acid substitutions in major conformational G and H epitopes on surface glycoprotein gp51. Potentially, these substitutions can affect the 3D structure of these epitopes leading to their diminished immunoreactivity. The aim of this study was to express three gp51 glycoproteins carrying mutated epitopes as recombinant baculovirus proteins in insect cells to test their immunoreactivity with bovine sera. Material and Methods Env gene chimeras encoding mutated epitopes G and H in the env backbone of BLV FLK strain were constructed, cloned into pFastBac1 vector, and expressed in baculovirus. Results The presence of recombinant gp51 protein in Sf9 insect cells was confirmed using monoclonal antibodies. ELISA tests were developed to check the immunoreactivity of recombinant protein with bovine sera. Conclusion Recombinant gp51 proteins with altered G and H epitopes can be used for further studies to analyse the serological response of bovine sera towards BLV antigenic variants.
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24
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Yang Y, Chu S, Shang S, Yang Z, Wang C. Short communication: Genotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of bovine leukemia virus in Chinese dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3469-3473. [PMID: 30712932 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic leucosis in cattle and is classified into 10 genotypes with a worldwide distribution, except for several European countries, Australia, and New Zealand. Although BLV is widespread in Chinese cows with the positive rate of 49.1% at the individual level, very little is known about the BLV genotype in dairy cattle in China. To determine BLV genetic variability in cows in China, 112 BLV-positive samples from 5 cities in China were used for BLV molecular characterization in this study. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method on partial env sequence encoding gp51 obtained from 5 Chinese cities and those available in GenBank (n = 53, representing BLV genotype 1-10) revealed the Chinese strains belonged to genotype 6. Seven unique SNP were identified among Yancheng, Shanghai, and Bengbu strains out of the total 12 SNP identified in Chinese strains. The genotyping coupled with SNP analysis of BLV can serve as a useful molecular epidemiological tool for tracing the source of pathogens. This study highlights the importance of genetic analysis of geographically diverse BLV strains to understand BLV global genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - S Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - S Shang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z Yang
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - C Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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25
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Donnik I, Donnik I, Vafin R, Vafin R, Galstyan A, Galstyan A, Krivonogova A, Krivonogova A, Shaeva A, Shaeva A, Gilmanov K, Gilmanov K, Karimova R, Karimova R, Tyulkin S, Tyulkin S, Kuźmak J, Kuźmak J. Genetic identification of bovine leukaemia virus. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2018-2-314-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic research methods make it possible to evaluate the genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and are the most informative approaches to its genetic identification. Molecular genetic research methods work well for the phylogenetic analysis of sequenced nucleotide DNA sequences of the provirus, as well as for the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) according to the phylogenetic classification of the pathogen. The purpose of the research was to study the scientific and methodological approaches to the genetic identification of bovine leukemia virus, integrated into the molecular monitoring of infection of cattle with BLV genotypes. The authors used PCR-RFLP-genotyping and comparative phylogenetic analysis of aligned nucleotide sequences of the env gene fragment of the BLV provirus isolates to detect the genotypic affiliation of the cattle from twenty-one livestock farms of the Republic of Tatarstan. As a result, isolates of four out of ten BLV genotypes were found in the Tatarstani cattle, namely genotypes 1, 4, 7, and 8. The research involved a comparative analysis of 505 nucleotide sequences of a fragment of the BLV env gene, including those deposited in GenBank NCBI. The analysis confirms the inconsistency of several earlier PCR-RFLP typing strategies with the current approach in assessing the genotypic diversity by phylogenetic analysis. The improved strategy of PCR-RFLP genotyping of BLV corresponds with its modern phylogenetic classification. The strategy makes it possible to identify all the known genotypes of the viral pathogen. Its validity has been proved by in silico modelling of restrictogrammes and a phylogenetic analysis of the env gene fragment of 57 reference isolates of ten BLV genotypes that generate 57 genotype-associated combinations of diagnostically significant PCR-RFLP profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramil Vafin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Non-Alcoholic and Wine Industry
| | - Ramil Vafin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Non-Alcoholic and Wine Industry
| | - Aram Galstyan
- All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Non-Alcoholic and Wine Industry
| | - Aram Galstyan
- All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Non-Alcoholic and Wine Industry
| | - Anna Krivonogova
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Science
| | - Anna Krivonogova
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Science
| | - Aigul Shaeva
- N.E.Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Aigul Shaeva
- N.E.Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine
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26
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Saushkin NY, Samsonova JV, Osipov AP, Kondakov SE. Strip-dried blood sampling: applicability for bovine leukemia virus detection with ELISA and real-time PCR. J Virol Methods 2018; 263:101-104. [PMID: 30412721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently proposed a new so-called strip-dried format aimed for convenient use of dried biomaterial in diagnostic purposes. In this work, 334 blood samples obtained in strip-dried form were used for bovine leucosis analysis with ELISA and real-time PCR methods. High percentage of seropositive animals (18.3%) let us estimate both indirect (serological) and direct methods applicability for the analysis of strip-dried blood samples and also to compare them (PCR results concurred with ELISA in 93.4% cases). Parallel analysis of native and corresponding strip-dried samples approved the proposed format as a reliable analytical way of sampling being in 100% concordance with conventional serum/whole blood ELISA and PCR analysis. Even distribution of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus along the membrane carrier was demonstrated by square-to-square analyzing of the sample strip (CV not exceeded 7%). Also, strip-dried blood samples showed enhanced stability at elevated temperatures comparing to liquid serum. The proposed strip-blood format is a promising way of sampling, storage and transportation and can find application in veterinary practice for infectious disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Yu Saushkin
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Jeanne V Samsonova
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P Osipov
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey E Kondakov
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia; National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Gautam S, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Jhade SK, Sood R. Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV) Strains Reveals Existence of Genotype 6 in Cattle in India with evidence of a new subgenotype. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1968-1978. [PMID: 30044055 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic leucosis in cattle and is prevalent worldwide. Although recent studies have shown that BLV strains can be classified into 10 distinct genotypes, no information is available regarding the BLV genotype prevalent in cattle in India. To determine the genetic variability in BLV, in this study, 118 adult dairy cows from three states of India were screened for BLV infection by env gp51-specific ELISA and nested PCR. Of the 33 cows found positive by both PCR and ELISA, 10 selected BLV strains were subjected to molecular characterization. Phylogenetic analyses of partial and full-length env gp51 gene sequences of Indian BLV strains and other geographical diverse BLV strains representing all the 10 genotypes revealed that Indian strains belonged to BLV genotype 6. Although Indian strains showed close genetic proximity with the strains circulating in South America, they were classified into a new subgenotype within genotype 6. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequences in gp51 demonstrated substitutions mainly in conformational epitope G, neutralizing domain 2 and linear epitope D, with a novel mutation (threonine to alanine at residue 252) found in D-epitope of all the Indian BLV strains. Although serological evidence of BLV infection in India has been reported earlier, this study on molecular characterization of BLV strains established the existence of BLV genotype 6 in India. Additionally, the results of this study highlight the importance of genetic analysis of geographically diverse BLV strains to understand BLV global genetic diversity and further studies are required to determine BLV genetic diversity and extent of BLV infection in cattle in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Gautam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Jhade
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
| | - Richa Sood
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India
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28
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Murakami H, Uchiyama J, Suzuki C, Nikaido S, Shibuya K, Sato R, Maeda Y, Tomioka M, Takeshima SN, Kato H, Sakaguchi M, Sentsui H, Aida Y, Tsukamoto K. Variations in the viral genome and biological properties of bovine leukemia virus wild-type strains. Virus Res 2018; 253:103-111. [PMID: 29913249 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which causes enormous economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. To reduce the economic loss caused by BLV infection, it is important to clarify the characters associated with BLV transmissibility and pathogenesis in cattle. In this study, we focused on viral characters and examined spontaneous mutations in the virus and viral properties by analyses of whole genome sequences and BLV molecular clones derived from cows with and without EBL. Genomic analysis indicated that all 28 strains harbored limited genetic variations but no deletion mutations that allowed classification into three groups (A, B, and C), except for one strain. Some nucleotide/amino acid substitutions were specific to a particular group. On the other hand, these genetic variations were not associated with the host bovine leukocyte antigen-DRB3 allele, which is known to be related to BLV pathogenesis. The viral replication activity in vitro was high, moderate, and low in groups A, B, and C, respectively. In addition, the proviral load, which is related to BLV transmissibility and pathogenesis, was high in cows infected with group A strains and low in those infected with group B/C strains. Therefore, these results suggest that limited genetic variations could affect viral properties relating to BLV transmissibility and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health II, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology I, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Chihiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Health II, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Sae Nikaido
- Laboratory of Animal Health II, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kaho Shibuya
- Laboratory of Animal Health II, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yosuke Maeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Large Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23bancho 35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Michiko Tomioka
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Large Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23bancho 35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition Faculty of Human Life, Jumonji University, 2-1-28, Sugasawa, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8510, Japan
| | - Hajime Kato
- Southern Nemuro Operation Center, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 119, Betsukai-Midorimachi, Betsukai, Notsuke-gun, Hokkaido 086-0292, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology I, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sentsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epizootiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Health II, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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29
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Pluta A, Albritton LM, Rola-Łuszczak M, Kuźmak J. Computational analysis of envelope glycoproteins from diverse geographical isolates of bovine leukemia virus identifies highly conserved peptide motifs. Retrovirology 2018; 15:2. [PMID: 29310678 PMCID: PMC5759284 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus infecting bovine B cells and causing enzootic bovine leucosis. The SU or surface subunit, gp51, of its envelope glycoprotein is involved in receptor recognition and virion attachment. It contains the major neutralizing and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes found in naturally infected animals. In this study, we aimed to determine global variation and conservation within gp51 in the context of developing an effective global BLV vaccine. RESULTS A total of 256 sequences extracted from the NCBI database and collected in different parts of the world, were studied to identify conserved segments along the env gene sequences that encode the gp51 protein. Using the MEME server and the conserved DNA Region module for analysis within DnaSP, we identified six conserved segments, referred to as A-F, and five semi-conserved segments, referred to as G-K. The amino acid conservation ranged from 98.8 to 99.8% in conserved segments A to F, while segments G to K had 89.6-95.2% conserved amino acid sequence. Selection analysis of individual segments revealed that residues of conserved segments had undergone purifying selection, whereas, particular residues in the semi-conserved segments are currently undergoing positive selection, specifically at amino acid positions 48 in segment K, 74 in segment G, 82 in segment I, 133 and 142 in segment J, and residue 291 in segment H. Each of the codons for these six residues contain the most highly variable nucleotides within their respective semi-conserved segments. CONCLUSIONS The data described here show that the consensus amino acid sequence constitutes a strong candidate from which a global vaccine can be derived for use in countries where eradication by culling is not economically feasible. The most conserved segments overlap with amino acids in known immunodeterminants, specifically in epitopes D-D', E-E', CD8+ T-cell epitopes, neutralizing domain 1 and CD4+ T-cell epitopes. Two of the segments reported here represent unique segments that do not overlap with previously identified antigenic determinants. We propose that evidence of positive selection in some residues of the semi-conserved segments suggests that their variation is involved in viral strategy to escape immune surveillance of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Lorraine M. Albritton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Marzena Rola-Łuszczak
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Molecular epidemiology and characterization of bovine leukemia virus in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Arch Virol 2017; 163:659-670. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bovine leukaemia virus genotypes 5 and 6 are circulating in cattle from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1790-1797. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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32
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Polat M, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus. Virol J 2017; 14:209. [PMID: 29096657 PMCID: PMC5669023 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), an oncogenic member of the Deltaretrovirus genus, is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I and II). BLV infects cattle worldwide and causes important economic losses. In this review, we provide a summary of available information about commonly used diagnostic approaches for the detection of BLV infection, including both serological and viral genome-based methods. We also outline genotyping methods used for the phylogenetic analysis of BLV, including PCR restriction length polymorphism and modern DNA sequencing-based methods. In addition, detailed epidemiological information on the prevalence of BLV in cattle worldwide is presented. Finally, we summarize the various BLV genotypes identified by the phylogenetic analyses of the whole genome and env gp51 sequences of BLV strains in different countries and discuss the distribution of BLV genotypes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Bovine Leukemia Virus Vaccine Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Bovine Leukemia Virus Vaccine Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
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Heinecke N, Tórtora J, Martínez HA, González-Fernández VD, Ramírez H. Detection and genotyping of bovine leukemia virus in Mexican cattle. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3191-3196. [PMID: 28689233 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was detected and genotyped in a population of 201 dairy cattle from central Mexico. Using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) kit, 118 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive and BLV antibody-positive samples were identified; the concordance between tests was substantial. A phylogenetic study of 27 partial sequences of the env gene gp30 was performed. Four mutations were detected involving the PXXP motif in the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane protein. This study provided evidence of the efficacy of PCR for the detection of BLV and demonstrated the presence of genotype 1 BLV in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayely Heinecke
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus 4. Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, CP.54714, México
| | - Jorge Tórtora
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus 4. Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, CP.54714, México
| | - Humberto A Martínez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus 4. Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, CP.54714, México
| | - Víctor D González-Fernández
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus 4. Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, CP.54714, México
| | - Hugo Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus 4. Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, CP.54714, México.
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Murakami H, Asano S, Uchiyama J, Sato R, Sakaguchi M, Tsukamoto K. Bovine leukemia virus G4 enhances virus production. Virus Res 2017; 238:213-217. [PMID: 28690069 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The nonstructural G4 gene of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been thought to function in virus replication. However, the discovery of the AS1 gene on the antisense strand of the G4 gene has affected this interpretation. In this study, we investigated the function of G4 in virus production independent of the AS1 gene using a reverse genetic approach, and briefly examined the association of the G4 protein with Tax, which is also a nonstructural protein that promotes virus replication. First, we constructed a mutant molecular clone of BLV with a nonsense mutation in G4 that had a minimal effect on the AS1 gene. Comparison of the wild-type and mutant molecular clones indicated that the nonsense mutation resulted in a reduction of virus in the culture supernatant and accumulation of viral RNA (vRNA) in cells. Moreover, G4 and Tax expression in cells was shown to synergistically enhance virus production. Therefore, we suggest that G4 enhances virus production through abrogation of vRNA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Asano
- Laboratory of Animal Health II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology I, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology I, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Health II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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Nishimori A, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Ikebuchi R, Goto S, Sajiki Y, Suzuki Y, Kohara J, Ogasawara S, Kato Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. In vitro and in vivo antivirus activity of an anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) rat-bovine chimeric antibody against bovine leukemia virus infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174916. [PMID: 28445479 PMCID: PMC5405919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1), an immunoinhibitory receptor on T cells, is known to be involved in immune evasion through its binding to PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in many chronic diseases. We previously found that PD-L1 expression was upregulated in cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and that an antibody that blocked the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction reactivated T-cell function in vitro. Therefore, this study assessed its antivirus activities in vivo. First, we inoculated the anti-bovine PD-L1 rat monoclonal antibody 4G12 into a BLV-infected cow. However, this did not induce T-cell proliferation or reduction of BLV provirus loads during the test period, and only bound to circulating IgM+ B cells until one week post-inoculation. We hypothesized that this lack of in vivo effects was due to its lower stability in cattle and so established an anti-PD-L1 rat-bovine chimeric antibody (Boch4G12). Boch4G12 was able to bind specifically with bovine PD-L1, interrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction, and activate the immune response in both healthy and BLV-infected cattle in vitro. Therefore, we experimentally infected a healthy calf with BLV and inoculated it intravenously with 1 mg/kg of Boch4G12 once it reached the aleukemic (AL) stage. Cultivation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the tested calf indicated that the proliferation of CD4+ T cells was increased by Boch4G12 inoculation, while BLV provirus loads were significantly reduced, clearly demonstrating that this treatment induced antivirus activities. Therefore, further studies using a large number of animals are required to support its efficacy for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Nishimori
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yamato Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku, Japan
| | | | - Yukinari Kato
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Marawan MA, Mekata H, Hayashi T, Sekiguchi S, Kirino Y, Horii Y, Moustafa AMM, Arnaout FK, Galila ESM, Norimine J. Phylogenetic analysis of env gene of bovine leukemia virus strains spread in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:912-916. [PMID: 28331116 PMCID: PMC5447981 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how the latest dominant bovine leukemia virus (BLV) strains were introduced and spread in the Miyazaki prefecture, we collected blood samples from 3 geographic areas (north, central and south) and carried out
sequence analysis of the BLV env gene. Two genotypes, genotype I, and III, were identified and the majority of the strains belonged to genotype I (71/74). To clarify a route of BLV introduction, we divided the
strains into 20 subgenotypes based on their nucleotide sequences and performed phylogenetic analysis. Our study indicated that common BLV strains were comparatively evenly distributed even in the area, where the farmers have not
introduced cattle from other areas and the cattle have limited exposure to BLV infection in grazing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A Marawan
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate 13511, Egypt
| | - Hirohisa Mekata
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takumi Hayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yumi Kirino
- Project for Zoonoses Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Horii
- Division of International Cooperation and Education, Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Abdel-Moneim M Moustafa
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate 13511, Egypt
| | - Faysal K Arnaout
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate 13511, Egypt
| | - El Sayed M Galila
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Al Qalyubia Governorate 13511, Egypt
| | - Junzo Norimine
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Prevention, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Division of International Cooperation and Education, Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Pluta A, Rola-Łuszczak M, Kubiś P, Balov S, Moskalik R, Choudhury B, Kuźmak J. Molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus from Moldovan dairy cattle. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1563-1576. [PMID: 28213870 PMCID: PMC5425504 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a disease that has worldwide distribution. Whilst it has been eradicated in most of Western Europe and Scandinavia, it remains a problem in other regions, particularly Eastern Europe and South America. For this study, in 2013, 24 cattle from three farms in three regions of Moldova were screened by ELISA and nested PCR. Of these cattle, 14 which were PCR positive, and these were molecularly characterized based on the nucleotide sequence of the env gene and the deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded gp51 protein. Our results demonstrated a low level of genetic variability (0-2.9%) among BLV field strains from Moldova, in contrast to that observed for other retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (20-38%) Mason IL (Trudy vologod moloch Inst 146–164, 1970) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) (~40%) Willems L et al (AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses
16(16):1787–1795, 2000), where the envelope gene exhibits high levels of variation Polat M et al (Retrovirology
13(1):4, 2016). Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis revealed that BLV genotype 7 (G7) is predominant in Moldova and that the BLV population in Moldovan cattle is a mixture of at least three new sub-genotypes: G7D, G7E and G4C. Neutrality tests revealed that negative selection was the major force operating upon the 51-kDa BLV envelope surface glycoprotein subunit gp51, although one positively selected site within conformational epitope G was detected in the N-terminal part of gp51. Furthermore, two functional domains, linear epitope B and the zinc-binding domain, were found to have an elevated ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous codon differences. Together, these data suggest that the evolutionary constraints on epitopes G and B and the zinc-binding domains of gp51 differ from those on the other domains, with a tendency towards formation of homogenous genetic groups, which is a common concept of global BLV diversification during virus transmission that may be associated with genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Marzena Rola-Łuszczak
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Kubiś
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Svetlana Balov
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostic, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Roman Moskalik
- Scientific Practical Institute for Biotechnologies and Zootechny and Veterinary Medicine, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Pandey GS, Simulundu E, Mwiinga D, Samui KL, Mweene AS, Kajihara M, Mangani A, Mwenda R, Ndebe J, Konnai S, Takada A. Clinical and subclinical bovine leukemia virus infection in a dairy cattle herd in Zambia. Arch Virol 2016; 162:1051-1056. [PMID: 28025710 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL) and is responsible for substantial economic losses in cattle globally. However, information in Africa on the disease is limited. Here, based on clinical, hematological, pathological and molecular analyses, two clinical cases of EBL were confirmed in a dairy cattle herd in Zambia. In contrast, proviral DNA was detected by PCR in five apparently healthy cows from the same herd, suggesting subclinical BLV infection. Phylogenetic analysis of the env gene showed that the identified BLV clustered with Eurasian genotype 4 strains. This is the first report of confirmed EBL in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girja S Pandey
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Danstan Mwiinga
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kenny L Samui
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Aaron S Mweene
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alfred Mangani
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Racheal Mwenda
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, PO Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.,Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Yang Y, Kelly PJ, Bai J, Zhang R, Wang C. First Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infections in the Caribbean. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168379. [PMID: 27977761 PMCID: PMC5158060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis. To investigate the presence and genetic variability of BLV in the Caribbean for the first time, we preformed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-PCR for the pol of BLV on DNA from whole blood of cattle from Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis and St. Kitts. Standard PCRs with primers for the env were used for phylogenetic analysis of BLV in positive animals. We found FRET-PCR positive cattle (12.6%, 41/325) on Dominica (5.2%; 4/77) and St. Kitts (19.2%; 37/193) but not on Montserrat (0%, 0/12) or Nevis (0%, 0/43). Positive animals were cows on farms where animals were raised intensively. Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method on partial and full-length env sequences obtained for strains from Dominica (n = 2) and St. Kitts (n = 5) and those available in GenBank (n = 90) (genotypes 1-10) revealed the Caribbean strains belonged to genotype 1 (98-100% sequence homology). Ours is the first molecular characterization of BLV infections in the Caribbean and the first description of genotype 1 in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Kansas, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Patrick John Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Kansas, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CW); (JB)
| | - Rong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CW); (JB)
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Polat M, Moe HH, Shimogiri T, Moe KK, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. The molecular epidemiological study of bovine leukemia virus infection in Myanmar cattle. Arch Virol 2016; 162:425-437. [PMID: 27771791 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3118-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. BLV infects cattle worldwide and affects both health status and productivity. However, no studies have examined the distribution of BLV in Myanmar, and the genetic characteristics of Myanmar BLV strains are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect BLV infection in Myanmar and examine genetic variability. Blood samples were obtained from 66 cattle from different farms in four townships of the Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory of central Myanmar. BLV provirus was detected by nested PCR and real-time PCR targeting BLV long terminal repeats. Results were confirmed by nested PCR targeting the BLV env-gp51 gene and real-time PCR targeting the BLV tax gene. Out of 66 samples, six (9.1 %) were positive for BLV provirus. A phylogenetic tree, constructed using five distinct partial and complete env-gp51 sequences from BLV strains isolated from three different townships, indicated that Myanmar strains were genotype-10. A phylogenetic tree constructed from whole genome sequences obtained by sequencing cloned, overlapping PCR products from two Myanmar strains confirmed the existence of genotype-10 in Myanmar. Comparative analysis of complete genome sequences identified genotype-10-specific amino acid substitutions in both structural and non-structural genes, thereby distinguishing genotype-10 strains from other known genotypes. This study provides information regarding BLV infection levels in Myanmar and confirms that genotype-10 is circulating in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hla Hla Moe
- Department of Animal Science, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | - Takeshi Shimogiri
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kyaw Kyaw Moe
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Inefficient viral replication of bovine leukemia virus induced by spontaneous deletion mutation in the G4 gene. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2753-2762. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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